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 LECTURE NOTESIN SOCIAL
SCIENCES AND
HUMANITIES: FRONTIER
RESEARCH
S

DITORS:

SHUKRAN ABDUL R H
ONNY ANDRUANTO

if
e
 LECTURE NOTES IN
SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND HUMANITIES:
FRONTIER RESEARCH

EDITORS:
MARCUS STUCK
SHUKRAN ABDUL RAHMAN
SONNY ANDRIANTO
BAMBANG SUMINTONO
MUWAGA MUSA
 © 2022 by Three House Global Services
Copyright PREFACE
Thise-book presents selected papers from social sciences and humanities
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Published in Malaysia by:
Three House Global Services
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E-mail: threehouseglobalservices@qmail.com

e ISBN 078-629-97428-0-7

0786299742007
LECTURE NOTES IN SOCIAL
SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES:
FRONTIER RESEARCH

Iv
About the Editors Reviewers

Abd Kadir Mahamad Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia

-

Mareus Stick is currently professor University of Applied Science Saxony (DPFA), Saxony, Abdul Halim Ali Universiti Kuala Lumpur International College, Malaysia
- -

Germany. He hold Ph.D. from Institute of Applied Psychology, University of Leipzig and Amiza Rasmi TM Research & Development, Malaysia
-

was awarded Honorary Professorship (Prof. h.c.) at Riga Teacher Management Academy Arun Nambiar California State University, USA
-

(RTTEMA). He currently serves as Head of Research of the DPFA Academy Work and Arvind Dhingra GNDEC, Ludhiana, India
-

Health, as continuation of the awarded title Professor based on the decision of the State Ashish Urkude University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India
-

Ministry for Science and Art. Prof. Stbck has wide experiences in research and publication Asmala Ahmad Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
-

as well as supervision of postgraduate students. Ayodele Oluwole University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
-

Azhari Hashim Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kedah, Malaysia

-

Shukran Abdul Rahman is currently associate professor in Department of Psychology, Choakree Teekapakvisit King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang,
-

International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He also serves as Dean Thailand
in Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences of the same university.
Chetan Rao Drexel University, India
-

He hold degree of Doctor of Psychology from Murdoch University, Western Australia. Dr.
Chutisant Kerdvibulvech National Institute of Development Administration,-

Abdul Rahman has many experience in publishing internationally. He also has supervised Thailand
many doctoral students and examined thesis of doctoral candidates in many universities
in Malaysia and other countries.
Danny De Vleeschauwer Nokia, Belgium -

Durgesh Nandan Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, India

-

Sonny Andrianto is currently lecturer and researcher in Department of Psychology. Eduard Babulak Fort Hays State University, USA
-

Faculty of Psychology and Socio-Cultural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Eliana Werbin Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina
-

Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He hold doctoral degree in psychology from Department of Emilio Jiménez Macias University of La Rioja, Spain -

Psychology & Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, China. He received Dissertation Foo Fong Yeng Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Malaysia
-

Scholarships from Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) and Doctoral George Suciu Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
-

Scholarships from China Scholarships Councils (CSC) during his study. His current research Giovanni Palmerini Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
-

topics of concern include reentry adjustments, body image, intention, and Haijun Pan New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA
-

environmental issues. Dr. Andrianto was previously Vice Dean (2006-2010) and is currently Hamed Mojallali University of Guilan, Iran
-

Head of Research Ethic Committee (2019-present) at the faculty. Hamid Alasadi IRAQ BASRA, Iraq - -

Josip Music University of Split, Croatia

-

Bambang Sumintono is currently senior lecturer in Faculty of Education, Universiti Malaya, Katerina Kabassi TEI of the lonian Islands, Greece
-

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia where he teaches postgraduate students in subjects such as

Luca Reggiani Politecnico di Milano, Ifaly Martine
-

research methods, educational assessment and measurement, educational leadership

Wedlake IBM, USA
-

and policy. He hold PhD in Education from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
Mas Rina Mustaffa Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
-

He also supervised research of postgraduate students (master and PhD) and involved in
editorial memberships of many international reputable journals. His current research Ming-Fong Tsai Feng Chia University. Taiwan
-

Mohamed Moussaoui Abdelmalek Esaadi UniversitY, Morocco -

interest includes of educational leadership, educational policy, educational assessment

Mohammad Faiz Liew Abdullah Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), -

and RASCH modeling.

Malaysia
Muwaga Musa is currently senior lecturer in Department of Arts and Social Sciences, Mohd Ikmal Fazlan Roali Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia -

Kampala University, Kampala, Uganda. He hold doctoral degree in psychology from Muhammad Rashid IIUM Gombak Malaysia, Malaysia -

Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. Dr. Musa has many experiences in teaching Nor Hanim Abd. Rahman Universiti Teknologi MARA. Malaysia -

and research in other universities in Uganda such as Busoga University and Islamic Norasmadi Abdul Rahim Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia -

University In Uganda. His current research topics include conflict resolution, community Norbayah Mohd Suki Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia -

development, mental health, and assessment and intervention. Nuno Garcia Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal
-

Nuno Domingues ISEL, Portugal -

Nursabillilah Mohd Ali Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia

-

v vi
Paolo Crippa Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
-
Table of Contents
Phang Yook Ngor Universiti Teknologi MARA Kampus Bandaraya Melaka,
-

Malaysia
Philip Moore Lanzhou University, P.R. China
-

COPYRIGHT ij
Pooya Taheri SFU, Canada-

PREFACE iv
Radu Arsinte Technical University of Cluj-
-

Napoca, Romania Raza Hasan Middle East - EDITORS v

College, Oman REVIEWERS vi
Riheng Wu Wenjing College, P.R. China
-

TABLE OF CONTENTS vill

Rizati Hamidun Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS),
-

Malaysia
Robert Szabolcsi Obuda University, Hungary
-
No Title Page
Rosaura Palma-Orozco Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
-
The Meaning Of Life On Elderty Seller In Traditional Market -4
Seema Shah Mukesh Patel School Of Technology Management and
-

2 Jeb Demands Job Resources And Safety Behaviour Among Construction 5 14

Engineering. India Employees

3 Retrement Anxiety: The Role Of Family Support And Religiosity Among 15-21
Shahid Manzoor UCSI Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
-

Muslim Employees
Shamshul Anaz Kassim Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia, Malaysia
-

Apprasal Of Workload. Mantal Status, Family Size And Feor Of Success 22 32-

Sing Sing Wong University College of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia

-
Among Female Employees Of A State Owned Bank
Siti Kartina Abdul Karim Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
-

S Social Comparison and Body Dissatisfaction in Female Adolescents -39

33
Soudeh Salehi University Technology MARA, Malaysia
-
é Parents Attachment and Self-esteem Among Indonesian and Chinese 40 54
TC Manjunath Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore,
- Undergraduates Students A Cross-Cultural Study
7 Quasi-expenmental Study: Meaningfuiness of Work Training to Reduce 55 66
Karnataka, India Boredom at Work
Thy Ling UCTS, Malaysia
-
Selt-Reguiahon and Resilience in Adalescents with Parent Divorced 67 -76
9 The Relathonship Between Family Functioning and Psychological Weil-Being 77 -87
Tomoko Saiki Saiki Patent, Japan
-

Among Adolescents
Tzung-Pei Hong National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
-
10 Forgiveness Therapy to Improve The Psychologicat Well-Being among 88 99-

Woman Victims of Domestc Violence

Vesna Paunovic Faculty of Electronic Engineering. University of Nis, Serbia
-

1 Prophetic Parenting Training to Reduce the Parenting Stress among

Wael Salah Palestine Technical University Kadoorie, Palestine
- -
Mothers with Disabled Children
Wei Wei Xi'an University of Technology, P.R. China
- 12 The Effect of Self-Regulated Learning on Student Career Decision Self- 10-18
Efficacy
Wei Wei University of Washington, USA
-
3 Subjectve WellBeing ond Work Engagement omong Working Mothers in 11-931
Xiaoli Qi John Hopkins University, USA
- Indonesa and China
14 The Role of Talent Management in Enhancing Commitment, Job 132 -
143
Yilun Shang Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
-

Satisfaction and Work Engagement of Generation ¥ Emplovee

Zahéra Mekkioui University of tlemcen, Algeria
- The Role of Talent Management in Enhancing Commitment Job 44 15?
Satisfaction and Work Engagement of Generation ¥ Employee
Zbigniew Leonowicz Wroclaw University of Technology. Poland
-

16 Self-Compassion and Depression Among University Students 153-161

17 Emotion Regulation and Subjective Well-being in Senor High Schoo 162-173
Student
18 Parent-Child Communication. Peer Conformity and Juvenile Delinquency 174 187
v Somatization, Self-Concept, and Stress Tolerance on Female Student in 188 198
islamic Boarding School of Gontor. Indonesia
20 Qualitative Research on Islamic Psychotherapy: A Metasynthesis Study in 199-214
Indonesian Culture
21 Friendship Quality and Psychological WellBeing among Students with 21s 223
Special Needs in Inclusive Schools
22 Ohikr and Heart Rate Vanability on Housewife: A Single Case Study 224 236
23 Solemn Prayer Training to Reduce Stress in Chronic Renal Failure Patients 237 246
Undergoing Hemodialysis
24 The Relationship Between Attitude, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral 247 254
Control and Intention to Purchase Korean Celeon 'Merchandsse
25 Moderating Role of Hope in the Relationship between Job Stress and 255 262

vii viii
 Psychological WellBeing
26 Friendly School Program: Bullying Intervention at Students in inclusive 263 - 272
Elementary School
27 Khusnudzon and Resilience in Landslide Survivor 273 279
-

28 Achievement Motivation and Parental Support Among Javonese Students 280 -286
29 Parent Involvement in Child Education Viewed from Motivational Belief, 287 300
-

Perception on Invitation for involvement and Life Context

30 Effectiveness Of Smart Empowerment Technique to Increase Forgiveness Wi -310
on University Students
31 Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Performance in Special School 31-319
Teachers in Samarinda City
32 Development and Validation of Instruments For Students' Noble Character 320 328
-

Using The Rasch Model of Item Response Theory Approach

33 Future Time Perspective Medications Effect on Relations between Parent 329 -
342
Selt-efficacy and Subjective Well-being on Mothers of Children with Special
Needs
34 Tawakal and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of Natural Disaster 343 -
351
35 Computer Self-Efficacy And Computer-Related Technostress Among 352 - 361
Employees

ix
 Somatization, Self Concept, and Stress Tolerance on Female Student in
Islamic Boarding School of Gontor, Indonesia
Nanum Sofia
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Cultural-Social
Science, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
The aim of this study is to examine empirically the somatization
and its relation to self-concept and stress tolerance on female
students in Islamic Boarding School of Gontor, East Java,
Indonesia. This is a correlational study, using three questionnaires
as a method of data collection. A total of 125 female students
over 16 years old in Islamic Boarding School of Gontor,
Indonesia participated in the study. The result showed that
partially, self-concept and stress tolerance is significantly
related to somatization. The result of Pearson product moment
correlation analysis between self-concept (X1) with stress
tolerance (X2) is R= 0.626. First, the result of partial correlation
analysis by controlling stress tolerance obtained correlation
coefficient r= -0.268 (p<0.01), indicates that there is a significant
negative relationship between self-concept and somatization.
The result of partial correlation analysis by controlling self-
concept, obtained corelation coefficient r= -0.199 (p<0,05) its
mean there is negative relationship between stress tolerance
and somatization. Empirically, there is a significant negative
relationship between self-concept, stress tolerance, and
somatization.
Keywords: Somatization, stress tolerance, self concept, Islamic
boarding school
1. INTRODUCTION
Research on somatization in various countries is so much done. In the US, the
documentation of somatization research is reported gradually by Medical
Sciences (2011). In Indonesia, the data of psychological disorders are not well
documented so it is hard to know the trend of this case and the number of
188
patients. Nevertheless, research on somatization cases in Indonesia is still
getting enough attention.
Somatization disorder (SD) defined in the DSM-IV to re ect the condition
hitherto known as Briquet's syndrome which is a poly symptomatic condition
(APA, 2000). also known as multiple psychosomatic disorder which is
characterized by presence the pattern of recurring poly symptomatic somatic
complaints resulting in medical treatment or impaired daily function, that starts
before the age of 30 years and extends for a long time or over a period of
years (ICD, 2018). The DSM IV (Kaplan & Sadock, 1997), divides somatization
according to the psychical system into nine (9) kinds of disorder, namely: 1)
skin disorders 2) muscle and bone disorders, 3) respiratory disorders, 4)
cardiovascular system disorders (heart and blood vessels), 5) digestion, 6)
disruption of the urogenital device, 7) disruption of the endocrin system 8}
disruption of the spleen and hemic, 9) disrupstion of the senses system.
Somatization is a form of body utilization for psychological purposes such as
the transfer of unpleasant feelings in the form of physical symptoms such as
excessive colon secretion (embodiment of feelings of distress}, headache,
stomach pain, muscle pain, or hysterical paralysis to symbolize and
communicate feelings of helplessness. Another form of somatization goal is for
personal purposes by manipulating interpersonal relationships, avoiding social
duties and responsibilities and equally important to gain sympathy or concern
from others (Hadjam, 1989: Ford, 1997; Botzin, 1993).
Schnieders (1964) argued that somatization occurs caused by maladjustment
behavior. This phenomenon occurs because someone prefer to "run", as a
way of avoiding a sense of responsibility. This behavior is not like normal human
beings who try to eliminate the disease through healing. They use somatization
consistently, trying to stay sick and continue to behave as if he was sick.
Demographic data from various studies on somatization show the diversity of
prevalence of patients. Such as gender (Hadjam, 1989, Gureje et al, 1997:
Hiller, 2006), age (Gureje et al. 1997; Hiller et al., 2006; Barsky et al, 2006), culture
(Susana, 2006; 2010). A cross-cultural study on somatization in 15 countries,
obtained the prevalence data of women majority (Gureje et al, 1997), the
same study involving 2552 participants in Germany found that women's
prevalence was also higher (Hiller, 2006). The results of those study is contrast
with previous research conducted by Wool and Barsky (1994) that somatization
does not differ between males and females.
Other interesting demographic data on somatization study is age. A lot of
somatization studies conclude that the prevalence of somatization sufferers is
dominated by adulthood. It refers to the diagnosis of ICD (2018); Barsky et. al
(2006) and APA (2000). Gureje et al (1997) and Hiller et. al (2006); reported that
older people (in the group 31-44 years) were higher risk for somatization
disorder. However, studies on somatization not only done in adults only.
189
Research on somatization is also done in children and adolescents. Some
researchers even developed, tested and used somatization measuring tools of
children's versions such as Walker et al (2009); Kadioglu et al (2012): and Lazy
(2018). Not only children, somatization studies in adolescents also attracted
some researchers such as Rousseau et al (2014); Nwokocha et al (2018).
Based on those empirical studies, this article focuses to study the somatization
of female student in Islamic Boarding School of Gontor. This institution is located
in Mantingan Ngawi East Java, Indonesia. The Islamic Boarding Schools of
Gontor is known in applying strict educational methods to build the best
character like a "military discipline". However, the application of that methods
has resulted in the emergence of physical complaints. Some physical
complaints such as dizziness, muscle aches, mag, are common but not
medically indicated.
The "strict military discipline" of Gontor is reflected in the activity in the
boarding school which is congested with full-time study. The lesson starts in the
morning at 7 am and ends at 3 pm. After that, extracumicular activity starts
running until 10 pm at night and up early moming at 3 am. More than that, the
materials or study load that must be taken also very much. In class one, the
burden of subject study is as much as 25 subjects. This is a fantastic amount of
subject study for a junior high school. The next classes, the burden of subjects
increases. In addition to the density of activities and subjects to be learned,
the application of strict discipline and the threat of punishment is a big stressor
for students.
The stressors of daily life, continues at least 4 to 6 years of education. This
phenomenon may triggers the emergence of repeated physiological
complaints such as abdominal pain. cold sweat, palpitations, shortness of
breath, and other physical complaints (Asdie, 1988), and also the greater the
amount of time students reported participating in activities both at the time of
the study and for the entire year, the higher their self-reported level of anxiety
tended to be (Melman et al, 2007)
2. SOMATIZATION, SELF CONCEPT AND STRESS TOLERANCE
The process of somatization is influenced by numerous factors. Somatization
known the seeking of the sick role, may serve as an attempt to resolve intra
psychic, interpersonal, or social problems (Ford, 1997). Some of the studies
reported gradually by Medical Sciences (2011) prove that somatization
actually represents a spectrum of severity that ranges from non pathologic
daily experiences through profound disability a person undertaking a stressful
If the stress were become more persistent. a state of relapsing
task.
somatization might occur in which the stressors might produce acute
psychiatric illness, in which the symptoms become gradually shorter. Hadjam
(2013) also supports the previous report, that stressors in the form of pressing
events proved contributed significantly in the grew of somatization.
190
Stressor of life will be reacted by the body through certain adjustments such as
raises the tolerance of stress. Malas et al (2018) argue that care of patients with
somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRDs) often places a
disproportionate burden on the health care system. Low stress tolerance is
assumed to be one of the causes of somatization, because the stress tolerance
is the threshold before the occurrence of inefficient and irrational behavior or
disturbance of balance (Waryono, 1994), as well as the ability to handle
pressure well without any anxious (Furnham, 2017}.
The other factors that also support the emergence of somatization is self-
concept. Riebel et al (2013) explains that self-concept is closely related to
somatoform disorder. In his experimental study, the implicit self-concept was
connected to self-reported bodily weakness in patients with somatoform
disorder.
The persons who have a negative self-concept, tend to be pessimistic about
their life they faced. They will feel weak, powerless, incompetent, unsuccessful,
unfortunate, unattractive, disliked and lose their appeal to life (Rini, 2002). The
condition of the suppresses school and the implementation of strict discipline
is a major stressor for individuals with negative self-concept. Generally, they
easily give up before "fighting", and develop somatization disorder in order to
avoid the tasks and try to escape from responsibility for various reasons.
Conversely, the persons with positive self-concept know that they are able to
face the stressor in life. They will see the strict rules and discipline as a challenge,
optimistic, confident, and always be positive thinking, and then did not
develop the somatization.
Positive self-concept is allegedly bringing individuals to develop healthy
adjustment. This, of course, avoid individuals from maladaptive behavior such
as somatization. The student who has positive self-concept will feel a full of
confidence. Conversely, the student who has a negative self-concept, will
develop an attitude of inadequacy, anxiety, lack of confidence in the midst
of competition and pressure, which ultimately seek a way out through
somatization to avoid the task and pressure.
Therefore, this study aims to look the relationship between self-concept, stress
tolerance, and somatization and also intend to know the contribution of self-
concept and stress tolerance for somatization disorder.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Participants and procedure
This study using three questionnaires as a method of data collection, they are
self-concept questionnaire, stress tolerance and somatization scale. Total of
125 female students of Islamic Boarding School of Gontor for Female in
Indonesia participated in the study. The characteristic of the participant are at
19]
least 16 years old. Only 3 classes are allowed by the Islamic boarding school tested the relationship between each independent variable and its
for data collection. All of them are from class 6. dependent variable by controlling one independent variable, or partial
correlation analysis. The table is partial correlation analysis:
1

3.2. Measures
Table 1.
This study was done by quantitative research. The data was collected by three Stress Tolerance and somatization
self report questioners. The first questioner is Self-Concept scale. We use self-
concept scale compiled by Indraningsih (1987). This scale consists of 77 items
that reveal the views, judgments, understandings, and feelings of the self. This
scale is structured on four aspects, namely (a) physical self-concept, (b)
psychic self-concept, (c) social self-concept, and (d) moral self-concept. The 125 98.61 7.0845 81.00 119.00
result of analysis shows from 77 items trials obtained 32 valid ites. The total 60
item correlation ranged from 0.2481-0.6921 and the reliability coefficient on this
125 70.18 7.6204 53.00 89.00
scale is 0.8784. This measurement tool is used to measure how big self-concept
'40
in female student of Islamic Boarding School have an effect on somatization.

The second questioner is stress tolerance scale. The stress tolerance scale used 125 8.208 4.7997 .00 19.00
in this study is a modification of the scale compiled by Waryono (1994). The
0
determinant aspects of the degree of stress tolerance consists of 4 aspects,
namely: ego strength, self-control, social support and coping or restriction. The
results show that from 55 trials selected 24 items are suitable for research. The The coefficient correlation of partial correlation analysis by controlling stress
total item correlation ranged from 0.3401-0.6950. The reliability coefficient of tolerance is r = -0.268 (p <0.01). It is means there is a significant negative
the stress tolerance scale after it has been done twice is 0.8339 with the valid relationship between self concept and somatization. The coefficient
number of 24 items. The stress tolerance scale is used to measure the effect of correlation of partial correlation analysis, by controlling self-concept is r = -0.199
stress tolerance on the somatization potential.
(p <0.05). The data shows there is a significant negative relationship between
stress tolerance and somatization. The level of self concept, stress tolerance,
The third questioner is Somatization scale. This scale was prepared by
and somatization reported in the table below:
Prawitasari et al (1987). The aspects of somatization are expressed through the
types of disorders commonly suffered by somatization sufferers. Subjects are Table 2.
faced with two choices that ask for an answer or state their suitability or non-
Self-concept among female student of Islamic Boarding School of Gontor
compliance with the content of the answers according to the conditions. Formula Level
Coefficient of reliability obtained is 0.8261 with 27 valid items from the original Frequency %
amount of 50 items. This measuring tool is used to measure the somatization X< 51,2 Very low 0 0
level in female student of Islamic Boarding School.
51,2<Xs Low 0 0
3.3. Data analyses 70,4

used SPS-2000 of Sutrisno Hadi and Yuni Pamardiningsih version to

This study is 70,4 <X < Medium 11 8.8
89,6
analyze partial correlation. In this study, we also used the SPSS 10.0 for Windows
on assumption data analysis. 89,6 <X S High 104 83.2
108,8
4. FINDINGS
X>108,8 Very 10 8
This study uses partial correlation analysis with the provision of each High
independent variable corelates positively. The result of Pearson product
moment correlation analysis between self concept variable (X1) with stress Total 125 100%
tolerance variable (X2) is R = 0.626. The R data shows of the significant positive
correlation between self-concept and stress tolerance, so it can be further

192 193
The table 2 shows that 83.2% or as many as 104 female students in Islamic The table 4 is dependent variable. In this variable, the level of somatization in
Boarding School of Gontor were in the high level of self-concept. This condition female student of Islamic Boarding School of Gontor was low (48 participant).
illustrates that participant in this study see themselves positively, so it does not It is indicates that somatization in that school is rarely done.
lead to unhealthy behaviors.
5. CONCLUSION
Table 3.
Stress Tolerance The result of this study indicates that self-concept and stress tolerance in
Formula Level Frequency % female student of Islamic Boarding School of Gontor was high, contrasted to
the level of somatization. It is means that participants are able to assess
X < 38,4 Very low 0 themselves according to reality, and then forming healthy behavior, This study
is support to the opinion of Rahmat (1991) that the concept of self is the key
38,4<Xs Low 0 0
52.8 role of organizing and interpreting behavior. The higher self-concept will
develop a positive attitude and healthy behavior. Conversely, negative self-
52,8<Xs Medium 43 34.4 concepts will play a negative role and develop unhealthy attitudes and
67,2 behaviors, such as low self-esteem, lack of self-confidence, lack of enthusiasm,
and lack of enthusiasm in life.
67,2<XS High 74 59.2
81,6
We agreed what Priest (1987) said that stress can be packaged into something
X > 81,6 Very 8 6.4 beneficial and constructive for individual well-being. That statement is
high reinforced by Selye that the individual's response to stress is not always be
Total 125 1 00% negative. The type of stress sometimes neutral and beneficial (Supratiknya,
1995). Although the stress was become more persistent in that school, a state
of relapsing somatization not occur or very low. This condition may happen
Based on the table 3, it can be concluded that 74 or 59.2% participants in this because the female student of this school have to manage her time effectively
in order to avoid stress and also build a positive self-concept about herself and
study are able to manage stress well.
her living in Boarding School. Aligned with that opinions, Maramis (1998)
revealed that each individual is different in adjusting himself to stress. This is due
Table 4. to the differences in need, motivation, valves, ideals and expectations. The
Somatization difference is depends on age, sex, personality, intelligence, emotion, social
Formula Level Frequency % | status or occupation,
X<5,4 Very low 39 31.2
The effective contribution of self concept variable to somatization is 14.125%.
54<XS Low 48 38.4 The effective contribution of stress tolerance to somatization is 9.637%. Based
10,8 on the total effective donation weight of 23.763% indicates that 76.237%
somatization is due to variables outside of self-concept and stress tolerance.
10,8<Xs Medium 28 22.4 For that, somatization-related studies can then be extended to other settings,
16,2 as well as on different subject-matter areas. More research is needed to
162<Xs High 10 8 analyze and understand the relation of somatization and other variables.
21.6
REFERENCES
X> 21,6 Very 0 0
high APA (2000). American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American
Total 125 100%
Psychiatric Association.
Apriana, E., (2002). Hubungan antara konsep diri dengan optimisme pada
mahasiswa tingkat akhir. Skripsi (tidak diterbitkan). Yogyakarta: Fakultas
Psikologi UIl.

194 195
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