12th Chemistry Slow Learners Study Materials EM Prepared by Mrs. v. Bharani

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CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3

Flux Slag
5. What type of ore is concentrated in froth floatation process ?

• Sulphide ore is concentrated. Galena – PbS
6. Explain the refining of Nickel by Mond’s Process

• Nickel is refined by Mond’s process in two steps
Step –I
Ni + 4 CO 350K Ni(CO)4
Impure metal Nickel Tetra carbonyl
Step – II
Ni(CO)4 460K Ni + 4 CO
pure metal
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Al2O3 2Al+3 + 3O–2
2O–2 O2 + 4e–
Al+3 + 3e– Al
10. Define Gangue

Non metallic impurity, Silicon impurity and rock present in the ore
is called as Gangue.
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12. Define Slag
Lime stone reacts with silica to form calcium silicate called as Slag
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CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
Flux Slag
13. What are the requirements (conditions ) vapour phase refining

• The metal should form a Volatile compound with the reagent.
• The volatile compound decomposes to give the pure metal.
14. Explain the role of the following in the process mentioned.
a) Silica in the extraction of copper.

Ferrous oxide combines with silica and removed as Ferrous silicate
called as Slag.
FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3
Slag
b) Cyrolite in the extraction of Aluminium

It helps to lower the melting point of the mixture.
c) Sodium cyanide in froth floatation.

Sodium cyanide acts as a depressing agent which prevents other
metal sulphides from coming with the froth.
15. Define Anode mud

During electrolysis the less electropositive impurities settles at the
bottom of the container. These are called as Anode mud.
16. Explain the principles of electrolytic refining with a example

( Explain the electrolytic refining of Silver )
• Anode – Impure Silver
• Cathode – pure Silver
• Electrolyte – Silver nitrate + nitric acid
• Pure Silver is deposited at the cathode.
At the anode
Ag Ag+ + 1e–
At the cathode
Ag+ + 1e– Ag
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17. What are the Observations of Ellingham diagram
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• The formation metal oxides gives a positive slope. The value of
S value is negative and the randomness decreases.
• The formation of Carbon monoxide gives a negative slope. The
value of S value is positive. So Carbon monoxide is more
stable at high temperature
• For MgO, due to phase transition, there is a sudden change in
the slope at a particular temperature.
18. What are the applications of Ellingham diagram

• The Ellingham diagram for the formation of Ag2O and HgO is
at the upper part of the diagram. So, these oxides are unstable
and decompose on heating.
• Ellingham diagram is used to predict the thermodynamic
feasibility of reduction of metal oxides by another metal.
Ex. Aluminium can be reduce Chromic oxide.
• Carbon line cuts the line of many metal oxides. Hence it can
reduce all metal oxides a high temperature
19. What are the limitations of Ellingham’s diagram

• It does not explains the rate of the reaction
• It does not explain the possibility of other reactions taking
place.
• When the reactants and the products are in equilibrium, the
value of G is not true value.
20. Explain the Electro chemical principles of metallurgy.
• Gibbs free energy is given by

G = – nFE
n=number of electrons F = faraday and E = Emf
• If G is negative and E is positive then the reaction is

spontaneous.
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21. How Titanium is refined by the Van-Arkel method
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Ti + 2 I2 550K TiI4
TiI4 1800K Ti + 2 I2
22. Explain the Gravity separation or Hydraulic wash process

• The ore is finely powdered and washed with a current of water.
• The lighter gangue particles are washed away by water.
• Example: Oxides ores like Tin Stone
23. Define Roasting

The Ore is oxidised by heated in the presence of Oxygen in a
furnace below the melting point of the metal.
2 ZnS + 3 O2 2 ZnO + 2 SO2
24. Define Calcination

The ore is heated in the absence of oxygen in a furnace. The water
molecules are removed as moisture.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
25. Define Smelting

The ore is heating above the melting point in the presence of Flux
and reducing agents like Carbon in a smelting furnace. The water
molecules are removed as moisture.
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2 Fe + 3 CO2
FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3
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26. Explain the Froth Floatation process
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• Frothing agent = Pine oil
• Collector = Sodium Ethyl Xanthate
• Depressing agent = Sodium cyanide
• Example = Sulphide ore = Galena
• The ore is finely powdered and mixed with water and pine oil.
• When air is passed, it produces froth.
• The ore particles rise to the surface and collected separately.
• The Impurities settles at the bottom of the container.
Diagram.
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' < 4 => O2 + 2 H2O 4 [Au(CN)2]¯ 1 + 4 OH

>
2 [Au(CN)2]¯ 1 + Zn [Zn (CN)4]¯ 2 + 2Au
Gold is reduced to Elemental gold. This is called as Cementation.
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Gold is reduced to Elemental gold. This is called as Cementation.
2 [Au(CN)2]¯ 1 + Zn [Zn (CN)4]¯ 2 + 2Au
31. Define Blister copper

When metallic copper is solidified, SO2 gas is evolved. And gives a
blister like appearance. This is called as blister copper.
32. Explain the Alumino thermite process ( Metal reduction )

• Chromic oxide is mixed with Aluminium powder and heated in
a fire clay crucible.
• A ignition mixture of Barium peroxide and Mg powder is
placed over it.
• When ignited, large amount of heat is produced and
Aluminium reduces Chromic oxide.
BaO2 + Mg BaO + MgO
Cr2O3 + 2Al 2Cr + Al2O3
33. Explain the Auto reduction reaction
HgS + O2 Hg + SO2
34. List the used of Aluminum ( Al)

• Aluminum foil is used for packing food items
• Aluminium is used to make cooking vessels
• Aluminum alloy is used to make Aero planes
• Aluminium is used to make gas pipes
• Aluminium is used to make electric cables
35. List the used of Iron (Fe)

• It is used to make Bridges and cycle chain
• It is used to make pipes and valves
• The alloys of iron is used to make Magnets
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36. List the used of Copper ( Cu )
It is used to make coins
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• It used to make wires and water pipes
• Copper and gold are used to make ornaments
37. List the used of Gold ( Au )

• It is used to make coins
• Copper and gold are used to make ornaments
• It is used as catalyst
• It is used in electro plating of watches.
38. Define Distillation

In this method the impure metal is heated, evaporated and the pure
vapours are condensed. Ex. Zinc is distilled at 1180K
39. Explain Liquation

• This method is used to remove high melting point impurities from low
melting point metals. Ex. Lead
• The impure metal is heated in the absence of air in a sloping furnace.
• Pure metal melts and flows down . And collected separately.
• The impurities remain on the slope.
40. Explain the reduction using carbon

The ore is heated with coke in a blast furnace.
ZnO + C Zn + CO
41. Explain the extraction of Copper

• Ore – Copper pyrites Concentration – Froth Floatation
Roasting -
2 (CuS.Fes) + O2 Cu2S + 2 FeS + SO2
2 Fes + 3 O2 2 FeO + 2SO2
Smelting –
FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3
Cu2S + 6 CuO 6Cu + SO2
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1. Why the first element in the P-block show anomalous properties
• It is smaller in Size
• It has high Ionisation energy and high electro negativity
• It do not have D-orbital in the valence shell
2. What are the anomalous property of first element in the P-block

a)Boron -13th group
• Boron is a metalloid
• Boron shows diagonal relationship with silicon
• The Hydrides of Boron and Silicon are Covalent compounds
• The Halides of Boron and Silicon are easily hydrolyzed
• The Oxides of Boron and silicon are acidic in nature
b)Carbon – 14th group

• Carbon is a non-metal
• Carbon forms multiple bonds like C=C and C=O.
• Carbon has a greater tendency to form Catenation.
c)Nitrogen -15th Group

• Nitrogen forms multiple bonds like N=N and N=O.
• Nitrogen is a diatomic molecule
d)Oxygen -16th Group

• Oxygen is a diatomic molecule
• Oxygen form hydrogen bonds
e)Fluorine -17th group

• Fluorine is the most electro negative atom
• Fluorine forms only -1 oxidation state
• Fluorine form hydrogen bonds
• Fluorine is a strong oxidising agent
• Fluorine is the most reactive halogen
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3. Explain the Allotropism of Carbon
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• Some elements have different crystalline forms but same
physical properties. This is called as Allotropism.
• Ex. Diamond, Graphite, Graphene and Carbon nano tubes.
4. Give a method to prepare Diborane from BF3

Boron tri fluoride is heated with Sodium hydride at 450K to give
Diborane.
2 BF3 + 6 NaH 450K B2H6 + 6 NaF
5. Give the uses of Borax

• It is used in the identification of Coloured Metal ion
• It is used to prepare Enamels and Glass
• It is used as Flux in metallurgy
• It is used as a good preservative
6. What is Catenation. And explain the conditions of Carbon.

Catenation is the ability of a element to form chain of atoms.
Conditions for catenation.
• The valency of the elements should be greater than 2
• The elements should gave the ability to bond to itself
• The self bond should be a strong bond.
• Kinetic inertness of the compound towards other molecules
7. What is Fisher Tropsch synthesis ?

Carbon monoxide reacts with Hydrogen at 500k and 50atp to give
hydro carbons
n CO + 2n H2 50 Atp/500K CnH2n + n H2O
8. Give the structure of CO and CO2.
a) CO molecule.
• Shape = Linear
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b) CO2 molecule.
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• Shape = Linear
9. Give the uses of Silicones

• Making water proof clothes
• Uses as Insulating material for electric motors.
• Making Chemical and Damp resistant Paints.
• Used in High temperature Oil Baths and Vaccum Pumps
10. AlCl3 behaves as Lewis acid. Explain the statement.

It forms addition compounds with Ammonia. Ex. AlCl3. 6 NH3.
11. Explain the structure of Diborane.
• The two BH2 units are linked by two Hydrogen Bridges.

• It has Eight B-H bonds and 12 Valence electrons.
• The Four B-H bonds are normal covalent bonds. (2c-2e- bond)
• Remaining four electrons are used to form two Bridge B-H-B
bonds. It is called as Three center two electron bond.
• The Boron atom is sp3 hybridised.
• The B-H-B bond is formed by the overlapping of the half filled
hybridised orbital of the one Boron, half filled 1s orbital of
hydrogen and a empty hybridised orbital of another Boron.
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12. Explain Hydro Boration
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The addition of Diborane with alkenes in the presence of Ether at
room temperature is called as Hydro Boration.
B2H6 + 6 R-CH=CH2 2 B ( R -CH2-CH2- )3
13. Explain the metallic property of P-block elements

• Down the group the Metallic property increases.
Group Non metals Metalloid
Group -13 Boron
Group -14 Carbon Si and Ge
Nitrogen and Phosphorous As and Sb
Group -15
Group -16 Oxygen, S and Se Tellurium

Group -17 All are non metals
Group -18 All are non metals
14. How will you identify the Borate radical ?

When borate radical is heated with ethyl alcohol and sulphuric acid
it gives Tri alkyl borate which burns with a Green edge flame.
4 H3BO3 + 3 C2H5OH H2SO4 B(O C2H5)3 + 3 H2O
15. Write a short notes on Zeolite

• Zeolites are three dimensional crystals containing Aluminium, Silicon
and Oxygen.
• They are Sodium Alumino Silicates.
• It has a porous structure where the sodium ions and water molecules
are loosely held.
• The Silicon and Aluminium atoms are tetrahedrally bonded through a
oxygen atom.
• Zeolites have the honey comb structure with tunnels and cages.
• Water molecules can freely move in and out of these pores.
• Zeolite acts as Molecular Sieve.
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16. CO ( carbon monoxide ) act as reducing agent. Prove ?
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3CO + Fe2O3 2 Fe + 3 CO2
17. Give the Laboratory preparation of Carbon di oxide

CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
18. Define Inert Pair effect.

In P-block, the pair of S-electrons becomes chemical inert and do
not take part in bonding. This is called as Inert pair effect.
19. What are the uses of Boron

• Boron = Used as Rocket fuel igniter
• Boron = Present in cell wall of plants.
• Boron = Neutron absorbers in nuclear reactor.
• Boric acid = Eye drops Antiseptic and Washing powder.
20. Give the preparation of Borax

When Colemanite is boiled with sodium carbonate solution it gives Borax.
2 Ca2B6O11 + 3 Na2CO3 + H2O 3 Na2B4O7 + 3 CaCO3 + Ca(OH)2
21. Give the action of heat of Borax
Na2B4O7 . 10 H2O —10 H2O Na2B4O7 2 NaBO2 + B2O3
22. Give the action of heat of Boric acid
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23. Explain the structure of Boric acid
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• Boric acid has a two dimensional layer structure
• It has [ BO3] —3 units bonded by hydrogen bonds.
24. What are the used of Boric acid.

• Used to prepare glass, pigment and enamels
• Used as antiseptic and eye lotion
• Used as food preservative
25. Give the preparation of Borazole or Borazine

( Inorganic benzene ) ( Action of Diborane with Ammonia )
3 B2H6 + 6 NH3 High T 2 B3N3H6 + 12 H2
26. List the used of Diborane

• Used as High energy fuel for Propellants
• Used as reducing agent in organic chemistry
• Used in welding.
27. Give the Lab preparation of Boron Tri fluoride.

It is prepared from Benzene Diazonium tetra fluoro borate.
28. List the used of Boron Tri fluoride

• It used to prepare catalyst like HBF4
• It used as a Fluorinating agent.
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29. Explain the McAfee process of preparing Aluminum Chloride
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It is prepared by heating Alumina with coke and Chlorine.
30. What are the used of Aluminum chloride

• Used as catalyst in Friedel craft reaction.
• Used as catalyst to prepare Dyes and Perfumes.
• Used to prepare petrol by cracking
31. Give the preparation of Potash Alum ( Alum )

• It is prepared by Alum stone
• Alum stone is treated with sulphuric acid.
• Calculated amount of Potassium sulphate is added.
• The solution is crystallized and purified by recrystallization.
32. Give the action of heat of Potash alum
33. What is Burnt Alum

When potash alum is heated at 500K, it loses all the water
molecules and swells up. This swollen mass is called as Burnt
alum.
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34. Give the difference between graphite and diamond
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S.
Nm Graphite Diamond
1 It is soft It is hard
2 Sp2 hybridised sp3 hybridised
3 Each carbon forms three Each carbon forms four C-C
C-C sigma bonds sigma bonds
4 It has free electrons It has no free electrons
5 Conducts electricity Do not Conducts electricity
6 Hexagonal sheet shape Tetrahedron shape
7 C-C bond length is 1.410A C-C bond length is 1.540A
9 It has weak Vander Waals It has strong covalent bonds
force
10 Used as Lubricant. Used to cut glass
Structure
35. Explain the structure of Fullerenes

( Explain the structure of Buckminster Fullerenes )
• It has a Cage structure with C50, C60 or C70 atoms
• C60 has a soccer ball structure and called as Bucky Ball.
• It has a ring structure of 20 six member ring and 12 five
member ring.
• The carbon atoms are sp2 hybridised.
• The C-C bond length is 1.440A and C=C is 1.380A
• It has an Aromatic character.
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36. Explain the structure of Graphene
• It has a single planar sheet structure
• The carbon atoms are sp2 hybridised
• It has a honey comb crystal lattice.
37. What are the used of Carbon nano tubes

• It is stronger than steel and conducts electricity.
• Used in nano electronics
• Used as catalyst
• Used to prepare polymers
• Used to prepare medicine
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38. What is producer gas
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A mixture of Nitrogen and Carbon monoxide is called as Producer
gas
2 C + ( N2 + O2 ) 2 CO + N2
Air Producer Gas
39. What is water gas equilibrium
40. List the used of Carbon monoxide

• oxides
• Used to prepare Producer gas ( CO + N2 )
• Used to prepare Water gas ( CO + H2 )
• It acts as a ligand.
41. Give the action of heat of Carbon di oxide.
42. Explain the reducing property of carbon di oxide
43. List the used of Carbon-di-oxide

• Used a Inert atmosphere in chemical reactions
• Used in Photosynthesis
• Used in fire extinguisher
• Used to prepare carbonated beverages.
44. List the used of Silicon tetra chloride ( SiCl4 )
• Used to prepare Semi conductors
• Used to prepare Silica gel and ceramic materials
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45. Give the industrial preparation of Carbon di oxide
It is prepared by burning coke with air
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2 CO + O2 2 CO2
46. Explain the Oxo process ( Ethylene to Propanal )

When ethylene reacts with CO and H2 it gives Propanal
CO + H2 + CH2=CH2 CH3-CH2-CHO
Ethylene Propanal
47. List the used of Potash alum

• Used in Purification of Water
• Used in Dyeing, paper and leather industries
• Used to arrest bleeding
• Used for water proofing textiles
48. Explain the Acidic behavior of Carbon di oxide.
49. Why the Boron have unusual Covalent bonding

• Smaller in size
• High Ionisation energy
• Similarity in electro negativity with carbon and hydrogen
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50. What are Silicones? Give the preparation and explain the
different types of Silicones
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Silicones are Organo Silicon Polymers with a general formula ( R2SiO )
Cu/573K
2RCl + Si R2SiCl2
R R
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Cl – Si – Cl + 2 H2O HO – Si – OH + 2 HCl
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R R
R R R
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HO –Si – OH + HO – Si – OH + HO – Si – OH
| | |
R R R
R R R
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2 H2O + HO –Si – O – Si – O – Si – OH
| | |
R R R
Types of Silicones
a) Linear silicones.
These are prepared by the hydrolysis of R3SiCl. They are two types
i) Silicone rubber. These silicones have bridge methylene groups
ii) Silicone resins. These Silicones are bonded to organic resins.
b) Cyclic Silicones
These are prepared by the hydrolysis of R2SiCl2.
c)Cross linked Polymers

These are prepared by the hydrolysis of RSiCl3.
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R R
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R– Si –O –Si – R
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O O
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R– Si – O –Si – R
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R R
51. List the properties of Silicones

• They are water repellent
• They are thermal insulators
• They are electrical insulators
• They are inert.
• Lower silicones are oils. Higher silicones are waxes.
52. What are Silicates and explain the types of silicates

Silicates are minerals containing silicon and oxygen with [ SiO4 ]– 4
units.
a) Ortho silicates. Or Neso silicates
b) Pyro silicate or Soro silicates
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c) Cyclic Silicates or Ring silicates
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d) Chain Silicates or Pyroxenes
e) Double chain silicates or Amphibiles
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f) Sheet or Phylio silicates
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S. Name of the General
Number of
oxygen
atoms
Example
Nm Silicate formula shared as
Bridging
Oxygen
1 Ortho silicates [ SiO4 ]– 4 Phenacite
No
2 Pyro silicate
[Si2O7 ]– 6 one Thortveitite
.
3 Cyclic Silicates [ SiO3 ]n– 2n
Two Beryl
4
Spodumene
Chain Silicates [ SiO3 ]n– 2n Two
5 Double chain
[ Si4O11 ]n– 6n Two Asbestos
silicates
6 Sheet silicates [ Si2O5 ]n– 2n Mica and
Three
Talc
7 Three
[ SiO2 ]n Quartz
dimensional Four
silicates
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1. Define Inert pair effect.

In P-block, the pair of S-electrons becomes chemical inert and do
not take part in bonding. This is called as Inert pair effect.
2. Explain why Fluorine show -1 oxidation state ?

• Smaller in size
• High electro negativity and high electron affinity
• High electron charge density
3. Find the Oxidation states of the Halogen in the following

a) OF2 ( +2 ) + 2F = 0
F= - 2/2
= -1
b) O2F2 ( +1×2 ) + 2f = 0
2x = - 2
F= -2/2
= -1
c) Cl2O3 ( -2×3 ) + 2x = 0
2x = 6
X= 6/2
= +3
d) I2O4 ( -2×4 ) + 2x = 0
2x = 8
X= 8/2
= +4
4. What are inter halogens compounds. Give examples

Each halogen reacts with another halogen to form inter halogens.
Ex. BrF3
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5. Why Fluorine is more reactive than other halogens?
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• F-F bond energy is very low
• Highly electro negativity
6. Give the used of Helium

• Helium – Oxygen mixture is used to prevent Bends during
deep sea diving
• Helium is used in electric arc welding of metals
• Helium is used in Low temperature science
• Helium is used in filling Balloons
7. Find the Hybridisation of Iodine in IF7 and its sturcure

• Hybridisation is sp3d3
• Shape = Pentagonal bipyramidal
8. Give the action of Chlorine with cold and hot NaOH

• With Cold NaOH it give Sodium hypo chlorite
• With Hot NaOH it give Sodium Chlorate
9. Give the Lab preparation of chlorine

It is prepare by the action of HCl with Manganese dioxide.
MnO2 + 4 HCl MnCl2 + 2 H2O + Cl2
10. List the used of Sulphuric acid

• It is used to prepare Fertilizers and Nitric acid
• It is used to prepare pigments and explosives
• It is used as Drying agent
11. Show that Sulphuric acid is a good dehydrating agent
HCOOH + H2SO4 CO + H2SO4 . H2O

Formic acid
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12. Give the structure and formula for the following
a) Nitric acid.
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b) Dinitrogen Pentoxide
c) Phosphoric acid
d) Phosphine
P
PH3 - Pyramidal shape
H H H
e) Phosphours acid
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13. List the used of Argon
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• It prevent the oxidation of the hot filament and so it is used
to increase the life of Bulbs
14. What is the valence shell electronic configuration of the 15th

group
The General electronic configuration is ns2 np3
N P As Sb Bi
3s2 3p3 4s2 4p3 5s2 5p3 6s2 6p3

2s2 2p3
15. Explain any 2 chemical properties of Phosphine

a) Reducing property of Phosphine
b) Action of heat
16. Give the reaction between nitric and Basic oxides
17. Give the action of heat of PCl5

On heating PCl5 gives PCl3 and chlorine
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
18. Why HF is a weak acid but other acids are strong acids?
• Fluorine is highly electro negative and electron affinity
• H-F bond energy is very high. So difficult to break
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19. Explain the oxidizing property of Sulphur Dioxide
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20. Find the Hybridisation of the following
21. Explain the Haber’s process of Ammonia
N2 + 3 H2 High T & P 2 NH3
22. List the uses of Nitrogen

• It is used to prepare Ammonia and Nitric acid
• Liquid nitrogen is used in Biological preservation
23. Give the preparation of Ammonia from Urea
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24. Explain the reducing property of Ammonia
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25. Give the commercial preparation of Nitric acid by Ostwald’s
process
26. Show that Nitric acid is a good Oxidizing agent
27. Show that Nitric acid is a good Nitrating agent
28. List the used of Nitric acid

• It is used as a Oxidising agent
• is used Photography
• is used in Gun powder
29. What is Phosphorescence ?

Phosphorus glows in the dark due to oxidation. This is called as
Phosphorescence
30. Give the preparation of Phosphine

When sodium hydroxide reacts with Phosphorus it gives Phosphine
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31. Explain the allotropic forms of Phosphorous
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S.
White Phosphorous Red Phosphorous
Nm
1 White phosphorous is Red phosphorous is converted to
converted to red white phosphorous by boiling in a
phosphorous by inert atmosphere and condensing the
heating at 4200C in vapours in water.
the absence of air and
light
2 It is poisonous It is non poisonous
3 It has a Garlic smell It has no smell
4 It glow in the dark due No phosphorescence
to Phosphorescence
5 Its ignition Its ignition temperature is very high
temperature is very
low.
6 It spontaneously gets No spontaneous combustion
combusted.
7 It has a tetrahedral It has a linear polymeric Structure
structure.
8
32. List the used of Phosphorus

• It is used to prepare match boxes
• It is used to prepare alloys like Phosphorus Bronze
33. Give the action of heat of Phosphoric acid

( Prepare Phosphine from Phosphoric acid )
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34. Give the preparation of Ortho Phosphoric acid
( action of Phosphorus with nitric acid )
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35. Explain Holmes signal
• Chemical used = calcium carbide and calcium phosphide
• Chemicals formed = Phosphine and Acetylene
• Phosphine and Acetylene catches fire.
• This will act as a signal for the approaching ships.
36. Give the action of PCl5 with Ethanol and carboxylic acid
a) C2H5OH + PCl5 C2H5Cl + HCl + POCl3
b) CH3COOH + PCl5 CH3COCl + HCl + POCl3
37. Give the preparation of Oxygen from potassium per chlorate.
38. Give the lab preparation of Ozone. (Define Ozonised Oxygen)

• It is prepared by passing electric discharge through Oxygen
at 20,000V.
• 10% of Oxygen is converted into ozone. This mixture is
called as Ozonised oxygen.
• Pure ozone is separated by Fractional distillation
39. Explain the structure of Ozone

• Bend shape
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40. Prove Ozone is good oxidizing agent. Or How Ozone is
estimated ( Action of Ozone with KI solution)
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41. List the used of Oxygen
• Oxygen gas = welding
• Oxygen gas = survival of living organism
• Liquid oxygen = Rocket Fuel
42. Explain the reducing property of SO2 ( sulphur dioxide )
43. Explain the Bleaching action of SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide)

Due to its reducing property, it bleaches wool and silk into
Colourless
44. List the used of SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide)

• Used for Bleaching wool, silk and hair
• Used for Disinfecting plants in agriculture
45. Give the preparation of Bleaching powder
46. Give the preparation of Sulphuric acid by Contact process

It is prepared in 3 steps
2 SO2 + O2 V2O5 / 450C 2 SO3
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47. Explain the oxidizing property of Sulphuric acid
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H2SO4 + H2S SO2 + 2H2O + S
48. Give the test for Sulphates or Sulphuric acid

• Sulphuric acid + Barium Chloride = White ppt
• Sulphuric acid + Lead Acetate = White ppt
49. Give the action of Chlorine with Turpentine

( Affinity for hydrogen )
50. Give the preparation of chlorine by the electrolysis of Brine

solution
51. List the use of chlorine

• Purification of Drinking water
• Bleaching paper and cotton
• Extraction of Gold and Platinum
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52. Explain the Bleaching nature of chlorine
It gives Nascent oxygen
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53. Define Royal water or Aqua regia. Give its uses.
3:1 ratio of Conc. HCl and Conc. nitric acid is called as Royal
water. It is used to dissolve gold
54. List the used of Hydrochloric acid

• Prepare chlorine and ammonium chloride
• Purification of bone black
• Extraction of Glue from bones
• Used to prepare Glucose from Starch.
55. Give the action of HF with Glass and silica

HF acid cannot be stored in glass containers. Because it reacts
with Silica and glass
56. List the properties of Inter halogens compounds

• The central atom must be large
•
• Since Fluorine is smaller in size, it cannot be a central atom.
• Since Fluorine is smaller in size, it has high Coordination
number
• They are strong oxidising agents
• They undergo Auto ionizations
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57. List the used of Krypton
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• Used in Flash bulbs
• Krypton lamps pass through dense fog so used in Airports
58. List the used of Radon

• Used as source for Gamma rays
• Radon capsules – destroy cancer cells
59. List the used of Xenon

• Used in Flashbulbs and Lasers
• Used in Flash bulbs by Photographers
60. List the used of Neon

Used in Adds as Neon signs with brilliant red colour.
61. Why nobles gases have large Ionisaton energy

They have fully filled stable np6 electronic configuration
62. Explain the Oxidising property of chlorine
63. Prove HI is strong reducing agent.
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& *a
1. What are Transition metals. Give examples

Elements from group 3 to 12 are called as Transition metals.
Example. Gold, Silver, Copper , Iron, Platinum
2. Explain the Oxidation states of the 3d elements

• The energy difference between the ns and the (n-1)d
orbitals is very less. So they show variable oxidation state.
• At the beginning +3 is stable. Ex. Sc+3
• At the end +2 is stable. Ex. Zn+2
• Copper shows +1 and +2.
• Scandium show only +3.
• Manganese shows +2 to +7 oxidation state.
• Iron show +2 and +3 oxidation states.
• Mn+2 is more stable than Mn+3. Because Mn+2 is having half
filled stable d5 electronic configuration.
3. Why Cu+2 is coloured but Zn+2 is colourless ?

• Zn+2 is having fully filled stable 3d10 electronic
configuration
• Zn+2 has no single electrons to excite
• Zn+2 has no d-d transition.
• But Cu+2 have single electrons to excite.
4. What are interstitial compounds ?

When atoms like hydrogen or Nitrogen are trapped in the interstitial
holes of the metal lattice are called interstitial compounds. Ex TiC.
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5. Give the preparation of Potassium dichromate
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Conversion of Chromite ore to Sodium Chromate
4FeO.Cr2O3 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 0
1000 C 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
Conversion of Sodium Chromate to Sodium Dichromate

2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 Na2Cr2O7 + H2O + Na2SO4
Conversion of Sodium Dichromate to Potassium Dichromate

Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
6. Write the electronic configuration of Ce+4 and Co+2

• Ce+4 : [Xe] 4f 0 5d0 6s0
• Co+2 : [Ne] 4s0 3d 7
7. Which is stable Fe+2 or Fe+3 ? Explain

• Fe +2 : [Ne] 4s0 3d 6
• Fe +3 : [Ne] 4s0 3d 5
• Fe +3 is more stable. It is having half filled stable 3d5
electronic configuration
8. Define Std. Electrode potential.

It is the std Emf measured at 273K when 1Atm of Molecular
Hydrogen is oxidised to solvated proton at the electrode.
9. Explain the variation of E0 ( Std Redn Potential) in the 3d

series
• Moving from Ti to Zn the E0 value becomes less negative.
• Manganese half filled stable 3d5 configuration so it has
more negative E0 value
• Zinc fully filled stable 3d10 configuration so it has more
negative E0 value
• Copper has positive E0 value
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10. Calculate the number of unpaired electrons and Magnetic
moment in Ti+3 and Mn+2
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Sc+2 Ti+2 Cr+2 V+2 Mn+2 Fe+2 Co+2 Ni+2 Cu+2 Zn+2
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10
11. Explain the Ionization enthalpy of the 1st Transition

elements
• The IE value of the d-block elements is in between the s
and the p block elements
• Moving along the period the nuclear charge increases so the
IE value also increase
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12. Which is a strong reducing agent. Cr+2 or Fe+2 ?
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• The Std electrode potential of Cr+2 is –0.91V but for Fe+2 it is
–0.44V.
• If the E0 value is greater negative, the metal is a powerful
reducing agent.
• They will readily lose a electron.
• So Cr+2 is a strong reducing agent.
13. Why Cr+3 is a reducing agent but Mn+3 is a oxidising agent

• The Std electrode potential of Cr+3 is –0.41V but for Mn+3 it
is +1.51V. The E0 value of Mn+3 is larger than Cr+3.
• If the E0 value is greater negative, the metal is a powerful
reducing agent.
14. Copper has positive E0 value. Give reasons

• ! " " " ##
• Elemental copper is more stable than Cu+2 ion
15. Which of the following will be coloured

Conditions for colour is d0 and d10 are colourless
Ti+2 V+3 Sc+2 Cu+ Sc+3 Fe+3 Ni+2 Co+3 Fe+2 Ti+4
d2 d2 d1 d10 d0 d5 d8 d6 d5 d0
Colour Colour Colour No No Colour Colour Colour Colour No
16. In the 3d series, which metal has +1 oxidation state, why?

• Copper show +1 oxidation state.
• Because by losing one electrons it becomes a stable fully
filled 3d10 configurations.
17. Transition metals show high melting points. Explain why?

• They have strong inter atomic attraction
• They have many d-electrons to form strong metallic bonds.
18. Why transition metals forms alloys ?

• A mixture to two or more metals is called as a Alloy.
• They are similar in atomic size
• One metal atom can easily replace the crystal lattice of
another metal atom. Ex. Gold-Copper alloy.
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19. Explain the Hume Rothery Rules for the formation of a alloy
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• The difference in the atomic radius should be lesser than 15%
• The difference in the electro negativity should be zero.
• They should have same crystalline structure and valence
20. Explain the position of D-block in the periodic table

• Groups 3 to 12 are called as D-block elements
There are 4 series
a) 3d series ( Sc to Zn ) 4th period
b) 4d series ( Y to Cd ) 5th period
c) 5d series ( Hf to Hg ) 6th period
d) The 7th period elements are Radio active
• Zn, Cd and Hg don’t have partially filled d-orbitals. But their
properties are same as transition elements.
21. What is electronic configuration of Cr and Cu

•
Cr24 = [Ar18] 4s1 3d5
•
Cu29 = [Ar18] 4s1 3d10
22. Explain the variation of Atomic and ionic size of Transition

elements ( d-block )
a) Along the period, the Radius decreases.
Along the period, the electrons are added to the same orbitals
and the nuclear charge increases.
b) Along the group, the Radius increase
Along the group, the electrons are added to new orbitals and
the nuclear charge decreases.
23. Why the atomic radius of Zinc slightly increases

• Zn has d10 configuration
• It has 10 electrons, so the repulsion between the electrons is
more than the nuclear charge. So the orbital expands.
24. Why Mn+2 is more stable than Mn+4.

Mn+2 is having half filled stable 3d5 electronic configuration.
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25. List the different between diamagnetic and paramagnetic
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S.Nm Diamagnetic Paramagnetic
1 They have paired electrons They have unpaired electrons
2 They are repelled by the They are attracted by the
magnetic field magnetic field
3 Ex. Zinc Ex. Iron
26. What are the advantages of catalyst

• Requires low energy
• Minimum waste production
• Increase the conversion of reactant to product.
27. What is Zeigler-Natta Catalyst. Give its application

Mixture of TiCl4 and Trialkyl aluminium is called as Zeigler-Natta
Catalyst. It used for Polymerization reactions.
n CH3–CH=CH2 TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)3 – [ CH–CH2] –

Propylene
CH3 Poly Propylene
28. Give the characteristic (properties) of interstitial compounds ?

• They are hard
• They have good electrical and thermal conductivity
• They have high melting point higher than the pure metals
• The metal hydrides are good reducing agents
• The metal carbides are chemically inert.
• Ex. TiC
29. Why Transition metals ( D block ) forms complexes ?

• The metal ions are smaller in size
• They have vacant orbitals which can accept an electron pair.
• They are highly charged.
• Ex. K4[Fe(CN)6]
30. Give the action of heat of Potassium Dichromate
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31. Prove Potassium Dichromate is a good oxidizing agent
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32. List the uses of Potassium Dichromate
• It is used as Oxidising agent
• It is used in Dyeing and Printing
• It is used in Tanning of Leather
• It is used in the estimation of Iron compounds
33. Explain the Chromyl Chloride test.

( How will you detect a chloride ion in Qualitative analysis )
Potassium Dichromate + Chloride salt H2SO4 Chromyl Chloride

( Red Orange Vapours )
The vapours are passed through Lead acetate to give a yellow ppt.
34. Give the action of heat of Potassium Permanganate – KMnO4
2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
35. Explain the Oxidising property of Potassium permanganate
36. List the uses of Potassium permanganate (KMnO4 )

•
•
•
•
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37.
mediums
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Calculate the Equivalent mass of KMnO4 in various
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*b
1. What are inner transition elements

Inner transition elements consist of two series
• Ce to Lu following La ( Lanthanoids ) 4f series – 14 elements
• Th to Lr following Ac ( Actinoids ) 5f series – 14 elements
2. Explain the position of Lanthanides in the Periodic table
• Lanthanides belong to group 3 and period 6

• Lanthanoids, electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f 2¯ 14 5d0¯ 1 6s2
• The common oxidation state of Lanthanoids is +3
• The electrons enter in the 4f orbital
• All the14 elements have same physical and chemical
properties
• Hence they are placed separately at the bottom of the
periodic table.
3. What are Actinides give examples

The 14 elements following Actinum from Th to Lr are called as
Actioinds. Ex. Th, Lr, U, Pu and Pa.
4. Why Gd+3 and Lu+3 is colourless ?

• Gd+3 is having half filled stable 4f7 electronic configuration
• Lu+3 is having fully filled stable 4f14 electronic configuration
5. Why Gd+3 and Lu+3 is more stable ?

6. Actinide contraction is greater in elements than lanthanide

contraction. Explain
The 5f electrons have lesser shielding effect and greater nuclear
charge than the 4f electrons.
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7. Explain Lanthanide contraction
Definition
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As we move from Ce to Lu in the 4f series, the ionic radius
gradually decreases. This is called as Lanthanide contraction.
Causes of Lanthanide contraction
• Moving from Ce to Lu the nuclear charge increases.
• All the 14 electrons are added to the same 4f orbital
• Poor shielding effect of the 4f electrons
• Hence the attraction between the nucleus and the valance
shell increases.
Consequences of Lanthanide contraction
• Moving from Ce+3 to Lu+3 the size decreases so the basic

character also decreases.
• They have similar chemical properties.
• The second and the third transition series have similar
properties
8. Compare lanthanides and actinides

S.Nm Lanthanides Actinides
1 Electrons enter in the 4f Electrons enter in the 5f
orbitals orbitals
2 Binding energy of the 4f Binding energy of the 5f
orbitals is high orbitals is low
3 They do not form complex They form complex
4 They do not form Oxocation They form Oxocation.
Ex. UO2+2
5 They are colourless They are coloured. Ex.
U+3 is red and U+5 is green
6 They show +2, +3 and +4 They show +3, +4, +5, +6 and
oxidation states +7 oxidation states
9. Out of Lu(OH)3 and La(OH)3 which is more basic. Why ?

• When the ionic radius increases, the basic character also
increases.
• La+3 ion is larger than Lu+3, due to Lanthanide contraction.
• So La(OH)3 is more basic.
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10. Why Europium (II) is more stable than Cerium(II) ?
Europium (II is having half filled stable 4f7 configuration.
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11. Why Zirconium and Hafnium is have similar properties ?
• Because of Lanthanide contraction the change in the ionic
radius is very small.
• So the 2nd and 3rd transition elements have similar
properties.
12. Write the electronic configuration of Lanthanides and

Actinides
1
Lanthanides
2 Actinides
13. Explain the Oxidation states of Lanthanides

• The common oxidation state is +3
• They also show +2 and +4 Oxidation states
14. Explain the Oxidation states of Actinides

• The common oxidation state is +3
• They also show +2, +3,+4,+5,+6 and +7 Oxidation states
• Thorium shows +2 oxidation states.
• Pu and Np shows +7 oxidation states.
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LESSON - 5
1. Define a Double salt

When two or more compounds are mixed together in a solution and
evaporated, it gives a double salt.
Ex. FAS or Mohr salt. FeSO4. (NH3)2SO4. 6H2O
2. Differentiate Double salt and coordination compounds
S.
Coordination compounds
Nm Double salt
1 The salt loses its identity The salt never loses its identity
2 It dissociates in simple ions It never dissociates in simple
ions
3 Ex. FAS Ex. K4[Fe(CN)6 ]
4 It contains cation and anion It consist of a complex ion
3. Define the following terms of Coordination compounds

• Coordination Entity
Coordination entity is an ion containing the central metal atom, and
the ligands attached to it.
Ex. In K4[ Fe(CN)6 ], the coordination entity is [ Fe(CN)6 ] ¯ 4 ion.
• Central metal atom

The central metal atom is present at the central position of the
coordination entity and binds the ligands to itself by Coordinate
bonds. It is also called as Lewis acid.
In K4[ Fe(CN)6 ], the Central metal is Fe+2 ion
• Ligands
The ligands are donor atoms which are directly bonded to the
central metal atom. It is also called as Lewis base.
In K4[ Fe(CN)6 ], the ligand is CN ¯ ions
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• Coordination sphere or Complex ion
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In the complex ion, the central metal atom and the ligands are
enclosed in the square bracket with its net charge. This ions is
called as Coordination sphere.
In K4[Fe(CN)6 ], the Coordination sphere is [Fe(CN)6 ] ¯ 4 ions
• Coordination Polyhedron
The 3D spacial arrangement of the ligands that are directly bonded
to the central metal atom is called as Coordination Polyhedron.
In K4[Fe(CN)6 ], the Coordination Polyhedron is Octahedron.
• Coordination number
The number of ligands bonded to the central metal atom are called
as coordination number.
In K4[Fe(CN)6 ], the Coordination number is 6.
• Oxidation number
If the all the ligands are removed along with its electron pair that
were shared with the central metal atom, the resulting charge is
called as Oxidation number.
In K4[Fe(CN)6 ], the Oxidation number is +2.
4. What are the different types of complexes based on kind of

ligands ?
a) Homoleptic complex.
The central metal atom is bonded only to one kind of ligands.
Ex. K4[Fe(CN)6 ]
b) Heteroleptic complex.
The central metal atom is bonded to more than one kind of ligands.
Ex. K4[Fe(CN)3 Br3]
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5. Explain the Werner’s theory of Co-ordination compounds.
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• There are two types of Valency
a) Primary Valency
b) Secondary Valency
S.
Nm
Primary Valency Secondary Valency
1 Oxidation number of the Coordination number of the
metal atom metal atom
2 Its value will be positive or It is the number of ligands
Zero bonded to the central metal
ion
3 Satisfied only by negative Satisfied by Positive ions,
ions Negative ions or Neutral
molecules
4 It is non-directional It is directional
• Secondary Valency is 4 = Tetrahedral shape

• Secondary Valency is 6 = Octahedral shape
• There are two spheres around the metal atom.
a) The Inner sphere is called as the Coordination sphere.
The groups preset in this sphere are firmly attached to the central
metal.
b) The outer sphere is called as the Ionisation sphere.
The groups preset in this sphere are loosely attached
to the central metal.
Limitations of Werner’s theory

It fails to explain the Colour and the magnetic properties
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6. What are the limitations of Werner’ s theory
It fails to explain the Colour and the magnetic properties
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7. Define Structural Isomerism and explain its types. ?
Complexes having same molecular formula but different
connections between the ligands atoms are called as Structural
isomerism. There are 4 types.
• Linkage isomerism
When an Ambidentate ligand is bonded by two different donor
atoms to the central metal are called as Linkage isomerism.
$ %& ' ( )* $ %& ' % ( ') *
• Coordination isomerism
Coordination compounds having both the cationic and the anionic
complex ion gives Coordination isomerism. The ligands are
interchanged between the cationic and the anionic complex.
$ % (& ' ) $ % (' ) $ % (& ' ) $ % (' )
• Ionisation isomerism
When a simple ion acts as ligand and exchanges with one or more
ligands present in the coordination sphere is called as Ionisation
isomerism. They give different ions in solution.
$ %& ' )* $ %& ' *)
• Solvate or Hydrate isomerism

When solvent molecules like water are exchanged by the ligands in
the crystal lattice of the coordination compounds is called as solvate
isomerism.
$ %& ' ) + ,- "
$ %& ' ) & +. / "
$ %& ' ) & +0 1/ "
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8. Define Ambidentate ligands
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when the ligand is capable of bonding by more than one Donor
atom to the central metal ion, are called as Ambidentate ligands.
Ex. –NO2 ligand
9. Define Hybridisation
Hybridisation is the intermixing of atomic orbitals of same energy
to give equal number of new orbitals of same energy.
10. Define Labile and Inert complex
• Complex which undergo ligand substation very fast are called

Labile complex
• Complex which undergo ligand substation very slowly are called
Labile complex
11. Explain the Geometrical Isomerism in square complexes

Complexes having different three dimensional spatial arrangements
of the ligands around the central metal atom are called as
Geometrical Isomerism
• When two similar groups are present on the same side it is

called as Cis isomer.
• When two similar groups are present on the opposite side it

is called as Trans isomer.
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MA2B2
M(XY)2
MA2BC
MABCD
Example
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CIS ISOMER
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TRANS ISOMER
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23# - / -" 4 - - " " # 3
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When two similar groups are When two similar groups are
present on the same side it present on the opposite side
1
is called as Cis isomer. it is called as Trans isomer.
MA2B4
M(XX)2B2
When the three similar groups are When the three similar groups are
present in the corners of the present in the meridian. It is
triangular face and the other called as Mer isomer.
2
three groups in the opposite face
of the octahedron. It is called as
Fac isomer
MA3B3
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0 5- 2 -
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Enantiomers are optically active mirror images.
Ex. d and l tartaric acid
23# - # -" - - - 3 #
• Compounds with chiral carbon are optically active
• Enantiomers are optically active mirror images.
• There are two types.

o ! "
4 # # -6 - - " "17 - - "-
o #$ % ! "
4 # # -6 - - - " "17 - - "-
a) M(XX)2B2 Mirror
c) M(XX)3
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8 #- 5, " %,*9'
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• The ligand-metal bond is covalent bond. And formed by the
sharing of electrons between the metal atom and the ligands.
• The ligand should contain at least one filled orbital with a
lone pair of electrons.
• To accept the electron pair donated by the ligands, the
central metal atom should contain vacant orbitals.
• The vacant orbital of the metal atom under goes
Hybridisation. Hybridisation is the intermixing of atomic
orbitals of same energy to give equal number of new orbitals of
same energy.
• The vacant metal orbitals linearly overlap with the filled
ligand orbitals to form metal-ligand coordinate sigma bonds.
• The hybridised orbitals are directional in space and give
geometry to the complex.
• Central metal atom with unpaired electrons – Paramagnetic

Central metal atom with paired electrons – Diamagnetic
• Ligand like CO and CN¯ are strong field ligands, which
causes the pairing of electrons in the metal atom.
• Greater the ligand-metal orbitals overlapping, greater is the
bond strength.
• In octahedral complex,
Orbitals Type of complex formed
( n-1 )d Low spin complex
High spin complex.

nd
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16. Show than $ (-% ' ) is Tetrahedral and Diamagnetic using
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Valence bond theory.
#
&
#
'
&
8- -
#
&
& - -
:# - -6 -
. # $ (-% ')
& - -6 - #
2 " -"
" 5- - 5
: # 9
; -"
0- -"
# #
< =! +
; -"
>+ % ' +6
- -
- : 5- ?- - "
?- #
# -- 5 "
( )
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17. Show than [Ni(CN)4 ]-2 is Tetrahedral and Diamagnetic
using Valence bond theory.
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#
&
#
()
&
#
()
&
8- -
#
()
&
& - -
:# - -6 -
. # [Ni(CN)4 ]-2
& - -6 - #
2 " -"
" 5- - 5 (- +
: # :@ #
; -"
0- -"
# #
< =! +
; -"
>+ % ' +6
- -
(& - : 5- ?- - "
?- #
# -- 5 "
( )
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* ,* 3# - $ %(& ' ) - # -" $(-% ('
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)7 0- -"
a) [Cr(NH3)6 ]+3 is paramagnetic
&
#
(*
&
#
(*
&
8- -
#
(*
&
& - -
:# - -6 -
. # [Cr(NH3)6 ]+3
& - -6 - #
; -"
. -"
# #
< =! +
; -"
>+ % ' + % '+ *;
?- # (& - 8 1 -
( )
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b) [Ni(CN)4 ]-2 Diamagnetic
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#
&
#
()
&
#
()
&
8- -
#
()
&
& - -
:# - -6 -
. # $ (-% (' )7
& - -6 - #
; -"
0- -"
# #
< =! +
; -"
>+ % ' +6
(7 - : 5- ?- - "
?- #
# -- 5 "
( )
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17 . Show than [Fe(CN)6 ]-3 is Octahedral and Paramagnetic using
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#
+ &
#
(*
+ &
#
(*
+ &
8- -
#
(*
+ &
& - -
:# - -6 -
. # [Fe(CN)6 ]-3
& - -6 - #
2 " -"
" 5- - 5 +
: # "
; -"
. -"
# #
< =! +
; -"
>+ % ' + % '+ *;
- -
(A - : 5- ?- - "
?- #
# -- 5 "
( )
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18 . Show than [CoF6 ]-3 is Octahedral and Paramagnetic using
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#
&
#
(*
&
#
(*
&
8- -
#
(*
&
& - -
:# - -6 -
. # [CoF6 ]-3
& - -6 - #
2 " -"
" 5- - 5 +
: # "
; -"
. -"
# #
< =! +
; -"
>+ % ' + % '+ *;
- -
A
- 8 1 5- ?- - # -
?- #
"
( )
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5 ,* 3# - - - $ % ' )7 " # 3
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#
&
(*
&
.
(*
&
8- -
.
(*
&
& - - :# - -6 -
. # [Co(C2O4)3]-3
& - -6 - #
2 " -"
" 5- - 5 +
: # "
; -"
. -"
# #
< =! +
; -"
>+ % ' + % '+ *;
- -
3 - 8 1 5- ?- - # -
?- #
"
( )
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8 - - - 5, "
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• It fails to explain the colour of the complex
• It fails to explain the inner orbital and the outer orbital
complexes of the same metal.
• It considers only the spin of the magnetic moment. It does
not consider the other components.
?- 5 5 5- - -6 - % 9'
• The bonding between the central metal atom and the ligand
is purely a ionic bond.
• In coordination compounds the central metal atom and the
ligands are considered as Point charges for charged metal
atoms. and electric dipoles for Neutral metal atom.
• In the isolated state, all the five d-orbitals are degenerate.
The ligands form a spherical field of negative charge around the
metal atom. Due to the repulsion between the electrons, the
energy of the five d-orbitals will increase.
• The ligands approach the metal atom in the bonding
direction. Due to repulsion, the energies of dx2-y2 and dz2
orbitals lying along the axis will increase. The five d-orbitals
will split into two sets. This is called as Crystal field splitting.
• When the ligand approaches further, there will be an
attraction between the negative charged ligand and the positive
charged metal ion. The net energy decreases and leads to
complex formation.
23# - " 5- #- - - " " # 3

• When the ligand approaches the metal along the axis, eg
orbitals are closer to the ligands than the t2g orbitals.
• The maintain the average energy, the energy of dx2-y2 and
dz2 orbitals will increase by 3/5 0
• The energy of dxy, dxz and dyz will decrease by 2/5 0
• 0 is the crystal field splitting energy for Octahedral
complexes.
( )
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•
•
23# - " 5- #- - - 9
orbitals are closer to the ligands than the eg orbitals.

" # 3
When the ligand approaches the metal diagonally, the t2g
The maintain the average energy, the energy of dx2-y2 and

dz2 orbitals will decrease by 3/5 t
• The energy of dxy, dxz and dyz will increase by 2/5 t
t is the crystal field splitting energy for Tetrahedral complexes
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8- 5 :# " " -" -
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• The crystal field splitting power of the ligands are arranged
in the increasing order. this order is called as Spectro chemical
series
• The ligands present on the right side of the series have large
crystal field splitting. And called as strong field ligands. Ex. CN¯
• The ligands present on the left side of the series have
smaller crystal field splitting. And called as weak field ligands.
Ex. Br¯
I-<Br-<Cl-<F-<OH-<H2O <NH3<NO2-<CN-<CO
B- 9" " :2 5 $ %& ' ) " # 3 # -"

-" # # " # 3
#
+ &
#
(*
+ &
No paired electrons so Eiso = 0
a) For high spin complex
Electronic configuration = t2g3 eg 2
b) For low spin complex
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Since the CFSE value is large positive value, it forms only High spin
complex.
, - [Fe(H2O)6]+3
2 " -"
" 5- - 5 + t2g3 eg 2
; -"
. -"
# #
< =! +
; -"
>+ % ' + % ' + *;
# 3 # &- #- " # 3
B- 9" " :2 5 $ % (' ) A " # 3 # -"

-" # # 5 " # 3
#
+ &
#
(*
+ &
No paired electrons so Eiso = 0
( )
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a) For high spin complex
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b) For low spin complex
Since the CFSE value is large negative value, it forms only Low spin
complex.
, - [Fe(CN)6] ¯ 3
2 " -"
" 5- - 5 + t2g5 eg 0
; -"
. -"
# #
< =! +
; -"
>+ % ' + % ' + *;
# 3 # ? #- " # 3
( )
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0 5- 5- - -6- % :2'
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It is the energy difference between the electronic configuration of
the ligand field and the Bary center.
CFSE ( E0 ) = ( ELF ) -(EIso )
0 5- 5- #- -
It is the energy associated with the absorbed wavelength of light
is called as Crystal field splitting energy
=hc
= Crystal field splitting energy
h = planks constant c = velocity of light = wavelength
• Ti+3 is having d1 configuration.

• The single electron is present in the t2g orbital.
• When light is absorbed, the electron is excited to the higher
eg orbital. It is called as d-d transition.
• Its electronic configuration changes from t2g1 eg0 to t2g0 eg1
• Its CFT energy is 239.7 KJ/mol
• The transmitted colour is purple
30. Why Cu+ and Zn+2 is colour less ?

• They have d10 configuration
• Absence of single electrons
• No d-d transition
31. Why Sc+3 and Ti+4 is colour less ?

• They have d0 configuration
• They do not have d-d transition
• Absence of single electrons
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32. [ Ti (H2O)6]+3 is coloured while [ Sc (H2O)6]+3. Is colorless.
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[ Sc (H2O)6]+3 is colorless because,
• It has Vacant d0 electronic configuration

• It has no single electrons to excite.
• It do not have d-d transition
• But Ti+3 have single electrons to excite.
33. [ Ni (H2O)6]+2 is green but [ Ni (CN)4]-2. Is colorless. Why ?
• CN - is a strong field ligand and form low spin complex.

It pairs the d-electrons of nickel. There are no single electrons.
And no d-d transition.
() 0
& . , . / 1$.
• H2O is a Weak field ligand and form high spin complex. It

does not pair up the d-electrons of nickel. There are 2 single
electrons. And there will be d-d transition.
()
& . , . / H2O 1$.
34. [ Ni (CN)4] ¯ 2 is diamagnetic but [ Ni Cl4]-2 is paramagnetic.

Explain using CFT?
a) [ Ni (CN)4] -2 is diamagnetic
• CN - is a strong field ligand. It pairs the d-electrons of nickel.

There are no single electrons. It form low spin complex.
() 0
& . , . / 1$.
• Cl - is a Weak field ligand. It does not pair the d-electrons of

nickel. There are 2 single electrons. It form high spin complex.
() 0
& . , . / 1$.
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35. What are metal carbonyls.
Metal carbonyls are transitions metal complexes of carbon
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monoxide with metal-carbon bonds. Ex. [ Ni(CO)4 ]
36. Explain the classification of metal carbonyls

i) Depending upon the number of metal atom
a) Mono nuclear carbonyls
These compounds contain only one metal atom. Ex. [ Ni(CO)4 ]
b) Poly nuclear carbonyls

These compounds contain more than one metal atom.
Ex. [ Fe2(CO)9 ]
ii) Depending upon the structure

a) Non- bridge carbonyls
These compounds do not contain any bridging carbonyls ligands.
Ex. . [ Ni(CO)4 ]. These are divided in to two types
• Non- bridge carbonyls containing only terminal carbonyl
lignads . Ex. [ Ni(CO)4 ]
• Non- bridge carbonyls containing both terminal carbonyl

ligands and Metal-Metal bonds . Ex. [ Mn2(CO)10 ]
b) Bridge carbonyls
These will contain bridging carbonyls ligands, terminal carbonyl
ligands and Metal-Metal bonds. Ex. [ Fe2(CO)9 ]
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37. Draw the structure of the following metal carbonyls.
a) [ Mn2(CO)10 ]
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b) [ Fe2(CO)9 ]
c) [ Co2(CO)8 ] without bridge
d) [Co2(CO)8 ] with bridge
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38. Explain the bonding in metal carbonyls
a) The carbon atom of the carbonyl ligand donates an electron
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pair to the vacant d-orbital of the metal atom. And forms an
M CO sigma bond.
b) This increases the electron density in the d-orbitals of the

metal atom and makes it electron rich. So the metal atom
transfers the electron back to the ligand. This is called as -back
bonding
c) In metal carbonyl the electron density moves from the ligand

to the metal by sigma bond and form the metal to the ligand by
pi-bond.
Sigma Bond
39. What are the significance of Stability constant ?

• It the measure of the stability of the complex
• It the stability constant value increases the stability of the
complex also increases.
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40. Define stability constant
Stability constant of a complex is the measure of its resistance to
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replace one ligand by another.
41. Give the relation between stability constant and

dissociation equilibrium constant
Stability constant of a complex is the measure of its resistance to

replace one ligand by another.
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42. Give the relation for stepwise & overall formation constant
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43. List the applications and importance of coordination
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complex
• Phthalo Blue- a blue pigment used as printing ink
• [Ni(CO)4 ] is used in the purification of Nickel in Mond’s process
• EDTA is used in the separation of Lanthanides and to remove
lead poisoning.
• In Mac Arthur Forrest cyanide process, cyanide complex is used
in the extraction of Gold and Silver
• [Ni (DMG)2 ] complex is used in the estimation of Ni+2 ions.
• Cis-Platin complex is used in the Cancer treatment.
• Chlorophyll is a green pigment containing Mg+2 ions. Helps in the
photosynthesis of plants.
• Ziegler Natta catalyst – [TiCl4] and Al(C2H5)3 is used in the
polymerization of Ethylene
• Wilkinson catalyst - [Rh Cl (PPh3)3] is used in the
hydrogenation of Alkenes
44. Give the catalytic importance of coordination compounds

• Ziegler Natta catalyst – [TiCl4] and Al(C2H5)3 is used in the
polymerization of Ethylene
• Wilkinson catalyst - [Rh Cl (PPh3)3] is used in the
hydrogenation of Alkenes
45. List the Biological importance of Coordination

compounds
• RBC is a Fe+2 – Porphyrin complex which carries oxygen from
the lungs to the tissues.
• Chlorophyll is a Mg+2 –Porphyrin complex. It is called as
Corrin ring. Helps in the photosynthesis of plants. It
converts CO2 to Carbohydrate and Oxygen
• Vitamin B-12 is a Co+1 – Porphyrin complex
• Carboxy-peptidase is a enzyme containing Zn+2 ion which
help in digestion.
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46. Give 2 medicinal and biological importance of
Coordination compounds
a) Medicinal impotance
• Cis-Platin complex is used in the Cancer treatment.
• Ca-EDTA is used to remove lead and radio active metals from the
body
b) Biological importance
• RBC is a Fe+2 – Porphyrin complex which carries oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues.
• Chlorophyll is a Mg+2 –Porphyrin complex. It is called as Corrin
ring. Helps in the photosynthesis of plants. It converts CO2 to
Carbohydrate and Oxygen
47.
• [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 complex will answer the test for sulphate ion.
It give a white ppt with BaCl2 solution
• [Co(NH3)5 SO4]Cl complex will answer the test for Chloride ion.
It give a curdy white ppt with silver nitrate solution
48. Why tetrahedral complex do not form geometrical

isomerism
• The relative positions of the 4 ligands are same with respect
to each other.
• The 4 ligands are adjacent to each other.
49.
It forms Tetra ammine copper II sulphate [ Cu(NH3)4 ]SO4

A deep blue colour complex.
[ Cu(NH3)4 ]SO4 [ Cu(NH3)4 ]+2 + SO4 -2
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LESSON – 6
1. What are the general characteristic of Solids ?

• They have a definite volume and shape
• They are rigid and cannot be compressed
• They have short ionic distance
• The ions are fixed and cannot oscillate.
• They have strong cohesive force
2. Give the classification of solids.
Solids
Crystalline solids Amorphous solids

Ex. Glass
a) Ionic crystals ( NaCl )

b) Covalent Crystals ( Diamond )
c) Molecular crystals ( Glucose )
d) Metallic crystals ( Gold )
e) Atomic solids ( Frozen Neon )
3. Give the different between crystalline and Amorphous

solids.
S. Amorphous solids.
Crystalline solids
Nm
1 Definite shape Irregular shape
2 Anisotropic Isotropic
3 True solids Super cooled liquids
4 Definite heat of fusion Heat of fusion is not definite
5 Sharp melting point No sharp melting point
6 Ex. Diamond & NaCl Ex. Glass & Rubber
7 Ions are orderly arranged Randomly arranged
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4. Define Isotropy and Anisotropy
a) When the physical properties are identical in all directions it
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called as Isotropy. Ex. Rubber
b) When the physical properties are not identical in all
directions it called as Anisotropy. Ex. NaCl crystal
5. Define ionic crystals. Give example

• Ionic crystals contains anions and cations
• The ions are held by strong electrostatic force of attraction
• Ex.NaCl crystal
6. What are the characteristic of Ionic crystals ?

• They have high melting points
• They do not conduct electricity in the solid state
• They conduct electricity in the molten state
• They are hard.
7. What are covalent solids ? Give their characteristics.

In covalent solids the atoms are held by three dimensional covalent
bonds. Ex. Diamond
• They are hard
• They do not conduct electricity
• They are poor thermal conductors
8. What are Molecular solids ?

• Molecular solids contains neutral molecules.
• They are held by weak Vander Waals force.
• They are soft and do not conduct electricity
9. Explain the types of molecular crystals

There are 3 types
a) Non-polar molecular crystals
In Non-polar molecular crystals the molecules are held by weak
London forces. They have low melting points. Ex. Naphthalene
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b) Polar molecular crystals
In Polar molecular crystals the molecules are held by strong
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Dipole-Dipole interactions. They have high melting points. Ex.
Solid Carbon di oxide.
c) Hydrogen bonded Molecular crystals

In hydrogen bonded molecular crystals the molecules are held by
hydrogen bonds. They are soft solids. Ex. Solid Ice
10. What are Metallic solids ?

• In metallic solids the lattice points contains positive charged
metal ions and a cloud of electrons.
• They are hard
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity
• They are bright luster.
• Ex. Gold
11. Define crystal lattice

The regular arrangement of the ions in a crystal is called as crystal
lattice.
12. Define Unit cell

The basic repeating structural unit of a crystal is called as Unit cell
13. Define Coordination number of a crystal

The number of nearest neighbors that is surrounding an ion in a
crystal is called as Coordination number. For BCC it is 8.
14. Explain the different types of cubic system

a) Simple Cubic unit cell ( SC )
When the atoms are present at the corners of the unit cell it is
called as Simple Cubic unit cell. Its coordination number is 6.
Each corner is share between 8 unit cells.
8
Number of atoms per unit cell = ----- = 1
8
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' - . 23 - !
4 * # - " - " 5 - " . Its

coordination number is 8. Each body center atom is share between
only one unit cells.
( 5 # - " + 77777 777777
+ +
+$ . 23 - ! + '
4 # - " 5 " 5 - " 9

" - - - 2 " 5 " - - "
( 5 # - " + 777777 77777
+ +
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15. What are the different types of Primitive unit cells
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1) Cubic 2) Tetragonal 3) Ortho rhombic 4)Hexagonal
5) Mono Clinic 6) Triclinic 7) Rhombohedral
16. Define Primitive and non-primitive unit cells

a) If a unit cell contains only one lattice point it called as
primitive unit cell.
b) If a unit cell contains additional lattice points it called as

non-primitive unit cell
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17. Draw the structure of NaCl crystal
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18. What is Braggs equation.
.4&) .5
& / / . 4 & 6$% .1 / 7 $-
& . , $.$ $. 5 & $.1 / / .
19. Define Density of a unit cell
Mass of the unit cell

Density of a unit cell = ------------------------------------
Volume of a unit cell
20. How will you calculate the density of a unit cell ( Derive )
Mass of the unit cell

Density of a unit cell = ------------------------------------
Volume of a unit cell
Mass of the unit cell = Total number of atoms × Mass of one atom
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Molar mass (M)
Mass of one atom = ---------------------------
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Avogadro number (NA)
M
Mass of the one atom = ------
NA
M
Mass of the unit cell = n ×--------
NA
Volume of the unit cell = a × a× a = a3
M
Density of the unit cell = n ×-------------
a3 × NA
21. Explain the 1) AAAA 2) ABABAB

c) ABCABC (Cubic close packing) d) Hexagonal Close
Packing
a) AAAA close packing type

• The spheres are Linearly arranged in one direction and
repeated in two dimension.
• All the spheres of different rows align vertically and
horizontally.
• Each sphere has 4 neighbors.
b) ABABAB packing type

• The second row of spheres is arranged such a way that they
fit in the depression of the first row.
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• The third row of spheres is arranged similar to the first row.
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c) ABABAB Close packing type (Hexagonal close packing –

hcp )
• In hcp third layer of spheres are arranged directly over the
first layer.
• The tetrahedral voids of the second layer is covered by the
spheres of the third layer.
• Each sphere has 12 neighbours.
d) ABCABC – Cubic closing packing (ccp)

•
• !
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22.
•
Explain Simple cubic arrangement
The AAAA type arrangement is repeated in three dimension.
• The spheres of one layer is sitting directly on the top of the
previous layer. And all the layers are identical.
• All the spheres are vertically and horizontally aligned.
• The coordination number is 6
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23. Define Packing efficiency
The percentage of total volume occupied by the spheres is called
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as Packing efficiency
Total volume occupied by the spheres

Packing efficiency = -------------------------------------------------------------×100
Volume of the Unit cell
24. How will you calculate the Packing efficiency of Simple cubic
Volume of the unit cell = a × a× a = a3
a
Radius of a sphere = -------
2
4 r3
Volume of a sphere = --------
3
Sub the value of ‘r’
Sub the value of Total Volume of sphere and volume of the unit cell
in the below eqn.
Total volume occupied by the spheres

Packing efficiency = ------------------------------------------------- ×100
Volume of the Unit cell
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(
= 52.31%
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25.
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cubic system
(
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)
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How will you calculate the Packing efficiency of Body center
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26.
packing.
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)
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How will you calculate the Packing efficiency cubic close
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27. Define Imperfection in solids. Give its advantages.
The defects in the arrangement of the particles in a crystal, affects
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the physical and chemical properties. They are called as
Imperfection in solids.
They are 4 types.
1.Point defect 2.Line defect 3.Interfacial defect 4)Volume defect
Advantages of Imperfection in solids

• 4 " " -" " " -!- 5 -" " -1 - -"
• -" " -1 4 " -6

-6 - # " -
28. Give the classification of Point defects.
29. What is Stoichiometric defect ?

Stoichiometric defect will occur due to
a) Missing of Anions and Cations
b) Presence of a positive ion in the interstitial position.
c) Ex. Schottky and Frenkel defects
30. Explain the Schottky defect.

• Schottky defects takes place due to the missing of equal
number of Anion and cation from the crystal lattice.
• Example. NaCl
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• The cation and the Anion should be similar in size
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• There is no change in the Stoichiometric of the crystal
• Schottky defect will decrease the density of the crystal.
7 7
$ $
( - - -
7 7
$ $
A- - -
7 7
$ $
7 7
$ $
31. Explain the Frenkel defect.

• Frenkel defects takes place due to the dislocation of ions
from the crystal lattice.
• The missing ion occupies the interstitial position.
• Example. AgBr
• The cation and the Anion should be different in size
• There is no change in the Stoichiometric of the crystal
• Frenkel defect does not decrease the density of the crystal.
C C
1(
D - - -
C C
1( 1(
D 4 -- # --
C C
1( 1(
C C
1( 1(
( )
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32. Explain the metal excess defect
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• When the metal ions present more than the anion. It called
as Metal excess defect. Ex. NaCl
• The electrical neutrality is maintained by the presence of a
extra electron in the interstitial position. Ex. NaCl Crystal
7 7
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7
$ e0 $
7"
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$ $
7 7
$ $
33. Explain the metal deficiency defect.

• When the metal ions present lesser than the anion. It called
as Metal deficiency defect. Ex. FeO
• Fe+2 is missing from the crystal lattice.
• To maintain electrical neutrality, two Fe+2 ion oxidises to
Fe+3 ion.
8C + 8C
4 - -
8C + 8C +
+ 8C + 8C
8C + 8C +
( )
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34. Why ZnO turns yellow on heating. ?
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• This is due to the formation of Metal excess defect.
• On heating it loses oxygen atom and forms a free Zn+2 ion.
This Zn+2 ion and electrons occupy the interstitial position.
35. What are impurity defects.

• The addition of a impurity ion to a ionic solid is called as
Impurity defects.
• Ex. Addition of CdCl2 to silver chloride.
• Cd+2 ions replaces Ag+ ion in the crystal.
• To maintain electrical neutrality one of the Ag+ ion will leave
the crystal lattice.
C () C
D -
C C
- - 1( 1(
C
1( 0 1(
C C
1( 1(
( )
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LESSON – 7
1. Define a rate of a reaction. And give its unit.

The change in the concentration of the reactant in a chemical
reaction per unit time is called as Rate of a reaction.
It unit is Mol L C 1 S C 1
Change in the concentration of the reactant

Rate = --------------------------------------------------------
Change in time
2. Define Instantaneous rate

The rate of the reaction at a particular instant during the reaction is
called as Instantaneous rate
3. Define Average rate

The change in concentration of reactants at a given interval of time
in a chemical reaction is called as Average rate
4. Differentiate rate of a reaction and Rate constant

S.
Rate of a Reaction Rate Constant
Nm
1 It is the speed at which the It is a proportionality constant
reactants are converted
into products
2 It is measured as the It is equal to the rate of the
decrease in the reaction, when the concentration
concentration of the of the reactants are unity.
reactant
3 It depends on the initial It does not depends on the initial
concentration of the concentration of the reactant
reactant
( )
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5. Define Rate law Rate law is the expression which relates the
rate, the rate constant and the concentration of the reactants.
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aA + bB Product
Rate = K [ A ]a [ B ]b
6. Define Rate constant

Rate constant is equal to the rate of the reaction, when the
concentration of the reactants are unity.
aA + bB Product
When [ A ] = [ B ] = 1
Then Rate = K
7. Define Elementary reaction

Each and every single step in a reaction mechanism is called as
Elementary reaction
8. Define Molecularity
Molecularity is the total number of reactants present in the
elementary step.
9. Define Order of a reaction

It is the sum of the powers of the concentration terms present in
the rate law.
aA + bB Product
Order = a + b
( )
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10. Differentiate Order of a reaction and Molecularity
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S. Molecularity
Order of a reaction
Nm
1 Definition: Definition:
It is the sum of the powers It is the total number of
of the concentration terms reactants present in the
present in the rate law. elementary step.
2 Its value can be zero, Its value is always a whole
fraction or a integer. number and cannot be zero.
3 It assigned for the overall It assigned for each elementary
reaction step of the mechanism.
11. Define Rate determining step with an example

The slowest step in a chemical reaction is called as rate determining
step. The rate depends on this step.
Ex. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of I –
It takes place in two steps
Step-1
H2O2 + I – Slow H2O + OI – -------- 1
step
Step-2
H2O2 + OI – H2O + O2 + I – -------- 2
Over all reaction is
2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
Step 1 is the rate determining step, since both H2O2 and I – are
present. It a bimolecular reaction.
( )
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12. Derive the rate constant for the first order reaction
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Let us consider a reaction
A product
Rate = K [A ]1
-d[A]
Rate = --------
dt
Therefore
-d[A]
K[A] 1 = --------
dt
-d[A]
Kdt = -------- ----- 1
[A]
Integrating eqn 1, we get
-d[A]
K dt = ----------
[A]
K ( t-0 ) = – ln [A] – ( – ln[A0] ) ---- 2
( )
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Kt = – ln [A] + ln [A0]
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[A0]
Kt = ln ---------
[A]
[A0]
Kt = 2.303 log ---------
[A]
2.303 [A0]
K = --------- log ---------
t [A]
13. Give some examples for first order reaction.

• Decomposition of Dinitrogen pentoxide
• Decomposition of Thionyl chloride
• Decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide
• Isomerism of cyclo propane to propene
14. Define Pseudo first order reaction.

By taking one the reactant concentration in excess, a second
order reaction can be converted to first order reaction. Such
reactions are called as Pseudo first order reaction.
Ex. Acid hydrolysis of Ester.
CH3COOCH3 + H2O + HCl CH3COOH + CH3OH
Rate = K [ Ester ]
15. Define Zero order reaction
When the rate of a reaction is independent to the concentration of
the reactant over wide range of concentration is called as Zero order
reaction.
Ex. Decomposition of Nitrous oxide in the presence of Platinum
A Product
Rate = K [ A ]0
( )
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16. Give some examples of Zero order reactions
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• Decomposition of Nitrous oxide in the presence of Platinum
• Photo chemical reaction between H2 and I2
• Iodination of Acetone in acid medium
17. Derive the integrated rate law for the Zero order reaction
Let us consider a reaction
A product
Rate = K [A ]0
-d[A]
Rate = --------
dt
-d[A]
K[A] 0 = --------
dt
-d[A]
K (1) = --------
dt
Kdt = -d[A] ----- 1

Integrating eqn 1, we get
K dt = -d[A]
Kt = [A0] – [A]
[A0] – [A]
K = ----------------
t
( )
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18. Define Half life period
The time required to convert the initial reactant concentration by
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one half is called as Half life period.
E + 77777777777777
F
19. Define and Derive half life period for a first order reaction.
( Why the half life period is independent to the initial
concentration )
The time required to convert the initial reactant concentration by

one half is called as Half life period.
2.303 [A0]
K = --------- log ---------
t [A]
[A0]
If [A] = ----------- and t = t½
2
Then
2.303 [A0]
K = ------------ log --------
t½ [A0] /2
2.303
t½ = ---------- log 2
K
( )
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2.303 × 0.3010
t½ = ------------------------
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K
0.6932
t½ =--------------
K
Hence the half life period is independent to
20. Derive half life period for a Zero order reaction.
[A0] – [A]
K = ----------------
t
[A0]
If [A] = ----------- and t = t½
2
Then
[A0] – [A0] / 2
K = --------------------------
t½
2 [A0] – [A0]
K = ------------------
2 × t½
[A0] – [A0]
K = ------------------
2 × t½
( )
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2 [A0] – [A0]
t½ = ------------------
2K
[A0]
t½ = ------------------
2K
21. Define Activation energy

The minimum energy required by the molecules to react, and
form the products is called Activation energy.
22. Write the Arrhenius equation
K = Ae – Ea / RT ------- 1
K = Rate constant A = Frequency factor
Ea = Activation energy R = Gas constant T = Temperature
( )
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23. Prove the time taken for 99.9% completion is 10 for 50%.
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F + 777777777777 7777777777777
% C 3'
' 9- 1 5 G ' 9- 1 5 G
+ G 3+ G + G 3+ G
G + 777777777 7777777777777777777 G + 777777777 777777777777777

1 % C ' 1 % C '
G + 777777777 777777777777777
G + 777777777 777777777777777 1
1
G + 777777777
G + 777777777 1
1
G
77777777777 + 777777777777777777
G
G
77777777777 + 7777777777
G
G
77777777777 + G + H G
G
( )
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24. Derive Arrhenius equation on the effect of temperature on
reaction rate
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Arrhenius equation gives the effect of temperature on the
reaction rate. The equation is
K = Ae – Ea / RT ------- 1
K = Rate constant A = Frequency factor
Ea = Activation energy R = Gas constant
T = Temperature
If K1 and K2 are the rate constants at T1 and T2 temperatures.
Taking ln on both sides
Ea
ln K1 = ln A — ------- ------- 2
RT1
Ea
ln K2 = ln A — ------- ------- 3
RT2
Ea Ea
ln K2 – ln K1 = — -------- + ---------
RT2 RT1
K2 Ea 1 1
ln ------- = ------- × ------ — ------
K1 R T1 T2
( )
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K2 Ea T2 – T1
ln ------ = -------- × -------------
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K1 R T1T2
K2 Ea T2 – T1
2.303 log ------ = -------- × -------------
K1 R T1T2
K2 Ea T2 – T1
log ------ = ----------- × -------------
K1 2.303R T1T2
25. Define a catalyst.

A catalyst is substance which alters the rate of a reaction without
undergoing any chemical change.
26. Define Collision Rate.

The number of Collisions taking place per second per liter of the
reactant.
27. Explain the Collision theory of Bimolecular reactions.

• It is based of kinetic theory of gases
• According to this theory, chemical reactions occur due to the
collisions between the reacting molecules.
Ex.
A2 + B2 2 AB
• Rate number of collisions per liter per second

• Number of collisions concentration of the reactants.
( )
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• The minimum energy posed by the molecules to react and
form the product, is called Activation energy.
• Molecules having lesser energy than the activation energy will
not react.
• Out of 1018 collisions only four collisions are converts the
reactants into products.
• The collision also depends on the Orientation factor. Even if
the reactant molecules collide, they will not reacts unless the
orientation of the reactant molecules is suitable for the
formation of the transition state.
( )
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Fraction of effective collision is given by
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Rate = p . f . Collision rate
Compare Eqn 1 and 2
28. Explain the factors affecting the rate of a reaction
• Nature of the reactant

Gas phase reactions are faster than the reactions for solid and
liquid reactants. Ex sodium metal reacts faster with iodine vapour
than solid iodine.
• Surface area of the reactants

i) According to collision theory, when the surface area of the
reactants increases, the collisions between the reactants also
increase.
ii) Surface area can be increased by decreasing the particle size.
iii) Ex. Powdered CaCO3 reacts faster with HCl than Marble.
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• Concentration of the reactants
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i) When the Reactant concentration increases, the rate of the
reaction also increases.
ii) According to collision theory, when the reactants concentration
increases, the number of collisions also increases.
iv) Hence when the number of collisions between the reactants
molecules increases, the rate of the reaction also increases.
• Effect of Catalyst
A catalyst is substance which alters the rate of a reaction without
undergoing any chemical change.
i) Catalyst will decrease the activation energy of the reaction.
ii) Hence large number of molecules cross the Energy Barrier and
converted into the products.
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1. ESTIMATION OF OXALIC ACID
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Aim - Date -
Estimate the amount of crystalline Oxalic acid present in 500 ml of the

solution. You are provided a standard solution of 0.1N FAS. KMnO4 is given as the link
solution.
Short Procedure :
S.
CONTENT TITRATION 1 TITRATION 2
NO
Burette solution KMnO4 solution KMnO4 solution
20 ml of unknown Oxalic
Pipette solution 20 ml of Std FAS solution
acid solution
20 ml of 2N dilute 20 ml of 2N dilute
Acid to be added
sulphuric acid sulphuric acid
Temperature Lab temperature 60o C to 70o C
Indicator Self Indicator (KMnO4 ) Self Indicator (KMnO4 )
Appearance of Pale Appearance of Pale

End point
Permanent Pink colour Permanent Pink colour
Equivalent weight of Oxalic acid = 63
PROCEDURE
TITRATION 1 ( Std FAS Vs Unknown KMnO4 Solution )
The give unknown KMnO4 solution is filled in a burette till the zero reading
Exactly 20ml of std FAS solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask
Add 20 ml of 2N dilute sulphuric acid in to the conical flask
Titrate the std FAS solution against the unknown KMnO4 solution.
The end point will be the appearance of pale permanent pink colour
Note down the concordant values of the volume consumed
From the volume of std FAS consumed, the normality of KMnO4 solution can be
calculated
Normality of FAS solution = 0.1 N
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Titration 1
Std FAS Vs unknown KMnO4 solution
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S. Burette reading ( ml ) Volume of
Volume of FAS
KMnO4
NO solution ( ml )
solution ( ml )
Initial Final
Calculation -
Volume of FAS solution ( V1 ) ml
Normality of FAS solution N1 N
Volume of KMnO4 solution ( V2 ) = ml
Normality of KMnO4 solution ( N2 ) = ?
V1 × N1
N2 = ---------------
V2
× 0.1
N2 = ------------------
Normality of KMnO4 solution ( N2 ) N
( )
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TITRATION 2 ( Std KMnO4 Vs Unknown Oxalic acid Solution )
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The give std KMnO4 solution is filled in a burette till the zero reading
Exactly 20ml of Oxalic acid solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask
Titrate the Oxalic acid solution against the std KMnO4 solution.
From the volume of Oxalic acid consumed, the normality of KMnO4 solution can be
calculated
Titration 2 - Std KMnO4 Vs unknown Oxalic acid solution
Volume of Oxalic Volume of
S. Burette reading ( ml )
acid solution KMnO4
NO solution ( ml )
( ml ) Initial Final
Calculation –
Normality of KMnO4 solution ( N1 ) =
Volume of Oxalic acid solution ( V2 ) ml
Normality of Oxalic acid solution N2
V1 × N1
N2 = ---------------
V2
×
N2 = ----------------------------
20
Normality of Oxalic acid solution ( N2 ) N
( )
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Calculation of Crystalline Oxalic acid weight
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Amount of crystalline Oxalic acid Normality × 63
present in 500 ml of the given solution = -------------------------
× 63
-----------------------------
2
Result
Normality of KMnO4 solution N
Normality of Oxalic acid solution N
Amount of crystalline Oxalic acid = g

present In 500ml of the given solution
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2. ESTIMATION OF FERROUS AMMONIUM SULPHATE
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Aim - Date -
Estimate the amount of crystalline FAS present in 1500 ml of the solution.

You are provided a standard solution of 0.1024N Ferrous sulphate. KMnO4 is given as
the link solution.
Short Procedure :
S.
NO
20 ml of Std Ferrous 20 ml of unknown FAS

Pipette solution sulphate solution solution
Acid to be added
Temperature Lab temperature Lab temperature

End point
Equivalent weight of FAS = 392
PROCEDURE
TITRATION 1 ( Std Ferrous sulphate Vs Unknown KMnO4 Solution )
Exactly 20ml of std Ferrous sulphate solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask
Tirtate the std Ferrous sulphate solution against the unknown KMnO4 solution.
From the volume of std Ferrous sulphate consumed, the normality of KMnO4
solution can be calculated
Normality of Ferrous sulphate solution = 0.1024 N
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Titration 1
( Std Ferrous sulphate Vs Unknown KMnO4 Solution )
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Volume of Ferrous Volume of
sulphate solution KMnO4
NO solution ( ml )
Calculation -
Volume of Ferrous sulphate solution ( V1 ) ml
Normality of Ferrous sulphate solution N1 N
V1 × N1
N2 = ---------------
V2
× 0.1025
N2 = ---------------------
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TITRATION 2 ( Std KMnO4 Vs Unknown FAS Solution )
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Exactly 20ml of FAS solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask
Titrate the FAS solution against the std KMnO4 solution.
From the volume of FAS consumed, the normality of KMnO4 solution can be
calculated
Titration 2 (Std KMnO4 Vs unknown FAS solution)
Volume of FAS Volume of
solution KMnO4
NO solution ( ml )
Calculation –
Normality of KMnO4 solution ( N1 ) = N
Normality of FAS solution N2
V1 × N1
N2 = ---------------
V2
×
N2 = ----------------
20
Normality of FAS solution ( N2 ) N
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Calculation of Crystalline FAS weight
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Amount of crystalline FAS Normality × 392 × 3
present in 1500 ml of the given solution = -----------------------------------
× 392 × 3
-------------------------------------
2
Result
Normality of FAS solution N
Amount of crystalline FAS = g

present In 1500ml of the given solution
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3. ESTIMATION OF FERROUS SULPHATE
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Aim - Date -
Estimate the amount of crystalline Ferrous Sulphate present in 750 ml of

the solution. You are provided a standard solution of 0.1102N FAS. KMnO4 is given as
the link solution.
Short Proceedure :
S.
NO
20 ml of unknown FeSO4
Pipette solution 20 ml of std FAS solution
solution
Acid to be added

End point
Equivalent weight of FeSO4 = 278
PROCEDURE
TITRATION 1 ( Std FAS Vs Unknown KMnO4 Solution )
Exactly 20ml of std FAS solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask
Titrate the std FAS solution against the unknown KMnO4 solution.
From the volume of std FAS consumed, the normality of KMnO4 solution can be
calculated
Normality of FAS solution = 0.1102 N
( )
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Titration 1
( Std FAS Vs Unknown KMnO4 Solution )
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Volume of FAS Volume of
solution KMnO4
NO solution ( ml )
Calculation -
Normality of FAS solution N1 N
V1 × N1
N2 = ---------------
V2
× 0.1102
N2 = ---------------------
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TITRATION 2 ( Std KMnO4 Vs Unknown FeSO4 Solution )
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Exactly 20ml of FeSO4 solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask
Titrate the FeSO4 solution against the std KMnO4 solution.
From the volume of FeSO4 consumed, the normality of KMnO4 solution can be
calculated
Titration 2
( Std KMnO4 Vs unknown FeSO4 solution )
Volume of FeSO4 Volume of

solution KMnO4
NO solution ( ml )
Calculation –
Normality of KMnO4 solution ( N1 ) = N
Volume of FeSO4 solution ( V2 ) ml
Normality of FeSO4 solution N2
V1 × N1
N2 = ---------------
V2
×
N2 = -------------------------------
20
Normality of FeSO4 solution ( N2 ) N
( )
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Calculation of Crystalline FeSO4 weight
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Amount of crystalline FeSO4 Normality × 278 × 3
present in 750 ml of the given solution = ---------------------------------
-
× 278 × 3
---------------------------------------
4
Result
Normality of FeSO4 solution N
Amount of crystalline FeSO4 = g

present In 750 ml of the
given solution
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, ( ( = +, (? 7@ % A(
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Aim - Date -
Determine the amount of crystalline sodium hydroxide present in 250ml of

the given solution You. are provided a 0.0948N sodium carbonate solution and a
hydrochloric acid as the link solution.
Short Procedure :
S.
No
Burette solution HCl acid link solution HCl acid link solution
20 ml of Std Sodium 20 ml of Unknown NaOH

Pipette solution
Carbonate solution solution
Indicator Methyl orange Phenolphthalain
Colour changes from straw Disappearance of Pink

End point
yellow to pale pink colour
Equivalent weight of NaOH = 40
PROCEDURE
TITRATION 1 ( Std Sodium Carbonate Vs Unknown HCl acid Solution )

The give unknown HCl solution is filled in a burette till the zero reading.
Exactly 20ml of Std Sodium Carbonate solution is pipetted out into a clean conical
flask.
Titrate the Std Sodium Carbonate solution against the unknown HCl acid solution
using Methyl orange indicator.
The end point will be the Colour changes from straw yellow to pale pink
From the volume of HCl consumed, its normality can be calculated.
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Titration 1
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Std Sodium Carbonate Vs unknown HCl solution
Volume of
S. Sodium Burette reading ( ml )
Volume of HCl
Carbonate acid solution
No solution ( ml )
Calculation -
Volume of Sodium Carbonate solution ( V1 ) ml
Normality of Sodium Carbonate solution N1 N
Volume of HCl solution ( V2 ) = ml
Normality of HCl solution ( N2 ) = ?
V1 × N1
N2 = ---------------
V2
× 0.0948
N2 = ----------------------
Normality of HCl solution ( N2 ) N
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TITRATION 2 ( Std HCl Vs Unknown NaOH solution )
The give unknown HCl solution is filled in a burette till the zero reading.
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Exactly 20ml of NaOH solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask.
Titrate the NaOH solution against the unknown HCl acid solution using
Phenolphthalein indicator.
The end point will be the disappearance of pink colour.
From the volume of HCl consumed, the normality of NaOH-B the can be calculated.
Titration 2 (Std HCl Vs Unknown NaOH solution)
S. Volume of Burette reading ( ml ) Volume of HCl

NaOH solution acid solution
No
( ml ) ( ml )
Initial Final
Calculation –
Normality of HCl solution ( N1 ) = N
Volume of NaOH solution ( V2 ) ml
Normality of NaOH solution N2 ?
( )
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V1 × N1
N2 = ---------------
V2
×
N2 = -------------------------------
20
Normality of NaOH solution ( N2 ) N
Calculation of Crystalline FeSO4 weight
Amount of crystalline NaOH Normality × 40

present in 250 ml of the given solution = ---------------------------
× 40
------------------------------
4
= g
Result
Normality of HCl solution N
Normality of NaOH solution N
3. Amount of Crystalline NaOH present = g

in 250ml of the given solution
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5. ESTIMATION OF OXALIC ACID
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Aim – Date -
Estimate the amount of crystalline Oxalic acid present in 1250 ml of the

given solution. You are provided a standard 0.1010N solution of HCl acid. NaOH
solution is given as the link solution.
Short Proceedure :
S.
No
Unknown Oxalic acid

Burette solution Std HCl acid solution
solution
20 ml of NaOH link 20 ml of NaOH link

Pipette solution
solution solution
Indicator Phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein
Disappearance of Pink Disappearance of Pink

End point
colour colour
Equivalent weight of Oxalic acid = 63
PROCEDURE
TITRATION 1 ( Std HCl Vs Unknown NaOH Solution )
The give HCl solution is filled in a burette till the zero reading.
Titrate the NaOH solution against the unknown HCl acid solution using
Phenolphthalein indicator.
From the volume of HCl acid consumed, the normality of NaOH solution can be
calculated.
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Titration 1
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Std HCl Vs unknown NaOH solution
S. Volume of Burette reading ( ml ) Volume of HCl

NaOH solution acid solution
No
( ml ) ( ml )
Initial Final
Calculation –
Normality of HCl solution ( N1 ) = 0.1010 N
Volume of NaOH solution ( V2 ) ml
Normality of NaOH solution N2 ?
V1 × N1
N2 = ---------------
V2
× 0.1010
N2 = -------------------------------
20
Normality of NaOH solution ( N2 ) N
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TITRATION 2 ( Std NaOH Vs Unknown Oxalic acid solution )
The give Oxalic acid solution is filled in a burette till the zero reading.
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Titrate the NaOH solution against the Oxalic acid solution using Phenolphthalein
indicator.
From the volume of Oxalic acid consumed, its normality can be calculated.
Titration 2 (Std NaOH Vs Unknown Oxalic acid solution)
S. Burette reading ( ml ) Volume of

Volume of
Oxailc acid
NaOH solution
No solution
( ml )
Initial Final ( ml )
Calculation –
Volume of NaOH solution ( V1 ) = 20 ml
Normality of NaOH solution ( N1 ) = N
Volume of Oxalic acid solution ( V2 ) ml
Normality of Oxalic acid solution N2 ?
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V1 × N1
N2 = ---------------
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V2
×
N2 = -------------------------------
Normality of Oxalic acid solution ( N2 ) N
Weight calculation of Oxalic acid
Amount of crystalline Oxalic acid present Normality × Equivalent mass × 5

In 1250 ml of the given solution = ---------------------------------------
× 63×5
--------------------------------------
4
Result
Normality of NaOH solution N
Normality of Oxalic acid solution N
Amount of crystalline Oxalic acid = g

present In the 1250ml of the given solution
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%1 =( B? *( (C = *@,(,
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S. INFERENCE
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATON
Nm
1 Odour a) Fishy odour a) May be Amine
Note the odour

b) Bitter Almond odour b) May be Benzaldelhyde
c) Phenolic odour c) May be Phenol
d) Pleasant fruity odour d) May be Ester

2. Reaction with Litmus
paper.
Touch moist litmus

paper on the paper a) Blue litmus turns red a) May be Carboxylic acid
or phenol
b) Red litmus turns blue b) May be Amine
c) No characteristic c) Absence of Carboxylic

change acid, phenol and Amine
3 Action with Sodium

Bicarbonate
To Sodium
Bicarbonate solution a) Brisk effervescence a) May be Carboxylic acid
add the organic
compound b) No Brisk effervescence b) Absence of Carboxylic
acid
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4 Action with
Borsche’s reagent
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To the Organic
compound, Borsche’s a) Yellow ppt a)May be Aldehyde or
reagent, Con:HCl and Ketone
heat.
b) No yellow ppt b) Absence Aldehyde or

Ketone
5 Charring test.
Heat the organic a) Charring with the smell a) Presence of

compound with of Burnt sugar Carbohydrate
Con.Sulphuric acid
b) No Charring b)Absence of Carbohydrate
6 Ignition test.
Heat the organic a) Burns with Sooty flame a)May be Aromatic

compound in a nickel compound
spatula
b) Burns with non-Sooty b)May be Aliphatic

flame compound
7 Bromine Water test.
To the organic a) Bromine water is a) May be unsaturated

compound add water decolourised
and Bromine water
b) Bromine water is
decolourised and gives b) May be Aromatic Amine
a ppt. or Phenol
c) Bromine water is not

decolourised
c) May be Saturated
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8 KMnO4 solution test
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To the organic a) KMnO4 solution is a) May be unsaturated
compound add water decolourised
and KMnO4 solution
b) KMnO4 solution is not
decolourised b) May be saturated
9 Neutral FeCl3 test.
To the organic a) Violet colour a) May be Phenol

compound add
Neutral FeCl3 solution
b) Violet-blue colour b) May be -Naphthol
c) Green colour c) May be -Naphthol
d) No Characteristic d) Absence of Phenol and

colour Naphthols
10 Estrification test.
To the organic a)Pleasant fruity smell a) May be Carboxylic acid

compound add ethyl
alcohol, Sulphuric acid
b) Absence of Carboxylic
and heat. Pour the b)No Pleasant fruity smell acid
mixture in Sodium
Carbonate solution
11 Tollen’s test
To the organic a)Silver mirror is formed a) May be Aldehyde

compound add Tollen’s
reagent and heat.
b) Absence of Aldehyde
b)No Silver mirror
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12 Fehling’s test
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To the organic a) Red ppt a) May be Aldehyde
compound add
Fehling’s reagent and
b) No Red ppt b) Absence of Aldehyde
heat.
13 Legal test
To the organic a) Red colour a) May be Ketone

compound add Sodium
Nitro Prusside and
b) Absence of Ketone
NaOH b) No Red colour
14 Dye test.
To the organic a) Scarlet red dye a) May be aromatic

compound add NaNO2, Primary amine
-Naphthol and NaOH
in Ice bath. b) Absence of aromatic
b) No Scarlet red dye Primary amine
15 Biuret test.
Heat the organic a) Violet colour a) May be Diamide

compound and add
Dil.Copper sulphate
b) No Violet colour b) Absence of Diamide
and NaOH
16 Molisch test
To the organic a) Violet ring a) May be Carbohydrate

compound add water,
-Naphthol and
b) No Violet ring b) Absence of
Con.Sulphuric acid Carbohydrate
17 Osazone test
To the organic a) Yellow crystals a) May be Carbohydrate

compound add Phenyl
Hydrazine and heat
b) No yellow crystals b) Absence of
Carbohydrate
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Result-
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The given organic compound contains -
a) Aromatic / Aliphatic
b) Saturated / Unsaturated
c) Functional group = ____________
S. Compound Aromatic/ Saturated/ Functional

Nm name Aliphatic Unsaturated group
1 Aniline Aromatic Saturated Amine
2 Benzaldehyde Aromatic Saturated Aldehyde
3 Acetophenone Aromatic Saturated Ketone
4 Benzoic acid Aromatic Saturated Carboxylic acid
5 Benzophenone Aromatic Saturated Ketone
6 Cinnamic acid Aromatic Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid
7 Salicylic acid Aromatic Saturated Phenolic acid
8 Urea Aliphatic Saturated Diamide
9 Glucose Aliphatic Saturated Carbohydrate
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ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் மாணவர்களுக்கு தேவவயான வகதயடுகள்,

கல்வி செய்திகள், அரொவணகள் த ான்றவற்வற தமற்கண்ட
இவணயேளங்களில் இருந்து திவிறக்கம் செய்து சகாள்ளலாம்.
த ாட்டித்தேர்வுகளுக்கு தேவவயான நடப்பு செய்திகள், ெமச்சீர்
புத்ேகங்கள், ச ாது அறிவு புத்ேகங்கள் ஆகியவவயும் தமற்கண்ட
இவணயேளங்களில் இருந்து திவிறக்கம் செய்யலாம்.
“Dream is not that which

you see while sleeping.
It is something that
does not let you sleep.”
-APJ Abdul Kalam

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CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3

5. What type of ore is concentrated in froth floatation process ?

6. Explain the refining of Nickel by Mond’s Process

Al2O3 2Al+3 + 3O–2

10. Define Gangue

13. What are the requirements (conditions ) vapour phase refining

14. Explain the role of the following in the process mentioned.

a) Silica in the extraction of copper.

b) Cyrolite in the extraction of Aluminium

c) Sodium cyanide in froth floatation.

15. Define Anode mud

16. Explain the principles of electrolytic refining with a example

18. What are the applications of Ellingham diagram

19. What are the limitations of Ellingham’s diagram

20. Explain the Electro chemical principles of metallurgy.

• Gibbs free energy is given by

n=number of electrons F = faraday and E = Emf

• If G is negative and E is positive then the reaction is

22. Explain the Gravity separation or Hydraulic wash process

23. Define Roasting

2 ZnS + 3 O2 2 ZnO + 2 SO2

24. Define Calcination

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

25. Define Smelting

FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3

' < 4 => O2 + 2 H2O 4 [Au(CN)2]¯ 1 + 4 OH

2 [Au(CN)2]¯ 1 + Zn [Zn (CN)4]¯ 2 + 2Au

Gold is reduced to Elemental gold. This is called as Cementation.

2 [Au(CN)2]¯ 1 + Zn [Zn (CN)4]¯ 2 + 2Au

31. Define Blister copper

32. Explain the Alumino thermite process ( Metal reduction )

Cr2O3 + 2Al 2Cr + Al2O3

33. Explain the Auto reduction reaction

34. List the used of Aluminum ( Al)

35. List the used of Iron (Fe)

37. List the used of Gold ( Au )

38. Define Distillation

39. Explain Liquation

40. Explain the reduction using carbon

41. Explain the extraction of Copper

2 Fes + 3 O2 2 FeO + 2SO2

Cu2S + 6 CuO 6Cu + SO2

2. What are the anomalous property of first element in the P-block

b)Carbon – 14th group

c)Nitrogen -15th Group

d)Oxygen -16th Group

e)Fluorine -17th group

4. Give a method to prepare Diborane from BF3

5. Give the uses of Borax

6. What is Catenation. And explain the conditions of Carbon.

7. What is Fisher Tropsch synthesis ?

9. Give the uses of Silicones

10. AlCl3 behaves as Lewis acid. Explain the statement.

11. Explain the structure of Diborane.

• The two BH2 units are linked by two Hydrogen Bridges.

B2H6 + 6 R-CH=CH2 2 B ( R -CH2-CH2- )3

13. Explain the metallic property of P-block elements

Group -16 Oxygen, S and Se Tellurium

14. How will you identify the Borate radical ?

4 H3BO3 + 3 C2H5OH H2SO4 B(O C2H5)3 + 3 H2O

15. Write a short notes on Zeolite

17. Give the Laboratory preparation of Carbon di oxide

18. Define Inert Pair effect.