Alexandria Engineering Journal (2022) 61, 5455–5463

H O S T E D BY
Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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www.sciencedirect.com

A comprehensive review on current advances of

thermal energy storage and its applications
Santosh Chavan *, Ramesh Rudrapati, Selvaraj Manickam

Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia

Received 7 April 2021; revised 22 September 2021; accepted 1 November 2021

Available online 12 November 2021

KEYWORDS
HVAC;
Phase change materials;
Thermal energy storage;
Thermal storage materials;
Waste heat recovery
Abstract Thermal energy storage (TES) is playing a vital role in various applications and this
paper intends to provide an overview of different applications involved in various areas. This work
mainly focuses on review of TES applications in wide area such as waste heat recovery, Heavy elec-
tronic equipment’s cooling etc. The comprehensive study shows that thermal energy stored can be
used for heating and cooling applications and have a great scope for developing new technology and
methods for utilizing it to maximum extent. Exploring various thermal storage materials and meth-
ods for different application opening many ways towards the sustainable development and utiliza-
tion of available thermal energy.
Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).

1. Introduction resources is also the challenging task. Recovering the energy

The expedition for new technologies is essential to prevent the
raising environmental pollution and energy deficiency issues.
Development of new alternatives for the energy at low cost
is the biggest challenge to the modern scientific world. On
the other words, effective utilization of available energy
Abbreviations: CNT, Carbon Nanotubes; CPU, Central Processing
Unit; HVAC, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning; HMPC,
Hybrid Model Predictive Control; LHTES, Latent Heat Thermal
Energy Storage; MPC, Model Predictive Control; PCM, Phase Change
Materials; PVT, Photovoltaic–Thermal; RES, Renewable Energy
Sources; TES, Thermal Energy Storage; VARS, Vapour Absorption
Refrigeration System; VCRS, Vapour Compression Refrigeration
System
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: drsantosh.chavan@bhu.edu.et (S. Chavan).
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.11.003
1110-0168 Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
which is losing through different process and systems is also
as good as developing new energy source. Specifically, effective
utilization of thermal energy is difficult due to the various
operational and material parameters. From thermal power
plants and other processing industries, a significant amount
of waste thermal energy is released to atmosphere in the form
of hot flue gases. This waste heat may be recovered by thermal
energy storage methods in sensible and latent heat forms.
Latent heat storage method provides high storage density com-
pared to the sensible heat storage method for same volume of
the material [1]. Fig. 1 shows growth in renewable energy con-
sumption for heat, 2013-2024. The renewable energy consump-
tion by various sectors such as building, industries and
agriculture are considerably increasing.
Thermal energy can be considered as the largest form of
heat source available naturally but capturing it and utilizing
for various purposes is a tedious task. Several technologies
have been developed for harnessing and utilizing the thermal
5456
Fig. 1 IEA, Growth in renewable energy consumption for heat, 2013–2024. [https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/growth-in-
renewable-energy-consumption-for-heat-2013-2024].
energy. TES technology offers large amount of thermal energy
and electricity generation with relatively lower cost. However,
the irregular and uneven nature of solar energy is prompting
engineers to develop specialized technologies to store thermal
energy with minimum cost to use thermal energy effectively
at low light conditions as well [2]. Generally, thermal energy
may be stored in two forms, such as latent heat and sensible
heat form. Latent heat storage provides better storage capacity
with minimum volume requirement due to usage of phase
change materials (PCM’s) [3], as compared to sensible heat
form. The PCM’s are operates at constant temperature and
changes its phase by absorbing and releasing large amount
of heat [4]. Fig. 2 shows cumulative capacity of thermal energy
storage. The TES in all the forms is rapidly increasing and it is
projected to increase further in upcoming years.
Thermal energy can be stored in well-insulated materials as
a change in internal energy of the material such as sensible
heat, latent heat and thermochemical and combination of all
Fig. 2 Cumulative Capacity of Thermal Energy Storage.
S. Chavan et al.
three heats. Thermal energy storage deals with the storage of
energy by cooling, heating, melting, solidifying a material;
the thermal energy becomes available when the process is
reversed [5].
Thermal energy storage using phase change materials have
been a main topic in research since 2000, but although the data
is quantitatively enormous. Research area in TES is an inter-
national interest and it mainly focusing energy saving by effec-
tively using available resources and efficient use of renewable
energies [6]. TES can provide possible solutions to some speci-
fic needs like time delay between available power and power
production such as solar energy and cogeneration, it can pro-
vide security of power supply for healthcare centers, computer
server rooms, telecom networks, etc. and finally thermal inertia
and thermal protection.
The scientific communities around the globe, are putting
their efforts to get a stable, firm, effective and continuous
energy supply from the renewable sources [7]. Recent energy
A comprehensive review on current advances of thermal energy storage
consumption survey data shows that energy consumption by
building sectors is considerably increasing, which consists of
residential and commercial buildings. Moreover, it is observed
that majority of the energy consumption in buildings is for
providing thermal comfort such as heating, ventilating, and
air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The combination of ther-
mal energy storage technologies for building applications
reduces the peak loads, separation of energy requirement from
its availability, it also allows to combine the renewable energy
sources, for efficient utilization of thermal energy [8].
Currently thermal energy storage and utilization is focused
only on few areas such as building applications, and some
industrial applications. But TES technology can be adopted
for wide range of applications. In the present review work an
attempt is made to provide an overview on various applica-
tions of TES technology including medical and agricultural
sector. In the future this technology adoption may lead to
the more fruitful results which can helpful for various general
applications.
2. Thermal energy storage applications
Environmental preservation and protection concerns motivat-
ing the investigators to discover new renewable energy sources
(RES). However, availability of RES such as solar thermal
energy varies from season to season, time to time and area
to area [9]. TES technologies helpful to fill the gap between
available energy source and requirement; thus, the intermit-
tency of renewable sources may be utilized effectively as per
requirement [10]. Fig. 3 shows various applications of thermal
energy storage technology which focused for current study.
Fig. 3 Various Applications of Thermal Energy Storage
Technology.
5457
2.1. Thermal energy storage application for waste heat recovery
(WHR)
Industrial processes are found to be vast potential for waste
heat recovery (WHR), because of majority industrial waste
heat is unutilized and directly released to sink. The main rea-
son behind is the technical and economic complications in
recovering the waste heat. Fig. 4 shows waste heat energy
available from various sources [11]. Thermal energy needs to
be collected and store from the various industry is important
to enhance the efficiency of industries are processes. Highly
energy-based industries, such as glass, steel, cement, oil and
gas, and food processing industries which are in main focus
due to higher levels of energy consumption and significant
amount of waste heat is directly released to the atmosphere.
Consequently, WHR technologies requires more attention in
enhancing energy efficiency and by reducing the environmental
impact. Accurate and precise estimation of waste heat recovery
can be estimated by coupling a latent heat thermal energy stor-
age system (LHTES) to waste heat releasing system. The
amount of waste heat recovered can be achieved 45% to
85% depending on the thermal energy storage material prop-
erties, size of processing industry, environmental conditions,
etc., [12].
TES is an innovative technology which can used in a flexi-
bility manner to utilize the waste heat energy coupled with the
other systems by storing and utilizing later [13]. Additionally,
this WHR helps in reducing the environmental pollution by
controlling CO2 emissions. The stored waste heat can be uti-
lized for different secondary heating applications such as,
water preheating in thermal power plants, preheating the pig-
ments in textile industries. If the distance between the waste
heat source and the electronic equipment control room is less,
it can be used for cooling with help of vapour absorption
refrigeration system. Depending on the distance between the
waste heat source and the heat requirement, TES systems
can be divided into two types one is onsite TES systems, and
an off-site heat storage system [14].
To effectively utilize waste heat from various industrial pro-
duction techniques, dynamic thermal management using PCM
thermal storage technique is adopted for waste heat recovery
[15]. In this technique, energy transfer mechanism is designed
in two sections such as, sensible, and latent heat zones, and
a heat transfer fluid is circulated into these sections to
Fig. 4 Waste Heat Energy Available from various Sources.
5458
exchange the heat. Dynamic waste heat capturing model con-
siderably reduced the waste flue gases and recovered it effec-
tively [16]. Similarly, a large amount of heat can be
recovered from the exhaust gases evolved in the electric arc
furnace of a steelmaking plant. A thermal energy storage sys-
tem based on a dual-media packed bed TES system is adopted
for recovering and reutilizing the waste heat to achieve a con-
tinuous heat supply from the steel furnace. This operation
approach provides excessive advantages and shows the better
waste recovery potential [17,18].
Along with the various advantages waste heat recovery
have its own problems. Addressing these problems may further
improve the WHR system efficiency. The installation area
required, initial investment and operating cost per unit capac-
ity of WHR system reduces with the system capacity. The
incongruities between the waste heat source and requirement
and energy grade has to be improved by integrating TES sys-
tems [19,20].
2.2. Thermal energy storage for heavy electronic equipment
cooling applications
Several methods are adopted to reduce the temperature of
heavy electronic equipments by removing heat from active
devices. Thermal management of electronic equipment is
rapidly growing research area, because, of electronic compo-
nents failure due to overheating. The heat generation in elec-
tronic equipments are unavoidable and it must be dissipated
to avoid failure of devices [21]. Portable electronic device per-
formance can be expressively enhanced by using the fins
mounted on PCM filled heat sink. n-eicosane (PCM) is filled
into the Aluminium heat sink, which improves the thermal
conductivity and enhances the heat rejection rate. The PCM
filled Aluminium heat sink works as thermal energy storage
device and protects the electronic equipment from instant fail-
ure [22]. The fin geometry dipped into the PCM affects the heat
carrying rate such as circular and square pin-fins are used
inline and staggered array forms. The staggered arrangement
of fins provides better heat rejection through square and circu-
lar shaped fin surface [23,24].
Many researches have been carried out to remove the heat
from central processing unit (CPU) with different working
conditions of CPU and analyzed different materials for cooling
the device [25]. Efficient heat rejection of electronic devices is
achieved with PCM usage. It is observed that paraffin based
PCM provides better cooling and cools the equipment up to
85% and it is stated that PCM found to be efficient as heat
absorbing media for improving electronic equipment efficiency
[26]. In recent years, the growth of electronic devices com-
pelling researchers to find the cost effective and reliable cooling
systems. In this context, PCM is extensively used to cool the
active electronic cooling devices. Thermal controlling of elec-
tronic components is firmly obligatory to maintain its temper-
ature for their smooth and continuous operations [27,28].
Paraffin and carbon nanotubes based composite materials
which provides enhanced thermal performance in electronics
cooling module by enhancing the heat rejection rate with
increase in CNT nanoparticle concentration [29,30]. Heat
rejection rate is mainly depends on type of PCM used, amount
of material used, and thermal storage material domain geomet-
rical arrangement [31]. Using of appropriate proportion of
S. Chavan et al.
PCM with higher phase change temperature extends the elec-
tronic component life and protect it from overheating condi-
tions [32]. Thermal energy storage material selection is
complicated task due to some undesirable properties of the
PCMs and most of the materials does not possess the required
thermophysical properties. One of the simplest ways of
improving the material property is composite preparation,
composite may be combination of two or more thar two mate-
rials. Effective PCM can be made combining two or more dif-
ferent material using powder metallurgy techniques by mixing
and compacting. Polyvinyl butyral polymer as a base material
and expanded graphite is used as an additive material for
enhancing the thermal properties of PCM’s. Addition of prop-
erty enhancer in various proportions significantly improved
the thermophysical properties and increased the overall system
performance [33]. Carbon based nano additives such as, gra-
phene nanoparticles, multi walled carbon nanotubes, graphene
flakes, graphite nano powder etc., can provide higher thermal
and chemical stability at higher temperature conditions. These
properties significantly reduces the phase change duration with
better thermal storability [34,35].
2.3. Solar thermal energy storage
A technical assessment of solar thermal energy-based electric-
ity generation plant using multiple PCM storage tank with
parabolic trough collector. The transient performance evalua-
tion is carried out on daily, monthly and annual basis for eco-
nomic and thermal storage capacity evaluation. Developing a
cost effective commercial solar power plant integrating with
solar collectors with PCM storage tank is feasible [36]. Overall
storage capacity can be reduced upto 40% with integration of
PCM storage [37,38]. Fig. 5 shows solar thermal energy utiliza-
tion for different application with TES.
Several experiments and numerical analysis have been car-
ried out to solve the energy equations involved in the solar
based thermal energy storage systems, which can be utilized
for different industrial purposes. The efficiency of PCM inte-
grated solar systems may improve by changing domain geom-
etry, thermal energy storage method, thermal behaviour of the
storage material and finally the working conditions. Thermal
Fig. 5 Solar Thermal Energy Utilization for different applica-
tion with TES.
A comprehensive review on current advances of thermal energy storage
energy stored can also be used for producing cooling effect by
using vapour absorption refrigeration system [39]. The time
dependent property of solar radiation solar based TES system
faces some difficulties of irregularity and it can be overcome by
combining the PCM storage which gives more feasibility to the
system. Moreover, continuous supply of heat can be achieved
during the night time with the integration of storage tank and
ultimately improves the overall system performance [40]. Solar
thermal energy power plant can also be integrated with
geothermal power plants to enhance the overall power plant
efficiency [41]. This hybrid system can be used for low, medium
and high temperature solar thermal power plants [42].
2.4. Thermal energy storage for building application to provide
thermal comfort
Residential and commercial buildings consumes nearly 40% of
worlds energy and it is necessary to improve the building per-
formance for reducing the global power requirement [43]. In
recent decades several methods have been developed to con-
struct the energy independent buildings by optimizing the
design and power consumption. Development of energy inde-
pendent buildings also consists refurbishment of existing struc-
tures, and combining with renewable energy technology such
as, using solar energy with phase change materials. Optimiza-
tion techniques are fascinating due to its enhanced perfor-
mance and low marginal cost for system modifications. The
energy consumption can be reduced by applying phase change
material-based space cooling and heating technology in the
buildings. This technology can provide shifting of peak loads
to off-peak hours by utilizing the solar thermal energy with
the help of PCMs for room heating and cooling applications
[44]. A fine layer of PCM can be coated or a wall-board
arrangement is made to accommodate the PCM [45], the anal-
ysis results shown reduction of wall surface temperature 1 °C
with reduced room temperature of 2.7 °C [46] and surface heat
flow upto 40% [47]. The PCM wall-board can reduce power
consumption around 30%, by maintaining the thermal com-
fort [48].
Several researches have been carried out for developing
zero energy building prototypes using passive solar heating
and cooling. The definition of zero energy building is a build-
ing which consumes very much low power from non-renewable
primary energy source and majority of its requirement is ful-
filled from nearby renewable sources [49]. These zero energy
buildings are again classified into two types net zero energy
and nearly zero energy buildings. Nearly zero energy buildings
consume least power from the conventional non-renewable
sources and remaining is taken from the renewable sources.
But in net zero energy buildings the energy consumption from
non-conventional sources is zero and completely dependent on
the renewable sources available nearby.
2.5. Thermal energy storage in HVAC applications
In developed countries residential and commercial buildings
consumes a large amount of power and contributes around
50% pollution through different mode of emissions and it is
projected to increase expressively in upcoming days. Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning also contributes account-
able energy consumption and increases the energy require-
5459
ments significantly. The TES technology is very supportive
saving methods for reducing the energy requirement, and
increase the energy efficiency, and safeguards proper utiliza-
tion of renewable energy resources [50,51]. Several studies have
been carried out to improve the thermal energy storage density
and performance by adopting different methods like encapsu-
lation of PCM inside the storage domain. The domain material
should be highly conductive to exchange the heat efficiently
and selection of appropriate material is an important criterion
to achieve higher storage density. Encapsulation method can
increase the thermal performance upto two-folds with highly
conductive container material [52]. Fig. 6 shows heat balance
analysis for heat ventilation and air conditioning.
The HVAC system with PCM integration covered the
energy demand of houses, and energy saving is achieved upto
18.97% [53]. To further enhance the system performance
model predictive control (MPC) method is developed for
advanced controlling. Through the MPC methodology build-
ing energy consumption can be reduced by maintaining the
thermal comfort. To optimize and control the residential
HVAC system an advanced system is proposed called hybrid
model predictive control (HMPC) system. The overall system
was modelled to operate during winter and summer by cou-
pling with photo voltaic cells which works daytime using solar
radiation and night with the PCM thermal storage unit.
Another technique is proposed by using hydraulic and electri-
cal properties of a photovoltaic–thermal (PVT) system, and it
is combined with the PCM based thermal energy storage
domain. This technique is considered to be most efficient and
offers readily adoptable features for residential buildings
[54]. The design and optimization of TES systems integrated
with PCM technology is most essential for implementing the
HVAC system with net-zero energy buildings. This technique
is mainly focused on hybrid optimization to maximize the
TES density of PCM under the limited charging time [55].
2.6. Thermal energy storage for vapour absorption refrigeration
systems
The vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS) is old tech-
nique of producing refrigeration effect using any kind of heat
source. Fig. 7: Schematic of solar thermal energy utilization
Fig. 6 Heat Balance analysis for Heat ventilation and Air
Conditioning.
5460
Fig. 7 Schematic of solar thermal energy utilization using vapour absorption refrigeration system.
using vapour absorption refrigeration system. The VARS con-
sists of different component similar to the vapour compression
refrigeration system (VCRS) other than the compressor. The
major components are condenser, expander, evaporator, and
generator. In VARS commonly used working fluid is aqua-
ammonia or lithium bromide solution. VARS is neglected
due to its lower efficiency than the VCRS, but the pollution
caused by the VCRS (Chlorofluorocarbons which deteriorates
the ozone layer) pulling researchers toward the VARS for envi-
ronmentally friendly operation [56].
Integration of PCMs to the VARS can be the most fascinat-
ing research area in upcoming days for developing the energy
free refrigeration systems. This can use any type of heat source
available, such as solar thermal energy, waste heat from the
different industrial operations, waste heat from hot flue gases
of thermal power plants, and waste heat from forging or other
manufacturing process. The intermittency of heat supply can
be compensated by using the PCMs filled TES units. When
sufficient amount of heat energy is available TES unit will cap-
ture the energy in latent heat form and it is released in the
absence of the primary heat source. Recently this area is not
explored much and it needs researcher’s serious attention for
developing the environmentally friendly refrigeration systems.
Through this system it is possible to provide a refrigeration
system to the unelectrified rural places, which can be used
for storing farmers agricultural products for longer duration
if it is developed in the larger scale.
2.7. Thermal energy storage for medical applications
Recently, PCMs are also used for different biomedical applica-
tions, due to its specific heat absorbing and heat rejecting
properties. Latent heat of PCMs allows it to absorb or release
the heat for longer time duration which is helpful in different
biomedical treatments, such as thermotherapy, buruli ulcer,
arthritis, etc. Specific PCM is filled into the pockets and it
charged as per the requirement (heating or cooling) and it is
applied to the treating surface [57,58]. Fig. 8 shows the dia-
grammatic representation of thermal therapy for treating
S. Chavan et al.
Fig. 8 Diagrammatic representation of thermal therapy for
treating hypothermal problems.
hypothermal problems. Deep penetration of heat improves
blood flow, removes harmful toxins and relaxes the muscles.
These materials are not in trend because of its cost and
unawareness, but there is a scope to make these materials reli-
able, cost effective and efficient [59]. Maintaining heat sensitive
vaccines and other drugs at lower temperature is a challenging
task where only limited or no electricity is available. World
Health Organization (WHO) motivating the researches to
develop the cost-effective methods to preserve the heat sensi-
tive medicines at safe temperature for longer period of time
[60]. And this can be achieved through exploitation of PCMs
heat storing and releasing properties [61].
3. Conclusions
Present work conducts a comprehensive review of TES for var-
ious applications such as waste heat recovery, heavy electronic
equipment’s cooling, solar based TES, TES for building appli-
cation and thermal comfort, TES for HVAC applications, TES
for vapour absorption refrigeration, TES for medical applica-
tions TES for agricultural applications. PCM application is
found to be much effective upon combining with TES, and
these can also be extended to further heights such as, conserva-
tion and transportation of temperature sensitive materials.
Concluding remarks for future research in effective utilization
of PCM selection based on the application and approach strat-
egy in heating cooling applications.
A comprehensive review on current advances of thermal energy storage
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledges the department of mechanical engineer-
ing, college of engineering and technology bule hora univer-
sity, for providing resources for preparing this article.
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