EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE

1113-1117 San Marcelino St., Paco, Manila 1007, Philippines

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

COLLABORATIVE MODULE IN
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Ms. Teresa U. Pagarigan, LPT

teresa.pagarigan@eac.edu.ph
 EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE
1113-1117 San Marcelino St., Paco, Manila 1007, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (02) 521-2710 www.eac.edu.ph

TOPIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER

SUB-TOPICS  Classification of Matter

 Separating Techniques

Learning Objectives:

 Classify substances using the different properties of matter

 Recognize the formulas of common chemical substances
 Relate the concept of pure substances and Mixtures in Consumer products
 Describe each separation techniques for mixtures


INTRODUCTION
 Matter can be described based on its state or phase
 Substances can change from one phase to another when the physical forces between the
particles composing them are changed
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Each sample of matter has its characteristic properties that help identify it among other substances.
1. Physical property – is one that can be observed without changing the composition of a substance.
Determining the physical property may be accompanied by a change in its physical state, despite the
occurrence of a phase change, the chemical composition of substances ( like water, water vapor) is
the same.
Examples: color solubility, density, melting and boiling points

a. Extensive property – the more matter there is, the greater is its mass, volume, or any one of its
extensive properties. Example: mass, volume etc.

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b. Intensive property -- depend on the type of matter. Example: density, color, physical state
2. Chemical property – characteristics that can be observed with an accompanying change in the
chemical composition of a substance. Example: flammability

There are other ways to classify matter, as well — such as pure substances and mixtures.
Classification is one of the basic processes in science. All matter can be classified as either a pure
substance or a mixture.

The Classification of Matter

Pure substances
A pure substance has a definite and constant composition — like salt or sugar. A pure substance can
be either an element or a compound, but the composition of a pure substance doesn’t vary.
a. Elements
An element is composed of a single kind of atom. An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that still has all the properties of the element.
Example: Gold is an element. If you slice and slice a chunk of gold until only one tiny particle is left
that can’t be chopped any more without losing the properties that make gold gold, then you’ve got
an atom.
b. Compounds
A compound is composed of two or more elements in a specific ratio. For example, water is a
compound made up of two elements, hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). These elements are combined
in a very specific way — in a ratio of two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom, known as: H2O

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Mixtures
Mixtures are physical combinations of pure substances that have no definite or constant
composition — the composition of a mixture varies according to who prepares the mixture.
Although chemists have a difficult time separating compounds into their specific elements, the
different parts of a mixture can be easily separated by physical means, such as filtration.
Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous:
A homogeneous mixture, sometimes called a solution, is relatively uniform in composition; every
portion of the mixture is like every other portion.
Example: water & salt, juice powder & water
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture whose composition varies from position to position within
the sample.
Example: water & oil, sand & stone

Pure Substances and Mixtures in Consumer Products

Chemicals play an important part in our life and we come across umpteen of them in our day to day
activities. We are quiet unaware of chemical uses. These chemicals are used either in combined
form or as some reagents.

Common Name Molecular Formula & Use

Chemical Name
Baking powder NaHCO3 Used for baking for cooking,
Sodium Bicarbonate releases CO2 in reaction with
other ingredients

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 Soap Esters Used for bathing and washing
clothes
Detergent Sodium sulphate, sodium Used for washing clothes
hydroxide and phosphate
compounds
Toothpaste Calcium carbonate, sodium Used for cleaning teeth while
fluoride brushing
Salt NaCl; Sodium Chloride Used in seasoning for cooking;
also used as preservative
Vinegar acetic acid, ethanoic acid Used as preservative and for
seasoning foods. Utilized for
various household cleaning
uses.
Alcohol Ethanol(C2H6O) Used in alcoholic drinks and
for sanitation
Bleaching Powder NaOCl Commonly used domestic
Sodium Hypochlorite bleach. Used for cleaning
purposes
Sugar Sucrose; C12H22O11 Used in cooking as sweetener

Separation Techniques for Mixtures

A mixture is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and
can be physically separated by using methods that use physical properties to separate the
components of the mixture, such as evaporation, distillation, filtration and chromatography.

1. Evaporation
A separation method to separate components of a mixture with a dissolved solid in a liquid. The
liquid is evaporated, meaning it is convert from its liquid state to gaseous state. This often requires
heat. Once the liquid is completely evaporated, the solid is all that is left behind.

2. Distillation
A separation technique used to separate components of a liquid mixture by a process of heating and
cooling, which exploits the differences in the volatility of each of the components.

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 Distillation procedure:
1) the round bottom flask contains the liquid mixture
which must be heated to a vigorous boil
2) the component with the lower boiling point will
change into its gaseous state
3) upon contact with the water-cooled condenser, the
gas will condense
4) trickle down into the graduated cylinder where the
chemist can them recuperate the final distilled liquid,
and
5) the other liquid component remains in the round
bottom flask

3. Filtration
A separation technique used to separate the components of a mixture containing an undissolved
solid in a liquid. Filtration may be done cold or hot, using gravity or applying vacuum, using a
Buchner or Hirsch funnel or a simple glass funnel. The exact method used depends on the purpose
of the filtration, whether it is for the isolation of a solid from a mixture or removal of impurities
from a mixture.

Filtration procedure:
1) the mixture is pored through a funnel lined with a filter
paper,
2) the filtrate (liquid) drips through to the filter flask,
3) the solid remains in the funnel.

4. Chromatography
A simple technique in principle, it remains the most important method for the separation of
mixtures into its components. It is quite versatile for it can be used to separate mixtures of solids,
or of liquids, or mixtures of solids and liquids combined, or in the case of gas chromatography, can
separate mixtures of gases.

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The two elements of chromatography are the stationary phase and the mobile phase. There are
many choices of stationary phases, some being alumina, silica, and even paper. The mobile phase,
in liquid chromatography, can also vary. It is often either a solvent or a mixture of solvents and is
often referred to as the eluant.
Thin layer chromatography is a one type of
chromatography. a) The stationary phase can be
a thin film of alumina or silica on glass or even
paper. The plate is placed in a developing tank
which contains the mobile phase (eluant) which
travels up the plate by capillary action. b) A
separation is obtained because the component
of the mixture that has a stronger affinity for
the eland (compound 2) travels faster up the
plate, than the component that has a strong affinity to the stationary phase (compound 1).

TEST YOURSELF

What method of separation would be most effective on the ANSWERS:

following mixtures? a. evaporation/
a. sea water filtration
b. gold nuggets in water b. filtration
c. a solution of alcohol and water c. distillation

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SUMMARY

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 SEATWORK 1

1. Classify the following substances according to the three states of matter:

a. Iron nail
b. Sugar
c. Air
d. Alcohol

2. Classify the following examples as physical or chemical properties:

a. Melting of ice
b. Evaporation of water
c. Rusting
d. Digestion

3. Classify the following examples as intensive or extensive properties:

a. Boiling point
b. Weight
c. Volume
d. Density

4. Which of the following are homogeneous mixtures? Which are heterogeneous

mixtures?
a. Rubbing alcohol
b. Mixture of water and oil
c. Mixture of salt and pepper
d. Carbonated soft drink

5. What method of separation would be most effective on the following mixtures?

a) Vinegar (a solution of acetic acid (liquid) in water)
b) Loose tea leaves in tea.
c) Copper sulfate (solid) in water.
d. A mixture of sand, sea water (water and salt)

*For its submission, type your answers in MS word or write it on a paper and take a
picture and paste it in MS word. Submit the file in the assignment feature in your BS.
Should you have questions/clarifications you can send me an email.

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REFERENCES
 Bayqueen A. & Pena G. General Chemistry. 2016. Phoenix Publishing
House
 https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/chem1114langaracollege/chapter/1-
3-laboratory-techniques-for-separation-of-mixtures/
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/physical-and-
chemical-properties-of-matter/