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15. CHEMISTRY IN EVERDAY LIFE

1. What are drugs? How are they classified?
 A drug is substance that is used to modify physiological systems or pathological states
for benefit of the recipient.
 It is used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention cure or relief of a disease.
Classification of drugs:
i. The chemical structure
ii. Pharmacological effect
iii. Target system (drug action)
iv. Site of action (molecular target)
2. How the tranquilizers work in body?
 They are neurologically active drugs.
 They acts on the central nervous system by blocking the neuro transmitter
dopamine in the brain.
 The treatment of stress, sleep disorders and severe mental diseases.
 Major tranquilizers - Haloperidol, clozapine
 Minor tranquilizers - Valium, alprazolam
3. Name one substance which can act as both analgesic and antipyretic
 Aspirin
 Paracetamol
4. Write the structural formula of Aspirin and Paracetamol
Aspirin Paracetamol
(Acetylsalicylic acid) (Acetaminophen)

5. What are narcotic and non - narcotic drugs. Give examples.

Narcotic drugs (Opioids)
 Relive pain and produce sleep.
 Used for either short term or long-term relief of severe pain
 Morphine, codeine
Non - narcotic drugs (Analgesics)
 Reduce pain without causing impairment of consciousness.
 Used for short-term pain relief like headache, muscle strain, etc..
 Aspirin, Paracetamol..

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P.KATHIRVEL, M.Sc, B.Ed, P.G. TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR, ERODE(Dt). Cell - 9150550110
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6. What are antacids? Give examples?

 Antacids are neutralize the acid in the stomach that causes acidity.
 Ranitidine, Omeprazole, Milk of Magnesia
7. What are antibiotics (or) Antimicrobials ?
 Inhibits bacterial cell wall biosynthesis
 To treat skin, dental, ear infections, urinary tract infections, pneumonia
 Penicillins, Ampicillin
8. What are Antihistamines?
 To provide relief from the allergic effects
 Cetirizine, levocetirizine
9. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants?
Antiseptics Disinfectants
Stop the growth of microorganisms Stop the growth of microorganisms
Applied to living tissue Applied to inanimate objects
Eg. H2O2, Povidone-iodine Eg. H2O2, alcohol

10. What are anti fertility drugs? Give examples.

 Antifertility drugs are synthetic hormones that suppresses fertilisation.
 It is used in birth control pills.
 Synthetic oestrogen - Menstranol
 Synthetic progesterone - Norethynodrel
11. What are food additives?
 The substances are added to improve the quality of food are called food additives
 They also increase the shelf life of food
 Aroma compounds, Food colours, Vitamins and minerals
12. What are the advantages of food additives?
 Flavouring agents enhance the aroma of the food
 Vitamins and minerals reduces the mall nutrient
 Preservatives reduce the product spoilage and extend the shelf-life of food
13. What are food preservatives?
 Preservatives are capable of inhibiting or arresting the process of fermentation or
other decomposition of food by growth of microorganisms
 Aceticacid - preparation of pickles
 Sodium metabisulphite - preservatives for fresh vegetables and fruits.
14. Write short notes on Antioxidant with example.
 Antioxidants are substances which retard the oxidative deteriorations of food
 BHT (Butyl hydroxy toluene)
BHA (Butyl hydroxy anisole)

P.KATHIRVEL, M.Sc, B.Ed, P.G. TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR, ERODE(Dt). Cell - 9150550110
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15. What are sugar substituents?

 Sugar substituents are used like sugars for sweetening.
 They are metabolised without the influence of insulin.
 Eg. Sorbitol, Mannitol.
16. What are artificial sweetening agents?
 Synthetic compounds which imprint a sweet sensation and possess no nutritional value
 Saccharin, Sucralose
17. Which sweetening agent are used to prepare sweets for a diabetic patient?
Saccharin, Sucralose, Alitame, Aspartame
18. Write a note on synthetic detergents.
Synthetic detergents containing sodium salts of alkyl hydrogen sulphates.
There are three types of detergents.
1. Anionic detergent - Sodium Lauryl sulphate (SLS)
2. Cationic detergent - n-hexa decyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
3. Non-ionic detergent – Penta erythrityl stearate
19. Explain the mechanism of cleansing action of soaps and detergents

 The cleansing action of soap is directly related to the structure of palmitate ion
 The structure of palmitate exhibit dual polarity
1. Polar - Carboxyl portion (hydrophilic). It is soluble in water.
2. Non polar - Hydrocarbon portion (hydrophobic). It is soluble in oils and greases
 When the soap is added to an grease part of the cloth. The hydrocarbon part dissolve
in the grease, leaving the carboxylate end exposed on the grease surface.
 At the same time the carboxylate groups are strongly attracted by water,
thus leading to the formation of small droplets called micelles
 When the water is rinsed away the grease goes with it.
 As a result, the cloth gets free from dirt and the droplets are washed away with water.
20. Write a note on vulcanization of rubber
 Natural rubber is mixed with 3-5% sulphur and heated at 100-150˚C causes cross
linking of the cis-1,4-polyisoprene chains through disulphide (-S-S-) bonds.
 The properties of natural rubber can be modified by the process called vulcanization.
 1 to 3% sulphur rubber is soft and stretchy
 3 to 10% sulphur rubber is harder but flexible.
21. Write a note on co –polymer.
A polymer containing two or more different kinds of monomer units is called a co-polymer
Buna –S, Buna –N

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22. What are bio degradable polymers? Give examples.

Bio degradable polymers are readily decomposed by microorganisms in the environment.
Eg. Polylactic acid (PLA), Polyglycolic acid (PGA), PHB
23. Classify the following as linear, branched or cross linked polymers
Linear polymers Cross linked polymers Branched polymers
LDPE Nylon-6,6 Buna - N
HDPE Terylene Buna - S
Teflon Bakelite Neoprene
Orlon (PAN) Melamine

24. Give the differene between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic

Thermoplastic
1 Linear polymers
2 They become soft on heating
3 They can be remolded
4 PVC, Polyethene
Thermosetting plastic
Cross linked polymers
Do not become soft on heating
They can not be remoulded
E.g. Bakelite, Formaldehyde

PREPARATION AND USES POLYMERS

25. LDPE - Low Density polyethylene

Uses - making toys, insulation for cables

26. HDPE – High Density Polyethylene
Ethene Zeiglar – Natta catalyst HDPE
273K / 6-7atm
Uses - making bottles, pipes
27. Preparation of Teflon (PTFE)
Tetrafluroethylene O2 / Δ Teflon

Uses - coating articles and making non - stick utensils.

28. Preparation of Orlon (polyacrylonitrile – PAN)

Uses - making blankets, sweaters

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29. Preparation of Terylene (Dacron)

Ethylene glycol + Terepathalic acid Terylene

Uses - blending with wool fibres and as glass reinforcing materials in helmets.
30. Preparation of Nylon 6,6
Hexamethylene diamine + Adipic acid Nylon 6,6

Uses - textiles, making cards

31. Preparation of Buna - S
1,3-butadiene + Styrene Buna - S
(Vinyl benzene)

Uses - making tyres and belts.

32. Preparation of Buna-N
1,3-butadiene + Vinyl cyanide Buna-N
(acrylonitrile)

Uses - making hoses and tanklinings

P.KATHIRVEL, M.Sc, B.Ed, P.G. TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR, ERODE(Dt). Cell - 9150550110