CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

RATES AND ENERGY

CHANGES
Chemical Kinetics- branch of
chemistry that deals with reaction
rates and the factors that influence
these rates
Reaction mechanism- how
reactions occur
Chemical reaction- involve
formation of new substances whose
properties differ from those of the
original materials.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION

1. Nature and concentration of the

reactants
Some properties of reacting
substances that affect reaction
rate include
a) physical state

b) reactivity

c) bond strength
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION

Concentration- amount of
substance per unit volume.

higher concentration= more

collisions= faster chemical rate
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION

Molarity (M) – most common

way of expressing concentration

Molarity= moles of solute per liter of

solution
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION

2. Temperature
- Changes in temperature affect the
average kinetic energy of particles.
- Most chemical reactions proceed
faster as temperature increases.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION

3. Surface Area of a Solid Reactant

Surface area- sum of the exposed

regions of a solid substance

Increased surface area= increased

exposure= faster reaction rate
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION

4. Presence of a Catalyst

Catalyst- substance that increases

the rate of a chemical reaction by
providing an alternative pathway
that has a lower activation energy
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION
CHEMISTRY OF
COMMON
CLEANING
MATERIALS
CHEMISTRY BEHIND
COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS

Synthetic Chemical- prepared or

purified substance whose
properties best suit a specific
purpose
CHEMISTRY BEHIND
COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS

Some properties of Chemical

Ingredients
1. Toxicity

2. Acidity or Basicity

3. Dehydrating Property

4. Ability to act as surfactants

COMMON
CLEANING
MATERIALS
 COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS

1. Detergents
- synthetic, water-soluble cleansing
agents with wetting and emulsifying
properties
Wetting- liquid’s ability to lower its
surface tension so that it can spread
more easily across a solid surface. This
property allows the liquid to maintain
its contact with the surface without
forming droplets.
COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS

1. Detergents
- contain sodium salts of strong
acids derived from petroleum or
coal.
- Can be acidic or basic
- Basic or alkaline detergents are
the most common since they are
more effective in removing
starches, oil, and fats
COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS
COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS

2. Soap
- Salt composed of sodium or
potassium ions paired with long
hydrocarbon chain fatty acids,
which are prepared from vegetable
oils or animal fats.
- Detergent differs from soap
because the oils from which they
are made are petroleum-derived.
COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS
COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS

3. Muriatic Acid
- Used to remove hard water and
lime buildup on toilet bowl and
sinks, and even rust from metals

hard water- does not easily lather. It

contains high amounts of dissolved
ions such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and
sometimes Fe 2+
COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS

4. Disinfectants
- Can rapidly inactivate or destroy
various types of microorganisms on
surfaces of nonliving objects.

- Mostly composed of substances

that include water, detergents
(surfactants), and fragrances.
COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS

4. Disinfectants
- The choice of disinfectant depends
on the intended purpose, the
particular scenario, the presence of
other chemicals, the value of the
object to be contaminated, and
health and safety considerations.
COMMON CLEANING MATERIALS

4. Disinfectants

Two main mechanisms to inactivate

microorganisms
1. To kill the microbes directly

2. To make the environment

unsuitable for them to thrive

CHEMICAL
COMPONENTS
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS
Active and Inert

Active Ingredient- the component

of a product which, regardless of
quantity, directly enables it to serve
its purpose (e.g. clean and
disinfect)
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS
Active and Inert

Inert ingredient- all the other

substances in a product
- Does not affect (carry out or alter)
the action of the active ingredient
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS
Being inert doesn’t mean it has no
reactions at all; it only entails that it
may or it may not undergo chemical
reactions

Inert ingredients are only added for

stability, compatibility, and desirability.

Ex. Dyes, preservatives, fragrance

COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND
THEIR EFFECTS
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Cosmetics- are products applied to

the face or body; they aim to
improve or enhance a person’s
appearance and odor
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Products:
1. Lip makeup (lip gloss, balm, stick)
2. Eye makeup (mascara, eye
shadow, eyeliner, eye makeup
remover, eyebrow liner)
3. Facial makeup (foundation,
concealer, blush)
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Products:
4. Skin and hair care products (body
lotion, deodorant, shaving cream,
shampoo, conditioners
5. Perfumes

Cosmetic products do not have

active ingredients. They are not use
to treat skin diseases.
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Common ingredients:
1. Moisturizers
- In general, moisturizers draw moisture
from the environment and then latch
it ont the skin
Moisture- the “wetness” one feels as
vapor in the environment or as
condensed liquid on the surfaces of
some objects.
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Common ingredients:
2. Antioxidants and preservatives
- Added to prevent the
deterioration of cosmetic
products. (ex. Vitamin E)
- Paraben- synthetic chemicals
that are used as preservatives.
They inhibit the formation of fungi
and bacteria in cosmetics.
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Common ingredients:
- A study has revealed that the use of
parabens, specifically
butylparaben, is associated with
breast cancer and the malfunction
of the male reproductive system
since it tends to imitate the
hormone estrogen.
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Common ingredients:

3. Antimicrobials
- a group of drugs that fight fungi,
bacteria, viruses, and protozoans.
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Common ingredients:
4. Waxes and thickeners- added in
blushes and lipsticks t increase their
hardness and prevent them from
melting at higher temperature.
Waxes are very resistant to moisture
and microbial attack and may also
be used as emollients and
emulsifying agents.
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Common ingredients:

5. Solvents
- Added to dilute or homogenously
disperse other components in
cosmetics
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Common ingredients:

6. Emulsifiers
Emulsion- mixture of two immiscible
liquids, with one present as droplets
of microscopic size and distributed
throughout the other liquid.
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Common ingredients:
6. Emulsifiers
-to bind water and oil in lotions or
creams, manufacturers add an
emulsifier. The two liquids, water and
oil, then form an emulsion.

- With an emulsifier, the mixture is

refined.
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Common ingredients:

7. Color additives- added to make

the product more attractive and
even informative
COSMETICS:
CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Common ingredients:

8. pH adjusters- stabilize other

substances in a product by
adjusting the pH. Any acid or base
can alter the pH but must be
carefully chosen for safety of
human use.