PDD Module 1

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Distribution and modifications of the content is prohibited.
Product Design and Development

(MEDLO8061)
Subject Incharge
Mr. Rohit Bharat Patil
Assistant Professor
email: rohitpatil@sfit.ac.in
St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mr. Rohit Patil 1
The material in this presentation belongs to St. Francis Institute of Technology and is solely for educational purposes. Distribution and modifications of the content is prohibited.
Module 1
• Need for developing products

• The importance of Engineering and Industrial design,
the design process.
• Relevance of product lifecycle issues in design
• Societal considerations in Engineering and Industrial
Design.
• Generic product development process, Various
phases of product development, Planning for
products.
• Establishing markets - market segments - relevance
of market research.

Product – Meaning and Definition

• Philip Kotler defines a product as “anything that can be offered to
market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might
satisfy a want or need. It includes physical objects, services, persons,
places, organizations and ideas.”
• A product is an aggregate of various tangible and intangible attributes,
symbolic features, and associated services that provide physical and
psychological satisfaction to consumers. It is a bundle of utilities,
benefits and services designed to satisfy needs and wants of
consumers.
• A product is much more than a physical or tangible object. A customer
has a generic concept of products. He buys not simply the physical and
chemical attributes of a product but a whole set of physical and
psychological satisfactions. For instance, to the ultimate consumer a
washing machine is not a mere collection of drum, heater and nuts
bolts but a comfort that will protect and enhance her self-concept.
Dress Pin/ Safety Pin
• Walter Hunt was a masterful inventor, he has several patents to his
name including the sewing machine, the ice plough, a forerunner of the
winchester repeating rifle and the street car bell amongst many more,
including our beloved safety pin.
• But Walter wasn’t a great business man. In 1849 he owed a peer $15
(about $500 in today’s money) and he head debt collectors knocking at
his door. So, Walter turned to his natural talent for invention and started
playing with the only material he had to hand, a piece of wire. He turned
that piece of wire into a shape which could safely clasp.
• He quickly patented his idea and sold that patent to W.R. Grace for what
seemed to be a great sum at $400 (about $13,000 today), which was
more than enough to pay off his debt.
• W.R. Grace were able to turn that $400 investment in Walter’s idea into
millions once they started manufacturing the “dress pin” as it was then
known. This was just one example in a long string of many where Walter
didn’t quite get to reap the rewards of his work.
Product Evolution
Need for Developing Products
➢ The goods and services that vary considerably in terms of

their attributes or intended usage in contrast with the goods
manufactured previously by the same firm are termed as
"new products".

1) Meeting Changes in Consumer Demand :

• Change is a universal phenomenon in today's time of science
and technology. For example, a quick change in the food habits,
comfort preferences, tastes, customs and traditions, needs and
expectations, etc. can be seen.
• The organizations need to keep an eye on these changes taking
place in their surroundings.
• Customers always give preference to the products which are
better in terms of quality, fashion, price, etc.
• An organization has to proactively respond to such vibrant
demands, which in turn results in innovations in products and
services.
• By doing this, the organizations can keep themselves updated
and can strengthen their relationship with the customers.


2) Making New Profits :
• Manufacturing new products is important for earning profits;
since existing products have less scope for enhancing profit
levels, while new products have vast scope for it.
• On reaching the maturity stage of PLC, the gains acquired from
the existing products start decreasing and diminishes gradually
till the product reaches the decline stage.
• Hence, it becomes quite necessary for the organizations to come
up with the new and innovative products that can replace the
old product which is on the verge of declining.
• Such new products play an important role in growth of the
organization and sometimes they are the only source for the
organization to find new prospects of profit.

3) Handling the Environmental Threats :

• There are various environmental threats faced by a business
organization.
• One way to handle these threats is to find out a new product which
is capable enough to combat against it.
• These threats spring from various environmental factors, like socio-
economic, technological, political, and demand and supply, etc.
Moreover, the biggest threat that is always present in such
environment is competition in the market and products.
• Hence, it becomes vital to fight these risk factors by introducing
new products. More prospects of growth and development are
opened through it, which further ensures endurance and feasibility
for the organization.
• It also distributes the risk factor among the old and new products.

4) Other Necessities :
• The other strategic needs for new product development are as
follows :
• New products can provide the organization a source for gaining
competitive edge.
• They can ensure long-term financial return on the investments
made. They also help in optimum utilization of the available
resources.
• New products make best use of research and development.
• They can provide new opportunities for making changes in the
strategic plans of the company.
• New products can bring most out of the marketing practices and
brand equity.
• It enhances the corporate image of the organization/brand.
Engineering Design
• Engineering design is the use of scientific principles, technical
information and imagination in the definition of a mechanical
structure, machine or system to perform pre-specified functions
with maximum economy and efficiency.
• The fundamental elements of the design process include the
establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis,
construction, testing and evaluation.
• Thus, the prime purpose of engineering design is to apply
scientific knowledge to the solution of technical problems.
• Many tools are available today that helps engineers / designers
achieve their objective. Computer Aided Design (CAD) and
Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) are software that allows
engineers to be creative while satisfying the technical
requirements of a product.

Industrial Design
• Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that

drives innovation, builds business success, and leads to a better
quality of life through innovative products, systems, services, and
experiences.
• Industrial Design bridges the gap between what is and what’s
possible. It is a trans-disciplinary profession that harnesses
creativity to resolve problems and co-create solutions with the
intent of making a product, system, service, experience or a
business, better.
• At its heart, Industrial Design provides a more optimistic way of
looking at the future by reframing problems as opportunities.
• It links innovation, technology, research, business, and customers
to provide new value and competitive advantage across
economic, social, and environmental spheres.
Industrial Design
• Industrial Designers place the human in the Centre of the process.

• They acquire a deep understanding of user needs through
empathy and apply a pragmatic, user-centric problem-solving
process to design products, systems, services, and experiences.
• They are strategic stakeholders in the innovation process and are
uniquely positioned to bridge varied professional disciplines and
business interests.
• They value the economic, social, and environmental impact of
their work and their contribution towards co-creating a better
quality of life.

Engineering and Industrial Design
• Design Engineering (DE) takes the design of a product and transforms

it from a concept or prototype into a usable item that appeals to
customers.
• Industrial Design (ID) applies the art of design that stresses the
attractiveness of the product and its function. The creation can be an
original design or improvements on an existing product.
• One can think of one as the application of art and the other as the
application of science.
• DE involves the scientific aspect in the process. It is concerned
more with the function, usability, and performance of the product.
• ID addresses the creation of the product so it will entice buyers
through its aesthetics.
• The engineers want to make a product that performs as designed. The
industrial designer complements the engineer by creating a product
whose beauty draws the attention of prospective buyers.



Industrial Design
• The Mini is a design classic that came about because of restrictions in fuel
supply during the 1950s caused by the Suez crisis.
• Designer Alec Issigonis was tasked with designing a car that was more
frugal than the large cars of the day, aiming to compete with increasingly
popular German bubble cars like the original VW Beetle itself a design
classic.
• The original design became a
true British icon, influencing a
generation of car designers,
and was revolutionary at the
time.
• Its distinctively diminutive
contours remain hugely
popular today.
• https://technologystudent.co
m/prddes1/icon2.html
Industrial Design
Coke Contour Bottle
• Instantly recognisable, the Coca-
Cola contour bottle is a
masterpiece in industrial design
that dates back to 1915 when
the Coca-Cola Company asked
its bottle suppliers to design a
new bottle that would be
distinctive and instantly
recognisable - even in the dark.
• Designer Earl R. Dean took up
the challenge, and following
instructions issued by his boss,
aimed to come up with a design
based on the ingredients of the
drink.
Industrial Design
• Unable to find any

reference images
for either the coca
leaf, or the Kola
nut, Dean instead
used an image of a
cocoa pod from his
encyclopedia as
inspiration, leading
to the iconic
ribbed bottle
shape we know
and love today.

Industrial Design
Piaggio Vespa Scooter

• The classic Vespa scooter design is associated heavily with the Italian
design aesthetic, but it was actually heavily influenced by pre-World-
War-II Cushman scooters made in the US and shipped to Italy by the
Allies to act as field transport for paratroopers and marines during the
war.
• It wasn't until Paggio involved aeronautical engineer Corradino
D'Ascanio that the now familiar scooter shape, missing the central
supporting spar and allowing the rider to step through the bike to get on
and off.

Relevance of product lifecycle in design
• The product life cycle is a tool for mapping out the four stages of a
product’s commercial life: Launch, Growth, Maturity, and Decline.
• By understanding the life cycle of a product, designers and companies can
make strategic decisions about the product, such as when to introduce a
new version, or what types of technical innovations might be included.

• As shown in Figure the sales volume for a new product rises after its
introduction. Once the customers recognize and accept the product, sales increase
rapidly (growth).
• This is followed by a maturity period, when sales increase

further.
Eventually, competitive products appear on the market and sales decline.
• As the market saturates and the product no longer is fresh, sales and
profits decline further and it no longer is profitable to produce the
product.
• During this period, the profits should be maintained by making
minor modifications to the product and relaunching it as new and
improved. Businesses (designers and manufacturers) must understand
this cycle to maximize profits:
• The efforts should focus on extending the maturity period as much
as possible.
• Also, for businesses to grow, they must launch new products in such a
way that a new product approaches sales maturity just when the ones
launched earlier are in decline.
CHALLANGES
• The traditional product life cycle theory does come with
limitations.
• It can be challenging for a business to determine a product’s
stage in the life cycle.
• In addition, a rise or fall in sales may not signify a change in the
life cycle stage. For example, a dip in sales during growth could
be temporary and not a sign that the product is in decline.
• Also, most products that fail skip the growth and maturity stage
and jump straight from introduction to decline.
• Ultimately, the product life cycle curve should be used as a rough
guide for marketing management and sales decisions and not as
fact.

Societal considerations in Engineering
• Code of Ethics states that “engineers shall hold paramount

the safety, health, and welfare of the public in the
performance of their profession.”
• Environmental issues are given higher priority in design.
• Products must be designed to make them easier to reuse,
recycle, or incinerate—a concept often called green design.
• Green design also involves the detailed understanding of the
environmental impact of products and processes over their
entire life cycle.
• For example, life-cycle analysis would be used to determine
whether paper or plastic grocery bags are more environmentally
benign.

Societal considerations in Engineering
• Another area where the interaction between technical and human

networks is becoming stronger is in consideration of risk, reliability,
and safety.
• No longer can safety factors simply be looked up in codes or
standards.
• Engineers must recognize that design requirements depend on
public policy as much as industry performance requirements.
• This is an area of design where government influence has become
much stronger.
• Engineering is concerned with problems whose solution is needed
and/or desired by society.
• The purpose of this section is to reinforce that point, and hopefully
to show the engineering student how important a broad
knowledge of economics and social science is to modern
engineering practice.
Product development process
St. Francis Institute of Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering 29
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Case Study
Case Study on Bottle Opener

• A Bottle Opener is used to open the cap of the air tight
bottle.
• A Classic Bottle opener look like this

Case Study
Need of Change
• Old Openers had poor Aesthetics
• Material used, used to be generally iron, which used to rust
out early
• Thus a new design would be a good idea to start with

Case Study
Need:
• Need, as we already know, old openers are made up of
poor aesthetics and also material used, rusts quickly.
• Hence there is a need to change the design of a bottle
opener.
Problem Definition:
• The main problem is that the material used is iron.
• Bottle openers are used to open bottles that contain
mostly carbonated water
• This content is actually the main reason for need in
change of material

Conceptual Design
Preliminary Design

Material Selection
• As the main purpose of going for a new design was the

Material, Material selection is the most important step
• Stainless Steel, Aluminum, etc. are the materials that do not
get rusted for a long time
• Since Aluminum is cheaper than that of Stainless steel and
both the material have enough required strength, we select
Aluminum.
Detailed Design:
• After selecting the material, the main detailed design is to be
done
• It includes all the dimensions after checking the stresses
• These dimensions are then used as the input data for CADD
software
• In CADD software, the product is completely designed.
Design Communication
• Once the Detailed Design is done, CADD software

receives it
• A CADD model is generated using that data
Model and Testing:

• It is necessary to create a prototype or if possible,
the actual model of the newly developed product
using the CADD data
• The model is then to be tested in the following
ways.
Design Process
• The Documents are made of the new product and along

with fabrication specifications, it is sent for the
manufacturing stage

Planning of Product
• Product planning is the process of developing successful products to

offer to your customers. Product planning is an ongoing process.
• It encompasses each and every stage of product development cycle,
including market research, strategic planning, product design and
development, manufacturing and pricing
1. Product Concept development: This is initial phase might be the
most fun and creative stage in the product lifecycle, and it’s the
most critical.
2. Competitive analysis
3. Market research
4. Minimum Viable Product Development
5. Introduction and launch
6. Product life cycle
7. Sunset.

Planning of Product

Product Planning Process
• The product plan details the assortment of goods that are going
to be manufactured by company as well as the schedule for when
these goods will be made available on the market.
• During the process of planning, product planning, product
development opportunities that have been identified by a variety
of sources are taken into consideration.
• A portfolio of projects is selected from among these
opportunities, a schedule for the projects is outlined, and
resources are assigned.
• The product plan is regularly updated to take into account new
information on the success of existing products as well as changes
in the technological landscapes and the competitive environment.
• The senior management of an organisation is typically involved in
the decision- making process for product planning, which may
take place only once a year or only a few times annually.
Types of Product Development Projects
1. New Product Platform:

• This type of project requires a significant amount of development
work in order to create a new family of products that are based on a
new, standardised platform.
• Smart manufacturers develop a product platform—a range of
products, with varying feature sets and price points, based on the
same core product architecture.
• Instead of trying to please everyone with one product (usually
impossible), a product range lets you cater individual products to
different user groups.
• Many retailers prefer to offer a “good-better-best” product range,
instead of a “one-off” product.
• Product platforms benefit from improved efficiency in manufacturing
and service due to common parts, assembly, and packaging.
• Xerox Lakes project → dev. of a new, digital copier platform
Types of Product Development Projects
2. Derivatives of already existing product platforms:

• These Projects involve expanding an already established product
platform in order to more effectively address established markets
with one or more new products.
• E.g: a new copier based on a existing light-lens.
3. Making incremental improvements to already-existing products:

• These projects might only involve adding or modifying some
features of already- existing products in order to maintain the
product lines relevance in the market and ability to compete.
• One example of this kind of project would be making a few tweaks
to an already existing copy machine in order to fix some relatively
minor defects.

4. Revolutionary new products:

• These products involve radically different product or production
technologies and may help to address new and unexplored
markets.
• They may also involve the development of entirely new
products.
• These kind of projects inherently involve a higher level of risks;
however, the long term success of business may be contingent
on the knowledge gained through undertaking such significant
endeavours.
• A project of this kind includes the development of the first
digital copier, which was created by Xerox.

Market Segmentation
• Market segmentation involves dividing a large homogenous market

of potential customers into clearly identifiable segments.
• Customers are divided based on meeting certain criteria or having
similar characteristics that lead to them having the same product
needs.
• Segments are made up of customers who will respond similarly to
marketing strategies. They share common interests, needs, wants
and demands.
• Most companies don’t have enough resources to target a mass
market. Which is why they need to target the specific market
segment that need their product.
• They divide the market into similar and identifiable segments
through market segmentation.

Types of market segments:

• Geographic – based on land, rural or metropolitan area.
• Demographic – based on age, gender, income, occupation,
education, nationality.
• Psychographic – based on social status, lifestyle-type, personality
type.
• Behavioural – based on intensity of product use, brand loyalty,
user behaviours, price sensitivity, technology adoption.

Demographic segmentation

Demographic segmentation
• This is the most common type of segmentation. A target audience

is divided based on qualities such as, age, gender, occupation,
education, income and nationality.
• Demographic segmentation is the easiest way to divide a market.
Mixing demographic segmentation with another type of market
segmentation can help to narrow your market down even further.
• The information required for demographic segmentation is easy to
gather and doesn’t cost a company too much to obtain.
• Companies that sell soft drinks, like Coca-cola, often target
young adults between the age of 15 to 25 by depicting young
men or women in their marketing campaigns.

Behavioural segmentation

Behavioural segmentation
➢ A company can segment their market based on consumer’s behaviours.
By dividing your target audience based on their behaviours allows you to
create specific messaging that will accommodate to those behaviours.
➢ Behaviours include;
• What actions were taken on a website?
• What are their online shopping habits?
• How loyal are they to the brand/ product?
• What is their usage rate of your product?
• What need is a consumer trying to satisfy?
➢ This information is relevant because it’s directly related to how a
consumer interacts with your products. Therefore, marketers can market
more effectively to customers by knowing their behaviours.
➢ Netflix uses behavioral segmentation to deliver customized content to
its 158.3 million subscribers every day on an automated basis. It relies
on Machine Learning (ML) to learn about its customers via their
behavior on the TV streaming app.
Geographic segmentation
• This involves splitting up a market based on location. Even

though this is a basic form of segmentation it is highly effective.
• By knowing where a customer is located can help a company
better understand the needs of their customers and companies
can then target customers with location-specific ads.

Geographic segmentation
• You can divide a segment based on their locations, such as town, county,
zip code or country. But you can also identify customers based on the
climate they live in or the population density of their location. Dividing a
segment based on the characteristics of their location, allows marketers
to be even more specific with their targeting and messaging.
• When targeting different geographic segments, marketers need to take
into consideration elements such as language. Language may change
depending on the region you are targeting.
• Eg. A clothing retailer that presents online customers with different
products based on the weather or season in the region they reside in.

Psychographic segmentation
Psychographic segmentation
• This form of segmentation is very similar to demographic segmentation
however, it deals with characteristics that are related to mental and
emotional attributes. Psychographic segmentation divides a group of
customers based on their personality traits, values, interests, attitudes and
lifestyles.
• Demographics as we discussed earlier are much easier to observe than
psychographics, however, psychographics give marketers valuable insights
into customers motives, preferences and needs. By understanding
psychographics, marketers can develop content that is more relatable to their
customer segments.
• Demographic segmentation can merge very well with psychographic
segmentation. If you feel your messaging isn’t appealing to your demographic
segment, you can try including psychographic information. It is psychographic
information that informs you why people purchase or don’t purchase a
product or service.
• A common example of psychographic segmentation is a luxury mobile-
manufacturing brand that specializes in customization. These mobiles are
not available for people from every class.
Benefits of market segmentation
➢ Market segmentation makes it easier for marketing teams to develop

highly targeted and effective marketing campaigns and plans.
➢ Greater company focus
• When a company has identified specific market segments, it helps
them to focus on what segments they want to target with specific
products/ services/ content/ blogs and campaigns. When a company
has a focus on specific segments, they ensure they are targeting the
right segment with the right product which will see the greatest ROI.
➢ Better serve a customer’s needs and wants
• Having defined segments enables companies to satisfy a variety of
customer needs by offering different bundles and incentives. Different
forms and promotional activities will be used for different segments
based on that segments needs/ wants and characteristics.

➢ Market competitiveness
• When a company is focusing on a specific segment, their market
competitiveness increases. Which in turn will lead to a higher ROI.
The company is focused on specific segments and learns everything
they need to know about that segment, to market their products to
them.
➢ Market expansion
• With geographic segmentation as discussed earlier, market expansion
is possible immediately. When a company understands their
segments and how to market to a segment in a particular location,
they can expand immediately into another nearby location. If
segmentation is based on demographics, then once the company
knows their demographic segment they can expand in that segment
with similar products.

Targeted communication
• Even when product features and benefits are the same, it is important
for companies to target segments with specific communication. For
example, if your segment was senior engineers, they may respond
better to technical information about a product in the form of white
papers or info graphics, but a project manager might respond better
to information regarding cost savings, efficiencies etc in the form of a
blog, case study or video. Messaging will be different for different
segments.
• Platforms which are used to target different segments will be
different also. The key is to understand your segments and target
communication relevant to them on the relevant platforms.

Market research
• Market research involves gathering data to learn more about target
demographics and consumers so a business can market itself more
effectively and, ultimately, succeed in the market.
• Market research is a vital part of any business strategy, whether that
business is B2B or B2C, big or small, new or old.
• It provides the answers companies need to make decisions that will
move them forward instead of back by empowering them to base
decisions on data.
• When you need to identify market trends, understand your core
customer better, or achieve a long list of other important goals,
market research is the answer.

Types of Market Research
Market research is a broad category. In fact, there are many varieties of

market research that you can use to meet the specific goals of your
business.
❖ Brand research: Brand research is focused on creating or refining your
company brand to make a bold and favorable impression on your target
market. You could look into the level of brand awareness among your
target audience, how loyal customers are to your brand, what sorts of
qualities people associate with your brand, and other aspects of
customers’ relationship with your brand.
❖ Marketing campaign evaluation: Some market research focuses
specifically on marketing campaign effectiveness. You can evaluate how
many people have seen your online ads and what the click-through rate
has been, for example. This type of information can help you make
adjustments if needed and inform future campaigns so you reach
consumers effectively and keep customer-acquisition costs down.
Types of Market Research
❖ Competitor research: Competitor research focuses on the

competition to help you gain insights into how your company can
pull ahead. Looking into a competitor’s marketing campaigns,
brand reputation, revenue or sales volume, and other important
data points can help you learn from their strengths and
weaknesses.
• Product development: Developing products calls for market
research first to ensure the concept has value and then to refine
the product over time. For example, you may see sales dipping on
a flagship product and discover that customers’ needs have shifted
and this product should offer a new feature to be more useful or
convenient.

The Benefits of Market Research
1. Maintain a Customer-Centric Approach

2. Connect With Your Audience More Effectively
3. Identify Opportunities for Growth
4. Reduce Risks by Testing Concepts
5. Make More Informed Decisions
6. Compete More Effectively
7. Stay on Top of Trends

Concept of Customer Population
Customer population means types of customers.

Types of Customers
External Customers:
Customers which are concerned with the products as well as service
payment are known as external customers.
They are searching of best customer services which satisfies them in all
respect.
Internal Customers:
Customers who work at the place of service and products are to be sold are
known as internal customers.
Loyal customers:
These customers represent half of our total business but are less in number
of total business.
But these customers are very less as compared to others.
Discount customers:
These type of customers visit the shop or stores very regularly.
These customers decide about purchasing in stores only upon the offers
available.
Types of Customers
Need based Customers:

These types of customers buy product with their definite need in
their mind.
Specific attention and intention of customer prompts them to buy or
purchase particular type of items.
Impulse Customers:
These customers are not having any type of intention for buying a
product as per their requirement and need.
But these types of customers purchase the items as per what
appears good at the same time of purchasing of other products.
Wandering Customers:
These types of customers buy the product with their definite need
which is coming in their mind when they are going to visit the store
nearer to them.
Intention behind their visit is to just want a sense of experience.
THANK YOU
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Product Design and Development

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

• Need for developing products

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Product – Meaning and Definition

Need for Developing Products

➢ The goods and services that vary considerably in terms of

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Need for Developing Products

1) Meeting Changes in Consumer Demand :

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Need for Developing Products

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Need for Developing Products

3) Handling the Environmental Threats :

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Need for Developing Products

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

• Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that

• Industrial Designers place the human in the Centre of the process.

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Engineering and Industrial Design

• Design Engineering (DE) takes the design of a product and transforms

Engineering and Industrial Design

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Engineering and Industrial Design

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Engineering and Industrial Design

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

• Unable to find any

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Piaggio Vespa Scooter

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Relevance of product lifecycle in design

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

• This is followed by a maturity period, when sales increase

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Societal considerations in Engineering

• Code of Ethics states that “engineers shall hold paramount

St. Francis Institute of Technology Product Design and Development

Societal considerations in Engineering

• Another area where the interaction between technical and human

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

Case Study on Bottle Opener

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

St. Francis Institute of Technology

• As the main purpose of going for a new design was the