PORTFOLIO

CLINICAL CASE REPORTS

Name: Asad farooq

Roll no: F20-BS-PSY-5041
Session: 2020-2024
Supervisor: Ms. kashmala

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF OKARA
OKARA
2024
 DECLARATION
ASAD FAROOQ (roll no. 5041) student of BS- PSYCHOLOGY semester 7 ,session 2020-
2024 hereby declare that the matter presented in this portfolio is my own original work.

Dated: Signature
 PORT FOLIO COMPLETION CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the work contained in this Portfolio has been completed by ASAD
FAROOQ (5041).

Dated: Supervisor :Ms.kashmala

Abstract:

The subject of this research was a 3.5 yearold girl who was sketching on her body and face

with coloured pencils, an unwanted behaviour. The attractive toys, pictures which are

designed to attract girls attention ,colourful pencils and paper and peaceful and calm

surroundings of the at-home trial setup were all present in one room. Room is very clean also

In order to encourage the desired behaviour of not drawing on oneself after playing with the

pencils, a fixed ratio schedule was put into place, with rewards of her choice of

chocolate(bounty chocolate). In response to the girl's affirmative response, the time interval

between prizes was progressively extended. She eventually showed successful behaviour

modification throughout the experiment, continuously abstaining from the undesirable

behaviour even in the absence of rewards.

Operant conditioning:

A method of learning that alters the frequency of a behavior by manipulating its

consequences through reinforcement or punishment.(B.F Skinner)

Reinforcement:

reinforcement refers to anything that increases thelikelihood that a response will occur.(B.F

Skinner)

 Psychologist B.F. Skinner coined the term in 1937.

Positive reinforcement:

positive reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by rewards, leading to the

repetition of desired behavior.(B.F Skinner)

Information of subject :

Name :Z.b

Age:3.5 years

Gender:female

Socioeconomic status:upper middle class

Family system: joint family system

Parents educational background:both parents are well educated

Birth:normal

Siblings: none

Environment:

In the serene environment of the experiment, the room in your house provides a peaceful

backdrop. Adorned with vibrant artworks, colorful pencils, and beautiful pictures, the space

exudes a tranquil ambiance. Abundant toys and a carefully arranged vase contribute to the

inviting atmosphere, catering to the subject's preferences. The cleanliness adds an extra layer

of comfort, creating an ideal setting for the experiment .

Pre behaviour Assessment:

A comprehensive evaluation was carried out before to the experiment in order to determine

the behaviour baseline subject.This included watching how she interacted with the coloured

pencils, recording how often and how strongly she drew on her hands, face, and other body
partsdespite the researcher instructing her not to., she ignores the instructions and refuses to

pay attention to the researcher's words.Her overall interactions with the toys and vibrant

pictures in the test setting were also examined as part of the pre-assessment.

Schedule of reinforcement:

The investigator intentionally decided to use a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement in this

study. This schedule offers a controlled framework for observing response patterns by

rewarding a behaviour after a certain amount of responses. The choice is indicative of the

experimenter's dedication to control and accuracy in understanding the dynamics of

reinforcement and behaviour in the study's setting.The constant ratio schedule is beneficial

for positive reinforcement because of its consistency and predictability in reinforcement. This

approach effectively promotes the occurrence and maintenance of the desired behaviour by

creating a clear relationship between behaviour and reward.

Define the experiment:

Exposition and Establishment of Beginnings

On the first day of the experiment, the fixed ratio timetable was introduced. The well chosen

home decor offered a calming mood, colourful pictures, and toys in an immersive setting. I

gave the girl coloured pencils, and when she stopped drawing on herself, I immediately gave

her a gummy chocolate as positive reinforcement. This first stage measured the girl's initial

reaction to the operant conditioning paradigm in order to set a baseline for the sessions that

followed.

Progressive Training and Strengthening

As the fixed ratio schedule continued, encouraging developments occurred in the days that

followed. The time intervals between starting to play with a pencil and receiving the reward

gradually got longer. The girl's increasing perception and absorption of the intended

behaviour has been shown by this observed progression. In order to show the effectiveness of

the operant conditioning technique, the experiment during these days focussed on

consolidating and reinforcing the positive behaviour.

Demonstrating the Fading-Out Step

The experiment's fading-out strategy was introduced by the researcher on the sixth day. The

set ratio plan was kept in place, but the frequency of rewards was purposefully decreased.
This intentional step replicated an extinction process and permitted an investigation into how

long-lasting the altered behaviour would be in the absence of rewards.

Extinction Plan Implementation

On the sixth day, the fading-out strategy was clearly put into practice by using extinction.

Now that rewards were given sporadically, the girl's commitment to the desired behaviourwas

put to the test. The girl showed consistent compliance, despite the usual expectations

associated with extinction and demonstrating the strength of the conditioning process.

Witnessing Intense Recovery

On the seventh day, the idea of spontaneous recovery was presented. The girl continued in

showing the modified behaviour in spite of the irregular incentives schedule. This unexpected

comeback demonstrated the long-lasting effects of operant conditioning and revealed that the

good behaviour was not totally dependent on rewards received right away.

Post-Behavior assessment:

An comprehensive post-behavior assessment was conducted after the week-long

experiment to determine the effectiveness of the operant conditioning method. The analysis

compared the post-experiment phase to the pre-assessment baseline with an emphasis on

behavioural changes. It involved assessing the girl's obedience to orders, she stop drawing on

her self, the frequency and severity of the unwanted behaviour also decreses significantly.
Conclusion:

In conclusion, the week-long experiment meticulously tracked the day-by-day progression of

positive behavior modification in the 3.5 yearold girl. The deliberate introduction of fading,

extinction, and spontaneous recovery phases provided valuable insights into the resilience

and enduring effects of the operant conditioning approach in shaping and sustaining desired

behavior over time.

Behavior modification is successfully done.

References:

https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/operant-

conditioning/#:~:text=Operant%20conditioning%20is%20based%20on,after%20performing

%20a%20specific%20behavior.

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-

3_134#:~:text=Definition,response%20(Skinner%2C%201963).