COLLISION THEORY
stoichiometric relationship of
collision theory states that
reacting substances must (collide)
with enough activation energy, and
in the correct orientation
- A chemical reaction does not take
place if the collision between
molecules does not have sufficient
energy to break the bonds in the
reactants and if the molecules are
not properly oriented.
When two particles collide,
sometimes a chemical reaction can
occur, which means the bonds
between two or more particles are
broken and reformed, creating one
or more new substances.
* reaction are called reactants and
the substances that are formed are
called products.
LIMITING REACTANTS AND
THE AMOUNT OF PRODUCTS
FORMED
Stoichiometry that establishes mole
and mass relationships between
reactants and/or products in a
chemical reaction to determine
desired quantitative data.
Chemical equations give the ideal Catalysis: the increase in the rate of
a chemical reaction by lowering its
reactants and products activation energy.
reactants that are not used up when Transition state: an intermediate
the reaction is finished are called state during a chemical reaction
excess reagents. that has a higher energy than the
reagent that is completely used up reactants or the products.
is called the limiting reagent Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
Chemical reaction rearrangement probability distribution used for
of the molecular or ionic structure describing the speeds of various
of a substance, as opposed to a particles within a stationary
change in physical form or a container at a specific temperature.
nuclear reaction. Represented with a graph, with the
Mole is the unitless measure of the y-axis defined as the number of
amount of substance. molecules and the x-axis defined as
the speed.
Mole ratio is the is the ratio of the
number of moles between two
substances
CATALYST
A catalyst is a substance which
speeds up a reaction, but is
chemically unchanged at its end.
Activation energy: the minimum
energy required for a reaction to
occur.
HOW ENERGY IS PRODUCED
AND MANAGED
Energy the ability to do work. When
work is done, energy is transferred
from one object to another.
Coal is the world’s most abundant
fossil fuel. It is relatively
inexpensive and is readily available.
FOSSIL FUELS is due to a series of
geologic processes where the
remains of organic life are
accumulated in the ocean bottom
and are buried to eventually
become part of the geosphere.
- hair conditioners and fabric
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF
CLEANING PRODUCTS USED AT
HOME
1. Alcohol Ethoxylate (AE)
commonly used in industrial
practices and commercial markets.
These compounds are synthesized
via the reaction of a fatty alcohol
and ethylene oxide, resulting in a
molecule that consists of two main
components, (1) the oleophilic,
carbon-rich, fatty alcohol and (2)
the hydrophilic, polyoxymethylene
chain.
- enhance the mixing and
solubilization of oil and water by
having these contrasting sections
within the same compound.
- can be used whenever oily
substances encounter water or a
surface.
2. Sodium alkyl
water-soluble and can form soap
bubbles. The chemical formula is
CnH2n+1OSO2ONa.
- used in detergents, dish washing
liquids, shower gels, shampoos,
softeners. It can also be used as fire
extinguishing agent, because it is
not flammable.
3. Amine Oxide
a chemical compound that contains
the functional group R3N+–O−, an
N–O bond with three additional
hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon side
chains attached to Long-chain alkyl
Amine oxides are used as nonionic
surfactants and foam stabilizers.
4. Ammonia - a colorless, soluble
alkali gas that occurs naturally in
the environment.
- found in glass cleaner, all-purpose
cleaners, and smelling salts. When
used in cleaning compounds, it’s
called “household ammonia.”
5. Sodium hypochlorite - also
known as bleach is another alkali
disinfectant.
- Ammonia and bleach are a 309
particularly dangerous
combination, creating potentially
deadly gases when mixed.
6. Ethanol - a natural byproduct of
plant fermentation and can be
produced through the hydration of
ethylene.
7. Phenol - a family of organic
compounds characterized by a
hydroxyl (―OH) group attached to
a carbon atom that is part of an
aromatic ring.
- phenol is also the specific name
for its simplest member,
monohydroxybenzene (C6H5OH),
also known as benzenol, or carbolic
acid.
- Phenols occur either as colorless
liquids or white solids at room
temperature and may behighly toxic
and caustic.
8. Quaternary ammonium
- Quats are generally used to
disinfect countertops, toilets and
other high touch environmental
surfaces and floors.
9. Sodium percarbonate
- a powder that releases hydrogen
peroxide, and very concentrated. It
is a granulated powder which can
be nice for scrubbing stains and
stuck-on-gunk off dishes.
USES OF THE OTHER
INGREDIENTS IN CLEANING
PRODUCTS
1. Builders - one of the important
group of ingredients that help make
cleaning products better. Builders
give the surfactants a helping hand.
Builders help make the surfactant
more powerful by reacting with
stuff found in tap water.
2. Solvents - chemicals that help 7. Thickener - give soap the proper
ingredients stay mixed and gives viscosity (thickness), making sure it
cleaning products the right can still flow out of a bottle.
thickness. Solvents help to prevent
liquid products from freezing in
cold climates. 8. Foam Enhancer - help create
3. Enzymes - powerful stain suds or bubbles.
removing ingredients. Their power
is to break down stains just like the
enzymes in our digestive system
help break down the food we eat.
4. Fragrances - provide the cleaning
product with a pleasant smell
fragrance is a mix of many different substances.
These ingredients may be natural compounds
(that come from materials like flowers, fruit,
trees, plants, or nuts), essential oils, or
synthetic compounds.
5. Preservatives - Adding a small
amount of a preservative protects
the product from microorganisms.
6. pH Adjusters - chemists use pH
adjusters to make sure the product
is balanced and safe for you to use.
measure this is by using the pH
scale.
- The pH scale is read from 0 to 14
and tells us if a solution is acidic or
basic. Pure water has a pH of 7,
which means it’s neutral.
APPLIED ECONOMICS
Greek word “Oikanomia” meaning
”Household Management”
SCARCITY - This is the reason why
people have to practice economics.
Economics is a social science that
involves the use of scarce resources
to satisfy unlimited wants. Scarcity
is a condition where there are
insufficient resources to satisfy all
the needs and wants of a
population.
OPPORTUNITY COST refers to the
value of the best foregone
alternative.
According to Molina, J. A. & Nadal,
G. J I (2020), economics is a
SOCIAL SCIENCE concerned with
the explanation and prediction of
observed phenomena in the society.
Economics studies the way in the
societies solve the fundamental
problems of reconciling the
unlimited desires of individuals
with scarcity of resources
Economics is also an APPLIED
SCIENCE because it uses the
scientific method in its
explanations, which consists of
observing reality and presenting
questions and problems to arrive at
the formulation of theories and
models
FIELDS OF ECONOMICS
MICROECONOMICS - focuses on
the behavior of individual economic
units and the functioning of
markets. Its perspective focuses on
parts of the economy: individuals,
firms, and industries.
MACROECONOMICS - studies the
functioning of economics as an
aggregate (production,
employment). Its perspective looks
at the economy as a whole, focusing
on goals like production, the
standard of living, unemployment
and inflation. MACROECONOMICS
HAS TWO TYPES OF POLICIES for
pursuing these goals: monetary
policy and fiscal policy.
ECONOMIC RESOURCES OR
FACTORS
These factors of production are
land, labor, capital, and
entrepreneurship..
LAND – natural resources available
to create supply such as raw
materials that comes from ground.
LABOR - is the work done by
people- education, skills, and
motivation and productivity.
CAPITAL – the money that a
companies used to buy resources;
machinery, equipment and
chemicals.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP – develops
an idea into a business.
THE FOUR BASIC ECONOMIC
PROBLEMS:
1. What to produce – wise decisions
2. How to produce? - Effective
Methods
3. For whom to produce? –
beneficiaries
4. What provisions/laws should be
made for economic growth? – use
all its resources for consuptions
MARKET DEMAND, MARKET
SUPPLY AND MARKET
EQUILIBRIUM
Demand - willingness and ability of
consumers to buy different
quantities of goods or services at
any given time at various possible
prices.
As price increases, ceteris paribus,
quantity demanded decreases – this
principle is called the law of
demand. There is a negative
relationship between price and
quantity demanded.
1. Substitution Effect – As the price NON-PRICE DETERMINANTS
of a good increase relative to the AND SHIFTS OF THE DEMAND
price of the other goods, the CURVE
opportunity cost of buying that (1) income of consumers;
good increases, and consumers will
switch to substitutes-other goods (2) tastes or preferences of
that can be used in its place. consumers;
2. Income Effect – As the price of a (3) number of buyers;
good rises and income remains the
same, consumers, who could no (4) prices of related goods;
longer afford to buy all the things (5) expectations of future prices.
that they used to buy, would
normally buy less of the good whose MARKET SUPPLY
price has been increased. Supply is a fundamental economic
concept that describes the total
Demand Schedule - a table showing amount of a specific good or service
the quantities of a product that that is available to consumers
would be purchased at various (willing and able to sell at different
prices at a given time and place. prices.)
The left column shows the various prices while
on the right column shows the number of units
which consumers would choose to buy at a
given price.
As observed, as the price rises, the
quantity demanded declines.
Demand Curve - a graph showing
the quantities of a product that
would be purchased at various
prices at a given time.
SUPPLY SCHEDULE MARKET SURPLUS
The supply schedule shows the - market surplus is another cause of
quantity of items sellers would offer disequilibrium. It is a situation in
for sale at different prices. The left which the quantity supplied is
column shows the various prices while on the greater than quantity demanded.
right column shows the number of units that
producers would choose to sell at a given price. This means that there is an excess
As observed, as the price increases, the quantity in supply.
supplied goes up.
EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN
SUPPLY CURVE DEMAND AND SUPPLY
graph showing the quantities of a
product that would sell at various
prices at a given time.
MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
- demand and supply are equal.
Equilibrium in a market happens
when the price balances the amount
that consumers want to buy and the
amount that sellers want to sell.
MARKET SHORTAGE
- market shortage is one of the
causes of disequilibrium. It is a
situation in which the quantity
demanded is greater than the
quantity supplied.

Market structure refers to the
competitive environment in which
buyers and sellers operate.
❑ Competition is rivalry among
various sellers in the market.
PERFECT COMPETITION implies
an ideal situation for the buyers and
sellers.
In this market, sellers offer a
standardized product. The sellers can
easily enter into or exit from the market
as there are no barriers to entry to and
exit from the industry

The firm under monopolistic
competition faces a downward-
slopping demand curve. This means
that it can sell more by charging
less and can raise price without
losing all customers
OLIGOPOLY is a market dominated by a
small number of strategically interacting
firms.
• Action of each firm affects other
firms; and
• Interdependence among firms.
❖ Business is just a small portion of
an industry.
❖ It is in undertaking by a person or a
group of persons who are partners,
or of stockholders who own a
juridical entity known as a
corporation.
BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
Non-competition, this refers to any
action a firm takes to shift the demand
curve for its output to the right without
having to sacrifice its prices. This may
include better service, product
guarantees, free home delivery, more by
charging a lower price or it can even
raise its price without losing all of its
customers
 TOOLS IN EVALUATING A
BUSINESS

CORPORATION – a corporation is a
legal entity that is separate from its
owners, the shareholders. No share
holder is personally liable for debts,
obligations or acts of the
corporations . Director and officers
can bear liability for their
involvement with the corporation.
❑ COOPERATIVE – a Micro Environment Factors
cooperative is an entity 1. Suppliers
organized by people with 2. Resellers
similar needs to provide 3. Customers
themselves with goods or 4. Competition
services or to jointly use Macro Environment Factors
available resources to improve
their income. 1. Political factors
2. Economic factors
3. Social Factors
4. Technological Factors
5. Environmental Factors
6. Legal Factors
The SWOT Analysis was created in the
1960s by business gurus, Edmund P.
Learned, C. Roland Christensen,
Kenneth Andrews, and William D. Book,
in their book, Business Policy, Text and
Cases (Irwin 1969).
those outside their control. These factors
include:
1. economic trends such as stock market,
economic performance, and the like;
2. market trends such as new products or
technology, changes in tastes and
lifestyle of society;

INTERNAL FACTORS:
Strength, Weaknesses
- the resources and experiences readily
available to the business proponents.
- financial resources such as money
and source of funds for investment;
2. physical resources such as the
company’s location, facilities,
machinery, and equipment;
EXTERNAL FACTORS:
Opportunity, Threats
- factors that affect a company, an
organization, an individual, and