12th Chemistry Sample EC Study Guide EM Published by Loyala Publications - Tamilsolution

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PREFACE
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Welcome to all t achers and students.
Nothing succeeds like success Loyola’s EC brings that success
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Loyola Publi ations has immense pleasure in bringing this EC Guide for Std XII
Chemistry.
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his guide is framed in such a way t f lfil the needs of the students going for
overnment Public Examination as well as various ent ance examinations.
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his guide elabo ate y deals with all the exercise questions given n he text
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book.
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oreover addition l questions in each category (1, 2, 3 & 5 Marks) for all units
are provided.
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nswers for 1 mark questions are provided with suitable explanations and
reasons wherever necessary.
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nswer for 2, 3 and 5 mark questions are provided in a s mple and lucid manner
so s to make the learning as an enjoyable experienc .
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fter learning this guide thorough y a student will understand clearly all the
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Loyola Publications wishes you all good luck.
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Metallurgy
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PART I TEXT BOOK EVALUATION
1
a) Al2O
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Bauxite has the composition
I Choose the co rect answer
b) Al2O3.nH2O c) Fe2O 2H2O ) None of these
i a
Ans : b) Al2O3.nH2O
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2 Roasting of sulphide ore gi es the gas (A) (A) is a colour ess gas. Aqueous solution of (A)
is acidic. The gas (A) is
a) CO2 b) SO3 c SO2 d) H2S Ans : c) SO2
3. Which one of the following reaction represents calcination?
a) 2Zn + O2  2ZnO b) 2ZnS + 3O2  2ZnO + 2SO2
c) MgCO  MgO + CO2 d) Both (a) and (c)
Ans : c) MgCO3 MgO + CO2
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4 The me al oxide which cannot be reduced to metal by carb n i

a) PbO b) Al2O3 c) ZnO d) FeO Ans : b) Al2O3
5. Which f the metal is extracted by Hall - Heroult process?
a) Al b) Ni c C d) Z Ans : a) Al
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6. Which of the following statements, about the advantage of roasting of sulphide ore before
reduction is not true?
a) G 0f of sulphide is gr at r than those for CS2 and H2S
b) G 0r is negative for roasting of sulphide ore to oxide
c) Roasting of the sulphide to its oxide is hermodynamically feasible.
d) Carbon and hydrogen a e suitable reducing agents for metal sulphides
Ans : d) arbon and hydrogen are suitable reducing age ts for metal sulphides.
7 Match it ms in column I - I with the items of column - II nd assign the correct code.
Column I Column II
A Cyanide process i Ult apure Ge A B C D
B Froth floa ation proces ii Dressing of ZnS a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
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C Electrolytic reduction iii Ext action of Al b) (iii) (iv) (v) (i)

D Zone refining iv Extraction of Au c) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
v Purification of Ni d) (ii) (iii) (i) (v)
Ans :c) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
5 Unit - 1
Loyola EC – 12th CHEMISTRY
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8. Wolframite ore is separat d f m tinstone by the process of
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a) Smelt ng b) C lcination c) Roasting d) Electromagneti separation
An : d) Electromagnetic s paration
9 Which one of the following is not feasibl
c
a) Zn(S) Cu2+ (aq)  Cu(S) + Zn2+(aq)
b) Cu(S) + Zn2 (aq)  Zn(S) + Cu2+(aq)
c) Cu(S) + 2Ag+ (aq)  Ag(S) + Cu2+(aq)
a) Fe(S) + Cu2 (aq)  Cu(S) + Fe2+(aq) Ans : b) Cu(S + Zn2+ (aq)  Zn(S) + Cu2+(aq)
10 Electroche ical process is used to extract
.
a) Iron b) Lead c) Sodium d) Silver
Ans : c) Sodium
11 Flux is substance which is used to convert
a) Mineral nto silicate b) Infusible impurities to solub e impurities
c) Solub e impurities to nfusib e impurti s d) All of the e
Ans : b) Infusible impurities to soluble impurities
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12. Which ne of he followin ores is best on entrated by roth - floatation method?
a) Magnetite b) Hematite c) Galena d) Cassiterite
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An : c) Galena
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13. In the extraction of aluminium from alumina by electroly is cryolite is added to
a) Lower the melting point of alumina b) Remove impurities from alumina
s
c) Decrease the electrical c d ctivity
14. Zinc is btain d from ZnO by

d) Increase the ate of reducti
Ans : a) Lower the melting point of alumina
a) Carbon reduction b) Reduction using silver

c) Electrochemical proce s d) Acid leaching
Ans : a) Carbon reduction
15. Cupellation is a process used for the refining of
.
a) Silver b) Lea c) Copper d) Iron

A : a) Silver
16. Extraction of gold and silver involves le ching with cyanide ion. silver is later recovered
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by (NEET - 20 7)
a) Distillation b) Zone refining c) Displaceme t with zinc d) liquation
Ans : c) Displacement with zinc
17 Considering Ellingham diagr m, which of the following metals can be used to reduce
alumina? (NEET - 2018)
a) Fe b) Cu c) Mg d) Zn
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Ans : c) Mg
18. The following set of reactions are used in refining Zirconium
Zr(impure) 523K
2I2   ZrI4,
Unit - 1 6
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1800K
ZrI4  Zr (pure) + 2I2 This method is known as
a) Liquation b) Van A kel process c) Zone refining d) Mond’s proc ss
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Ans : b) V n Arkel process
19. Which of the following is us d for concentrating ore in metallurgy?
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a) Leach ng b) oasting c) Froth floatation d) Both ( ) and c)
Ans : d) Both (a) and (c)
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20. The incorrect statement among the following is
a) Nick l is ref ned by M d’ process
b) Titanium is refined by Van Arkel’s process
c) Zinc blende is concentrated by froth floatation
d) In the metallurgy of gold, the metal is leached with dilute sodium chloride solution
e
Ans : d) In he metallurgy of gold, the metal is le ched with d lute sodium chloride solution
21. In the electrolytic refining of copper, which one of the following is used as anode?
a) Pure oppe b) Impure copper c) Carbon rod d) Platinum electrode
Ans : b) Impure copper
22. Which f the following pl t gives Ellingham diagram
a) S VsT b) G 0 VsT c) G 0 Vs1/T d) G 0 VsT2
An : b) G0 VsT
23 In the Ellingham diagram for the formation of carbon monoxide
 S    G0 
a)   T  is negative
 b)   T  is positive
   
  G0   T    G0 
c)    is negative d) Initially  0
0 is positive, after 700 C  
  T  is negative
 T    G   
  G0 
A : c)   T  s negative
 
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24. Which of the following reduction is not thermodynamically feasible?

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a) Cr2O3 + 2Al  Al2O + 2Cr b) Al2O3 + 2Cr  Cr2O3 + 2Al
c) 3TiO2 + 4Al  2Al2O3 + 3Ti d) none of these
Ans : b) Al2O3 + 2Cr  Cr2O3 + 2Al
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25 Which of the following is not true with respec to Ellingham diagram?

a) Free energy changes follow a straight line. Deviation oc urs when there is a phase change.
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b) The graph for the formation of CO2 is a straight line almost parallel to fr e energy axis.
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c) Negative slope of CO sh ws that it becomes more stab e with increase in mperature.

d) Positive sl pe of metal oxides shows that their stabilities decrease with increase in
temp rature.
Ans : b) The graph for the formation of CO2 is a straight line almo t parallel to free energy axis.
7 Unit - 1
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II. Answer the following questions
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1 What is the difference between minerals and ores?
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 Natural y occuring subst nces obtained y mining which contain the meta s in f ee state or
in the form of compounds like oxides, sulphides etc. are called minerals.
 Mineral that ontain high percentage of t l from which it ca be extra ted conveniently
and eco omic lly are called ores.
 All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.
2. What are the various tep i olved in extraction of pur metal from th i ?
 Steps involved in extraction of pure metals from their ores are
i) Concentration of the ore
ii) Extraction of the crude metal.
iii Refinin o the crude metal.
3. What is the role of Lime tone in the extraction of Iron from its oxide Fe2O3?




Lime t
lar
(CaO) is used as a f ux in the e t tion of ir f its oxide Fe2O
A flux is a chemical substance that forms an easily fusible slag with gaugue.
Oxide o iron can be redu ed by carbon monox de as foll ws
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(S) + 3CO2(g) 
In this extraction a basic flux quick lime (or) lime (CaO) reacts with acidic gaugue silica to
form the slag calcium silica e
CaO(s) + SiO2(g)  CaSiO3(g)
Flux Gaug e Slag
4. Which type of ores can be concentrated by froth floatation method? Give wo examples for
such ore .
 Sulphide ores can be concentrated by froth flo tation method.
 (eg) Galena (PbS), Zinc bl d (ZnS)
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5. Out of coke and CO, wh ch is better reducing agent for he reduction of ZnO? why?
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 Out of c k d CO, coke is better reduc ng agent than CO f the reduction of ZnO.
 Reducti n by carbon can be applied to zinc whi h does n t form carbide with carbon at the
reduction temperature.
ZnO(s) + C  Zn(S) + CO ) 
 ZnO lies abo e CO in Ellin ham diagram meaning that CO is more stable than ZnO. Hence
carbon c n be used as a reducing agent for the reduction ZnO. During reduction oxygen
from ZnO combines with carbon used for reduction.
6 Describe method for refining nickel.
Mond proce s for refini g nickel :
 Impure nickel is heated in a st am of carbon monoxide at ar und 350K. Nickel eacts with
CO to form a highly volatile nickel tetracarbo yl. The solid impurities are left behind.
Ni(s) + 4CO(g)  NiCO4(g)
 On heating nickel tetra carbonyl around 460K, the complex decomposes to give pure nickel.
Ni(CO)4(g)  Ni(S) + 4CO(g)
Unit - 1 8
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7. Explain zone refining process with an example using the Ellingham diagram given below.
Zone refining :
 The principle is fraction l crys allisation
 When an impure metal is melted and allowed to solidify, the impurities will prefer to remain
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in the melten region. ie; mpuri ies are more soluble in the melt than in the solid s ate metal.
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 In this process the impure tal is taken in the form of a rod. One end of th od is heated
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using a mobile induction heater, melting the metal on that portion of the rod.
 When the hea er is slowly moved to the other end pure metal c ystallises while impurities
will mo e on o the adjacent molten zone f rmed due to the movement of the heater.
 As the heater moves further away, the molte zone containing impurities also moves along
with it.
 This proce s is repeated several times by moving the heater in the same direction again and
again to achie e the desired purity level
 This process is carried out in an inert ga atmosphere to prevent the oxid tion of metals.
 German um, Silicon and gallium which are used as semiconductor are refined by this process.
8. (A) Predict the conditions under which
i) Aluminium might be expected to reduce magnesia.
ii) Magnesium could alumina
B) Carbon monoxide is mo e effective reducing agent th n carbon below 9 3K but, above
this temp t re, the reverse is true - Explain.
c) It is possible to reduce Fe2O3 by coke at a temperature aro nd 1200K
A) i) Ellingham d agram for the formation of Al2O3 and MgO inter ects around 1600K. Above
this temperature aluminium line lies below the magnesium line. Hence we can use
aluminium to reduce magnesia above 1600K.
ii) In Ellingham diagram below 1600K magn sium line lies below aluminium line. Hence below
1600K magnesium can reduce alumina.
B) The tw lines for C  CO2 and C  CO cross at about 83K. Below this temperature the
reaction to form CO2 is energetically mo e favourable hence CO is more effective reducing
agent than carbon below 983K. But above 983K the formation of CO is pr ferred, hence
carbon is more effective educing agent than CO above this temperature.
C) In Ellingham diagram above 1000K carbon line lies below the iron line. Hence it is possible
to reduce Fe O3 by coke a temperature around 1200K.
9. Give us s of zinc.
.
 Metallic zinc is used in galvanisation to protect iron and steel structures from rusting and
corrosion
 Zinc is used t produce die - castings in the automobile, electrical and hardware industries.
 Zinc oxide is used in the manu acture of paints, rubber, cosm tics, pharmaceutic s, plastics,
inks, batt ries, textiles and electrical equipment.
 Zinc sulphide is used in maki g luminous p ints, fluoresce t lights and x - ray creens.
 Brass an lloy of zinc which is highly re istant to corrosion is used in water valves and
communication equipment
9 Unit - 1
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10. Explain the electrometallurgy of aluminium.
Hall - Herold Process
Cathod : Iron tanked lin d with ca bon
Anode : Carbon blocks
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Electrolyte : 20% solution of alumina obtained from bauxite + Molten Cryolite + 10%
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calcium chloride (lowers the melting point of th mixture)
Temperature Above 1270K
Ionisation of Alumina Al2O3  2Al3+ + 3O2-
Reactio at cathode : Al3+(melt) + 3e   Al(l)
Reaction at anode : 2O2- (melt)  O2 + 4e
.
Since carbon acts as anode the following reaction also takes place on it.
C(s) + O2  (melt)  CO 2e 
C(s) + 2O2 (melt)  CO2 + 4 
During electr lysis anodes are slowly med due to the above two reactions. Pure
aluminium is formed at he cathode and settles at the bottom.
Net elec rolysis reaction s
4Al3+ (melt) + 6O2- (melt) + 3C(s)  4Al(l + 3CO2(g)
11 Explain the fo lowing terms with suitab e examples. i) Gangu ii) Slag
i) Gangue :
 The non metallic impurit es, rocky materials and siliceous matter presen in the ores are
called gangue
(eg) : SiO2 is the gangue present in the iron Fe2O3.
ii) Slag :
 Slag is a fusible chemica substance form d by the reaction f g ngue with a flux.
CaO(s) + SiO (s)  CaSiO ( )
Flux gangue slag
12. Give the basic requirement for vapour hase refining.
 The metal i t eated with a suitable reagent t form a volatil mpound.
 Then th volatile compou d is decompo ed to give the pure metal.
13. Describe the role of the f llo ing in the process mentioned.
i) Silica in the extraction of opper.
ii) Cryolite in the extraction of aluminium.
iii) Iodine in the refining of Zirconium.
iv) Sodium cyanide in frot floatation.
i) In the e raction of copper silica acts as an acidic flux to r move FeO as slag FeSiO3.
FeO(s) + SiO2(s)  FeSiO3(s)
Flux Slag
ii As Al2O3 is a oor conducto cryolite improve the electrical conductivity
In addi on, cryolite serves s an added impurity and lowers the melting point of the
electrolyte
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iii) First Iodine forms a Volatil tetraiodide w th impure metal which decomposes to give pure
metal. Impure zirconium metal is heated in a evacuated ves el with iodin to form the
volatile irconium tetraiodide (ZrI4). The impurities are eft behind, as they do not react
with iodine
Unit - 1 10
Zr(s) + 2I2(s)  ZrI4(Vapour)

On passing volatile zirconium etraiodide vapour over a tungsten filament, t is d composed
to give ure zirconium.
ZrI4(Vapour)  Zr(s) + 2I2(s)
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iv) Sodium cy ide acts as depressing agent in froth floatatio process. Wh n a sulphide ore
of a me al of i terest con ains other metal sulphides the epres ing agent sodium cyanide
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selectively p event other metal sulphides from coming to th froth.
eg: NaCN depresses the floatation property ZnS present in Galena (PbS) by forming a layer
of Zinc ompl x Na2[Zn(CN)4]on the surface of Zinc sulp ide.
14. Explain the principle of elect olytic refining with an example.
 Crude metal is refined by lectrolysis carried out in an electrolytic cell.
 Cathode : hin strips of pure metal.
Anode Impu e metal to be refined.
Electrolyte : Aqueous so ut on of the salt of the metal with dilute acid.
 As cu t i passed, the metal of inter st dissolves f th anode and pass into the
electrolytic solution.
 At the same time same amount of metal i ns from the elec rolyti solution will be deposited
at the ca hode
 Less electro positive impurities in the anode settle down as anode mud.
 eg : Ele tro refining of silv r :
Cathode Pure silver
Anode : Impure silve rod
Electrolyte A idified aqueous solution of silver nitrate.
 On passing current the ollowing reactions will take place
Reaction t anode : Ag(s)  Ag+(aq) + e 
Reaction at cathode : Ag+(aq) e   Ag s)
an
 At anode silver atoms lose electrons an enter the solution. From the solution silver ions
migrate towards the cathode. At cathode silver ions get dis harged by gain ng electrons and
deposited on the cathode.
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15 The selection of reducing agent depends on the thermodynamic factor : Explain with an
exampl .
.
 A suitable reducing agent is selected based on the thermodynamic considerations.
 For a spontaneous reaction G should b negative.
 Thermodynamically, th tion of metal oxide with a given reducing g t an occur if
G for the oupled reaction is negative.
 Hence the reducing age t is selected in su h a way that it provides a la ge negative G
value for the coupled reaction.
 Ellingh m diagram is used to predict th emodynamic fe sibility of reduction of oxides of
one metal by nother metal
 Any metal can reduce the oxides of other metals that are ocated above it in the diagram.
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 Ellingham diagram for the fo mation of FeO and CO intersects around 1000K Below this
tempera ure the carbon line lies above the iron line.
 Hence FeO is more stable than CO and the reduction is not thermodynamically feasible.
11 Unit - 1
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 Howev r above 1000K carbon line lies below the iron line. Hence at this condition FeO is
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less stabl than CO and the reduction is thermodynamically feasible. So coke can be used as
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a reducing agent above t is temperature
 Following free energy calculation also fi m that the reduction is thermodynamically
favoured.
 From th Ellingham diagram at 1500K
2Fe(s) + O2(g)  2FeO(g) G1 =  350 KJmol-1 ............1
2C(s) + O2(g)  2CO(g) G2 = 480 KJmol-1 ............2
Reverse th reaction 1
2FeO(s)  2Fe(s) + O2(g)  G 350 KJm l 1 ............3
Couple the reactions 2 and 3
2FeO(s) 2C(s)  2Fe(s) + 2CO(g) G 3 =  130 KJmol-1 .... ... .4
G 3
r
n t
 The standard f ee energy ch ng for the reduction of one mole of FeO is = - 65 KJmol-1
2
n k
16 Give the limitations of Ellingham diagram.
 Ellingham diagram is cons ucted based only on thermodynam c considerat ons
 It gives information about the thermodynamic feasibility of a reaction.
 It does not tell anything ab ut the rate of the reaction.
 More ov it does not give any idea about the possibility f ther reactions that might be
taking place
 The interpreparation of  G is based on th assumption that the reactants are in equilibrium
with the product which is not always tru .
17. Write a hort note on electrochemical principles of metal urgy.
 Reducti oxides of active metals such as sodium p assium etc. by carbon is
thermodynamically not easible.
 Such m tals are extracted from their ores by using electro hemical methods
 In this m th d the metal salts are taken in fused form or i l tion form.
.
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 The metal ion resent can be reduced by treating the solu ion w th suitab e r ducing agent
or by electrolysis.
 Gibbs free energy change for the electrolysi is
0 0
 G = - nFE
n = number of electrons involved in the reduction
F = Faraday = 96500 coulombs
E0 = electrode potential of he redox couple.
 If E0 is positiv , G 0 is negative and the reduc ion is spontane us.
 Hence a r dox reaction is planned in such a way that the e m f of the net redox reaction is
positive
A more r active metal displac s a less reactive metal from its salt solution.
eg : Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s)  Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
 Zinc is more r active than copper and displaces copper from it salt solution
Unit - 1 12
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III. Evaluate yourself
Evalute yourself
1. Write the equation for the extraction of ilver by leaching with sodium cyanide and show
that the leaching process is a redox reacti n
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Ans : Ag  Ag+ (O.N increa es from 0 to +1, hence oxidation)
O2  OH- (O N decrease from 0 to -2, hence reduction)
 Leaching of silver is a redox reaction.
Evaluate yo rself
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2 Magnesite (Magnesium carbonate) is calcined to obtain m g esia, which is used to make
refractory bricks. Write the decomposition reaction
MgCO3  MgO + CO2 
Evaluate yo rs lf
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3. Using Ellingham diagram fig 1.4) indicate the lowest temperature at which ZnO can be
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reduced to Zinc metal by ca bon. Write th all reduc on reaction at this emperature
Ans : Ellingham diagram for the formation of ZnO and CO intersects around 1200K Below this
temper ture, Carbon line lies above Zin line. Hence ZnO is more stable han CO so the
reduction is thermodynamically not feasible a this temperature range. However above 1200K
carbon line lies below the zin line, hence carbon can be used as a reducing agent above
1200K.
2Zn + O2  2ZnO ...........1
2C + O2  CO ..........2
Reversing 1 and adding with equation 2
2ZnO  2Zn + O2
2C + O2  2CO
2ZnO + 2C  2Zn + 2CO
Evaluate yourself.
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4. Metallic Sodium is extracted by the elec olysis of brine (aq Nacl). After electrolysis the
.
electrolytic solution becomes ba ic in nature. Write the possible electrode reac ions.
An s : 2NaCl(aq)  2Na+(aq) + 2Cl (aq)
Anode : 2Cl  (aq)  Cl2(g) + 2e 
.k
Cathode : 2H2O(l) + 2e  H2(g) + 2OH  (aq)

.
Nothing happens to sodium ion but it is still important. Na ons are spectator ions and
combine with OH  ions to f rm NaOH
Three pr ducts are H2, Cl2 and NaOH
Over all equation is 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)  H2(g) + Cl2(g) + 2N OH(aq)
Ionic equation is 2H2O(l) + 2Cl  (aq) + 2Na+(aq)  2Na+(aq) 2OH  (aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)
or 2H2O(l) + 2Cl  (aq)  2OH  (aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)
13 Unit - 1
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Part - II - ADDITIONAL QUEST ONS
I. Match the following
n
Ore Formula Answer
i Manetite a ZnCO3 c Fe3O
ii Cu rite b PbCO3 e Cu2O
iii Calamine c Fe 3O 4 a ZnCO3
iv Cerrusite d SnO2 b PbCO
v Cassiterite e Cu2 O d SnO2
2 Ore of metal Name Answer

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i Ore of copper a Diaspore c Ma ac ite
ii Ore of aluminium b Chlorargyrite a Diaspore
3.
iii
iv
v r
Ore of iron
Ore of lead
Ore of sil er
Co centration
c
d
Malachite
Limoni e
Anglesi e
Ore
d
e
b
Limonite
Angle ite
Chlorargyrite
Answer
i Gravity separation a Pyrolusite d Tinstone
ii Froth floa ation b Alumina c Zin blende
iii Cya de leaching c Zinc bl nde e G ld
iv Alk li le ching d Tinston b Alumina
v Magnetic separation e Gold a Pyrolusite
4. Pur fication Metal Answer

i Dist llation a Silicon b Zinc
ii Liquation b Zinc b Tin
iii Electrolytic refining Nickel e Silver
iv Zone refining d Tin a Silicon
v Mond p ocess e Silver c Nickel
II. Fill in the blanks Answer

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5 The metal wh h shows high resistance to corr sion and used
in the design of Chemical reactors is ____ ________ Aluminium
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6 _____ are used for increasing the efficiency of the solar cells Gold nanoparticles
7 The removal of gangue from ores is calle as ________ Concentration of ores
8. ___ is the pro ess in which concentrated ore i strongly heated
in the abse ce of air Calcination
Unit - 1 14
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III Pick out the odd man out
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9. Find the odd man out
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a) Sphalerite b) Galena c) Azurite d) I on pyrite
Ans c) Azurite. Th s is a basic carbonate ore others ar sulphide ores.
10. Find the odd man out
a) Mala hite b) Limon te c) Siderite d) Haema te
Ans : a) Malachite. This i the ore of copper, others are ores of iron.
11 Which i not refined by liquation?
a) Tin b) Zinc c) Lead d) Bismuth
Ans : b) Zinc. Zinc is refined by distillation.
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12. Which is not refined by zone refining?
a) Silicon b) Gallium c) Zirconium d) Ge mamium
Ans : c) Zirconium. Z rconium is efined by Van Arkel method
13. Choose the incorrect pa r.
a) Mal it , Azurite b) Ruby silver, H il er
c) Zincite, Cuprite d) Anglesite, Cerrusite
Ans : c) Z nc te, Cuprite. They are ores of Zinc and copper
14 a) Kaolinit , Aluminium b) Stefinite, Silver
c) Galena Lead d) Prousitite, Tin
Ans : d) Prousitite, Tin Correct pair is prousitite, silver.
15 Choose the correct pair.
a) Cerru ite Cassiterite b) Siderite, Limonite
c) Anglesit , Z ncite d A ite, Kaolinite
Ans : b) Siderite,Limonite. Both are ores of irons.
16. a) Diaspore, Copper b) Galena, Tin
c) Stefinite Silver d) Malachite, Aluminium
n Ans : c) St finite, Silver. Stefinite is the ore of silver

IV. Assertion and Reason
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17. Assertion (A) : Tinstone ore is oncentrated by magnetic separation.

Reaso R) Wolframite impurities are magnetic
i) A and R are correct, R explains A.
ii) A is correct, R is wrong
iii) A is wr ng, R is correc
iv) A and R are correct but R does not explain A.
Ans : i) A and R are correct, R xplains A.
18. Correct Assertion (A) : Aluminium can be ommercially extracted from china lay which is a
profitable one
Reason (R) : China clay is a mineral of aluminium.
i) A and R a e correct, R explains A. ii) A is correct, R is wrong
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iii) A is wrong, R is corre t iv) A and R are correct but R does not explain A.
Ans : iii) A is wrong, R is correct
Correct Assertion : Aluminium can be commercially extracted from bauxite which is a
profitable ore
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19. Assertion (A) : Zinc blende can be concentrated by froth floatation method.
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Reason (R) : Metallic ore particles are preferentially wetted by water and settle at the bottom.
i) A and R are correct, expl ins A.
iii) A is wrong, R is correct
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iv) A and R are correct but R does not explain A.
Ans : ii) A is correct, R is wrong
i.
Correct (R) : Metallic particles are preferentially wetted by oil and rise to the surface.
20. Assertion (A) Cr2O3 is reduced into chromium by aluminothermite process.
Reason (R) : Aluminium acts as the reducing a ent.
i) A and R are correct, R expl ins A.
iii) A is wrong R is c t
iv) A and R are correct but R does not expl i A.
Ans : i) A and R are corr ct, R xplains A.
V. Choose the correct statement
21
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a) Meta s having more chemical reactivi y occur as nativ elements.
b) Removal of gangue from ores is called ref ning.
c) Tin stone ore is concentrated by gravity separation.
d) Silve glance is a carbo te ore.
Ans : c) Tin stone ore is concentrated by gravity separation
22. a) In froth fl atation sodium ethyl xanthate acts as a collector
b) In le ch ng he ore is c ted into insoluble salt or complex and the ga g remains in
the solution.
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c) Amm nia leaching is suitable for gold d ilver.
d) Baux te ore is subj ct d t id leaching
Ans : a) In froth floatation sodium ethyl xanthate acts as a collector.
23. a) Calcination is the pro ess in which concentrated ore is trongly heated in the presence of
air.
b) Flux is a chemical sub t that forms an easily fusible slag with gang
c) In l i thermite pro es the ignition mixture d i magnesium eroxide and
barium.
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d) Any metal can reduc the oxides of oth r metals that are located below it in Ellingham
diagram.
Ans : b) Flux is a chemical substance that forms an easily fusible slag with gangue.
24 a) In electro efining pure metal is taken as an de and impure metal is taken as cathode.
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b) Disti lation is employed for high boili g non volatile metals.

c) Zone refin ng is based n the principle of fractional crystalli ation.
d) Mond s process is used for efining titanium.
Ans : c) Zon refining is based on the principl of fractional crystallisation.
VI Choose incorrect statement
25. i) In cy nide leaching gold is converted into an insolubl cyanide complex.
ii) In ammoni leaching ni kel forms a soluble complex.
Unit - 1 16
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iii)In alkali leaching aluminium forms an insoluble complex.
a) i & ii b) i & iii c) ii & iii d) i, ii, iii
Ans : b) i & iii
26 i) In Ellingham diagram for most of the metal oxide formation the slope is negative.
ii) Oxyge g s is consumed du ing the formation of metal o ides resulting in the ncrease of
randomness.
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iii) As tempe ature increases G value for the formation f the metal oxide become more
negative
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a) i & ii b) i & iii c) ii & iii d) i ii, & i i A ) ii & iii
27 i) The reduction of oxide of active metals such as sodium, potassium et by carbon is
thermodynamically feasible
ii) When a more reactive metal is added to th solution containing less reactive metal, the
less rea tiv metal will go into the solution.
iii)Copp r di places zinc f zinc salt solution.
a) i & ii b) i & i i c) ii & iii d) i ii, iii
Ans : d) i, ii & iii
28 i) When an impure metal is melted and all wed to solidi y the mpurities will prefer to be
in the solid region
ii) Zone refining is carried out in an inert gas atomsphere to prevent the reduction of metals.
iii)Elements such as germanium, silicon and gallium are efined by zone refining.
a) i & ii b) i & i c) ii & iii d) i, ii, iii
i
Ans : a) i & ii
29. Which f t e follwing is not an oxide ore?
a) Cuprite b) Siderite c Cassiterite d) Zincite
A b) Siderite
3 Which of the following is an oxide ore?
a) Sphaelerite b) C l ine c C ssi erite d) Stefinite
An : c) Cassiterite
31 Which of the following is not a sulphid ?
a) Stefinite b) A gen ite c) Cerrusite d) Sphaelerite
Ans : c) Cerrusite
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32 Which of the following is a sulphide ore?

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a) Pyrargyrite b) Mala hite c) Limonite d) Kaolinite
Ans : a Pyrargyrite
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33. Which of the following is not a carbonate ore?

a) Siderit b) Calamine c) Ce rusite d) C ssiterite
Ans : d) Cassiterite
34. Which o the following is a arbonate ore?
a) Limonite b) Siderite c) Magnetite d) Haem tite
Ans : b) Siderite
35. Which of the following is the ore of iron?
a) Limonit b) Azurit c) Stefinite d) Cer usite
Ans : a) Limonite
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36. Which of the following is not an ore of iron?
a) Haematite b) Magnetite c) Siderite d) Anglesite
Ans : d) Anglesite
37. Which of the following is an ore of silver?
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a) Azuri e b) Prousit te c) C site d) L mon te
Ans : b) Prousitite
38 Which of the following is a sulphate ore?
a) Galena b) Zi bl nde c) Cerrusite d) Angles e
Ans : d) Anglesite
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39. Non metallic impurities, ro ky materials and siliceous matter which are ass ciated with
ores are called as.
a) Slag b) Flux c) Gangue d) residue
An : ) Gangue
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40 Gravity p ation is suitable for

a) Oxide ore b) Sulphide ore
c) Carb nate o e d) S lphate ore
Ans : a) Oxide ore
41. Froth floatation is suitable for
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a) Oxide ore b) Sul hide ore c) Carbonate ore d) Sulphate ore
Ans : b) Sulphide ore
42. In froth floata ion, pine oil is used as a
a) Collector b) depressing agent
c) Frothing agent d) Fl
Ans : c) Frothing agent
43. In froth floatation sodium ethyl Xantha e is us d as a
a) Colle tor b) depressing agent
c) frothing agent d) Flux
Ans a) Collector
44. In froth floatation sodium cya ide is used as a
a) Collector b) dep ssing agent
c) frothing agent d) Flux
Ans : b) depr ssing agent
45. The floatati n property the impurity ZnS present in galena i depressed by adding
a) Pure oil b) Eucalyptus oil
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c) Sodium yanide d) S dium ethyl Xanthate

Ans : c) S dium cyanide
46 The crushed ore of gold i leached with aerated dilute solution of
a) Sodium hydroxide b) Sodium cyanide
c) Sulphuric a id d) Ammonia
Ans : b) Sodium cyanide
Unit - 1 18
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47. Concentration of gold ore is done by
a) Cyanide leaching b) Ammonia leaching
c) Alkal leaching d) Acid leaching
Ans : a) Cyanide leaching
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48. Ammonia lea hing is done for the concentration of the ore of
a) Silver b) Copper c) Aluminium d) Zinc
.
Ans : b) Copper
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49. During roasting sulphide ores are conve ted into their
a) Metals b) Oxides c) Carbonates d) nitrates
An : b) Oxides
50. During ca cin tion of carbonate ore the expelled gas is
a) Carbon monoxide b) Carbon dioxide
c) Sulphur dioxide d) Nitrogen dioxide Ans : b) Carbon dioxide
51 Metals which do not form carbides with carbon at reduction temperature can be extracted
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from th ir oxi es by
a) Reducti n by metal b) Reduction by hyd ogen
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c) Reducti by carbon d) A t reduction
Ans : c) Reduction by carbon
an i
52. Cinnabar is converted into mercury by
a) Redu ti n by metal b Reduction by hyd og n
c) Reduction by carbon d) Auto reduction
Ans : d) Auto reduction
53 Thermodyn mically the reduction of m tal oxide with a give reducing agent can occur
if the free energy chang for the coupled react on is
a) Posit ve b) Negative c) One d) Zero Ans : b) Negative
54. For the reduction of met l xide into metal a reducing agent is selected in s ch a way that
for the coupled reaction it provides a
a) Large positive  G value b) Small positive  G v lue
c) Large n gative  G val d) Small negative  G value
Ans c) Large negative  G value
55 For the formation of various metal oxides Ellingham diagram is a graphical representation
between
a)  G0 &  S b) G0 &  H c)  G & T d)  H &  S
Ans : c)  G0 & T
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56. In Ellingham diagram, for most of the m tal oxide formation the slope is
a) Positive b) N gative c) Zero d) One
Ans : a) Positive
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57. In Ellingh diagram as temperature increases, generally  G value for the formation of
the metal oxide become
a) Less positive b) More positive c Less negative d) More neg tive
Ans : c)Less negative
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58 If the e.m.f of the net redox rea tion i p iti its  G is
a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) One
Ans : b) Negative
59. Which of the following metal is refined by distillation?
a) Tin b) L ad c) Zinc d) Bismuth
Ans : c) Zinc
60 Which of the following is not refined by zone refining?
a) German um b) Zirconium c) Silic n d) Gal ium
An : b Zirconium
61. Which of the following is refined by Mond process?
a) Silicon b) Copper c N ckel d) Zinc
w . a il A s : c) Nickel
62 Which of the following is refined by Van Arkel method?
a) Galli m b) Titanium c) Germanium d) Silicon
Ans : b) Titanium
63. Which of the following metal is used in galvanisation?
a) Coppe
t p b) Aluminium c Zinc d) G ld
Ans : c) Zinc
64 Which is used in making luminous pain s, luroescent lights and x - ray screens?
a) Brass b) Zinc sulphide c C st iron d) Gold nano particl s
Ans : b) Zinc sulphide
65. Which is used for increasing the efficiency of solar cells?
a) Brass b) in sulphide c) Cast iron d) Gold n no partic es
Ans : d) Gold nan particles
VII. Two Mark Questions
1. What is a mineral?
.
 A naturally oc uring substance obtained by minig, which contains the metal in f ee state or
in the form of compound like oxides, sulphides etc ; is called a mineral.
2. What is an o e?
 A mineral which contains high percentage f metal, from which it can be extracted c nveniently
and econ mically is called as an ore.
3 What is conce tration of or s?
 The removal of non metallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter (called as
gangue) from the ores is known as concentration of ores.
Unit - 1 20
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4. What is leaching?
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 The process of dissolving me al present in an ore in a suitable solvent t form a soluble
metal salt or complex le ving the gangu undissolved is alled leaching.
5. What is ammonia leaching?
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 Crushed ore c ntaining nickel copper and cobalt is treat d with aqueous amm nia under
suitable pressure.
.
 Ammonia selectively leaches these metals by forming their soluble complexes namely
[Ni(NH )6]2+, [Cu(NH3)4]2+and [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+. from th ore.
 The gangue left behind ar iron (III) oxides/hydroxides and alumino silica
6. What is acid leaching?
 Sulphide ores ZnS, PbS b leached with hot aqueous u phuric acid
 In this pro es the insoluble sulphide is c rted into so uble ulphate and elemental sul-
phur.
2ZnS(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) + O2(g)  2ZnSO4(aq) + 2S(s) + 2H2O
7. What are the s eps involv d in the extra tion of crude m tal?
 Conversion of the ore into metal oxide.
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 Reducti n of the metal oxide into metal.
8. In the extraction of metal ore is first converted into metal xide before reduction into
metal. why?
 In the conc ntrated ore th metal exists in p sitive oxidation state nd hence it is to be reduced
to elemental state.
 From the principles of thermodynamics the reduction of oxide is easier compared to the
reductio of ther compounds of metal.
 Hence before reduction he ore is first converted into metal oxide.
9 Write about roasting.
 Roasting is applied for the o version of sulphide ores into their oxides.
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 Concen ated ore is oxid se by heating with excess of o ygen below the me ting point of
the metal in a suitable furnace.
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2PbS + 3O  2PbO+ 2SO2 

 Roasting als remove i p ities like ares nic, sulphur, pho phorou i t th ir volatile
oxides.
4As + 3O2  2AS2O3
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10. Write about t e extraction of metal by the process of reduction by carbon

 In this method oxide ore of the metal is m xed with coal (coke) and heated strong y in a blast
furnace
 This method can be applied to metals which do not form carbides with carbon at th reduction
temperature.
ZnO(S) + C  n(S) + CO g) 
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11. Write ab t the extraction of metal by the process of redu ti by hydrogen.
 This method can be applied to the oxides of the me als (Fe, Pb,Cu) which are less
electropositive than hyd ogen.
Ag2O(S) + H2(g)  2Ag(S) + H2O(l) 
 Nickel oxid is reduced t nickel by a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide water gas)
2NiO(S) +CO(g) + H2(g)  2Ni(S) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 
12. Write about the extraction of metal by the process of reduction by metal.
i
 In this proces a metal id is reduced to metal by some a tive met l like sodium,
potassium and calcium.
Rb2O3 + 3Mg  2Rb + 3MgO
TiO2 + 2Mg  Ti + 2MgO
ThO2 + C 250K Th + 2CaO

 Alumino thermite proce s i al o an example of reduction by metal.
13. Write about alumino thermite process.




ila
In this method a metal oxide is reduced o met l by alum nium
It is an exothermic pr h re heat is liberated.
Cr2O3 is mixed with aluminium powder in a fire clay crudable
Ignition mixture is magnes um and barium peroxide.
BaO2+ Mg  BaO + MgO
 Temper ture = 24000C Heat liberated = 52KJmol-1 This hea h lps the reduction of Cr2O3
by Al.
Cr2O3 + 2Al 
 2Cr + Al2O3
14 What is auto reduction of metallic ores?
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 Simple roasting of some of the metallic ores give the crude metal.
 Use of reducing agent is not necessary.
 (eg) Cin b is roasted to give mercury
HgS(S)+ O (g) +  Hg(l) + SO2( 
15 What is refining process of a metal?

 Removal of impurities like unreacted oxide ore, other m tals, non metal tc ; from the
crude metal extracted from its ore is known as refining proce s of a metal.
16 Write about d stillation process of refining a metal?
 In this method impure me l is heated t evaporate and he vapours are condensed to get
pure metal
 This meth d is used for low b iling volatile metals like zin and mercury.
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17. Write about liquation p ocess of refining metal?

 This method is used to remove the impurities with high melting points from m tals having
relatively low melting point
 (eg) Tin, lead, mercury, bi muth.
Unit - 1 22
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 Crude metal is heated to form fusible liquid and allowed to flow on a sloping surface.
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 Impure metal is placed on sloping health of a reverberatory furnace.
 Impure metal is heated just ab ve the m lting point of th metal in the ab ence f air.
 The molt p re metal flows down.
 Impuritie are left behind.
 Molten metal s collected and solidified.
18. Write the applications or uses of copper.
 Copper s the f rst metal used by humans and extended u e of it alloy bronze resulted in a
i
new era, B onze age’.
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 Used for making coins and ornaments along with gold and other metals.
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 Copper and its alloys are used for making wires, water pipes and other electrical parts.
19 Write the appl cations or uses of gold.
 Gold is on of the expen ive and precious metals.
 Used fo coin ge and ha been used as standard for mon tary s stems in ome countries.
 Extensively used in jewellery in its alloy form with copper
 Used in electr plating to co er other me als w th a thin layer o gold in watches, artificial
limb joints cheap jewellery, dental filling and electrical c nnectors.
 Gold nanoparticles are used f r increasing the efficiency of solar cells.
 Used as catalyst.
VIII. Three Mark Questions
1. Write about gravity separation or hydrulic wash?
 Ore with high specific gravity is separated from gangue with low specific gravity by simply
washing with running water.
 Finely powdered ore is t t d with rapidly flowing current of water.
 Lighter gangue particles are washed away by the running water.
 This method is used for c ncentrating native ore such as gold and oxide ores such as haematite,
tin stone
2. What is cyanide leaching?
 Crushed ore of gold is le ched with aerated dilute solution of sodium cyanide
 Gold is converted into a soluble cyanide complex.
 The gangu alumino silicate remains insoluble
4A u (s) + 8CN (aq) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l)  4[Au(CN)2]  (aq) + 4OH (aq)
 Gold can be recovered by reacting the deoxygenated leached solution with Zinc.
 Gold is reduced to its eleme tal state (ze o oxidation stat )
 This process i called cementation.
Zn(s) + 2[A (CN)2]  (aq)  [Z (CN)4]2  (aq) + 2Au(s)
3. Write about alkali leaching?

 In this metho the ore is heated with aqueou alkali to form a s luble complex.
 Bauxite is heated with a soluti n of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate at 4 0K - 520K
and 35 atm to form soluble sodium meta aluminate.
23 Unit - 1
 The impu iti iron oxide and titanium oxide are left behind
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Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l)  2Na [Al(OH)4](aq)
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 The hot solution is decanted, c oled and diluted.
 This sol i i neutralised by passing CO gas to form hyd t d Al2O3 precipitate.
2Na[Al(OH)4](aq) + CO2( )  Al2O3.XH2O( ) + 2NaHCO3 aq)

4.

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The pre ipitate is filtered ff and heated around 1670K to get pure Alumina Al 2O3.
Write about magnetic sparation.
This method is applicabl t f romagnetic ores.
 It is based on the difference in the magnetic pro erties
of the ore and the impurities
 Non magnetic tin stone can be separated from the
magnetic impurities wolframite.
 Similarly magnetic ores chromite, pyrol it can be
removed from non mag etic si iceous impurities.
 Crushe ore is poured on to an electromagnetic
separator with a belt moving over two roll f which
one is magnetic.
 Magnetic part of the ore is attracted towards the
magnet nd falls as a heap cl se to the magnetic region.
 Non magnetic part falls aw y from it.
5. Write about calcination.
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 Calcina on is the process in which the concentrated ore is strongly heated in the absence of air.
 During this process wate of crystallisatio present in the hydrated oxide escapes as moisture.
 Any organic matter present also get expel d l aving the o e porous.
 This me hod can also be i d out with a limited supply of air
 During calcination of carbonate ore carb nd ox de is liberated.
PbCO3 

 PbO + CO 
CaCO3 
 CaO + CO 
Al2O3. 2H2O 

 Al2O (s)
+ 2H2O(g) 
6. Write about smelting.

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 Smelting is a rocess in which the concentrated ore is mixed with a mixture of a flux and
reducing agent in a smelting furnace.
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 Flux is a chemical substance which forms an ea ily fusible slag with gangue.
 Carbon, carbon monoxide a d aluminium are used as reducing agents.
 Iron oxide can be reduced by carbon monoxide.
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) 
 Silica gangue present in the ore is acidic hence a basic flux lime combine with it forming
slag calcium ilicate.
CaO(s) + SiO2(s)  CaSiO3(s)
Slag
Unit - 1 24
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7. Write about Ellingham diagram.
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 The graphical representation of variation of the standard Gibbs free energy for th formation
of various metal oxides with temperatur is called Ellingham diagram.
 Change in Gibbs free energy G is given s
G  H  TS
 H = Enthalpy change T Temperature in Kelvin  S = Entropy change.
.
 For an equilibrium  G0 can be calculated using the equilibrium constant by the equation.
G 0 = RT ln Kp
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 By treating the reduction of metal oxides as an equilibrium p ocess Harold Ellingham used
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the above relationship to calcu ate G 0 v lues at various temperatures.
 He Plotted T in the x axis and G 0 for th f ation of metal oxides in the y axis.
 He obta ned s raight line graph with S as slope and H a y - intercept.
8. Write the observations from the Ellingham diagram.
 For mos of the metal oxide formation the slope is positive This can be expl in d as follows.
Oxygen gas is consumed during the form ti of metal oxide resulting in the decrease of
randomness. Hence  S be omes negative, T  is positive in the straight line equation.
 For the formation of carbon monoxide the graph is a straight line with negative slope. In this
case S is positive because 2 moles of CO. gas is formed by consuming 1 m le of oxygen
gas. This shows CO is t ble at higher temperature
 As temperature incre se  G for the formation of metal oxide becom s l gative and
in
become z ro at a particular temperature Below this temperature G is negative and the
oxide is stable. Above this temperature  G is positive and the oxide is ess stable. Metal
oxides b come less stable at higher temperature and their decomposition becomes easier.
 Due to phase ransition (melting or evap rati n) there is a sudden change in the slope at a
particular temperature fo some metal oxides like MgO, HgO.
9. Write about Van - Arkel method for refining zirconium/ itanium?
 This met d i based on the thermal decomposition of m l mpounds to metals.
 (eg) Tit nium nd Zirconium.
 Impure titanium is heated in an evacuated vessel with iodine at 550K to form vo ati e titanium
tetraiodide.
 The impurities do not rea t with iodine.
Ti(s) + 2I (s)  TiI4(vapour)
 Volatile titani m tetraiodide is passed over a tungsten filamen at 1800K.
 Titanium tetraiodide is d composed to pure titanium which is deposited over the filament.
 Iodine is reu ed.
TiI4(vapour)  Ti(s) + 2I2 (s)
10. Write the applications or uses of aluminium.

 For making heat exchangers/ inks.
 For mak ng our day to day ssels.
 For making luminium f ils for packing, food items.
25 Unit - 1
i m
 Alloys of l inium with copper, manganese, magnesium, sili are light weight and strong
nikk vi. o
hence used in design of a roplanes and other forms of transport.
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 Due to i s high resistanc to corrosion, it s used in the de ign of chemical reactors, medical
equipm t , frigeration units and gas pipelines.

11.
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It is a go d electrical conductor and cheap hence used in le trical over head cables with
steel core for s rength.
Write the applications or uses of Zinc.
c
 It is used in ga vanisatio f i n and steel to protect them from rusting and osion.
 To produce die - casting in automobile, electri al and hardware industri s
 Zinc oxide is u ed in the manufacture of paints, rubber, cosmetic , pharmacentica s, plastics,
inks, batteries textiles and electrical equipme t.
 Zinc sulph de s used in making luminous pain s, fluroes ent li hts and x - ray screens.
 An alloy of zinc known as brass is used in water valves and communic tion equipments
due to i high resistance to orrosion.
1 Write th applications or uses of iron.
 Iron is ne the most usefu metals and i s a lo s are used everywhere including bridges,
electricity pylons, bicycle chains, cutting tools and rifle barrels.
 Cast iron is used to make pipes, valves and pumb stoves etc.
 Magnets can be made of iron and its alloys and compounds
 Important alloy of iron is stainless steel which is very resistant to corrosion.



s
It is used in ar hitecture bearings, cutlery surgical instruments and jewellery.
Nickel steel is used for making cables, automobiles, and aeroplane parts.
Chrome steels are used for manufacturing cutting tools and cru hing machines.
IX. Five Mark Q estions.
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1. Explain froth floatation method.

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 This is used to concentrate sulphide ores such as galena (PbS) Zinc blende (ZnS) etc.
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

a
Metallic ore particles pre eren ially wetted by oil can be separat d from gangue
Crushed ore is mixed wi h water and a frothing agent like pine oil or eucalyptus oil.
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 A small amount of sodium ethyl xanthate is added as a collector.
 A froth is formed by blow g air through the mixture.
 The collector molecules attach to the ore particles and make them water repellent.
 As a result ore particles wetted by the oil rise to the surface along with the froth.
 The froth is skimmed off a d dried to recover the concentrated ore.
 Gangue partic es preferentially wetted by water settle at the bo om.
 If the sulphide ore contains oth r metal sulphides as impurities they are selectivel prevented
from comi g to the froth by using depressing agents like sodium cyanide, sodium carbonate
etc.
 Sodium cyanide depresse the floatation property of the impurity ZnS pr sent in galena
(PbS) by form ng a layer of inc complex Na2[Zn(CN)4] on the s rface of ZnS
Unit - 1 26
.kan n k
2. How is oppe extracted fr m is ore.
 Principle ore : Copper pyrites
w. n sn
 Concen ration : Froth float ion

 Concentrated ore is heated in a reverberatory furnace with an acidic flux silica.
m

 s
The basi fe rous oxide formed reacts w h silica to form the lag ferrous silicate.
Mutually solu le metal sulphides Cu2S and F S known a c pper matte i formed.
2CuFeS2( ) + O2(g)  2Fe ( ) + Cu2S(l) + 2SO2( )
2FeS(l) + 3O2(g  2FeO(l) + 2SO2(g)
FeO(s) + iO2(s) FeSiO3( )
Gangue Flux Slag
 Matte is removed from th slag and fed t the c nverting furnace.
 FeS present in the matte is first converted to FeO.
 FeO is d as slag with si ca.
 Remaining copper sulphide is oxidised to cuprous oxide.
 Cuprous oxide and copper sulphide reac to form metallic copper.
2Cu2S(l,s) + 3O2(g)  2Cu2S(l,s) + 2SO2(g)
2Cu2O(l) + Cu S(l)  6Cu(l) + SO2(g)
 SO2 is liberated through molten copper and on solidific tion it has blistered appearance.
This is copp r is called blister copper.
Electro fining :
Cathode : Th n pure sheet of copper.
Anode Impure Copper
Electrolyte : CuSO4 solution + dil H2SO4
On passing urrent pure copp r is deposited at the cathode.
27 Unit - 1
3. Explain the thermodynamic principle of metallurgy.
om
 Extraction of metals can be carried out by using different reducing agents.
 Conside the reduction f a me al oxide MxOy
2 2X
MxOy(s)  M + O2(g) ................1
Y Y s
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 Above reduc ion may be carried out with carbon.
i
 In this case the reducing ag nt carbon may be oxidised to CO or CO2
C + O2  CO (g) ..............2
2C + O2  2CO(g) ...................3
 If carbon monoxide is used s a reducing age t, it is oxidised to CO2
2CO + O2  2CO2......... ..4
 A suitable reducing ag t i lected based on hermodynamic onside ti
energy  G  hould be negative
i a
 For a sp n an ous reaction the change in f
 Thermodynamically the reduct on of me al oxide equatio (1)] with a given r ducing agent
[equation 2,3,or 4] can occur if the free energy change for the coupled reaction [equation
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1&2, 1& or 1&4] is negative

 Hence the reducing ag t hi h gives large negative G valu for the p d reaction is
selected
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4 Write the applications of E lingham diag
 Ellingham diagram helps us to select a suit bl educing agent and appropriate temperature
range fo redu tion.
 Reduction of metal oxid to metal is cons dered as a comp t tion between he element used
for reduction and the met l to combine w th oxygen.
 If metal oxide s more stable oxygen remains with the metal.
 If oxide th l ment used for reduction is more stable, o yg f m metal oxide combines
with the element used for reduction.
 From E lingham diagram the relative stablility of di ferent metal ox des at a given
temperature can be inferred
.t
 Ellingh m diagram for the fo mation of Ag2O and HgO is at the upp r par and their
decomposition temperatures a e 600 and 700K respectively. This shows that these oxides
are unstable at moderate temperatures and will decompose on heating even in the absence
of a reducing agent.
 Ellingham diagram is used predict therm dynamic feasibility of reduction of oxides of one
metal by anot er metal.
 Any metal can reduce the oxides of other metals that are located above it in the diagram.
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 For example, in the Ellingham diagram, the line for the formation chromium oxide ties above
that of aluminium, meaning that Al2O3 is more stable than Cr2O3. Hence aluminium can be
used as a reducing agent for the reduction of chromic oxide
 However aluminium can n t be used to r duce the oxides of magnesium and calcium since
they occupy l wer position than aluminium oxide in the Elling am diagram.
 Carbon line cuts across the lines of many metal oxides and hence it can redu e all these
metal oxide at sufficently high temperature.
Unit - 1 28
Loyola EC 12th CHEMISTRY
te. m
9. The alloy of copper tha tain Zinc is
a) Monel metal b) B onze c) bell metal d) brass
ru n
Ans : d) brass
10. Which of the following does not give o ygen on heating?
ic
a) K2Cr2O7 b) (NH4 2Cr2O7 c) KClO3 d) Zn(ClO3)2
A s : d) Zn(ClO3)2
a vi.
11. In acid medium, potassium permanganate oxidizes oxalic acid to
a) oxalate b) Carbon dioxide c) acetate d) acetic acid
Ans : b) Carbon dioxide
12. Which of the following statements is n t true?
a) on passing H2S, through acidified K2Cr2O7 solution, a milky colour is observed
b) Na2Cr O7 i preferred over K2Cr2O7 in volumetric an ly is
c) K2Cr2O7 olution in a idic medium is orange in colour
t
d) K2Cr2O7 s lution becomes yellow on ncreasing the pH beyond 7
Ans : b) Na2Cr2O is preferred over K Cr2O7 in volumetric analysis
1 . Permangana e ion chang s to ______ in ac dic medium
a) MnO42 b) Mn c) Mn3+ d) MnO2
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Ans : b) Mn2+
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14. A white crystalline salt (A) react with dilute HCl to liberate a suffocating gas (B) and also
forms a yellow precipit t The gas (B) turns potassium dichromate acidifi d ith dil H2SO4
s
to a gr en co oured solution (C). A, B and C are respect ve y.

a) Na2SO3 , SO2 , Cr2 (SO4)3 b) Na2S2O3 , SO2 , Cr2 (SO4)3
c) Na2S SO2 Cr2 (SO4)3 d) Na2SO4 SO2 , Cr2 (SO4)3
Ans : a) Na2SO3 , SO2 , Cr2 (SO4)3
1 . MnO4  react with Br- in alkaline PH to gi e
a) BrO , MnO2 b) Br2 , MnO42  c) Br2 , MnO2 d) BrO  MnO42 
Ans : a) BrO3  , MnO2
.
wt
t
16. How many moles of I a e liberated when 1 mole of potassium dich omate react with
potassium iodide?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
Ans : c) 3
17. The number of moles of acidified KMnO4 required to oxidize 1 mole of ferrous oxalate
(FeC2O4) i
a) 5 b) 3 c) 0.6 d) 1.5
Ans : c) 0.6
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18. When a brown compound of Mn (A) is treated with HCl, it gives a gas (B). The gas (B)
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taken in excess reacts with NH3 to give an explosive compound (C). The compound A, B
and C are
a) MnO2 Cl2 , NCl3 b) MnO Cl2 , NH4Cl c) Mn3O4 , Cl2 NCl3 d) MnO3 Cl2 , NCl2
Ans : a) MnO2 , Cl2 , NCl3
89 Unit - 4
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19. Which one of the follo i g tatements related to lanthanons is incorrect
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a) Eur pium shows +2 oxid tion state
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b) The basicity decreas s as the ionic radius decreases from Pr to Lu.
c) All the lanthanons are much more reactive than aluminium
c
d) Ce4+ solutions are w dely sed as oxidising agents in volumetric anal sis.
Ans : c) All the lanthanons are mu h more reactive than aluminium.
20. Which of the following lanthanoid ions is diamagnetic?
a) Eu2+ b) Yb2+ c) Ce2+ d) Sm2+
Ans : b) Yb2+
21. Which of the following oxid tion states i most common among the lanthanoids?
a) 4 b) 2 c) 5 d) 3
Ans : d) 3
22. Assertio Ce4+ is used as an oxidizing agent in volumetr analysis
m ar
Reas C 4 has the t nden y of attaining +3 oxidati t t .
a) Both a ertion and reason are true and reason is the corr t explanation of assertion.
b) Both asser ion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanati n of assertion.
c) Assertion is true but reason is false
d) Both assertion and reas n are false.
Ans : b) B th assertion and reason are true but reason i t the correct explanation of
assertion.
23. The m st common oxidation state of act noids is
a) +2 b) +3 c) +4 d) +6
p Ans : c) +4
24. The actinoid elements which show the highe t oxidation state of +7 are
a) Np, P , Am b) U, Fm, Th ) U, Th, Md d) Es, N , Lr
A ) Np, Pu, Am
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25. Which one of the followi g s not correct?

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a) La (OH)2, is less basi than Lu (OH)3

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b) In lanthan id series ionic radius of Ln3 io s decreases

c) La is actually an elem nt of transition metal series rather than lanthanide series
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d) Atomic r dii of Z d Hf re same because of lanthanide ontracti

.
Ans : a) La (OH) is less basic than Lu (OH)3
II Answer the following questions
1. What are transition metals? Give four examples
The metallic elements that ha e incompletely filled d or f s bshell in the neutr l or cationic
state are alled transition metals. Examples : Copper, Iron Cobalt, Nickel.
2 Explain th oxidation states f 3d series elements.
 The first transition metal candium exhibits +3 oxidation state.
 All other tra sition elements shows variable oxidation states
Unit - 4 90
m
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n t c m
 By lossing electrons fr ( 1) d orbital and ns orbital as the energy diff ce between
them i very small.
 At the begining of the eries, +3 oxidati t te is stable but towards th end +2 oxidation
state is stable.

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Mn shows maximum oxidation state +7.
 Cu shows +1 and +2 ox dation state.
3. What are inner transition elements?
 The elements which in their elemental or ionic form have partly filled f orbitals are called f
uvi
block lemen s.
 As the f o bitals lie inner to the penultimate shell, therefore these elements having partially
filled f orbitals, are also called inner tran ition elements.
. Justify the position of lanthanides and actin des in the pe iodic table.
 The actu l p sition of lanthanides in the periodic table is at roup number 3 and period
number 6
 In the s xth period after an hanum, the electrons, are pref rentia ly filled in inner 4f subshell.
 14 elements from cerium to lutetium followed by lanthanum. They are grouped together.
 Genera elec ronic configuration [xe]4f 1 , 5d 0  1, 6s2.
 Common oxidation state of lanthanoides is +3
 All these elements have similar chemical and physical properties.
5. What re actinides? Give hree examples.
 The fou teen elements following actinium is from thorium to lawrentium are called actinoids.
Examples : Thorium, uranium, Neptunium.
6 Why Gd3 is olourless?
 Electronic configuration of Gd is [Xe]4f 5d1 6s2.
 Electronic configuration of Gd3+ is [xe]4f7 5d 6so. Henc no electrons are there in outer d
orbital Due to this it is colourless.
7 Explain why compounds of Cu2+ are coloure but those Zn2+ are colou less.
 Cu2+ has outer electronic configuration 3d9. It consists of one unpaired electrons. Due to d-d
tranistion Cu2+ is coloured.
Zn2+ has outer electroni con iguration 3d10. It has no unpaired electron. - d t ansitoin not
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
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possib e. Hence Zn2+ is co ou less.

8. Describe preparation of potassium dichromate.
 Potassium dichromate is p epared form chromite - Iron ore or Chromate re.
i) Conservation of chromite iron ore into sodium chromate
900  1000o C
4FeCr2 O + 8Na 2 CO 3 + 7H 2 O  8Na 2 CrO 4 + 2Fe 2 O 3 + 8CO 2 
Sodium ch mate
ii) Conservati n of sodiu chromate to sodium dichromate :
2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4  Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O
Sodium dichromate
iii) Conserv tion of sodium dichromate to potassium dichromate :
Na2Cr O7 + 2KCl  K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
Pota ium dichromate (orange red)
91 Unit - 4
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9. What i lanthanide contraction and what are the effects of lanthanide contraction?
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 As we move across 4f series, the atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoids show gradual decrease
with increase in atomic numb r. This decrease in ionic s ze is called lanthanide ontraction.
Consequenc s :
 From Ce3+ to Lu3+, basic char cter decreases.
 Regul r decr ase in ionic radii.
.
.
 Second a d third transition series resemble each other due t lanthamide contraction.
10. Complete the following.
a. MnO42  + H+  ?
3MnO42  + 4H+  2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O
acidified
b) C6H5CH3 
KMnO4 ?

COOH
(O)
C6H5CH3 

H / KMnO4
Benzoic acid
2+
c) MnO4 + Fe ?
2MnO4 + 10Fe2+ + 16H  2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ + 8H2O
 
d) KMnO4 
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2KMnO4   2K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
e) Cr2O72  I  + H+  ?
Cr2O72  + 6I  + 14H+  2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O
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f) Na2Cr2O7 + KCl  ?
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl  K2Cr O + 2NaCl
11. What are interstitial compounds?
t
 An interstitial compound that is formed when small atoms like hydrogen, boron, carbon or
nitrogen are trapped in h i terstitial holes in a metal lattice.
 Ex : Ti , ZrH1.92
.
12. Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in Ti3+, Mn2+ and calculate th spin only
magnetic moment.
 Electronic configuration of Ti3+ = [Ar]3d
It has only o e unpaired electron, ie. n = 1
Spin only magnetic moment s = n (n 2) B.M = 1(1 2) = 3
= 1.732 BM.
2+
Electronic c nfiguration of Mn = [Ar] 3d5
It has five unpaired electrons ie. n = 5
Spin only magnetic moment s = n (n 2) = 5(5+ 2) = 35
= 5.92BM
Unit - 4 92
. an ni ka c m
w. p ote com
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13. Write th l tronic configuration of Ce4+ and Co2+.
 Electronic cofiguration of C 4+ = [Xe]4f0 5d0 6s0.
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 Electronic configuratio of Co2+ = [Ar]3d7.
14. Explain briefly +2 states become more and more stable in the first half of the first row
transitio lements wi h incr asing atomic number.
 In the elements of first half f the first row, with the r mova of valanc 4s lectrons (+2
oxidatio tate) the 3d orbital get gradually occupied. Sin the number of empty d orbital
decreases, the stability of the cations (M2+) increases from Sc2+ to Mn2+.
15. Which is more stable? Fe3+ or Fe2+ - explain
 Electronic configuration of Fe3+ = [Ar] 3d5 It onsists of 5 unpaired electrons. Half filled and
stable.
 Electroni configuration of Fe2+ = [Ar]3d . It consists of 4 unpaired electrons. partially filled
d subshe .
 Hence Fe + is more stable han Fe2+.
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16. Explain the variation in E M +/M2+ 3d series.
p o
 Transitio metals in their high oxidation states tend to be o idising. The standard reduction
potent al for he M3+/M + half cell give the relative stability b tween M3 nd M2+.
Reaction Standard reduc ion potential (v)
3+ 
Ti + e  Ti 2+
-03
U3+ +   U2+ 0.26
3+ 2+
Cr +  Cr - 0.41
3+ 
Mn + e  Mn 2+
+ 1.51
n
Fe3+ + e   Fe2+ + 0 77
3+ 2+
Co + e  Co + 1.81
 The negativ values for titanium, vanadi d chromium indicate that the higher oxidation
state is preferred.
 The high reduction potential of Mn3+/Mn2+ indicates Mn is more stable than Mn3+.
17. Comp re lanthanides and actinides.
S.No Lanthanides Actinide

1 Differentiating electr ns enters in 4f Differen iating electron enters in 5f orbital
orbital
2 Binding energy of 4f orbitals are Binding energy of 5f orbital are lower
higher
3 Do not form complexes Form complex compounds
3+
Most of the lanthano ds are colourl ss Most of the actinoids are colou ed . U red,
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4
U4+ Green, UO22+ Yellow
5 They do not fo m oxocations. They form oxocations Ex UO22+
6 Max mum oxidation state is +4 Maximum oxidation state is +7
93 Unit - 4
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18. Explain why Cr2+ is strongly reducing while Mn3+ is str ngly oxidizing.
. n nik a vi.co
 E0 value for Cr3+/Cr2+ is negative (-0.41V), where as E Value for Mn3+ Mn2+ is positive
(+1.57V). Hence Cr2+ ions can easily un ergo oxidation o give Cr3+ ions nd th refore, acts
as stro g ducing agent. On the otherhand Mn3+ can easi y dergo reduction to give Mn2+
and hen cts as oxidi ing agent.
19. Comp re the ionization e thalpies of first series of the ransit on element
lv .
 The first ionisation enthalpies in each series generally increases gradually as we move from
left to ight though some exceptions are observed in each serie .
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 The first ionisation enthalpies of some elements in the second (4d) series are higher while
some of them have lower val es than the el ments of 3d series in the same verti al coloumn.
 Also, the first ionisation enthalpies of third (5d) series are higher than those of 3d and 4d
series. Th s is becaus f k shielding of nucleus by 4 e ect ons in th 5d ies.
20. Actinoid ntraction is grea er from element to element t n the lanthan id contraction
why?
 This is due to poor shielding by 5f electrons in actinoids as compared to that by 4f electrons
in lanthanoids.
21. Out of Lu(OH)3 and La (OH)3 which is more basic and why?
 La(OH)3 is more basic because of larger size of La than Lu.
22. Why europium (II) is more stable than Cerium (II)?
ni
 Europium (II) has electronic configurat on [xe]4f7 5d0 while cerium (II) has electronic con-
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figura on [xe]4f1 5d1. In E 2+, 4f sub shell is half filled and d ubshell is
2+
pty. Since half
filled and completely f led electronic configurations more stable, Eu i more stable than
Ce2+ in which neither 4f subshell nor 5d subshell is half f lled r completely filled.
23. Why do zirconium and Hafnium exhib t s m lar properties?
 This is because Zr and Hf have similar atomic sizes which is due to lanthanoid contraction.
2 . Which is stronger reducing agent Cr2+ r Fe2+
 Cr2+ is a stronger reducing nt than Fe2+.
Reason :
 E0 (Cr3+/Cr2+) is negative (-0.41V) where as E0(Fe3+/Fe2+) is positive (+0.77V). Thus Cr3+ is
easily oxidised to Cr3+ but Fe2+ cannot b easily oxidised to Fe3+. Hence Cr2+ is a stronger
reducing agent than Fe2+
25. The E0 M +/ M value for copper is positive Suggest a possible reason for this.
 E0(M2+/M) for any met l depends upon th sum of the enthalpy changes taking place in the
following steps.
M(s) + H  a   M(g) ( H  a  enthalpy of atomisation)
M + H (i)  M 2+ ( H (i) = ionisation enthalpy)
(g) (g)
M2+(s)
+ aq  ( H Hyd = hydration enthalpy)
M2+(aq)
 Coppe possesses a high e thalpy of atomisation and low enthalpy of hydration. Hence
E0 2
Cu Cu is positive.
Unit - 4 94
note.c m
26. Predic which of the following will be coloured in aqueous solution Ti2+, V3+, Sc4+, Cu+,Sc3+,
Fe3+, Ni2+ and Co3+.
 Only those ions which have incompletely filled d - orbi als are coloured Those with fully
filled or empty d - orbitals are colourles
 Thus Ti2 ,V3+,Fe3+,Ni2+ and Co3+ are coloured. due to d - d transition and Sc3+,Cu+ are
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colour ess.
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27. Describe the variable oxidation state of 3d series elements.
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 The fi st tran ition series (3d) shows variable oxidation state ecause electrons from ‘s’ as
i
well as ‘d’ orbital take part in bond forma ion Mn (Z = 25) can show +2,+3,+4,+6 and +7
oxidation state.
28. Which m tal in the 3d series exhibits +1 oxidation state m st frequently why?
 Copper has e ectronic configuration 3d104s1. It can easily lo e 4 1 electron to give the stable
3d10 conf guration. Hen e, it hows +1 oxidation state.
r
29. Why f rst ionization enthalp of chromium is lower than that of zinc?
 The chro ium (Cr) has configuration 3d54s1 Zinc (Zn) has 3d104s2. The ejection of one electron
from outersh ll of Cr is e sier than zinc be ause Cr hav ng un lled orbita and ionisation
energy of fully filled orbital is more than partially filled orbitals.
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30. Transi ion metals show high melting points. why?
 The high melting points of transition metals are attributed to the involvement of greater
number of electrons in th i t ratomic metallic bonding from (n - 1) d rbit l i addition to
ns electrons.
PART- II - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I Choose the correct answer
1 Transition elements are good conductors ec use
a) They are metals b) hey are all soli s
c) They have free electrons in outer en gy bits d) All of these
An : ) All of these
2. Transition elements are
a) All metals b) All non metals
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c) Metals nd non metals d) Gases An : a) All metals

3. Transition elements form complexes very readily because of
a) Small cati n size b) Vacant - d - orbitals
c) Large ionic charge d) All are correc Ans : d) All are correct
4. The transition metal p sent in vitamin B12 is
a) Fe b) Co c) Ni d) Na Ans : b) Co
5. Transition elements are f equently use as catalysts, because of
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a) Large ion charge b) La ge surface area fo the reaction to be absorbed

c) Unpa red d electrons d) Both (b) and (c) are correct
Ans d) Both (b) and (c) are correct
95 Unit - 4
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6. d - Blo k elements are arranged in
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a) Three series b) Six series c) Two series d) Four series An : d) Four series
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7. d - Blo k element gene ally for
a) Covalent hydrides b) M tallic hydrides
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c) Inter titial hydrides d) Salt like hydrides
Ans : c) Interstitial hydrides
8. Metals which are hard and lustrous substances with high melting points form highly
no c
coloured compounds are known as
a)Alkali metals b) Alkaline earth metals
c) Transition metals d) None of these Ans : c) Transition metals
9 In the first transition series, the incomi g l trons enters
a) 5 d rb tals b) 4 d orbitals c) 3 d rbitals d) 2 d orbitals
An ) 3 d orbitals
10. Tran i i lements fo m lloys easily because they h
a) Same atomic number b) Same electronic configuration
c) Nea ly same atomic size d) No e
Ans : c) Nearly tomic size
11. Transition elements that sh w anaomalous electronic configuration in first series are.
a) Cr and Ni b) Cu and Co c) Fe and Ni d) Cr and Cu Ans d) Cr and Cu
12. Lightest transition elem t i
a) Fe b) Sc c) Os d) None
13. Densest transition element is
a) Fe b) Sc )O d) Mn Ans : Sc
ka i
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4. Variable valencies of transition elements s due to
. n
a) Different energies of ( 1) d electrons b) Different energie f electrons
w. n
c) Similar energies of (n - 1)d electrons d) Similar energies of (n - 1)d and ns electrons
An : d) Similar energies of (n-1)d and ns electrons
.
15. Which of the following ions has minimum ionic radius

a) Ni2+ b) Co + c) Cr2+ d) V2+ Ans : a) Ni2+
w .
16. Ionic radii of zirconium and hofminium become almost identical because
a) They ar d block elements b) Th y belong to th same group
c) Of increased nuclear charge d) Of lanthanoid contraction
Ans : d) Of lanthanoids contraction
17. The colour of Fe2+ ions is
a) Blue b) Light green c) V ry dark green d) Yellow
Ans : b) Light green
18. Magnetic property of t ansition metal is due to
a) Spin of electron b) Orbital moment
c) Both d) Neither of the two
Ans : a) Spin of electron
Unit - 4 96
e com
19. All ferromagnetic substances
a) Can be magnetised b) Can be electrolysed
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c) Have completely fill d d - rbitals d) None Ans : a) Can be magnetised
20. Maxmium paramagnetism in 3d series shown by
alv c
t o
a) Mn b) Co ) Ni d) e Ans : a) Mn
.
21. Which of the following has the minimum magnetic moment
a) Mn2+ b) Fe2+ c) Cr2+ d) V3+ Ans : d) V3+
22. Paramagnetism in the substance increases as
a) The number of paired electrons increase
b) The number of unpai ed electrons increases
c) The numb r of unp i d l ctrons decrease
d) The number of paired electrons decreases
Ans : b) The number of unpaired electrons increases
23. The number of unpaired electrons present in Cr3+ ion is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 Ans : c) 3
24. Which of the following has more unpaired d electrons
a) Zn+ b) Fe2+ c) N d) Cu Ans : b) Fe2+
25. The la h ids contraction is responsible for the fact t t
w .tn s
a) Zr and Y have the same radius

. a n
b) Zr and Nb have similar oxidation stat

c) Zr and Hr have almost the same radius
p
d) Zr and Zn have same oxidation state
Ans : c) Zr and Hr have almost the same radius
26. Which of the followin is coloured
a) Cu+ b) 2+
) Ti4+ d) V5+ Ans : Cu2+
27. d - Block elements consis mostly of
a) Monovalent metals b) All non - met ls
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c) Elements which generally form stoichiome ic metal oxide

k
d) Many metals with cat lytic properties
Ans : d) Many metals with catalytic properties
28. Which of the following forms colourless compound?
a) Sc3+ b) V3+ ) Ti3+ d) Cr3+ Ans : a) Sc3+
w
29. The basi character of t e transition metal monoxides foll ws the order (Atomic number,
Ti = 22 ; V = 23 ; Cr = 24)
a) VO CrO > TiO > F O b) Cro > VO > FeO > TiO
c) TiO > FeO > VO > CrO d) TiO > VO > CrO > FeO
Ans : d) TiO > VO CrO > FeO
97 Unit - 4
.c m
. om
30. The co rect order of ionic radii of Y3+, La3+, Eu3+, and Lu3+ is (Atomic number Y = 39 ; La
= 57 ; Eu = 60 ; Lu = 71)
.n
a) Y3+ La3+ < Eu3+ < L 3+ b) Y3+ < Lu3+ < Eu3+ < La3+
3+ 3 3+ 3+
c) Lu < Eu < La < Y d) La3+ < Eu3+ < Lu3 < y3+
Ans b) Y3+ < Lu3+ < Eu3+ < La3+
.
31. Assertion : For chromium, the ground state electronic configuration is 3d54s1 rather than
3d44s2.
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i
Reaso : The energy of the Cr atom is lower, when the s x vale ce electrons are in different
atomic orbitals with parallel spins
A) Both Assertion and Reason are true a d Reason is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
C) As er ion is true but Reason is false
D) Asser ion is false but Reason is true
Ans : A) Both Assertion and Reason ar true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
32. Assertion : The energies of the 5s and 4d orbitals are very close.
Reason : The relative energies of the 4d an 5s orbitals very wi h the nuclear charge and the
electro ic di tribution
A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
B) Bo h Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is th correct explanation of Assertion.
C) Ass rtion is true but Reason is false
D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
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Ans : B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reaso is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
33. Assertion : The transition metals more similar to one ano her than are representative metals
of group I and group 2
Reason : Inner d orbital being fille
A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is th correct explanation of A.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are tru t R ason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
C) Assertion is true bu Rea on is false
D) As ertion is false b t Reason is true
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Ans : A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
34. Asserti n : All the transi ion elements are metals and good conductors of heat and electricity.
Reason : The penultimate shell of electron of all these elements is expanding and they are,
therefore, expected to have physical and chemical properties in common.
A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
D) Assertio is false but Reason is true
Ans : A) Both Assertio and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
32. Assertion : The densities, melting and boiling points of the tran ition elements are generally
very high
Reason : Zn, Hg and Cd have low melting and boiling points as the d - block is complete.
Unit - 4 98
m
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A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is th correct explanation of A.
i o
B) Both Assertion and Reas n are true but Reason is the correct explanat on f Assertion.
C) As ertion is true but Reason is false
D) Ass rtion is false but Reason is true
Ans : B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of
n . o
Ass rtion.
.
m uv .
36. Match th catalysts given in column I with the processes given in column II
Column I (catalyst)) C l II proces
a. Ni n the resence of hydrogen - i) Ziegler natta ca alyst
b. CuCl2 - ii) Cont ct process
c. V 2 O 5 - iii) Vegetable oil to ghee
d. Finely divided iron - iv) Sandmeyer reacti n
f. TiCl4 A (CH3)3 - v) Habe ’s proces
- vi) Decomposition KClO3
Ans : a (iii) b) (iv) ; c) (ii ; d) (v) ; e) (i)
37. Match the properties given in column I with the metals in colum II
Property Metal
a. An lement show +8 idation state - i) Zero
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b. 3d series element shows +70.5 - ii) Osmium
c. 3d eries element sho s high melting point - iii) Manganese
d. oxid tion state metal in metal carbonyls - iv) Chr mium
Ans : a) (ii) ; b) (iii) ; c) (iv) ; d) (i)
n
38. Match th st tements given in column I ith oxidation st tes given in column II
a. oxidation state of Mn in MnO2 - i) +3
b. Mo t stable O.S of Mn - ii) +7
c. Most stable O.S Mn in oxides - iii) 2
d. Common O.S of lanth ids - iv) +
Ans : a (iv) ; b) (iii) ; c) (ii) ; d) (i)
39. Match h f llowing
a. Lanthanoides which shows + 4 O.S - i) Pm
b. Lanthanoides which show +2 O.S - ii) Ce
c. Radio active lanthanide - iii) Gd
d. Lanthanoide has 4f7 electronic configuration - iv) Eu
Ans : a) (ii) ; b) (iv) ; c) (i) ; d) (iii)
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40. During the smelting process silica is added to roasted coppe are to remove
a) Copper sulphide b) Ferrous sulphide
c) Ferrous oxide d) Fe ous Chloride Ans : c) Ferrous oxide
41. The ore which contains copper and iron both
a) Malachite b) Chalcopyrite c) Chalocite d) Azurite Ans b) Chalcopyrite
w
4 . According t Ellingham diagram, the oxida ion reaction of carbon to carbon monoxide
may b used to reduce whi h one of the following oxid s at lowest temperature?
a) Al2O3 b) Cu2O c) MgO d) ZnO Ans : a) Al2O3
99 Unit - 4
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te com
43. In electro chemical process (Electrolysis of fused state) i used to extract
lv o
a)Iron b) Lead c) Sodium d) Silver Ans : c) Sodium
44. In metallurgy, flux is a substance used to convert
a) Mineral into silicate b) Fusible impurities to soluble impu ities
. am a vi.i
c) Infu ible impurities o soluble impurities d) none f these
Ans : c) Influsible impurities to soluble impurities
i
45. Heating of Iron pyrites in air to rem ve lphur is called
a) Fusion b) Calcination c) Smelting d) Roast ng Ans : d) Roasting
46. Which of the following metal is leached by cyanide process?
a) Silver b) Sodium c) Aluminium d) Copper Ans : a) Silver
4 . The el m nt in which extra electrons enter i to (n - 2) orbital are called
a) f - blo elements b) p - block elemen
c) d b ock e ements d) s block elements Ans : a) f block elements
48. The most common oxidation state of lanthanoides
a) +4 b) +2 c) +6 d) +3 Ans : d) +3
49. ................. form complexes.
a) lanthanoides b) actnides c) Thorium d) Cerium Ans : b) Actnides
50. ........... form oxocations.
a) Actnide b) lanthanoides c) s - block d) p - bl ck Ans : a) Achnides
a in
51. The cor ct lectronic configuration of Gd3 is

a) [Xe]4f14 b) [X ]4f7 c) [Xe]4f0 d) [X ]4f6 A b) [Xe]4f7
52. The general electronic configuration of lanthanoides
a) [Xe]4f 0  14 b) [Xe] 5d0  1 c) [Xe 4f2  14 5d0  16s2 d) [X ]5f0 145d1  106s2
Ans : c) 5d0-1
53. As we move from lanthanum to Lutetium, basic character
t
a) decreases b increases c) decrease and hen increases d) non of these
Ans : ) decreases
54. The colour of U3+ is
a) red b) g c) yellow d) pink Ans : a) red
4+
55. The colour of U is
a) red b) green c) yellow d) pink Ans : b) green
2+
5 . The colour of UO2 is
a) red b) green c) yellow d) p nk Ans c) yellow
57. The maximum oxidation state of uranium is
a) +6 b) +7 c) +4 d) +2 Ans : a) +6
58. The common oxidation state of Lr is
a) +6 b) +3 c) +4 d) +7 Ans : b) +3
Unit - 4 100
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59. The lowest oxidation state of Thorium is
a ikk vi. o
a) +4 b) 3 c) +2 d) +1 Ans : c) +1
60. The general electronic onfiguration o achnides is
a) [Rn]5f 6d0-27s2 b) [ ]5f2-145d0-25s
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a) [Rn] f 5d0-25s2 a) [Rn]4f2-145d0-2 s Ans : a) Rn]5f -146d0-27s2
.
61. Find the odd one among the following
a) Lanthanum b) Cerium c) Thorium d) Promethium
i
Hint : Prome hium is radioactive Ans : d) Promethium
6 . Find the odd one among the following
a) U3+ b) U4+ c) UO22+ d) Th4+ Ans : d) Th4+
Hint : Th4+ Colourless.
63. The re gent used for detecting unsaturation
a) Bayer’s reagent b) Tollen’s reagent
c) Fenton s reagent d) Schiff’s reagent Ans : a) Bayer’s reagent
64. The compound employed for leather t nneries
a) K2C 2O7 b) N 2Cr2O7 ) KMnO4 d) KHSO4 An : a) K2Cr2O7
65. K2Cr2O7 i ed in quantitative analy i f the estimatio f
a) Iron compounds b) Iodides c) Both a & b d) none Ans c)Both a & b
66. The colour of lead chro t btained i chromyl chloride test
a) Red or ng b) Yellow ) Pink d) Pa e b ue Ans : b) Yellow
67. The formula for chromyl chloride is
a) CrO2Cl2 b) K2Cr2O7 c) KHSO4 d) CrO2Cl Ans : a) CrO2Cl2
68. The KM O4 i prepared from
k n
a) Chromite Iron ore b) Pyrolusite
69. The chemical formula for pyrolusite

) Ferrous sulphide d) Iron Py itis
Ans : b) Pyrolusite
t
a) KM O4 b) K2MnO4 c) MnO2 d) K2C 2O7 Ans : c) MnO2
70. The K2Cr2O7 is prepared from
a) Chr mite iron ore b) Argentite c) Pyrolusite d) ZinciteAns : a) Chromite iron ore
71. Match the following column I with column II
Column Column II
A. Pe magnaic acid - i) CrO
B. Chromic acid - ii) Cr2O3
C. Dichromic acid - iii) H2CrO4
D. Chromic oxide - iv) CrO3
- v) HMnO4
a) A(i) B(ii) C(iii) D(iv) b) A(v) B(iv) C(iii) D(ii)
c) A(v) B(iii) C(ii) D(i) d) A(iv) B(iii) C(ii) D(i)
Ans : b) A(v) B(iv) C(iii) D(ii)
101 Unit - 4
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72. Zeigler N tta catalyst is
a) Co2(CO)8 b) TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)3 c) Rh/Ir complex d) TiCl4
Ans : b) TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)3
73. Hydro formylation of oletins catalyst by
a) Co2(CO)8 b) TiCl4 Al(C2H5)3 c) Rh/Ir c mplex d) T Cl4
Ans a) CO2(CO)8
ww.k ni ka vi.
74. The catalyst used for the preparation of aceticacid from acetaldehyde is
i
a) CO2 CO)8 b) TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)3 c) Rh/Ir omplex d) TiCl4
Ans : c) Rh/Hr complex
75. The catalyst used for contact process is
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a) TiCl b) V2O5 c) Fe d) VO2 Ans : b) V2O5
II Choose the correct statemen s
1. Consider the following st tements which is / are correct
I. Sc3+ ion has no unpaired electrons and the expected magnetic zero B.M
II. The oxida ion state of Cr in Cr2O72  s +4
III. The spin only magneti moment is g ve by n  n  2  B M
a) I, III b) II, I c) III, II d) II Ans : a) I, III
2 Consider the following s atements which is / are correc
I. All Lanthanoids displaces hydrogen from acidified water.
3
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II. The col u of tripositive Lanthanide becomes darker as on goes from Ce3+ to Lu3+
III. The ionic size of tripositive Lanthan id ions increase with atomic number
a) I b II c) II III
Consider the following t t ment which is / are correct.
d) I, III Ans : a) I
I. The maximum oxidation state of Osmium is +8

II. The highest oxidation state of a transition metal is given by outermost ‘s plus ‘d’ electrons.
III. The maximum magnetic moment s sh wn by the ion having d orbital electronic
configuration is 3d5
a) I b) II c) I, III d) II,III Ans : d) I, II,III
4 Consider the following statements which is / are correct.
I. Comp red to Cu2+ salt Cu+ salts are les stable.
II. Iron d es not forms interstitial compounds
III. Ag+ is iso lectronic with Cd2+
a) I, III b) II III c) III d) II Ans : a) I, III
III. Choose the incorrect statements
1 Consider the following statements which is / are incorrect.
I. The common oxidation state of lantha ides is +3
II. All lantha ides form oxocations
III. All l nthanides are non - dioactive
a) I b) II c) II, III d) II III Ans : d) II, III
Unit - 4 102
m
2. Consider the following t t ments which is / are incorrect
I. The common oxidation state of Lanthanum is +4
II. UO22+ is colourless.
III. Actindes forms oxocations.
o
a) I,II b) II,III c) III I d) I II,III Ans : a) I,II
.
3 Consider th following statements which is incorrect regarding potassium dichromate.
a. It oxidise ferric salt to ferrous salts.
b. It ox dises KI to I2
v
c. It oxidises H2S to S
d. None of the above Ans : a. It oxidises ferric salt to ferrous salts
te
4
l
Consider the following statements which is / are correc .
I. Potassi m permangan t i extracted from chromite iron or .
II. Pot ssium dichromate i extracted from Pyrolusite or
III. Potassium permangate majorly used in Tanning of leather.
a) III b) II c) , II d) , III Ans : c) I, II
IV. Fill in the blanks Answers
1 The el ctronic configuration of scandium is _______ [Ar] 3d1 4s2
2 The metal with highest electrical conductivity at room
w w tn s
temperatu e is _______ Silver

3. ______ values are use to predict the thermodynamic stabilit
of the compounds Ionisation energy
4. The common oxidation state of scandium is ________ +3
5 Mn2+ is _ than Mn4+ More stable than
. an
6 The oxidation state of WCl6 is +6

7 ______ metal is unique n 3d series Co per
8. The metal shows maximum ferromagnetic character is Iron
.ka
9. Param gneti m is the proper y of ________ Unpa red electrons
10. Paramagnetism is common in ________ Transi i n elements
11. Hydroformylation catalyst is ________ [Co2 (Co)8]
12. Potassium dichromate is ____ in colour Orange red
13. The ox dation state of chromium in potassium dictromat is ______ +6
14. The colour o potassium permanganate is __ __ dark purple colour
15. The oxidation state uranium in UF6 is __ _ +6
V. Choose the correct Pair
1 a) Lead - Lead pencil
b) Cerusite - Zinc
c) Zinc sulphate - an septic
d) Lead pipe - softw ter Ans : a) Lead Lead pencil
103 Unit - 4
m
2. a) Ag + hot NaOH - Pr d t
k vi.co
b) Zn + hot NaOH - Produc s
c) Au + NaOH - Products
d) Cr + N OH - Products A b) Zn + hot NaOH - Products
3 a) Cu2+ - Diamagnetic
b) Cu2 - Colourless
c) Cu2+ - Zero magnetic moment
d) Cu2 +
i
- One unpaired electrons Ans d) Cu - One unpaired electrons
4 a) TiCl4 - Polymerisation catalyst
b) Ni - Hydrogenation catalyst
c) Fe - Haber’s process
d) All he above pairs are correct A s Al the above pairs are correct
VI Choose the incorrect P ir
1. a) Sc - 3d series
b) Zn - 3d ser es
c) Cr 3d i
d) Cu - 4d serie Ans : d) Cu - 4d series
2 a) Mn4 3d3
b) Mn3+ 3d4
c) Mn5 - 3d5
d) Mn5 -3 2 Ans : c) Mn5+ - 3d5
3. a) Cu+ Zn2 - Diamagnetic
b) Sc3+ Ti4+ V5+ - Paramagnetic
w. n
c) CO5+, Fe2+ - Paramagnetic

d) Cu2 - Paramagnetic Ans : b) Sc3+, Ti4+, V5+ - Paramagnetic
4. a) Potassium dichromate - +6
b) P t i dichromate - oxidising
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c) Potassium dichromate - Chrome tanning

wk
d) Potassium dichroma e - Bayer’s agent
An : d) Potassium dichromate ayer’s reagent
VII. Choose the odd man out
1. Scandium, Titanium, Vanadium, Cadm um Ans : Cadmium
w
Hint : Cadmium belon s to 4d series. All others are 3d series

2 Zirconium, Niobium, Technicium, Rutheni m An : Technicium
Hint : Technicium is radi active. All oth rs are non rad o active.
3. U3+, UO22+, U4+, Ce4+ Ans : Ce4+
Hint : Ce is colourless All others are coloured.
Unit - 4 104
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VIII. Two Mark Question
ww.k nini a vi.co

1. Write the classfication f transition elements.
w w.tami ru .in
 d - Blo k elements composed of 3d seri s (4th period) Scandium to Zinc 10 elements),
 4d series (5th period) Yttrium to Cadmium (10 elements)
 5d serie (6th period) Lanthanum, Haffinium to mercury
2 Give the electronic configuration of copper and chromium.
The electronic configurations of
 Chromium C [Ar] 3d5 4s1  Copper, Cu [Ar] 3d10 4s1
3 What are the type of packing possible in tran ition metals?
Most of the transition elements are
hexagon l close packed,  cubic close packed
 body cen rer d cubic which are the characteristics of tru meta s.
4. Why d block elements exhibit variable oxidationstates?
Transi ion elements exhibi v riable oxi ti states du to
 loosing el trons from (n-1) d orbital
 ns orb tal as the energy difference betw en thm is very small.
5. Explain why Mn2+ is more stable than Mn3 ?
 Mn2+ has outer electroni configuration as 3d5
 Mn3+ has outer elect i figuration as 3d
a i
 Half filled orbitals and completely filled bital are more stable than the partially filled
orbital so Mn2+ with half filled d orbital is more stable han Mn3+
6. Explain about ferromagnetic materials.
 Ferromagne ic materials have domain structure.
 In each domain the magnetic dipoles are a ranged.
 But the spin dipoles of th djacent domains are randomly oriented.
.tn
 Some t ansition elements or ions with unpaired d electr ns show ferromagnetism.
7. Explai hy the melting and boiling points of Cd, Hg d Z are low?
The el ments of group 2 Zn Hg, Cd] are quite soft with low melting poin s. Mercury is a
liquid and melts at - 38 C. These elements has no unpaired electrons availa le for metallic
bonding and therefore their melting and boil ng points are low.
8 Which of th following ions would from colourless complex s?
Cu2+, Zn Ti3+, Ti4+, Cd2+
 Zn2+ - 3d10  Ti4+ - 3do  Cd2+ - 4d10
 These elements from col urless complexes because they have fully filled d orbitals and
do not posse s unpaired electrons and so no d - d transition is possible.
9. State Hume Rothery rule for alloy form tion.
According to Hume - Rothery rule to form a substitute alloy
 the diffe ence between the tomic radii of s lvent and sol te is less than 15%
 Both he solvent and solute must have the same cryst l structure and valence and their
electronegat vity differen e must be close to zero.
105 Unit - 4
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10. Explain why transition t l form alloys?
ww. ani i k lv co
Transi ion metals form m e alloys themselves because of their
 atomic sizes are simila
 one metal atom can be ea ily replaced by another metal atom from its crys l lattice to form
an alloy.
11. Silver atom has completely f lled d - orbitals (4d10) in it grou d state. How c n you say
that it is a transition dement?
ec
w am uvi
The outer el ctronic configuration of Ag (Z = 47) is 4d10 s1, In addition to +1, it shows an
l i
oxidation sta e of +2 also. In +2 oxidatio state, the configuration is d9 ie. the d - subshell is
incompletely filled. Henc , it is transition element.
12. Why is the highest oxid tion state of a metal exhibited in its oxide or flu ride only?
Oxygen and fluorine have small size high electro negativ ty. Hence, they can oxidise the
metal o the highest oxidation state by prompting all the v lance electrons to participate in
bonding.
13. Calculate the ‘Spin only’ magnetic moment of M2+ (aq) ion (z=27)
Electronic configuration of M with z = 2 i [Ar] 3d7 4s2
Thus, electronic configuat on of M2+ wil be [Ar] 3d7
This can be represnted as       
Thus, t has three unpaired electorns
Spin only magnetic moment    = n  n  2 BM  3  3  2 
 15 BM
 3.87 BM
a i
14. In what way s the elect i onfiguration of the transition e ement diff t from that
of the non - transition elements?
w tn
Transiti l ments contain incompletely filled d-sub shell i their electronic configuration
1  10
is (n-1) d ns0  2, wh non - tra sition elements have either no b hell or their
d-subshell is completely filled and have ns1-2 or ns2 np1-6 in their outermost shell.
15. Name he oxometal an on of the first series of the tran ition metals in which he metal
exhibits the oxidation state equal to its group number.
Cr2O72  and CrO42  (Group number = Oxidation state of Cr = 6 MnO4  (G oup = oxida-
tion state of Mn=7)
16. What is th effect of increasing pH of a solution of Potassium dichromate?
On incr asing pH of potassium dichromate solution (i e on adding alkali) it changes to
potassium chromate.
17. Write hemical equations for the reactions involved in the manufacture of potassium
permanganate from Pyr lusite.
Relevent equations for the manufacture of KMnO4 from pyrolusite ore are given belos :
2MnO2 + 4K H + O2   2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
MnO42 electrolysis 
  MnO4 + e
Purple
Unit - 4 106
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18. What is meant by lanth id contraction?
k lv o
o
The decrease in atomic and ionic size with increase in atomic number. in lanth noid is called
‘lanthanoid contraction
19. The halid f transition elements become more covale t ith increasing oxidation state
of the met l why?
As the oxidat on state of the metal increases, its charge in reases According to Fajan’s Rules,
ruvi.
as the ch ge of the metal ion increases covalent character i creases because the positively
t c
charged cati n attracts the election cloud on the anion toward itself.
20. Although Cr + and Co2 ions have the same number of unpaired electrons but the magnetic
momunt of Cr3+ is 3.87 B.M and that of Co2+ is 4.87 B.M. why?
Cr3+ ion has symmetrical electronic configuration in the outermost orbit i e 3d3. In such ions
there is o orbital configuration to magnetic moment. However appreciable orbital
contribat on akes place in Co2+ with 3d7 conf guration.
21. Why Eo value for Mn, Ni nd Zn are more negative than expected?
Negative values for Mn + and Zn2+ are related to the stab lities of half - fill d nd fully filled
configurati ns respectively.
2 . Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Mn2+
E.C of Mn = [Ar] 3d5
s  n(n  2) B.M
n 5
 5  5 2  B.M
 35
ww ta
s  5.91BM
w .k n
n
w .n
23. Why NiII plexes ar thermodynamically more stable th PtII comp exes?
The ionisation energy of Ni2+ less than hat of Pt2+. Hence Ni2+ complexes are more stable
than Pt complexs.
w wt
24. Give t e catalytic properties f d block elements.

Transition m tals has energetically available d rbitals that can accept electrons from reactant
molecule or metal can form bond with r actant molecul using it’s d elec rons.
25. What is Z igler - Natta Polymerisation
A mixture of TiCl4 and Tri alkyl aluminium is used for polym risation.
 CH 3 
Ticl4 / Al  C2H5   | 
n CH3 - CH = CH2  3  
 CH  CH 2  n
Poly pr pylene
26. Actinoid atoms are generally coloured? Justify your answer.
The actinoid ions are gnerally coloured. This can be explained interms of npaired electrons
undergoing f - f Transition
107 Unit - 4
in k alvi com
m
ww. n snot c m
m
27. How m y npaired electrons are present in Mn2+ ion (Z 25) How does it influences
magnetic behaviour of Mn + ion.
r vi.in
Mn2+ 3d5 has 5 unpair d ele torns. It i highly paramagnetic and it is at racted by magnet.
28. Transition metal atoms / ions are usually l ured. Justify.
Transit on m tal ions have unpaired elect They can underg d - d tran ition by absorbing
light from vi ible region and radiating complementary colour
29. Give the disproportionation of manganese (VI) in acidic medium.
3MnO42  + H+  2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O
30. Oxoanions of a metal show higher oxidati n state. Give reason.
Oxo anions of a metal how higher oxidation state due to the ability of oxygen to form
multip e onds and it high lectronegativity.
IX. Three Mark Quesitons
w p n t
1. In the eries Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30) the enthalpy of atomisation of Zinc i the lowest
i.e. 126 KJ mol  1. why?
In the series Sc to Zn, all elements have one or mor unpai ed ele trons excep zinc which has
no unpaired electrons, its outer electronic configuration being 3d10 4s2. Lower the number
of unpaired electrons, lower is the metal - metal bonding. Hence, metal metal boning is
weakes in zinc. Therefore, enthalpy of atomisation is lowest
2. Explain why Cu+ ion is not stable in a ueous solutions
in
Cu2+ (aq) s much more stable than Cu+ (aq). Although, se on ionisation enthalpy of cop-
per is large but hyd H for Cu2+ (aq) is much more negative than that for Cu+ (aq) and hence
it mor than ompensates for second ionisation enthalpy of copper. Therfore many copper
(I) comp d re unstable in aqueous soluti n and un g di proportionation.
3. Write down the electronic configuration of :
w .t
(i) Cr3+ (ii) Cu+ (iii) Co2- (iv) M 2+ (v) Pm3+ (vi) Ce4+ (vii) Lu (viii) Th4+
(i) Cr3+ = [Ar] 3d3 (ii) Cu+ = [Ar] 3d10 (iii) Co2+ = [Ar] 3d7 (iv) Mn = [Ar] 3d5
(v) Pm3+ = [Xe] 484 vi) Ce + = [Xe] (vii) Lu2+ = [Xe] 48145d1
(viii) Tn4+ = [Rn]
4 What are th different oxidation states exhibited by the lanthanoids?
The m st common oxidation state of lanthanoids is +3. However, some lanthanoids also
show an oxidation state of +2 and +4. For example, Eu show an oxidation state of +2 and Ce
w
shows o oxidation state of +4.

5. Describe the oxidising acti n of potassium dochromate and write the ionic quations for
its reaction with (i) iodide (ii) iron II soluti n and (iii) H2S
(i) Cr2O72  + 14H+ + 6H  2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3I2
(ii) Cr2O72  + 6Fe2+ + 1 H+  2Cr3+ + 6Fe3 + 7H2O
(iii) Cr2O72 + 8H+ + 3H2S  2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3S
Unit - 4 108
ka i c m
m
. m
6. What is t by ‘disproportionations’? Give two exampl f disporportionation reaction
in aqueous solution.
i n
When he oxidation state of an element in a reactant in reases in one o the p oducts and
decrea i other product, the phenomenon is called di p portionation. For example,
Mn(VI) i MnO42  changes t Mn (VII) in the product MnO4  and Mn IV) in he product
.co
MnO2 as shown by the r action.
3MnO42 + 4H+  2MnO4  + MnO2 + 2H2O
similarly, Cr (V) undergoes disproportionation in acidic medi m as follows
CrO43- 8H  2CrO42  + Cr3+ + 4H2O
7. Calculate the no. of unpaire electrons in the following gaseous ions :
Mn3+, Cr3+, V3+ and Ti3+ which one of these is the most stable in aqueous solution?
Mn3+ : 3d has 4 unpaired electrons,
Cr3+ : 3d3 has 3 un aired electrons,
V 3+ : 3d has 2 unpaired electrons,
3+
Ti : 3d1 has 1 unpaired electrons.
Cr3+ is most table out of hese in aqueous so ution bec use it has half fill d t g level (i.e.
t32g).
8 Why i the +2 oxidation tate of manganese quite stable, while the same is not true for
t i
iron?
ww. n s
Half filled configuration is more stable han others. Mn2+ is mo e stable due to half - filled d
- orbitals
Fe2+ is not stable becaus it does not have half filled d - orbitals. Configura ions of Mn2+ and
Fe2+ are as fo lows :
Mn2+ : 3d5 4s0
Fe2 : 3d6 4s0
9. Write a note on metallic behavior of d block elements
w a
.
 All the transi ion elements are metals.

 All the transition metals ar good cond ctors of heat and electricity.
.
 Unlike the metals of Group - 1 and group - 2 al the transition metals except group 11 elements
are hard.
 Of all th known elements, silver has the highest electrical onductivity at room temperature.
10. Explain about diamagnetic materials.
 Materials with no elementary magnetic d poles are diamagnetic or a species with all paired
electrons e hibits diam gnetism.
 This kind of materials are repelled by the magnetic field.
w
 Because the presence of external magnetic field, a magnetic induction is introduced to the
material which generates we k magnetif cield that oppose the applied field
109 Unit - 4
com
11. Explain about diamagn i aterials.
.co
 Param gnetic solids havi g unpaired electrons.
.in
 In the bsence of external magnetic field the dipoles are arranged at ran om and hence the
solid shows no net magnetism.
c
 In the presence of magnetic field, the dipoles are aligned parallel to the direction of the
o
applied field and there ore, they are attracted by an exte nal magnetic field.
.
12. A substance is found to have a magnetic moment of 3.9 BM. How many number of unpaired
electrons do s it certain?
Magne ic moment  = 3.9
n  n  2   3.9 B.M
2
n  n  2   3.9  15
n n    3 3  2
n 3
n 3
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The number of unpaired ele trons is 3.
13. Why Zn2+ s lts are white while Ni2+ sal s are coloured?
 Zn2+ has the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
ww. a l
 It has ompletely filled d orbital and there is no unpaired electrons.
 Hence Zn2+ is colourless.
 Ni2+ has the configurations 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8
 It has wo unpaired ele trons and d - d t ansitions are p ss ble
 Hence Ni2+ is coloured
14. [Ti(H2O)6]3+ s coloured while [Sc(H2O)6]3+ are colourle s. Explain.
 In [Ti(H2O)6]3+ Ti 3+ has outer electronic co figuration as d1
 In this case d d transition is possible by the absorption of energy from the visble light and
produ e purple colour
 But is [ (H2O)6]3+, Sc3+ has outer electronic configurati 3d0.
.
 In this case d - d transi ion is not possible and it is colourless

15. What are the characteristics of interstitial c mpounds?
 They are hard and show electrical land thermal conductivity
They have high melting points higher than th se of pure metals
 Transi on metal hydrides are used as powerful reducing agents
 Metallic carbides are chemically inert.
16. Explain why d block elements form more omplexes?
 Transition metal ions ar small and highly charged
 They have v cant low energy orbitals to a cept an electron pa donated by ther groups.
 Examples : [Fe(CN)6]4-, [Co(NH3)6]3+
17. Explain chromyl chloride test.
 When potassium dichromate heated with any chloride salt in the presence of Conc H2SO4,
orange red vapours of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2) is evolv d.
Unit - 4 110
www. n s ot .com
K2Cr2O7 + 4KCl + 6H2SO4  2CrO2Cl2 + 6KHSO4 + 3H O
Chromyl Chloride
mi u i n
This reaction is used in the detection of chloride ions in qualitative analysis.
18. Write the uses of potassium dichromate
ani i kalv c
 It is used as a strong oxidizin agent
 It is used in dyeing and printing.
 It used in leather tanneries for chrome tanning.
 It is us d in uantitiative analysis for the estimation of i on compounds and iodides.
19. Write th ses of potassium permanganate.
 It is used as a strong oxidizing agent.
 It is used for the treatment of various skin infections and fungal infections of the foot.
e
a i al
 It used in wa er treat t i d stries to remove iron and hydrog n sulphid f well water.
 It is us d as Bayer’s reagent for detecti g nsaturation in an organic compound.
 it is used in quantitat ve analysis for he estimation of ferroussalts, oxal tes hydrogen
peroxide and iodides.
20. What i the action of heat on K2Cr2O7?
Potassium d chromate on eating gives po as ium chromate
4K2Cr2O 
 4K2CrO4 + 2Cr2O3 + 3O 
X. Fiv M k Questions
1. For M2+ / M and M3+ / M2+ systems, the E values for some metals are as follows.
Cr2+ / Cr = 0 9V C 3+ / Cr2+ = 0 4V
Mn2  / Mn = 1.2V Mn3+ / Mn2 = +1.5V
Fe2+ / Fe = 0.4V Fe + / Fe2+ = +0.8V
Use this data to comment upon
(a) the stability of Fe3+ in id solution s com osed to that of Cr3+ or Mn2+ d
(b) the ease with which iron can be oxidised as compar d to the similar process for either
chromium or manganese metals.
Ans : (a) Cr3+ / Cr2+ has negative reduction potential Hence, Cr3+ canno b reduced to
w .t
Cr2+ i. . Cr is most stabl . Mn3+ / Mn2+ has large pos tive Eo value. Hence, Mn3+ can be
easily reduced to Mn2+, i.e. Mn3+ is least stable. Eo value for Fe3+ / Fe2+ is positive but
small. Hence, Fe3+ is m re stable than Mn3+ but less stable than Cr3+. Thu , the stability
follows the order.
Cr3+ > Fe3+ > Mn3+
(b) Oxid tion potentials for the given pairs w ll be +0.9V +1.2V, and +0.4V. Thus the order
of getting oxidised will be
Mn > Cr > Fe
w
2 (i) Why do transition el ments show variable oxidation state ?

w
(ii) Why do most transition metal ions xhibit para magnetism?

(iii) How is t e magnetic moment of a specie related to the number of unpaired electrons?
(i) This s because ns and (n- ) d orbitals do not differ mu h in energy. Electro s from both
may take part in bonding. Hence, they show variable valen y.
111 Unit - 4
ww .tnpsno e com
o . om
(ii) This is because of p of unpaired electrons in most of the transi etal ions.
ww. an n kalv co
(iii)   n  n  2  BM, where n stands for the number of npaired electr ns.
w .ta a v . n
3. (i) Why is copper (z=29) onsidered as transition element?
(ii) K2 PtCl6 is well - known compound while corresponding Ni compound is not known.
(iii) Why is adius of Fe2+ le s than that of Mn2+?
(iv) Why i electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 4s2 d4 not correct for the groud
st te of Cr (Z-24)?
(i) T is is because Cu ion has incomplete d - orbital
(ii) This is because Pt i more stable than Ni4+
Energy required to remove 4 electrons is less and that in Ni more.
(iii) This is because effective nuclear charge in Fe2+ is mor c mpared to that in Mn2+
l
(iv) Correct electronic configuration is 1s 2 s2 2p6 3s 3 6 4s1 3d5 because half - filled
configuration is more stable than others.
4. (i) Which trivalent cation is the largest in lanthanoid series?
(ii) One unpaired electron in atom contr butes a magnetic moment of 1 1 B M. Calculate
the magnetic moment of Cr. (Atomic number = 24)
(iii) In a paramagnet ion, all the bonds formed between Mn and O are covalent. Give
reasons.
(i) L + i the largest ion
(ii) As Cr has 6 unpaired electrons, its magnetic moment is 6 × 1.1 = 6.6 B.M.
(iii) Oxidati n state of Mn is MnO4  is +7 It i energita ally n t possible to lose 7 electrons
to give ionic species It forms bonds by sharing of elctrons. Hence, covalent bonds are
formed.
5 (i) The electronic configuration of Co2+ and Cu2+ is d and d , respectively Which of
th se ions is expe ted to be more paramagnetic?
(ii) What is the most stable oxidation tate of Mn (z = 25)
(iii) Which of the following ions is paramagnetic? Sc3+ (Z = 21), Cu+ (Z 9)
t
(i) Co has 3 unpaired ele trons while Cu has 1 unpaired electron There ore,Co2+ is
2+ +
more paramagnetic than Cu2+

(ii) +7
(iii) Neithe contain p i d electrons Therefore, neither f them i p gnetic.
.
6 (i) Name he metal with tripositive charge represented y the following electronic
configuration : 1s 2 2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d
(ii) Why is K2Cr2O7 ge erally preferred over Na2Cr2O7 in olumetric nalysis though
both are oxidising agen s?
(iii) Why does V2O5 act as catalyst?
(i) Cr3+ is represented by the configurati n : 1s2 2s2 2p 3s2 3p6 3d3
(ii) Na2Cr2O7 absorbs moisture from th atmosphere.
(iii) It can fo m unstable intermediates with the reactants which eadily chang into products.
Unit - 4 112
ww.ka in kkalv .com
www. npsnote om
7. Explain th f llowing observations.
k i kk v .co
(a) The elements of the d series exhibit a large number of oxidation states than the
elements of f - ser es.
(b) Th C + salts are colourless while Cu2+ salts are col d (Atomic number of [Cu=29]
w. p n t o
(a) In d series there are large number of unpaired el t ons which take part in bond
f rmation due to le s effective nuclear charge, there ore, n mber of oxidat on states are
more. In f - block, there is more effective nuclear charge due to poor shielding effect of
www. milar vi
f orbitals. Therefore, less number of electrons take part i bond formation.
(b) C + does not have unpaired electtr n therefore he el ctrons cannot undergo d-d
transitions. That is why, Cu+ salts are c lourless. Cu2+ salts are coloured d e to presence
of one unpaired ele tron, it can undergo d-d transition by absorbing light from visible
regi n and radi ti g bl e colour.
8. How do y u account for the following?
(i) A l Scandium sal s are white [Atomic number of S =21]
(ii) The first ionisation energies of the 5d transition elements are higher than those of the
3 and 4d transition elements in r spective group .
(i) In Scandium Salts, Scandium has +3 xida ion state. Sc3+ d es not have unpaired elecrons
and has empty d - orbitals. Therefore there is no d-d transition, Hence its salt are white.
(ii) Due to poor shielding effect of 5d and 4f electrons, effective nuclear c arge increases,
Hence, ionisation energy of 5d transition elements is more than that of 3d and 4d
trans tion elements in respective groups.
9. How would you account for the following Situations?
(i) The transition metals generally form coloured compounds.
(ii) With 3d configuration, Cr2+ acts as ducing agen actinoids exhibit a larger number
of oxidation agent
(iii) The actinoids exhibit a larger number of oxidation states than the corresponding
lanthanoids.
(i) Transition metals ontain unpaired d-electrons. The d - electrons ab orb light from the
visible range and are excited to higher energy d orbitals (from g o g orbitals).
Transmitted light is the colour shown by the transition metals.
(ii) Cr2+ has d4 configuration while Cr + has more stable d5 configuration Thus Cr, has a
tendency to change from Cr2+ to C 3 or Cr2+ acts a reducing agent. Mn3+ has a d4
configu ation. It has a tendency to change into Mn2+ with more stable d5 c nfiguation.
Thus, Mn3+ acts as an oxidising agent.
(iii) Actinoids exhibit a larger number of oxid ion states than t e corresponding lanthanoids
because 5f, 6d and 7s le els are comparable energies
10. A Violet compound of manganese (A) decomposes on heating to liberate oxygen and
compound (B) and (C) of manganese are formed. Compound (C) reacts with KOH in
pre ence of potassium nitrate to give compound.
113 Unit - 4
Loyola
CHEMISTRY
rine gas is liberated and

cts is formed. Identify
d.
B = K2MnO4, C = MnO2,
 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

(A) (B) (C)
MnO2+ 4NaCl + 4H2SO4  2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
ww.t p note.
ilaru
MnO2+ 4NaCl + 4H2SO4  MnCl2 + 2NaHSO4+ 2H2O + Cl
oe
1 . When a chromite ore (A) is fused with Sodium Carbona e in free excess of air and the
ww.kan i ka
ka
product is dissolved in wa er, a yellow solution of compound (B) is obtain d. Af er treatment
of this yellow solution wi h sulphuric acid, compoun (C) can be crystalli ed from the
solution. W en compound (C) is treated with KCl, orange crystals of compound (D)
crystal ises out. Identify ( ) to (D) and also explain the reacti ns.
The compounds A,B,C and D are given as under
A = FeCr2O4 B = Na CrO C = Na2Cr2O7 2H2O D = K2Cr2O7
The reactions are explained as under :
4FeCr2O4 8Na2 CO3 + 7O  8Na2 CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO
(A) (B)
2NaCrO4 + 2H  Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
+
Na2Cr O + 2KCl  K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl

(C) (D)
12. Explain the following facts :
(a) Transition metals ac s s atalysts.
wt
(b) Ch omium group e emen s have the highest melting points in their respec ive series.
www
(c) Transition metals form coloured complexe .

(a) Transition metals have incomplete d orbitals. They combine with the reactants to form
intermediat product h h hange into the final products
.
(b) Chromium group elements have the greatest number of npaired electrons in d-orbitals.
They ae capable of forming maximum interatomic metallic bonds. This raises the melting
point of th chromium group elements.
(c) Transition metals have incompletely filled d-orbitals and have unpaired electrons which
are excited t higher ene gy d-orbitals in the same sub-shel (from t2g t eg). These are
called d-d transitions. During this pro ss, the molecu es absorb energy from the visible
region. The ansmitted light is the colour shown by the subst nce.
Unit - 4 114
m
Loyola
CHEMISTRY
n . om
13. Discuss the structure of di h omate ion :
(i) Both dichromate and chromate ions are oxo anions of chromium and they are oxidising
agents.
(ii) In these ions Cr is in +6 oxidation sta
vi.i
(iii) In aqueous solutio these ions a e i t nversible.
(iv) In lkaline solution chromate ion is predominate.
(v) In a idic solution dichromate ion is predominate.
14. Discus the xidising power of KMnO4 i
a) Acidic medium b) neutr l medium c) alkaline medium
) Acidic medium
It oxid se ferrous salt to ferric salt
2MnO4  + 10Fe2+ + 16H+  2Mn2+ + 0Fe3+ + 8H2O
b) Neutral medium :
kk
It oxid ses H S to sulphur
2MnO4  + 3H2S  2MnO2 3S + 2OH  2H2O
c) Alkaline medium :
i
In the presence alkali the permanganate is convert into maganate ion.
MnO4  + 2H2O + 3e   MnO2 + 4OH
***
115 Unit - 4

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b) Al2O3.nH2O c) Fe2O 2H2O ) None of these

4 The me al oxide which cannot be reduced to metal by carb n i

C Electrolytic reduction iii Ext action of Al b) (iii) (iv) (v) (i)

14. Zinc is btain d from ZnO by

a) Carbon reduction b) Reduction using silver

a) Silver b) Lea c) Copper d) Iron

24. Which of the following reduction is not thermodynamically feasible?

25 Which of the following is not true with respec to Ellingham diagram?

c) Negative slope of CO sh ws that it becomes more stab e with increase in mperature.

www.t psnot com

Zr(s) + 2I2(s)  ZrI4(Vapour)

Cathode : 2H2O(l) + 2e  H2(g) + 2OH  (aq)

2 Ore of metal Name Answer

4. Pur fication Metal Answer

II. Fill in the blanks Answer

n Ans : c) St finite, Silver. Stefinite is the ore of silver

17. Assertion (A) : Tinstone ore is oncentrated by magnetic separation.

b) Disti lation is employed for high boili g non volatile metals.

32 Which of the following is a sulphide ore?

33. Which of the following is not a carbonate ore?

40 Gravity p ation is suitable for

c) Sodium yanide d) S dium ethyl Xanthate

2PbS + 3O  2PbO+ 2SO2 

10. Write about t e extraction of metal by the process of reduction by carbon

15 What is refining process of a metal?

17. Write about liquation p ocess of refining metal?

3. Write about alkali leaching?

6. Write about smelting.

10. Write the applications or uses of aluminium.

1. Explain froth floatation method.

 Concen ration : Froth float ion

3. Explain the thermodynamic principle of metallurgy.

1&2, 1& or 1&4] is negative

to a gr en co oured solution (C). A, B and C are respect ve y.

Loyola EC 12th CHEMISTRY

25. Which one of the followi g s not correct?

a) La (OH)2, is less basi than Lu (OH)3

b) In lanthan id series ionic radius of Ln3 io s decreases

d) Atomic r dii of Z d Hf re same because of lanthanide ontracti

possib e. Hence Zn2+ is co ou less.

Loyola EC 12th CHEMISTRY

16. Explain the variation in E M +/M2+ 3d series.

S.No Lanthanides Actinide

5 They do not fo m oxocations. They form oxocations Ex UO22+

6 Max mum oxidation state is +4 Maximum oxidation state is +7

Loyola EC 12th CHEMISTRY

c) Metals nd non metals d) Gases An : a) All metals

a) Large ion charge b) La ge surface area fo the reaction to be absorbed

Loyola EC 12th CHEMISTRY

15. Which of the following ions has minimum ionic radius

a) Zr and Y have the same radius

b) Zr and Nb have similar oxidation stat

c) Elements which generally form stoichiome ic metal oxide

Loyola EC 12th CHEMISTRY

ww. n not com

Loyola EC 12th CHEMISTRY

51. The cor ct lectronic configuration of Gd3 is

www. np ote com

69. The chemical formula for pyrolusite

Loyola EC 12th CHEMISTRY

I. The maximum oxidation state of Osmium is +8

temperatu e is _______ Silver