MODULE 1

MODULE 2

OR Advantages of Packed Rock Beds

Passive systems, which do not need pumps are often suitable for small scale domestic applications and are
widely used throughout Europe and the United States. The five main types of such passive systems are:
1. Direct heat gain
‘Direct Gain’ is the most basic form of solar gain. Solar energy enters through south-facing glazing and is
absorbed by thermal mass incorporated into the floor and walls. Heat is stored in the thermal mass during the
day and later released during the night into the living space. This re-radiation of collected heat can maintain a
comfortable temperature during cool nights and can extend through several cloudy days without ‘recharging’.
 Up to 75% of the solar energy striking the glass is converted into thermal energy.
 Solar radiation can provide a significant proportion of a buildings heating requirements.
 Though solar energy is most effectively absorbed by direct radiation, convective air currents can
transmit energy to areas of mass that are not directly illuminated by the sun.
2. Heat collection and storage
Thermal energy storage means heating or cooling a medium to use the energy when needed later. In its simplest
form, this could mean using a water tank for heat storage, where the water is heated at times when there is a lot
of energy, and the energy is then stored in the water for use when energy is less plentiful.
3. Sun space
 A ‘Sunspace’ is a south-facing glazed area located outside of the main fabric envelope of the building.
 The space naturally heats and cools allowing daytime temperatures to raise higher and night time
temperatures to fall further than the ‘comfort zone’ temperatures of the adjoining living space(s).
 The addition of a sunspace can realise significant gains in energy efficiency. This can amount to around
30% when compared with a direct gain equivalent (1), though this varies according to climate and
latitude where buildings benefit from southern locations.
 Though unheated, sunspaces can provide additional living space when natural conditions make them
comfortable.
4. Thermosyphon
Thermosiphon systems are passive with a storage tank located higher than the solar collector. They rely on
passive natural convection where denser cold water falls, moving hotter water to the storage reservoir at the top.
Some systems come prepackaged with tanks pre-mounted to collectors. In these systems the tank sits on the
outside of the roof. Other systems have tanks located inside attic spaces above the collectors. In the case of a
direct system, potable water is used as the heat transfer fluid.
Q1. A Thermal power plant of 210 MW capacity has the maximum load of 160 MW its annual load factors 0.6. The
coal consumption is 1 kg / kwh of energy generated and the cost of coal is ₹450 per tonne. Calculate:
(i) The annual revenue earned if energy is sold at Re 1/ kwh and
(ii) The capacity factor of the plant
MODULE 3
Q3. What is an ecosystem?

Q4. Explain with neat diagram, (i) Carbon Cycle (ii) Oxygen cycle (iii) Nitrogen cycle
Q5. Explain the flow of energy through the various components of the ecosystem
Q6. Explain the following:
(i) Structure and functioning of grassland ecosystem
(ii) Structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystem

Q7. Explain with neat diagram (i) Food Chain (ii) food web (iii) Ecological pyramid
Q10. Write a short note on ecological succession with a suitable example
MODULE 4
Discuss causes, effects, and control measures of air pollution.
Q6. Elaborate causes, effect, and control measures of (a) Noise Pollution (b) Marine Pollution.
MODULE 5
What are the salient features of Wilf Life Protection Act.
Write a short note on Air Act.

Write short note on forest act.