Potential of Eggshell-Derived Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) as Cathode Material in the

Electrodeposition of Lead (Pb) Ions in Brgy. Don Galo, Parañaque River

A Research Proposal Presented

to the Senior High School Department
Pasay City National Science High School

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Research in Daily Life

Presented by:
Quesada, Louiseky E.
Rubindiaz, John Remar J.
Sta. Brigida, Hershey Evyhrine M.
Ursos, Nathania Audrey Dc.

G12 Quisumbing

Presented to:
Mr. Christian Jayvon C. Laluna
Research Adviser

January 2024

0
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction

The environmental pollution that heavy metals have brought has been
becoming an increasingly significant topic globally especially with the rise of
industrialization, considering that these inorganic pollutants are being dispersed into
waters, soils, and the atmosphere due to poor practices that affect biological function
and growth (Briffa, 2020). Factors involved with urban developments, sewage
irrigation, irrational farming, as well as transportation and household refuse also
contribute to these tragic numbers (Wu, 2022). Additionally, these are resistant to
decomposition, especially in the cases of industrial wastewater which gives way to
more complexities (Zhang et. al., 2022).

Throughout modern days, the Philippines has been heavily adamant on rapid
industrialization with multiple projects giving emphasis on various infrastructures as
opposed to its agricultural nature. While it brings significant points on development,
one negative factor that has been at the cost of this development is the exacerbation of
heavy metal pollution in aquatic systems (Kumar et. al. 2020). Despite the
consequences of the stated issue at hand, the negative impacts of this outside
Philippine urban hotspots is an issue that has been hardly addressed (Decena et. al.
2021). One of these noted heavy metals is lead (Pb), which is a toxic element that
poses significant harm to body organs such as the liver, kidneys, brain, and skin which
affects various somatic systems and their functions (Charkiewicz, 2020).

Existing solutions in wastewater treatment polluted with heavy metals have

been varied which includes chemical precipitation, coagulation, ion exchange,
recovery, by evaporation. However, they are not easily applicable, there is a need for
more reliable and accessible treatment methods (Kuleyin, 2020). In this research, the
main methodology to be used is electrodeposition with recycled calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) from eggshells, a waste material, as its cathode. This process is a low-cost,
flexible, and versatile method that is associated with the reduction of electroactive and
accompanying species on the cathode surface (Nasirpouri et. al., 2022). It also
deposits metals selectively onto conducting materials even from solutions with low

1
metal concentration which is beneficial in wastewater treatment (Stando et. al., 2021)

An eggshell-derived cathode would be utilized for the main methodology.

According to Minakshi et. al., 2019, a biowaste eggshell could be utilized as a cathode
as it comprises a composition of 94% CaCO3. Utilizing CaCO3 would be beneficial as
it is environmentally friendly and economically viable as it is relatively cheaper as a
product (Poudyal, 2021). Moreover, it is synthesized from waste material which
makes an alternative way to lessen garbage pollution. The extraction would be done
via a simple liquid-liquid precipitation method to synthesize it into a pure calcite
phase (Putkham, 2018).

Overall, the aim of this study is to bring awareness to the serious issue that is
heavy metal, specifically Pb pollution in wastewater, especially in the Philippines.
Specifically, resolving the need for an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and
feasible solution with the usage of waste materials and budget-friendly
methodologies. Also, this is to expand on the numerous methods of treating
wastewater.

2
Statement of the Problem

The main problem of this study is to determine the effectivity of

eggshell-derived CaCO3 as a cathode for the electrodeposition process the lead (Pb),
heavy metal pollutant will undergo.

Specifically, this study will answer the following:

1. What are the characteristics of eggshell-derived CaCO3 that will prove beneficial
for it to be an acting cathode in terms of:
1.1 electrochemical properties such as conductivity and stability,
1.2 aversion to corrosion, abrasion, and wear;
1.3 and ease of handling or convenience?

2. What would be the optimum parameters of eggshell-derived CaCO3 as cathode

material considering current, pH, and conductivity in terms of:
2.1 Set-up A (Eggshell Waste Composite as Cathode; I = 0.25A, 0.75A, 1A;
pH = 3; σ = 10 mS/cm)
2.2 Set-up B (Eggshell Waste Composite as Cathode; I = 0.75A; pH = 2, 3, 5;
σ = 10 mS/cm)
2.3 Set-up C (Eggshell Waste Composite as Cathode; I = 0.75A; pH = 3; σ =
5, 10, 20 mS/cm)
2.4 Set-up D (Stainless Steel as Cathode; I = 0.75A; pH = 3; σ = 10 mS/cm)?

3. How did the eggshell-derived CaCO3 perform in having the Pb electrodeposited by

observing its properties through testing, namely:
3.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS); and
3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF)?

3
Objectives

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of eggshell-derived CaCO3 as a

cathode for the Electrodeposition process the Lead (Pb) and heavy metal pollutants
will undergo.

Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Identify the characteristics of eggshell-derived CaCO3 which will prove

beneficial for it to be an acting cathode in terms of:
1.1 electrochemical properties such as conductivity and stability
1.2 aversion to corrosion, abrasion, and wear
1.3 ease of handling or convenience.

2. Identify the optimum parameters of eggshell-derived CaCO3 as cathode

material considering current, pH, and conductivity in terms of:
2.1 Set-up A (Eggshell Waste Composite as Cathode; I = 0.25A,
0.75A, 1A; pH = 3; σ = 10 mS/cm)
2.2 Set-up B (Eggshell Waste Composite as Cathode; I = 0.75A; pH =
2, 3, 5; σ = 10 mS/cm)
2.3 Set-up C (Eggshell Waste Composite as Cathode; I = 0.75A; pH =
3; σ = 5, 10, 20 mS/cm)
2.4 Set-up D (Stainless Steel as Cathode; I = 0.75A; pH = 3; σ = 10
mS/cm).

3. Identify the performance of eggshell-derived CaCO3 in having the Pb

electrodeposited by observing its properties through testing, namely;
3.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS); and
3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF).

4
Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis:

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) derived from eggshell waste as cathode material

does not significantly affect the electrodeposition of lead (Pb) ions.

Alternative Hypothesis:

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) derived from eggshell waste as cathode material

significantly affects the electrodeposition of lead (Pb) ions.

5
Significance of the Study

According to Navarette et al., 2017 there have been limited published articles
about the chemistry of heavy metal pollution in the Philippines. Despite being such a
aserious and urgent problem, awareness and actions concerning an issue are still
unexplored, especially in this country. This research would not only aim to share
awareness with regards to the dangers brought on by varying heavy metals, especially
Pb, which is one of the most common and occurring pollutants in the waters, but it
also proposes a potential, and much more environmentally friendly solution.

Utilizing CaCO3 from eggshells, a waste material composed of 94% of the

aforementioned compound, as a cathode in electrodeposition, is an edge that still
hasn’t been done before. Despite its proven cathodic potential and existing
electrochemical properties, the bio-waste-derived material is still relatively
unexplored. This research has the potential to broaden the horizons and open new
doors for research about this variable. Especially so since traditional cathodes involve
use of metals that have more cause for concern environment-wise (Salgado, 2021).

6
Scope and Limitations

The efficiency of recycled eggshell CaCO3 as a cathode for lead (Pb)

electrodeposition from collected wastewater in the Paranaque River will be the main
focus of this investigation. Additionally, a graphite rod will be used for the
electrodeposition process. By placing it on the working electrode, Pb will be extracted
from the wastewater sample.

Though derived calcite from eggshell can both operate as a cathode and anode,
this investigation will be limited to assessing the effectiveness of the cathode using
CaCO3 and a specific heavy metal ion that mainly pollutes the river system of
Paranaque which is Pb. The experiment will also be time-bounded, hence the
necessary data will only be acquired, and will not extend to other variables that may
affect the electrodeposition of Pb.

7
Definition of Terms

Cathodic Electrodeposition is an electrochemical process that involves the

accumulation of a material onto a substrate through means of applying conductivity
and electricity.

Anode is a material that serves as the positive electrode where oxidation occurs in
electrochemical processes.

Cathode is a material that serves as the negative electrode where reduction occurs in
electrochemical processes.

Electrolytic/Electrochemical Cell is a system that facilitates electrochemical

processes.

Stainless Steel Electrode is a commonly used electrochemical cathode due to its

low-cost and high-conducting properties.

Graphite Electrode is a commonly used electrochemical anode due to its low-cost,

safety, and high-supply.

Eggshell Waste is a byproduct derived from chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

mostly generated daily due to the demand for low-cost and accessibility.

Two-Electrode System is a system wherein it involves a working and counter electrode

to undergo an electrochemical process.

Working Electrode is an electrode that acts on the process of interest.

Counter Electrode is an electrode that acts opposite to the working electrode to

complete the electrochemical process.

8
 CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies assimilated after a
thorough search done by the researchers. Several works of authors here and abroad
were analyzed to formulate a solid background for the present study. Only those that
were relevant were studied. This is to validate the given processes and variables of the
study, hence, leading to an accurate result.

Potential of CaCO3 from Eggshell Wastes as Cathode

Figure 1. CaCO3 from Eggshell Wastes

In the Philippines, about 4.24 million tons of eggshell waste are produced,
similar to the amount of plastic waste disposed of in the ocean (Beruño et al., 2022;
Vandeginste, 2021). Therefore, several studies have been conducted to reduce
eggshell waste by applying it to different fields in research, such as utilizing it as a
composite, feedstock, or biomaterial. As reported by Ngayakamo et al. (2022), white
eggshells are composed of 94% hardened calcite, while 96–97% in brown eggshells
then 1% magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃), 1% calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), and
lastly 4% organic matter is the overall composition of an egg. Accordingly, due to the
high content of eggshells in CaCO3, one application distinguished itself which is the
utilization of CaCO3 from eggshells. In particular, CaCO3 is the most prevalent

9
inorganic salt in the earth's crust which is also frequently present in organic materials
(Fritz, 2023).
Consequently, in a review study by Azarian and Sutapun (2022), it was
mentioned that CaCO3 has the potential to be used as a cathode and anode once
CaCO3 is calcined turning it into calcium oxide (CaO). As reported by Minakshi et al.
(2019), CaCO3 displays a capacitor-type behavior with a capacitance of 10 F g−1
considering its quasi-box-shaped potentiostatic curve. Briefly, CaCO3 from eggshell
waste can be a probable cathode, especially in batteries and capacitors. Focusing on
its potential as a cathode, a method was utilized by Putkham et al. (2018) to extract
pure CaCO3 from eggshells called liquid-liquid precipitation. Eggshells were
transformed into distinct CaCO3 crystals by dissolving them in varying strengths of
hydrochloric acid and then reacting the resulting calcium chloride (CaCl2) with
sodium carbonate under different conditions. Using the said method, the eggshell
waste yielded a range of 4 to 11-micron particle sizes of CaCO3 in powdered form.
In the context of this study, CaCO3 will be utilized as a cathode in the study
for effective electrodeposition of Pb from wastewater.

Effectivity of CaCO3 in Removing Heavy Metal Ions in Wastewater

Figure 2. Sources of Heavy Metals

Exposure to highly concentrated heavy metals in wastewater leads to negative

effects on the environment and health of many people such as the development of

10
chronic and acute diseases (Odumbe, 2023; Balali-Mood, 2021). Heavy metal
contamination in many water environments is caused by industrialization, and human
activities (Deocaris, 2022). Therefore, many studies were conducted on the removal
of heavy metal ions. In a study by Amitesh et al. (2022), they used electrocoagulation
for wastewater treatment of heavy metals however, it was found that the utilization of
PbO2, Ti/PbO2, and Ti/SiO2 electrodes triggered the production of toxic metals such
as Pb+. In another study, cadmium and lead were separated through in-situ
electrodeposition using stainless steel and copper as anodes (Bhatluri, 2018). Based
on the given results, lead had a higher percentage of deposition compared to cadmium
due to the difference in atomic structure. However, the research fails to consider a
sustainable method for the removal of the heavy metals since the source of the
cathodes used are non-renewable resources.
Hence in this study, CaCO3 as a potential electrode for wastewater treatment
will be explored. The usage of CaCO3 as a cathode from eggshell wastes is a
sustainable and cost-effective approach in the implementation of electrodeposition for
heavy metal removal, specifically Pb.

Lead in Wastewater

Figure 3. Lead

The presence of Pb in the environment becomes an issue due to worries about

the environment and human health. It is one of the most influential heavy metals used

11
in various industries, such as paint, steel, electroplating, smelting, inorganic
fertilizers, and pesticides. Pb has high toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic potential
and causes several types of metabolic and physiological disorders in humans, animals,
and plants (Kumar et al., 2022). Notably, it has been noted that drinking water
exposes people to Pb compounds, which can be extremely dangerous for people. Due
to its toxicity, the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) have classified Pb and its compounds as
probable carcinogens to humans (Chowdhury et al., 2022). It remains in the soil,
atmosphere, and water, inducing multiple negative impacts on marine invertebrates
that disturb the ecological ecosystems. It also affects different development stages,
from fertilization to larval growth, and can lead to conflict in reproduction and
mortality (Botté et al., 2022).

According to Surucu (2021), various heavy metal elements, such as Pb, were
found in rural and urban water. Pb level (18.73 µg L−1) exceeded the standard level
(15.00 µg L−1) in healthy water. According to another study by Gui & J. Blackwood
(2021), the removal efficiency of Pb can achieve a maximum of 98%. A relatively
lower pH value of the initial wastewater is beneficial for collecting Pb during
discharge. According to the water quality standard, the Pb content must be below 5
ppm to discharge industrial waste into public sewers. As a comparison, the standard
chemical treatment, like adsorption by different natural materials, is inefficient with
the increase of Pb concentration in the inlet.

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Cathodic Electrodeposition

Figure 4. Electrodeposition Process

Electrochemical deposition, commonly referred to as electrodeposition, is a

process that involves a substance forming a thin film on a surface due to the
properties of the electrode within an electric field and its conductivity (Lenntech,
2021). This process inherently involves a redox reaction as two (or more) oppositely
charged materials synergistically operate (Jing et al., 2021). This can be associated
with practical applications in the corrosion control of coins, kitchenware, and
machinery called electroplating (Mullen, 2020). As wastewater treatment methods
evolve, electrodeposition gives rise to its effectiveness and cost in removing
pollutants, especially its added benefit of recovering these chemical constituents (Li et
al., 2023; Yu et al., 2022). As further substantiated by Stando et al., this approach
highlights its ability to store these metal ions (2021).
Within this framework, electrodeposition is applied wherein heavy metals,
specifically Pb, as pollutants are obtained and broken down, effectively mitigating the
possible danger of these metallic contaminants to the people. With the electrodes, the
anode reacts with the chemical compounds present in the electrolyte, then these
byproducts accumulate on the surface of the cathode, hence electrodeposition
(electroplating).

13
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and X-ray Fluorescence Analysis

An effective and functional cathode in this study would have to have an

efficient Pb recovery efficiency. In order to examine the capabilities of
eggshell-derived CaCO3 as a cathode, two tests would be used: (1) Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy (AAS) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). According to a study done by
Lauirio et. al., 2020, AAS and XRF are both used for elemental analyses of the
cathode deposits.

Figure 5. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Generally, AAS has long been one of the most frequently used tools in
analytical chemistry due to the fact that it offers sufficient sensitivity whilst being
relatively interference-free in determining metals and metalloids (Fisher, 2017).
Despite being a traditional method, sensitive and selective detection of traces and
ultra-traces of heavy metal ions depended on this (Chen, 2018). The process involves
dissolving the sample in a suitable solvent which may or may not require chemical
treatment intervention depending on the sample’s solubility. With this, the solution is
aspirated and converts the sample into gaseous atoms and then uses lamps specific to
the measurement of a single metallic element (Lewis, 2019). Overall, this method
would allow the researchers to characterize the elemental composition or the purity of
lead in the sample, whilst also detecting trace elements (Aguilar, 2020).

14
 Figure 5. X-ray fluorescence

XRF on the other hand, provides quantitative chemical information and

detects the concentration of trace elements as it uses an analytical crystal to
differentiate X-rays coming off of a sample surface which provides a high-quality
resolution of the sample (Nasrazadani, 2021). It is fast, accurate, and non-destructive
while also being compatible with solid, liquid, and powdered samples with minimal to
zero sample preparation (Ardebili, 2019). When the analyte is irradiated with X-rays,
the inner shell electrons of the atom are excited and emitted, creating a hole in the
inner shell. When the outer shell electrons move in the hole of the inner shell, the
energy corresponding to the difference in the level of the electron energy of the
element is emitted as an electromagnetic wave in the X-ray region and is called a
fluorescent X-ray. Because the fluorescent X-ray spectrum is obtained from an
intrinsic element, the element constituting the sample from the spectrum can be
qualitatively analyzed. In addition, since the intensity of fluorescent X-rays is
proportional to the concentration of elements in the sample, quantitative analysis is
possible based on the intensity (Choi, 2023). Overall, XRF would provide a speedy
yet thorough analysis of the cathode deposits (Schüth, 2018).

Synthesis
As reported by Ngayakamo et al. (2022), eggshells have a high content of
CaCO3 In a review study by Azarian and Sutapun (2022), it was mentioned that
CaCO3 has the potential to be used as a cathode and anode once CaCO3 is calcined

15
turning it into calcium oxide (CaO). Concerning this, heavy metals become prevalent
in different areas in our environment that can cause health risks to living beings.
Numerous studies were conducted to mitigate this type of issue as it prevents people
from living in safety (Odumbe, 2023; Balali-Mood, 2021). Specifically, Pb can induce
cancer or any other chronic diseases in individuals, making it a threat to the
population (Chowdhury et al., 2022). Hence, this connects to the electrochemical
studies done to lessen its composition in water, such as electrocoagulation (Amitesh et
al., 2022). Electrodeposition increasingly catches public attention due to its
convenient and low-cost system. To analyze its data, atomic absorption spectrometer
and x-ray fluorescence analyzer will be utilized because of its ability to detect and
measure chemical constituents.

16
 CHAPTER 3
Materials and Methods

This chapter describes the details of the study of the Cathodic Electrodeposition of Pb
through CaCO3 derived from Eggshell Waste. The experiment will be done by
dividing the procedure into three phases as shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13 Schematic Diagram of the Methodology

17
Research Design
By the objectives of the study, careful planning and constructive procedures
will be practiced to ensure a positive result. Three phases will be followed: gathering
the materials, processing of electrodeposition of Pb using CaCO3 from eggshell
wastes, and electrochemical testing. Every step will be done precisely and followed
thoroughly for rich data accuracy.
In preparation for effectively depositing lead on the cathode from the removal
of the metal ion through the electrodeposition method, it will involve multiple trial
sets according to different currents, pH values, conductivity values, and initial
concentrations, and also the optimum process parameters to draw a comparison with
the reference/standard electrode, based from the study of Kuleyin & Uysal (Table 1)
(2019). The stated set-ups aim to analyze the efficacy of CaCO3 derived from eggshell
waste and graphite as cathode and anode respectively. In testing the efficacy of the
electrodes, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and X-ray Fluorescence Analysis
(XRF) will be used.

Table 1. Trial sets that will be conducted in the research study

Trial Process
Electrode Material Constant Time (min)
Set Parameters

Current (0.25,
0.75, 1 A) I = 0.75 A;
Cathode: Eggshell pH = 3;
1 Waste Composite pH (2, 3, 5) σ = 10
Anode: Graphite mS/cm; 10, 20, 30, 45,
σ (5, 10, 20 V=5V 60
mS/cm)

Cathode: Stainless
I = 0.75 A, pH = 3, σ = 10
2 Steel
mS/cm, V = 5 V
Anode: Graphite

Phase 1 – Gathering of Materials

Ten grams of eggshell waste will be collected from nearby local eateries near

18
Pasay City National Science High School, Pasay City. A nine-centimeter graphite rod
with a diameter of eight-millimeter, a 50mm stainless steel rod with a diameter of
eight-millimeter and a #40 mesh sieve will be bought from Tiong Kieng Metal and
Hardware, Manila. Four hundred milliliters of wastewater samples will be obtained in
the Paranaque River near Brgy. Don Galo, Paranaque City. One hundred (100) mL of
hydrogen chloride, 25g of CaCl2, 500g of sodium hydroxide, 100g of polyvinylidene
fluoride powder (PVDF), 125g of carbon black, 100mL of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidine
(NMP) and 500g of EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) will also be purchased
from Brenntag, Alabang, Muntinlupa City. The cited chemicals will be used for
extracting CaCO3 from eggshells.

Phase 2 – Actual Experimentation

Preparation of Pure Calcite CaCO3 Derived Eggshell Waste and Wastewater

The shell membrane of the collected eggshell waste will be separated by

rinsing with water two to three times, then dried for 24 hours at 105°C in the drying
oven (Adamson University, Manila). Consequently, the dried samples will be blended
into a fine powder using Magic Bullet Blender and sifted through a #40 mesh sieve to
obtain the powdered eggshell. Utilizing the method from Putkham (2019), 100
milliliters of 2M HCl will be used to submerge 10 grams of eggshell powder to create
a calcium chloride solution. The mixture will be stirred for two hours at 1,000 rpm.
After filtering the extraction mixture, a calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution will be
obtained. The concentration of the resulting calcium chloride solutions will then be
measured using the EDTA titration method at 1.74 M. The sodium carbonate solution
will gradually be added to the prepared calcium chloride solution to precipitate
CaCO3. To extract pure CaCO3, the precipitation mixture will be filtered and rinsed
twice or three times with distilled water. The synthesized pure CaCO3 will be stored in
vacuum desiccators after drying for 24 hours at 105°C (Adamson University, Manila).
After this, the powder will be mixed with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (10 wt%)
and carbon black (20 wt%) with a 0.4 mL of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidine (NMP) to form
the solidified cathode.

19
 Subsequently, the wastewater sample is going to be analyzed at the National
Science Research Institute, UP Diliman.

Set-up of Electrochemical Cell

The configuration of the electrolytic cell will be devised based on the study of
Kuleyin and Uysal, and Laurio, et al. (2019; 2020).
The electrochemical cell will follow through a two-electrode system along
with a point of comparison from the aforementioned set-up: CaCO3 and stainless steel
as the cathode and graphite as the anode. These are contained in a 500 mL beaker in a
pairwise manner, holding 400 mL of industrial wastewater as the electrolysis liquid.
Each electrode will be sized to a length of 5 cm with a diameter of 8 mm, centrally
positioned in the vessel with a 4 cm space interval between the conductors. A DC
power supply will be connected to each end of the electrodes.

Parameters and Trials of Cathodic Electrodeposition

The set trials of the experiment are according to the demonstration of Kuleyin
and Uysal (2019).
The voltage of the DC power supply will be fixed to 5 V. The factors of
wastewater namely current, pH, and conductivity values can affect the effectivity of
electrodeposition, hence, the experiment will follow through three sets of trials as
based on Table 1.

Phase 3 – Characterization and Testing

The effectivity of pure calcite CaCO3 is to be measured by quantifying the

weight and heavy metal deposits gathered from cathodic electrodeposition. This is
estimated through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis (XRF).

20
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) will be used to determine the

composition of wastewater. Generally, this is a common spectroscopy technique to
describe the percentage of chemical constituents in a sample. Thus, in application
with this, the amount of Pb ions is analyzed. This will be utilized before trials to
compare its concentration loss in the electrolyte. It will be measured with units of
mg/L.

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) will be utilized to determine the mass

deposition of Pb on the eggshell waste composite CaCO3 cathode. These are the metal
ions collected from the electrodeposition process. This also constitutes for the
concentration loss of Pb in wastewater, hence, implying its weight gain in the
electrode. It will be measured with units of percentage.

Collection of Data

To test the effectivity of CaCO3. derived from eggshell waste as a cathode,

electrodeposition utilizing this electrode is tested according to its current,
conductivity, and pH, alongside comparison with commonly used cathode and anode
which are stainless steel and graphite respectively. Results will be analyzed through
AAS and XRF to differentiate the concentration of Pb in wastewater. Statistical
analysis ANOVA will be used to determine the significant difference between data to
conclude with a check of effectivity.

21
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 APPENDIX A
Budget Report
Table 1. Budget of Materials

Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Cost

(Php) (Php)

Eggshell waste 30g g - -

Wastewater 400 mL - -
samples

Hydrogen 100 mL 230 230

Chloride
(HCl)

Calcium 25 g 200 200

Chloride
(CaCl2)

Sodium 500 g 1,358 1,358

Hydroxide
(NaOH)

EDTA 500 g 400 400

Stainless steel 50 mm 523 523

rod

#40 Mesh 1 246 246

sieve

PVDF 100 g 1,000 1,000

NMP 100 mL 1,162 1,162

Carbon black 125 g 130 130

Grand Total Php 5,449

26
Table 2. Budget of Testings

Testings No. of Samples Unit Cost (Php) Total Cost (Php)

Atomic 1 1,000 3,000

Absorption
Spectroscopy
(AAS)

X-ray 3 3,500 3,500

Fluorescence
Analysis (XRF)

Grand Total Php 6,500

27
Table 3. Budget of the Research Study

Budget Total Cost (Php)

Materials 5,319

Tests 6,500

Grand Total 11,949

28
APPENDIX B
Time Table

29
APPENDIX C
Researcher’s Profile

Name Picture Address Birthday Contact

Number

Rubindiaz, John 339 Taylo St. June 3, 2006 0947 205 2132
Remar J. Brgy. Sta. Clara, 17 years old
Pasay City

Quesada, 820 Sheppard April 5, 2005 0960 254 2729

Louiseky E. St. Brgy. 18 years old
Moonwalk
Paranaque City

Sta. Brigida, Annex 2I 218 Jan 31, 2006 0966 438 5103
Hershey Vergel St. Brgy. 17 years old
Evyhrine M. 98, Pasay City

Ursos, Nathania 5449 E Mayor Jan 23, 2006 0947 329 5087
Audrey Dc. St., Brgy. Pio 17 years old
Del Pilar,
Makati City

30