12th EC-Chemistry-EM

EC CHEMISTRY
10
12
VOLUME - I
This special guide is prepared

on the basis of New Syllabus
Whatever change in the question pattern

this guide will give 100% result
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PREFACE
Welcome to all teachers and students.
Nothing succeeds like success’ Loyola’s EC brings that success.
Loyola Publications has immense pleasure in bringing this EC Guide for Std XII
Chemistry.
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his guide is framed in such a way to fulfil the needs of the students going for
Government Public Examination as well as various entrance examinations.
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his guide elaborately deals with all the exercise questions given in the text
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oreover additional questions in each category (1, 2, 3 & 5 Marks) for all units
are provided.
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nswers for 1 mark questions are provided with suitable explanations and
reasons wherever necessary.
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nswer for 2, 3 and 5 mark questions are provided in a simple and lucid manner
so as to make the learning as an enjoyable experience.
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tmost care has been taken in bringing this guide without any conceptual and
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team of well experienced and dedicated teachers worked tirelessly in making
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Loyola Publication
Contents
Unit Title Page
1 Metallurgy 5
2 p-Block Elements-I 29
3 p-Block Elements - II 56
4 Transition and Inner Transition Elements 88
5 Coordination Chemistry 116
6 Solid State 154
7 Chemical Kinetics 188

Loyola EC – 12th CHEMISTRY
Metallurgy
PART - I - TEXT BOOK EVALUATION

I. Choose the correct answer
1. Bauxite has the composition
a) Al2O3 b) Al2O3.nH2O c) Fe2O3.2H2O d) None of these
Ans : b) Al2O3.nH2O
2. Roasting of sulphide ore gives the gas (A). (A) is a colourless gas. Aqueous solution of (A)
is acidic. The gas (A) is
a) CO2 b) SO3 c) SO2 d) H2S Ans : c) SO2
3. Which one of the following reaction represents calcination?
a) 2Zn + O2  2ZnO b) 2ZnS + 3O2  2ZnO + 2SO2
c) MgCO3  MgO + CO2 d) Both (a) and (c)
Ans : c) MgCO3  MgO + CO2
4. The metal oxide which cannot be reduced to metal by carbon is
a) PbO b) Al2O3 c) ZnO d) FeO Ans : b) Al2O3
5. Which of the metal is extracted by Hall - Heroult process?
a) Al b) Ni c) Cu d) Zn Ans : a) Al
6. Which of the following statements, about the advantage of roasting of sulphide ore before
reduction is not true?
a) G 0f of sulphide is greater than those for CS2 and H2S
b) G 0r is negative for roasting of sulphide ore to oxide
c) Roasting of the sulphide to its oxide is thermodynamically feasible.
d) Carbon and hydrogen are suitable reducing agents for metal sulphides.
Ans : d) Carbon and hydrogen are suitable reducing agents for metal sulphides.
7. Match items in column I - I with the items of column - II and assign the correct code.
Column I Column II
A Cyanide process i Ultrapure Ge A B C D
B Froth floatation process ii Dressing of ZnS a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
C Electrolytic reduction iii Extraction of Al b) (iii) (iv) (v) (i)
D Zone refining iv Extraction of Au c) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
v Purification of Ni d) (ii) (iii) (i) (v)
Ans :c) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
5 Unit - 1
8. Wolframite ore is separated from tinstone by the process of

a) Smelting b) Calcination c) Roasting d) Electromagnetic separation
Ans : d) Electromagnetic separation
9. Which one of the following is not feasible
a) Zn(S) + Cu2+ (aq)  Cu(S) + Zn2+(aq)
b) Cu(S) + Zn2+ (aq)  Zn(S) + Cu2+(aq)
c) Cu(S) + 2Ag+ (aq)  Ag(S) + Cu2+(aq)
a) Fe(S) + Cu2+ (aq)  Cu(S) + Fe2+(aq) Ans : b) Cu(S) + Zn2+ (aq)  Zn(S) + Cu2+(aq)
10. Electrochemical process is used to extract
a) Iron b) Lead c) Sodium d) Silver
Ans : c) Sodium
11. Flux is a substance which is used to convert
a) Mineral into silicate b) Infusible impurities to soluble impurities
c) Soluble impurities to infusible impurties d) All of these
Ans : b) Infusible impurities to soluble impurities
12. Which one of the following ores is best concentrated by froth - floatation method?
a) Magnetite b) Hematite c) Galena d) Cassiterite
Ans : c) Galena
13. In the extraction of aluminium from alumina by electrolysis, cryolite is added to
a) Lower the melting point of alumina b) Remove impurities from alumina
c) Decrease the electrical conductivity d) Increase the rate of reduction
Ans : a) Lower the melting point of alumina
14. Zinc is obtained from ZnO by
a) Carbon reduction b) Reduction using silver
c) Electrochemical process d) Acid leaching
Ans : a) Carbon reduction
15. Cupellation is a process used for the refining of
a) Silver b) Lead c) Copper d) Iron
Ans : a) Silver
16. Extraction of gold and silver involves leaching with cyanide ion. silver is later recovered
by (NEET - 2017)
a) Distillation b) Zone refining c) Displacement with zinc d) liquation
Ans : c) Displacement with zinc
17. Considering Ellingham diagram, which of the following metals can be used to reduce
alumina? (NEET - 2018)
a) Fe b) Cu c) Mg d) Zn
Ans : c) Mg
18. The following set of reactions are used in refining Zirconium
523K
Zr(impure) + 2I2   ZrI4,
Unit - 1 6
1800K
ZrI4  Zr (pure) + 2I2 This method is known as
a) Liquation b) Van Arkel process c) Zone refining d) Mond’s process
Ans : b) Van Arkel process
19. Which of the following is used for concentrating ore in metallurgy?
a) Leaching b) Roasting c) Froth floatation d) Both (a) and (c)
Ans : d) Both (a) and (c)
20. The incorrect statement among the following is
a) Nickel is refined by Mond’s process
b) Titanium is refined by Van Arkel’s process
c) Zinc blende is concentrated by froth floatation
d) In the metallurgy of gold, the metal is leached with dilute sodium chloride solution
Ans : d) In the metallurgy of gold, the metal is leached with dilute sodium chloride solution
21. In the electrolytic refining of copper, which one of the following is used as anode?
a) Pure copper b) Impure copper c) Carbon rod d) Platinum electrode
Ans : b) Impure copper
22. Which of the following plot gives Ellingham diagram
a) S VsT b) G 0 VsT c) G 0 Vs1/T d) G 0 VsT2
Ans : b) G0 VsT
23. In the Ellingham diagram, for the formation of carbon monoxide
  S0    G0 
a)   T  is negative b)   T  is positive
   
  G0   T    G0 
c)   T  is negative d) Initially  0  is positive, after 700 C
0  
  T  is negative
    G   
  G0 
Ans : c)   T  is negative
 
24. Which of the following reduction is not thermodynamically feasible?
a) Cr2O3 + 2Al  Al2O3 + 2Cr b) Al2O3 + 2Cr  Cr2O3 + 2Al
c) 3TiO2 + 4Al  2Al2O3 + 3Ti d) none of these
Ans : b) Al2O3 + 2Cr  Cr2O3 + 2Al
25. Which of the following is not true with respect to Ellingham diagram?
a) Free energy changes follow a straight line. Deviation occurs when there is a phase change.
b) The graph for the formation of CO2 is a straight line almost parallel to free energy axis.
c) Negative slope of CO shows that it becomes more stable with increase in temperature.
d) Positive slope of metal oxides shows that their stabilities decrease with increase in
temperature.
Ans : b) The graph for the formation of CO2 is a straight line almost parallel to free energy axis.
7 Unit - 1
II. Answer the following questions

1. What is the difference between minerals and ores?
 Naturally occuring substances obtained by mining which contain the metals in free state or
in the form of compounds like oxides, sulphides etc. are called minerals.
 Minerals that contain high percentage of metal from which it can be extracted conveniently
and economically are called ores.
 All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.
2. What are the various steps involved in extraction of pure metals from their ores?
 Steps involved in extraction of pure metals from their ores are
i) Concentration of the ore
ii) Extraction of the crude metal.
iii) Refining of the crude metal.
3. What is the role of Limestone in the extraction of Iron from its oxide Fe2O3?
 Lime stone (CaO) is used as a flux in the extraction of iron from its oxide Fe2O3.
 A flux is a chemical substance that forms an easily fusible slag with gaugue.
 Oxide of iron can be reduced by carbon monoxide as follows
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(S) + 3CO2(g) 
 In this extraction a basic flux quick lime (or) lime (CaO) reacts with acidic gaugue silica to
form the slag calcium silicate.
CaO(s) + SiO2(g)  CaSiO3(g)
Flux Gaugue Slag
4. Which type of ores can be concentrated by froth floatation method? Give two examples for
such ores.
 Sulphide ores can be concentrated by froth floatation method.
 (eg) Galena (PbS), Zinc blende (ZnS)
5. Out of coke and CO, which is better reducing agent for the reduction of ZnO? why?
 Out of coke and CO, coke is better reducing agent than CO for the reduction of ZnO.
 Reduction by carbon can be applied to zinc which does not form carbide with carbon at the
reduction temperature.
ZnO(s) + C  Zn(S) + CO(g) 
 ZnO lies above CO in Ellingham diagram meaning that CO is more stable than ZnO. Hence
carbon can be used as a reducing agent for the reduction of ZnO. During reduction oxygen
from ZnO combines with carbon used for reduction.
6. Describe a method for refining nickel.
Mond process for refining nickel :
 Impure nickel is heated in a stream of carbon monoxide at around 350K. Nickel reacts with
CO to form a highly volatile nickel tetracarbonyl. The solid impurities are left behind.
Ni(s) + 4CO(g)  NiCO4(g)
 On heating nickel tetra carbonyl around 460K, the complex decomposes to give pure nickel.
Ni(CO)4(g)  Ni(S) + 4CO(g)
Unit - 1 8
7. Explain zone refining process with an example using the Ellingham diagram given below.
Zone refining :
 The principle is fractional crystallisation.
 When an impure metal is melted and allowed to solidify, the impurities will prefer to remain
in the melten region. ie; impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the solid state metal.
 In this process the impure metal is taken in the form of a rod. One end of the rod is heated
using a mobile induction heater, melting the metal on that portion of the rod.
 When the heater is slowly moved to the other end pure metal crystallises while impurities
will move on to the adjacent molten zone formed due to the movement of the heater.
 As the heater moves further away, the molten zone containing impurities also moves along
with it.
 This process is repeated several times by moving the heater in the same direction again and
again to achieve the desired purity level.
 This process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of metals.
 Germanium, Silicon and gallium which are used as semiconductor are refined by this process.
8. (A) Predict the conditions under which
i) Aluminium might be expected to reduce magnesia.
ii) Magnesium could alumina.
B) Carbon monoxide is more effective reducing agent than carbon below 983K but, above
this temperature, the reverse is true - Explain.
c) It is possible to reduce Fe2O3 by coke at a temperature around 1200K
A) i) Ellingham diagram for the formation of Al2O3 and MgO intersects around 1600K. Above
this temperature aluminium line lies below the magnesium line. Hence we can use
aluminium to reduce magnesia above 1600K.
ii) In Ellingham diagram below 1600K magnesium line lies below aluminium line. Hence below
1600K magnesium can reduce alumina.
B) The two lines for C  CO2 and C  CO cross at about 983K. Below this temperature the
reaction to form CO2 is energetically more favourable hence CO is more effective reducing
agent than carbon below 983K. But above 983K the formation of CO is preferred, hence
carbon is more effective reducing agent than CO above this temperature.
C) In Ellingham diagram above 1000K carbon line lies below the iron line. Hence it is possible
to reduce Fe2O3 by coke at a temperature around 1200K.
9. Give uses of zinc.
 Metallic zinc is used in galvanisation to protect iron and steel structures from rusting and
corrosion.
 Zinc is used to produce die - castings in the automobile, electrical and hardware industries.
 Zinc oxide is used in the manufacture of paints, rubber, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics,
inks, batteries, textiles and electrical equipment.
 Zinc sulphide is used in making luminous paints, fluorescent lights and x - ray screens.
 Brass an alloy of zinc which is highly resistant to corrosion is used in water valves and
communication equipment.
9 Unit - 1
10. Explain the electrometallurgy of aluminium.

Hall - Herold Process
Cathode : Iron tanked lined with carbon
Anode : Carbon blocks
Electrolyte : 20% solution of alumina obtained from bauxite + Molten Cryolite + 10%
calcium chloride (lowers the melting point of the mixture)
Temperature: Above 1270K
Ionisation of Alumina Al2O3  2Al3+ + 3O2-
Reaction at cathode : Al3+(melt) + 3e   Al(l)
Reaction at anode : 2O2- (melt)  O2 + 4e 
Since carbon acts as anode the following reaction also takes place on it.
C(s) + O2  (melt)  CO + 2e 
C(s) + 2O2  (melt)  CO2 + 4e 
During electrolysis anodes are slowly consumed due to the above two reactions. Pure
aluminium is formed at the cathode and settles at the bottom.
Net electrolysis reaction is
4Al3+ (melt) + 6O2- (melt) + 3C(s)  4Al(l) + 3CO2(g)
11. Explain the following terms with suitable examples. i) Gangue ii) Slag
i) Gangue :
 The non metallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter present in the ores are
called gangue.
(eg) : SiO2 is the gangue present in the iron ore Fe2O3.
ii) Slag :
 Slag is a fusible chemical substance formed by the reaction of gangue with a flux.
CaO(s) + SiO2(s)  CaSiO3(s)
Flux gangue slag
12. Give the basic requirement for vapour phase refining.
 The metal is treated with a suitable reagent to form a volatile compound.
 Then the volatile compound is decomposed to give the pure metal.
13. Describe the role of the following in the process mentioned.
i) Silica in the extraction of copper.
ii) Cryolite in the extraction of aluminium.
iii) Iodine in the refining of Zirconium.
iv) Sodium cyanide in froth floatation.
i) In the extraction of copper silica acts as an acidic flux to remove FeO as slag FeSiO3.
FeO(s) + SiO2(s)  FeSiO3(s)
Flux Slag
ii) As Al2O3 is a poor conductor cryolite improves the electrical conductivity.
In addition, cryolite serves as an added impurity and lowers the melting point of the
electrolyte.
iii) First Iodine forms a Volatile tetraiodide with impure metal, which decomposes to give pure
metal. Impure zirconium metal is heated in an evacuated vessel with iodine to form the
volatile zirconium tetraiodide (ZrI4). The impurities are left behind, as they do not react
with iodine.
Unit - 1 10
Zr(s) + 2I2(s)  ZrI4(Vapour)

On passing volatile zirconium tetraiodide vapour over a tungsten filament, it is decomposed
to give pure zirconium.
ZrI4(Vapour)  Zr(s) + 2I2(s)
iv) Sodium cyanide acts as a depressing agent in froth floatation process. When a sulphide ore
of a metal of interest contains other metal sulphides the depressing agent sodium cyanide
selectively prevent other metal sulphides from coming to the froth.
eg: NaCN depresses the floatation property ZnS present in Galena (PbS) by forming a layer
of Zinc complex Na2[Zn(CN)4]on the surface of Zinc sulphide.
14. Explain the principle of electrolytic refining with an example.
 Crude metal is refined by electrolysis carried out in an electrolytic cell.
 Cathode : Thin strips of pure metal.
Anode : Impure metal to be refined.
Electrolyte : Aqueous solution of the salt of the metal with dilute acid.
 As current is passed, the metal of interest dissolves from the anode and pass into the
electrolytic solution.
 At the same time same amount of metal ions from the electrolytic solution will be deposited
at the cathode.
 Less electro positive impurities in the anode settle down as anode mud.
 eg : Electro refining of silver :
Cathode : Pure silver
Anode : Impure silver rods.
Electrolyte : Acidified aqueous solution of silver nitrate.
 On passing current the following reactions will take place.
Reaction at anode : Ag(s)  Ag+(aq) + e 
Reaction at cathode : Ag+(aq) + e   Ag(s)
 At anode silver atoms lose electrons and enter the solution. From the solution silver ions
migrate towards the cathode. At cathode silver ions get discharged by gaining electrons and
deposited on the cathode.
15. The selection of reducing agent depends on the thermodynamic factor : Explain with an
example.
 A suitable reducing agent is selected based on the thermodynamic considerations.
 For a spontaneous reaction G should be negative.
 Thermodynamically, the reduction of metal oxide with a given reducing agent can occur if
G for the coupled reaction is negative.
 Hence the reducing agent is selected in such a way that it provides a large negative G
value for the coupled reaction.
 Ellingham diagram is used to predict thremodynamic feasibility of reduction of oxides of
one metal by another metal.
 Any metal can reduce the oxides of other metals that are located above it in the diagram.
 Ellingham diagram for the formation of FeO and CO intersects around 1000K. Below this
temperature the carbon line lies above the iron line.
 Hence FeO is more stable than CO and the reduction is not thermodynamically feasible.
11 Unit - 1
 However above 1000K carbon line lies below the iron line. Hence at this condition FeO is
less stable than CO and the reduction is thermodynamically feasible. So coke can be used as
a reducing agent above this temperature.
 Following free energy calculation also confirm that the reduction is thermodynamically
favoured.
 From the Ellingham diagram at 1500K
2Fe(s) + O2(g)  2FeO(g) G1 =  350 KJmol-1 ............1
2C(s) + O2(g)  2CO(g) G2 =  480 KJmol-1 ............2
Reverse the reaction 1
2FeO(s)  2Fe(s) + O2(g)  G 1 = 350 KJmol-1 ............3
Couple the reactions 2 and 3
2FeO(s) + 2C(s)  2Fe(s) + 2CO(g) G 3 =  130 KJmol-1 ............4
G 3
 The standard free energy change for the reduction of one mole of FeO is = - 65 KJmol-1
2
16. Give the limitations of Ellingham diagram.
 Ellingham diagram is constructed based only on thermodynamic considerations.
 It gives information about the thermodynamic feasibility of a reaction.
 It does not tell anything about the rate of the reaction.
 More over it does not give any idea about the possibility of other reactions that might be
taking place.
 The interpreparation of  G is based on the assumption that the reactants are in equilibrium
with the product which is not always true.
17. Write a short note on electrochemical principles of metallurgy.
 Reduction of oxides of active metals such as sodium, potassium etc. by carbon is
thermodynamically not feasible.
 Such metals are extracted from their ores by using electrochemical methods.
 In this method the metal salts are taken in fused form or in solution form.
 The metal ion present can be reduced by treating the solution with suitable reducing agent
or by electrolysis.
 Gibbs free energy change for the electrolysis is
0 0
 G = - nFE
n = number of electrons involved in the reduction
F = Faraday = 96500 coulombs
E0 = electrode potential of the redox couple.
 If E0 is positive, G 0 is negative and the reduction is spontaneous.
 Hence a redox reaction is planned in such a way that the e.m.f of the net redox reaction is
positive.
A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.
eg : Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s)  Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
 Zinc is more reactive than copper and displaces copper from its salt solution.
Unit - 1 12
III. Evaluate yourself

Evalute yourself
1. Write the equation for the extraction of silver by leaching with sodium cyanide and show
that the leaching process is a redox reaction.
Ans : Ag  Ag+ (O.N increases from 0 to +1, hence oxidation)
O2  OH- (O.N decreases from 0 to -2, hence reduction)
 Leaching of silver is a redox reaction.
Evaluate yourself
2. Magnesite (Magnesium carbonate) is calcined to obtain magnesia, which is used to make
refractory bricks. Write the decomposition reaction
MgCO3  MgO + CO2 
Evaluate yourself
3. Using Ellingham diagram (fig 1.4) indicate the lowest temperature at which ZnO can be
reduced to Zinc metal by carbon. Write the overall reduction reaction at this temperature
Ans : Ellingham diagram for the formation of ZnO and CO intersects around 1200K Below this
temperature, Carbon line lies above Zinc line. Hence ZnO is more stable than CO so the
reduction is thermodynamically not feasible at this temperature range. However above 1200K
carbon line lies below the zinc line, hence carbon can be used as a reducing agent above
1200K.
2Zn + O2  2ZnO ...........1
2C + O2  2CO ..........2
Reversing 1 and adding with equation 2
2ZnO  2Zn + O2
2C + O2  2CO
2ZnO + 2C  2Zn + 2CO
Evaluate yourself.
4. Metallic Sodium is extracted by the electrolysis of brine (aq.Nacl). After electrolysis the
electrolytic solution becomes basic in nature. Write the possible electrode reactions.
An s : 2NaCl(aq)  2Na+(aq) + 2Cl  (aq)
Anode : 2Cl  (aq)  Cl2(g) + 2e 
Cathode : 2H2O(l) + 2e   H2(g) + 2OH  (aq)
Nothing happens to sodium ion but it is still important. Na+ ions are spectator ions and
combine with OH  ions to form NaOH
Three products are H2, Cl2 and NaOH
Over all equation is 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)  H2(g) + Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)
Ionic equation is 2H2O(l) + 2Cl  (aq) + 2Na+(aq)  2Na+(aq) + 2OH  (aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)
or 2H2O(l) + 2Cl  (aq)  2OH  (aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)
13 Unit - 1
Part - II - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

I. Match the following
Ore Formula Answer
i Manetite a ZnCO3 c Fe3O4
ii Cuprite b PbCO3 e Cu2O
iii Calamine c Fe 3O 4 a ZnCO3
iv Cerrusite d SnO2 b PbCO3
v Cassiterite e Cu2 O d SnO2
2. Ore of metal Name Answer

i Ore of copper a Diaspore c Malachite
ii Ore of aluminium b Chlorargyrite a Diaspore
iii Ore of iron c Malachite d Limonite
iv Ore of lead d Limonite e Anglesite
v Ore of silver e Anglesite b Chlorargyrite
3. Concentration Ore Answer

i Gravity separation a Pyrolusite d Tinstone
ii Froth floatation b Alumina c Zinc blende
iii Cyanide leaching c Zinc blende e Gold
iv Alkali leaching d Tinstone b Alumina
v Magnetic separation e Gold a Pyrolusite
4. Purification Metal Answer

i Distillation a Silicon b Zinc
ii Liquation b Zinc b Tin
iii Electrolytic refining c Nickel e Silver
iv Zone refining d Tin a Silicon
v Mond process e Silver c Nickel
II. Fill in the blanks Answer

5. The metal which shows high resistance to corrosion and used
in the design of Chemical reactors is ______________ Aluminium
6. _____ are used for increasing the efficiency of the solar cells. Gold nanoparticles
7. The removal of gangue from ores is called as _________ Concentration of ores
8. ___ is the process in which concentrated ore is strongly heated
in the absence of air Calcination
Unit - 1 14
III. Pick out the odd man out

9. Find the odd man out
a) Sphalerite b) Galena c) Azurite d) Iron pyrite
Ans : c) Azurite. This is a basic carbonate ore others are sulphide ores.
10. Find the odd man out
a) Malachite b) Limonite c) Siderite d) Haematite
Ans : a) Malachite. This is the ore of copper, others are ores of iron.
11. Which is not refined by liquation?
a) Tin b) Zinc c) Lead d) Bismuth
Ans : b) Zinc. Zinc is refined by distillation.
12. Which is not refined by zone refining?
a) Silicon b) Gallium c) Zirconium d) Germamium
Ans : c) Zirconium. Zirconium is refined by Van Arkel method
13. Choose the incorrect pair.
a) Malachite, Azurite b) Ruby silver, Horn silver
c) Zincite, Cuprite d) Anglesite, Cerrusite
Ans : c) Zincite, Cuprite. They are ores of Zinc and copper
14. a) Kaolinite, Aluminium b) Stefinite, Silver
c) Galena, Lead d) Prousitite, Tin
Ans : d) Prousitite, Tin. Correct pair is prousitite, silver.
15. Choose the correct pair.
a) Cerrusite, Cassiterite b) Siderite, Limonite
c) Anglesite, Zincite d) Azurite, Kaolinite
Ans : b) Siderite,Limonite. Both are ores of irons.
16. a) Diaspore, Copper b) Galena, Tin
c) Stefinite, Silver d) Malachite, Aluminium
Ans : c) Stefinite, Silver. Stefinite is the ore of silver
IV. Assertion and Reason
17. Assertion (A) : Tinstone ore is concentrated by magnetic separation.
Reason (R) : Wolframite impurities are magnetic
i) A and R are correct, R explains A.
ii) A is correct, R is wrong
iii) A is wrong, R is correct
iv) A and R are correct but R does not explain A.
Ans : i) A and R are correct, R explains A.
18. Correct Assertion (A) : Aluminium can be commercially extracted from china clay which is a
profitable one
Reason (R) : China clay is a mineral of aluminium.
i) A and R are correct, R explains A. ii) A is correct, R is wrong
iii) A is wrong, R is correct iv) A and R are correct but R does not explain A.
Ans : iii) A is wrong, R is correct
Correct Assertion : Aluminium can be commercially extracted from bauxite which is a
profitable ore
15 Unit - 1
19. Assertion (A) : Zinc blende can be concentrated by froth floatation method.
Reason (R) : Metallic ore particles are preferentially wetted by water and settle at the bottom.
Ans : ii) A is correct, R is wrong
Correct (R) : Metallic particles are preferentially wetted by oil and rise to the surface.
20. Assertion (A) : Cr2O3 is reduced into chromium by aluminothermite process.
Reason (R) : Aluminium acts as the reducing agent.
Ans : i) A and R are correct, R explains A.
V. Choose the correct statement
21. a) Metals having more chemical reactivity occur as native elements.
b) Removal of gangue from ores is called refining.
c) Tin stone ore is concentrated by gravity separation.
d) Silver glance is a carbonate ore.
Ans : c) Tin stone ore is concentrated by gravity separation.
22. a) In froth floatation sodium ethyl xanthate acts as a collector.
b) In leaching the ore is converted into insoluble salt or complex and the gangue remains in
the solution.
c) Ammonia leaching is suitable for gold and silver.
d) Bauxite ore is subjected to acid leaching .
Ans : a) In froth floatation sodium ethyl xanthate acts as a collector.
23. a) Calcination is the process in which concentrated ore is strongly heated in the presence of
air.
b) Flux is a chemical substance that forms an easily fusible slag with gangue.
c) In aluminothermite process the ignition mixture used is magnesium peroxide and
barium.
d) Any metal can reduce the oxides of other metals that are located below it in Ellingham
diagram.
Ans : b) Flux is a chemical substance that forms an easily fusible slag with gangue.
24. a) In electro refining pure metal is taken as anode and impure metal is taken as cathode.
b) Distillation is employed for high boiling non volatile metals.
c) Zone refining is based on the principle of fractional crystallisation.
d) Mond’s process is used for refining titanium.
Ans : c) Zone refining is based on the principle of fractional crystallisation.
VI. Choose incorrect statement
25. i) In cyanide leaching gold is converted into an insoluble cyanide complex.
ii) In ammonia leaching nickel forms a soluble complex.
Unit - 1 16
iii)In alkali leaching aluminium forms an insoluble complex.

a) i & ii b) i & iii c) ii & iii d) i, ii, iii
Ans : b) i & iii
26. i) In Ellingham diagram for most of the metal oxide formation the slope is negative.
ii) Oxygen gas is consumed during the formation of metal oxides resulting in the increase of
randomness.
iii) As temperature increases G value for the formation of the metal oxide become more
negative
a) i & ii b) i & iii c) ii & iii d) i, ii, & iii Ans : c) ii & iii
27. i) The reduction of oxides of active metals such as sodium, potassium etc. by carbon is
thermodynamically feasible
ii) When a more reactive metal is added to the solution containing less reactive metal, the
less reactive metal will go into the solution.
iii)Copper displaces zinc from zinc salt solution.
Ans : d) i, ii & iii
28. i) When an impure metal is melted and allowed to solidify the impurities will prefer to be
in the solid region.
ii) Zone refining is carried out in an inert gas atomsphere to prevent the reduction of metals.
iii)Elements such as germanium, silicon and gallium are refined by zone refining.
Ans : a) i & ii
29. Which of the follwing is not an oxide ore?
a) Cuprite b) Siderite c) Cassiterite d) Zincite
Ans : b) Siderite
30. Which of the following is an oxide ore?
a) Sphaelerite b) Calamine c) Cassiterite d) Stefinite
Ans : c) Cassiterite
31. Which of the following is not a sulphide ore?
a) Stefinite b) Argentite c) Cerrusite d) Sphaelerite
Ans : c) Cerrusite
32. Which of the following is a sulphide ore?
a) Pyrargyrite b) Malachite c) Limonite d) Kaolinite
Ans : a) Pyrargyrite
33. Which of the following is not a carbonate ore?
a) Siderite b) Calamine c) Cerrusite d) Cassiterite
Ans : d) Cassiterite
34. Which of the following is a carbonate ore?
a) Limonite b) Siderite c) Magnetite d) Haematite
Ans : b) Siderite
35. Which of the following is the ore of iron?
a) Limonite b) Azurite c) Stefinite d) Cerrusite
Ans : a) Limonite
17 Unit - 1
36. Which of the following is not an ore of iron?

a) Haematite b) Magnetite c) Siderite d) Anglesite
Ans : d) Anglesite
37. Which of the following is an ore of silver?
a) Azurite b) Prousitite c) Cerrusite d) Limonite
Ans : b) Prousitite
38. Which of the following is a sulphate ore?
a) Galena b) Zinc blende c) Cerrusite d) Anglesite
Ans : d) Anglesite
39. Non metallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter which are associated with
ores are called as.
a) Slag b) Flux c) Gangue d) residue
Ans : c) Gangue
40. Gravity separation is suitable for
a) Oxide ore b) Sulphide ore
c) Carbonate ore d) Sulphate ore
Ans : a) Oxide ore
41. Froth floatation is suitable for
a) Oxide ore b) Sulphide ore c) Carbonate ore d) Sulphate ore
Ans : b) Sulphide ore
42. In froth floatation, pine oil is used as a
a) Collector b) depressing agent
c) Frothing agent d) Flux
Ans : c) Frothing agent
43. In froth floatation sodium ethyl Xanthate is used as a
c) frothing agent d) Flux
Ans : a) Collector
44. In froth floatation sodium cyanide is used as a
c) frothing agent d) Flux
Ans : b) depressing agent
45. The floatation property the impurity ZnS present in galena is depressed by adding
a) Pure oil b) Eucalyptus oil
c) Sodium cyanide d) Sodium ethyl Xanthate
Ans : c) Sodium cyanide
46. The crushed ore of gold is leached with aerated dilute solution of
a) Sodium hydroxide b) Sodium cyanide
c) Sulphuric acid d) Ammonia
Ans : b) Sodium cyanide
Unit - 1 18
47. Concentration of gold ore is done by

a) Cyanide leaching b) Ammonia leaching
c) Alkali leaching d) Acid leaching
Ans : a) Cyanide leaching
48. Ammonia leaching is done for the concentration of the ore of
a) Silver b) Copper c) Aluminium d) Zinc
Ans : b) Copper
49. During roasting sulphide ores are converted into their
a) Metals b) Oxides c) Carbonates d) nitrates
Ans : b) Oxides
50. During calcination of carbonate ore the expelled gas is
a) Carbon monoxide b) Carbon dioxide
c) Sulphur dioxide d) Nitrogen dioxide Ans : b) Carbon dioxide
51. Metals which do not form carbides with carbon at reduction temperature can be extracted
from their oxides by
a) Reduction by metal b) Reduction by hydrogen
c) Reduction by carbon d) Auto reduction
Ans : c) Reduction by carbon
52. Cinnabar is converted into mercury by
a) Reduction by metal b) Reduction by hydrogen
c) Reduction by carbon d) Auto reduction
Ans : d) Auto reduction
53. Thermodynamically the reduction of metal oxide with a given reducing agent can occur
if the free energy change for the coupled reaction is
a) Positive b) Negative c) One d) Zero Ans : b) Negative
54. For the reduction of metal oxide into metal a reducing agent is selected in such a way that
for the coupled reaction it provides a
a) Large positive  G value b) Small positive  G value
c) Large negative  G value d) Small negative  G value
Ans : c) Large negative  G value
55. For the formation of various metal oxides Ellingham diagram is a graphical representation
between
a)  G0 &  S b)  G0 &  H c)  G0 & T d)  H &  S
Ans : c)  G0 & T
56. In Ellingham diagram, for most of the metal oxide formation the slope is
a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) One
Ans : a) Positive
19 Unit - 1
57. In Ellingham diagram as temperature increases, generally  G value for the formation of
the metal oxide become
a) Less positive b) More positive c) Less negative d) More negative
Ans : c)Less negative
58. If the e.m.f of the net redox reaction is positive, its  G is
a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) One
Ans : b) Negative
59. Which of the following metal is refined by distillation?
a) Tin b) Lead c) Zinc d) Bismuth
Ans : c) Zinc
60. Which of the following is not refined by zone refining?
a) Germanium b) Zirconium c) Silicon d) Gallium
Ans : b) Zirconium
61. Which of the following is refined by Mond process?
a) Silicon b) Copper c) Nickel d) Zinc
Ans : c) Nickel
62. Which of the following is refined by Van Arkel method?
a) Gallium b) Titanium c) Germanium d) Silicon
Ans : b) Titanium
63. Which of the following metal is used in galvanisation?
a) Copper b) Aluminium c) Zinc d) Gold
Ans : c) Zinc
64. Which is used in making luminous paints, fluroescent lights and x - ray screens?
a) Brass b) Zinc sulphide c) Cast iron d) Gold nano particles
Ans : b) Zinc sulphide
65. Which is used for increasing the efficiency of solar cells?
a) Brass b) Zinc sulphide c) Cast iron d) Gold nano particles
Ans : d) Gold nano particles
VII. Two Mark Questions
1. What is a mineral?
 A naturally occuring substance obtained by minig, which contains the metal in free state or
in the form of compounds like oxides, sulphides etc ; is called a mineral.
2. What is an ore?
 A mineral which contains high percentage of metal, from which it can be extracted conveniently
and economically is called as an ore.
3. What is concentration of ores?
 The removal of non metallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter (called as
gangue) from the ores is known as concentration of ores.
Unit - 1 20
4. What is leaching?
 The process of dissolving metal present in an ore in a suitable solvent to form a soluble
metal salt or complex leaving the gangue undissolved is called leaching.
5. What is ammonia leaching?
 Crushed ore containing nickel, copper and cobalt is treated with aqueous ammonia under
suitable pressure.
 Ammonia selectively leaches these metals by forming their soluble complexes namely
[Ni(NH3)6]2+, [Cu(NH3)4]2+and [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+. from the ore.
 The gangue left behind are iron (III) oxides/hydroxides and alumino silicate.
6. What is acid leaching?
 Sulphide ores ZnS, PbS can be leached with hot aqueous sulphuric acid.
 In this process the insoluble sulphide is converted into soluble sulphate and elemental sul-
phur.
2ZnS(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) + O2(g)  2ZnSO4(aq) + 2S(s) + 2H2O
7. What are the steps involved in the extraction of crude metal?

 Conversion of the ore into metal oxide.
 Reduction of the metal oxide into metal.
8. In the extraction of metal ore is first converted into metal oxide before reduction into
metal. why?
 In the concentrated ore the metal exists in positive oxidation state and hence it is to be reduced
to elemental state.
 From the principles of thermodynamics the reduction of oxide is easier compared to the
reduction of other compounds of metal.
 Hence before reduction the ore is first converted into metal oxide.
9. Write about roasting.
 Roasting is applied for the conversion of sulphide ores into their oxides.
 Concentrated ore is oxidised by heating with excess of oxygen below the melting point of
the metal in a suitable furnace.
2PbS + 3O2  2PbO+ 2SO2 
 Roasting also removes impurities like aresenic, sulphur, phosphorous into their volatile
oxides.
4As + 3O2  2AS2O3
10. Write about the extraction of metal by the process of reduction by carbon.
 In this method oxide ore of the metal is mixed with coal (coke) and heated strongly in a blast
furnace.
 This method can be applied to metals which do not form carbides with carbon at the reduction
temperature.
ZnO(S) + C  Zn(S) + CO(g) 
21 Unit - 1
11. Write about the extraction of metal by the process of reduction by hydrogen.
 This method can be applied to the oxides of the metals (Fe, Pb,Cu) which are less
electropositive than hydrogen.
Ag2O(S) + H2(g)  2Ag(S) + H2O(l) 
 Nickel oxide is reduced to nickel by a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (water gas)
2NiO(S) +CO(g) + H2(g)  2Ni(S) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 
12. Write about the extraction of metal by the process of reduction by metal.
 In this process a metal oxide is reduced to metal by some active metals. like sodium,
potassium and calcium.
Rb2O3 + 3Mg  2Rb + 3MgO
TiO2 + 2Mg  Ti + 2MgO
1250K Th + 2CaO
ThO2 + 2Ca  
 Alumino thermite process is also an example of reduction by metal.
13. Write about alumino thermite process.
 In this method a metal oxide is reduced to metal by aluminium.
 It is an exothermic process where heat is liberated.
 Cr2O3 is mixed with aluminium powder in a fire clay crudable.
 Ignition mixture is magnesium and barium peroxide.
BaO2+ Mg  BaO + MgO
 Temperature = 24000C Heat liberated = 852KJmol-1 This heat helps the reduction of Cr2O3
by Al.
 2Cr + Al O
Cr2O3 + 2Al  2 3
14. What is auto reduction of metallic ores?

 Simple roasting of some of the metallic ores give the crude metal.
 Use of reducing agent is not necessary.
 (eg) Cinnabar is roasted to give mercury.
HgS(S)+ O2(g) +  Hg(l) + SO2(g) 
15. What is refining process of a metal?

 Removal of impurities like unreacted oxide ore, other metals, non metals etc ; from the
crude metal extracted from its ore is known as refining process of a metal.
16. Write about distillation process of refining a metal?
 In this method impure metal is heated to evaporate and the vapours are condensed to get
pure metal.
 This method is used for low boiling volatile metals like zinc and mercury.
17. Write about liquation process of refining a metal?
 This method is used to remove the impurities with high melting points from metals having
relatively low melting points.
 (eg) Tin, lead, mercury, bismuth.
Unit - 1 22
 Crude metal is heated to form fusible liquid and allowed to flow on a sloping surface.
 Impure metal is placed on sloping health of a reverberatory furnace.
 Impure metal is heated just above the melting point of the metal in the absence of air.
 The molten pure metal flows down.
 Impurities are left behind.
 Molten metal is collected and solidified.
18. Write the applications or uses of copper.
 Copper is the first metal used by humans and extended use of its alloy bronze resulted in a
new era, ‘Bronze age’.
 Used for making coins and ornaments along with gold and other metals.
 Copper and its alloys are used for making wires, water pipes and other electrical parts.
19. Write the applications or uses of gold.
 Gold is one of the expensive and precious metals.
 Used for coinage and has been used as standard for monetary systems in some countries.
 Extensively used in jewellery in its alloy form with copper.
 Used in electroplating to cover other metals with a thin layer of gold in watches, artificial
limb joints, cheap jewellery, dental fillings and electrical connectors.
 Gold nanoparticles are used for increasing the efficiency of solar cells.
 Used as catalyst.
VIII. Three Mark Questions
1. Write about gravity separation or hydrulic wash?
 Ore with high specific gravity is separated from gangue with low specific gravity by simply
washing with running water.
 Finely powdered ore is treated with rapidly flowing current of water.
 Lighter gangue particles are washed away by the running water.
 This method is used for concentrating native ore such as gold and oxide ores such as haematite,
tin stone.
2. What is cyanide leaching?
 Crushed ore of gold is leached with aerated dilute solution of sodium cyanide.
 Gold is converted into a soluble cyanide complex.
 The gangue alumino silicate remains insoluble.
4A u (s) + 8CN  (aq) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l)  4[Au(CN)2]  (aq) + 4OH  (aq)
 Gold can be recovered by reacting the deoxygenated leached solution with Zinc.
 Gold is reduced to its elemental state (zero oxidation state.)
 This process is called cementation.
Zn(s) + 2[Au(CN)2]  (aq)  [Zn(CN)4]2  (aq) + 2Au(s)
3. Write about alkali leaching?

 In this method the ore is heated with aqueous alkali to form a soluble complex.
 Bauxite is heated with a solution of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate at 470K - 520K
and 35 atm to form soluble sodium meta aluminate.
23 Unit - 1
 The impurities iron oxide and titanium oxide are left behind.
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l)  2Na [Al(OH)4](aq)
 The hot solution is decanted, cooled and diluted.
 This solution is neutralised by passing CO2 gas to form hydrated Al2O3 precipitate.
2Na[Al(OH)4](aq) + CO2(g)  Al2O3.XH2O(s) + 2NaHCO3(aq)
 The precipitate is filtered off and heated around 1670K to get pure Alumina Al 2O3.
4. Write about magnetic sparation.
 This method is applicable to ferromagnetic ores.
 It is based on the difference in the magnetic properties
of the ore and the impurities.
 Non magnetic tin stone can be separated from the
magnetic impurities wolframite.
 Similarly magnetic ores chromite, pyrolusite can be
removed from non magnetic siliceous impurities.
 Crushed ore is poured on to an electromagnetic
separator with a belt moving over two rollers of which
one is magnetic.
 Magnetic part of the ore is attracted towards the
magnet and falls as a heap close to the magnetic region.
 Non magnetic part falls away from it.
5. Write about calcination.
 Calcination is the process in which the concentrated ore is strongly heated in the absence of air.
 During this process water of crystallisation present in the hydrated oxide escapes as moisture.
 Any organic matter present also get expelled leaving the ore porous.
 This method can also be carried out with a limited supply of air.
 During calcination of carbonate ore carbondioxide is liberated.
PbCO3 

 PbO + CO2 
CaCO3 

 CaO + CO2 
Al2O3. 2H2O 

 Al2O3(s) + 2H2O(g) 
6. Write about smelting.

 Smelting is a process in which the concentrated ore is mixed with a mixture of a flux and
reducing agent in a smelting furnace.
 Flux is a chemical substance which forms an easily fusible slag with gangue.
 Carbon, carbon monoxide and aluminium are used as reducing agents.
 Iron oxide can be reduced by carbon monoxide.
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) 
 Silica gangue present in the ore is acidic, hence a basic flux lime combines with it forming
slag calcium silicate.
CaO(s) + SiO2(s)  CaSiO3(s)
Slag
Unit - 1 24
7. Write about Ellingham diagram.

 The graphical representation of variation of the standard Gibbs free energy for the formation
of various metal oxides with temperature is called Ellingham diagram.
 Change in Gibbs free energy G is given as
G  H  TS
 H = Enthalpy change T = Temperature in Kelvin  S = Entropy change.
 For an equilibrium  G0 can be calculated using the equilibrium constant by the equation.
G 0 = RT ln Kp
 By treating the reduction of metal oxides as an equilibrium process Harold Ellingham used
the above relationship to calculate G 0 values at various temperatures.
 He Plotted T in the x axis and G 0 for the formation of metal oxides in the y axis.
 He obtained straight line graph with S as slope and H as y - intercept.
8. Write the observations from the Ellingham diagram.
 For most of the metal oxide formation the slope is positive. This can be explained as follows.
Oxygen gas is consumed during the formation of metal oxides resulting in the decrease of
randomness. Hence  S becomes negative, T  S is positive in the straight line equation.
 For the formation of carbon monoxide the graph is a straight line with negative slope. In this
case S is positive because 2 moles of CO. gas is formed by consuming 1 mole of oxygen
gas. This shows CO is more stable at higher temperature.
 As temperature increases  G for the formation of metal oxide becomes less negative and
becomes zero at a particular temperature.Below this temperature G is negative and the
oxide is stable. Above this temperature  G is positive and the oxide is less stable. Metal
oxides become less stable at higher temperature and their decomposition becomes easier.
 Due to phase transition (melting or evaporation) there is a sudden change in the slope at a
particular temperature for some metal oxides like MgO, HgO.
9. Write about Van - Arkel method for refining zirconium/titanium?
 This method is based on the thermal decomposition of metal compounds to metals.
 (eg) Titanium and Zirconium.
 Impure titanium is heated in an evacuated vessel with iodine at 550K to form volatile titanium
tetraiodide.
 The impurities do not react with iodine.
Ti(s) + 2I2(s)  TiI4(vapour)
 Volatile titanium tetraiodide is passed over a tungsten filament at 1800K.
 Titanium tetraiodide is decomposed to pure titanium which is deposited over the filament.
 Iodine is reused.
TiI4(vapour)  Ti(s) + 2I2 (s)
10. Write the applications or uses of aluminium.

 For making heat exchangers/sinks.
 For making our day to day vessels.
 For making aluminium foils for packing, food items.
25 Unit - 1
 Alloys of aluminium with copper, manganese, magnesium, silicon are light weight and strong
hence used in design of aeroplanes and other forms of transport.
 Due to its high resistance to corrosion, it is used in the design of chemical reactors, medical
equipments, refrigeration units and gas pipelines.
 It is a good electrical conductor and cheap, hence used in electrical over head cables with
steel core for strength.
11. Write the applications or uses of Zinc.
 It is used in galvanisation of iron and steel to protect them from rusting and corrosion.
 To produce die - castings in automobile, electrical and hardware industries.
 Zinc oxide is used in the manufacture of paints, rubber, cosmetics, pharmacenticals, plastics,
inks, batteries, textiles and electrical equipment.
 Zinc sulphide is used in making luminous paints, fluroescent lights and x - ray screens.
 An alloy of zinc known as brass is used in water valves and communication equipments
due to its high resistance to corrosion.
12. Write the applications or uses of iron.
 Iron is one the most useful metals and its alloys are used everywhere including bridges,
electricity pylons, bicycle chains, cutting tools and rifle barrels.
 Cast iron is used to make pipes, valves and pumb stoves etc.
 Magnets can be made of iron and its alloys and compounds.
 Important alloy of iron is stainless steel which is very resistant to corrosion.
 It is used in architecture, bearings, cutlery, surgical instruments and jewellery.
 Nickel steel is used for making cables, automobiles, and aeroplane parts.
 Chrome steels are used for manufacturing cutting tools and crushing machines.
IX. Five Mark Questions.
1. Explain froth floatation method.
 This is used to concentrate sulphide ores such as galena (PbS) Zinc blende (ZnS) etc.
 Metallic ore particles preferentially wetted by oil can be separated from gangue.
 Crushed ore is mixed with water and a frothing agent like pine oil or eucalyptus oil.
 A small amount of sodium ethyl xanthate is added as a collector.
 A froth is formed by blowing air through the mixture.
 The collector molecules attach to the ore particles and make them water repellent.
 As a result ore particles wetted by the oil rise to the surface along with the froth.
 The froth is skimmed off and dried to recover the concentrated ore.
 Gangue particles preferentially wetted by water settle at the bottom.
 If the sulphide ore contains other metal sulphides as impurities, they are selectively prevented
from coming to the froth by using depressing agents like sodium cyanide, sodium carbonate
etc.
 Sodium cyanide depresses the floatation property of the impurity ZnS present in galena
(PbS) by forming a layer of zinc complex Na2[Zn(CN)4] on the surface of ZnS.
Unit - 1 26
2. How is copper extracted from is ore.

 Principle ore : Copper pyrites.
 Concentration : Froth floatation
 Concentrated ore is heated in a reverberatory furnace with an acidic flux silica.
 The basic ferrous oxide formed reacts with silica to form the slag ferrous silicate.
 Mutually soluble metal sulphides Cu2S and FeS known as copper matte is formed.
2CuFeS2(s) + O2(g)  2FeS(l) + Cu2S(l) + 2SO2(g)
2FeS(l) + 3O2(g)  2FeO(l) + 2SO2(g)
FeO(s) + SiO2(s)  FeSiO3(s)
Gangue Flux Slag
 Matte is removed from the slag and fed to the converting furnace.
 FeS present in the matte is first converted to FeO.
 FeO is removed as slag with silica.
 Remaining copper sulphide is oxidised to cuprous oxide.
 Cuprous oxide and copper sulphide react to form metallic copper.
2Cu2S(l,s) + 3O2(g)  2Cu2S(l,s) + 2SO2(g)
2Cu2O(l) + Cu2S(l)  6Cu(l) + SO2(g)
 SO2 is liberated through molten copper and on solidification it has blistered appearance.
This is copper is called blister copper.
Electro refining :
Cathode : Thin pure sheet of copper.
Anode : Impure Copper
Electrolyte : CuSO4 solution + dil H2SO4.
On passing current pure copper is deposited at the cathode.
27 Unit - 1
3. Explain the thermodynamic principle of metallurgy.

 Extraction of metals can be carried out by using different reducing agents.
 Consider the reduction of a metal oxide MxOy
2 2X
MxOy(s)  M + O2(g) ................1
Y Y s
 Above reduction may be carried out with carbon.
 In this case the reducing agent carbon may be oxidised to CO or CO2
C + O2  CO2(g) ..............2
2C + O2  2CO(g) ...................3
 If carbon monoxide is used as a reducing agent, it is oxidised to CO2
2CO + O2  2CO2................4
 A suitable reducing agent is selected based on thermodynamic considerations.
 For a spontaneous reaction, the change in free energy  G  should be negative.
 Thermodynamically the reduction of metal oxide equation (1)] with a given reducing agent
[equation 2,3,or 4] can occur if the free energy change for the coupled reaction [equation
1&2, 1&3or 1&4] is negative.
 Hence the reducing agent which gives large negative G value for the coupled reaction is
selected.
4. Write the applications of Ellingham diagram.
 Ellingham diagram helps us to select a suitable reducing agent and appropriate temperature
range for reduction.
 Reduction of metal oxide to metal is considered as a competition between the element used
for reduction and the metal to combine with oxygen.
 If metal oxide is more stable, oxygen remains with the metal.
 If oxide of the element used for reduction is more stable, oxygen from metal oxide combines
with the element used for reduction.
 From Ellingham diagram the relative stablility of different metal oxides at a given
temperature can be inferred.
 Ellingham diagram for the formation of Ag2O and HgO is at the upper part and their
decomposition temperatures are 600 and 700K respectively. This shows that these oxides
are unstable at moderate temperatures and will decompose on heating even in the absence
of a reducing agent.
 Ellingham diagram is used predict thermodynamic feasibility of reduction of oxides of one
metal by another metal.
 Any metal can reduce the oxides of other metals that are located above it in the diagram.
 For example, in the Ellingham diagram, the line for the formation chromium oxide ties above
that of aluminium, meaning that Al2O3 is more stable than Cr2O3. Hence aluminium can be
used as a reducing agent for the reduction of chromic oxide.
 However aluminium can not be used to reduce the oxides of magnesium and calcium since
they occupy lower position than aluminium oxide in the Ellingham diagram.
 Carbon line cuts across the lines of many metal oxides and hence it can reduce all these
metal oxides at sufficently high temperature.
Unit - 1 28
UNIT
2 p-Block Elements - I
PART - I TEXT BOOK EVALUATION

1. An aqueous solution of borax is _______.
a) neutral b) acidic
c) basic d) amphoteric Ans : c. basic
2. Boric acid is an acid because its molecule (NEET)
a) contains replaceable H+ ion
b) gives up a proton
c) combines with proton to form water molecule
d) accepts OH– from water, relasing proton
Ans : d. accepts OH– from water, relasing proton
3. Which among the following is not a borane?
a) B2H6 b) B3H6
c) B4H10 d) none of these Ans : b. B3H6
4. Which of the following metals has the largest abundance in the earth’s crust?
a) Aluminium b) Calcium
b) Magnesium d) Sodium Ans : a. Aluminium
5. In diborane, the number of electrons that accounts for banana bonds is
a) six b) two c) four d) three Ans : c. four
6. The element that does not show catenation among the following p-block elements is
a) Carbon b) Silicon
c) Lead d) Germanium Ans : c. Lead
7. Carbon atoms in fullerene with formula C60 have
a) sp3 hybridised
b) sp hybridised
c) sp2 hybridised
d) partially sp2 and partially sp3 hybridised Ans : c. sp2 hybridised
8. Oxidation state of carbon in its hydrides
a) +4 b) –4 c) +3 d) +2 Ans : a. +4
9. The basic structural unit of silicates is (NEET)
a) (SiO3)2– b) (SiO4)2– c) (SiO)– d) (SiO4)4–
Ans : d. (SiO4)4–
29 Unit - 2
10. The repeating unit in silicone is

R
a) SiO2 b) Si O
R
R
c) R O Si O d) Si O O R Ans : b. Si O
R R R
11. Which of these is not a monomer for a high molecular mass silicone polymer?
a) Me3SiCl b) PhSiCl3
c) MeSiCl3 d) Me2SiCl2 Ans : a. Me3SiCl
12. Which of the following is not sp2 hybridised?
a) Graphite b) Graphene
c) Fullerene d) Dry ice Ans : d. Dry ice
13. The geometry at which carbon atom in diamond are bonded to each other is
a) Tetrahedral b) Hexagonal
c) Octahedral d) None of these Ans : a. Tetrahedral
14. Which of the following statements is not correct?
a) Beryl is a cylic silicate
b) Mg2SiO4 is an orthosilicate
c) SiO44– is the basic structural unit of silicates
d) Feldspar is not aluminosilicate Ans : d. Feldspar is not aluminosilicate
15. AlF3 is soluble in HF only in the presence of KF. It is due to the formation of (NEET)
a) K3[AlF3H3] b) K3[AlF6]
c) AlH3 d) K[AlF3H] Ans : b. K3[AlF6]
16. Match items in Column-I with the items of Column-II and assign the correct code.
Column-I Column-II
A Borazole 1. B(OH)3
B Boric acid 2. B3N3H6
C Quartz 3. Na2[B4O5(OH4)] 8H2O
D Borax 4. SiO2
a) 2 1 4 3
b) 1 2 4 3
c) 1 2 3 4
d) none of these Ans : a. 2 1 4 3
Unit - 2 30
17. Duralumin is an alloy of

a) Cu, Mn b) Cu, Al, Mg
c) Al, Mn d) Al, Cu, Mn, Mg Ans : d. Al, Cu, Mn, Mg
Al - 95%, Cu - 4%, Mn - 0.5%, Mg - 0.5%
18. Thermodynamically the most stable form of carbon is
a) Diamond b) Graphite
c) Fullerene d) None of these Ans : b. Graphite
19. The compound that is used in nuclear reactors as protective shields and control rods is
a) Metal borides b) Metal oxides
c) Metal carbonates d) Metal carbide Ans : a. Metal borides
20. The stability of +1 oxidation state increases in the sequence
a) Al < Ga < In < Tl b) Tl < In < Ga < Al
c) In < Tl < Ga < Al d) Ga < In < Al < Tl Ans : a. Al < Ga < In < Tl
Stability of +1 oxidation state increases down the group due to inert pair effect.
1. Write a short note on anamalous properties of the first element of p-block.
The following factors are responsible for the anamalous properties of the first elements of
p-block.
1. Small size of the first member
2. High ionisation enthalpy and high electronegativity.
3. Absence of d-orbitals in their valence shell.
2. Describe briefly allotropism in p-block elements with specific reference to carbon.
 Some elements exist in more than one crystalline or molecular forms in the same physical
state.
 This phenomenon is called allotropism.
 The different forms of an element are called allotropes.
(Example: Carbon exists as diamond, graphite, graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes)
3. Boron does not react directly with hydrogen. Suggest one method to prepare diborane
from BF3.
 By reducing gaseous boron trifluroide with sodium hydride at 450K, diborane is obtained
450K
2BF3 + 6NaH B2H6 + 6 NaF
4. Give the uses of Borax.
1. Used for the identification of coloured metal ions (Borax bead test)
2. Manufacture of optical and borosilicate glass, enamels and glazes for pottery.
3. Flux in metallurgy.
4. Good preservative.
5. What is catenation? Describe briefly the catenation property of carbon.
 Catenation is an ability of an element to form chain of atoms.
 The conditions for catenation are
31 Unit - 2
i) The valency of the element is greater than or equal to two.

ii) The element should have an ability to bond with itself.
iii) The self bond must be as strong as its bond with other elements.
iv) Kinetic inertness of catenated compound towards other molecules.
 Carbon possesses all the above properties and shows catenation.
 Carbon forms a wide range of compounds with itself and with other elements such as
H, O, N, S and halogens.
6. Write a note on Fisher tropsch synthesis.
Fischer Tropsch synthesis:
This is a reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with hydrogen at a pressure less
than 50 atm and temperature 500 - 700 K in presence of metal catalysts to give saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
n CO + (2n+1) H CnH2n+2 + nH2O
n CO + 2n H2 CnH2n + nH2O
7. Give the structure of CO and CO2.

Structure of CO:
 Structure is linear.
 Three electron pairs are shared between carbon and hydrogen.
o
 C-O bond distance is 1.128 A .
 The structure can be considered as the resonance hybrid of the following two canonical
forms.
+ .. – .. –
C .. O:
.. :C O
.. C O+
Structure of CO2:
 Structure is linear.
 Equal bond distance for both C–O bonds.
 There are two C–O sigma bonds.
 In addition there is 3C - 4e bond covering all the three atoms.
. .– + + . .–
:O .. C O : :O
.. C O:
.. :O C O:
..
8. Give the uses of silicones.

1. Used for low temperature lubrication.
2. Used in vacuum pumps.
3. Used in high temperature oil baths.
4. Used for making water proof cloths.
5. Used as insulating material in electrical motor and other applicances.
6. Mixed with paints and enamels to make them resistant towards high temperature,
sunlight, dampness and chemicals.
Unit - 2 32
9. AlCl3 behaves like a Lewis acid. - Substantiate this statement.

 Aluminium has only three valency electrons.
 In AlCl3 when these three electrons are used to form three covalent bonds, Al atom has
only six electrons in its outer most shell.
 Aluminium is short of one pair to attain the octet configuration, hence it is electron
deficient.
 So AlCl3 accepts an electron pair from electron rich compounds and acts as a Lewis acid.
10. Describe the structure of diborane.
 In diborane two BH2 units are linked by two bridged hydrogens. Therefore it has eight
B–H bonds.
 Diborane has only 12 valence electrons and are not sufficient to form normal covalent
bonds.
 The four terminal B–H bonds are normal covalent bonds. (2C - 2e bond) (Totally 8e–s)
 The remaining four electrons have to be used for the bridged bonds. ie two 3 centred
B–H–B bonds utilise two electrons each.
 Hence these bonds are 3C - 2e bonds.
 The bridging hydrogen atoms are in a plane.
 In diborane, boron is sp3 hybridised.
 Three sp3 hybridised orbitals contain single
electron and the fourth orbital is empty.
 Two half filled sp3 hybridised orbitals of each
boron overlap with two hydrogens to form
four terminal 2C - 2e bonds.
 One empty and one half filled sp3 hybridised
orbital on each boron is left. Structure of diborane
 Empty sp3 hybridised orbital of one boron, overlaps with half filled sp3 hybridised orbital
of the other boron and 1s orbital of hydrogen to form two bridged 3C – 2e B–H–B bonds.
11. Write a short note on hydroboration.
 Diborane adds on to alkenes and alkynes in ether solvent at room temperature.
 This reaction is known as hydroboration.
 This is used in synthetic organic chemistry especially for anti Markovnikov addition.
B2H6 + 6 RCH CH2 2B (CH2 –CH2–R)3
Organoborane
12. Give one example for each of the following:
i) icosogens ii) tetragen iii) prictogen iv) chalcogen
Group Name Example
i Icosagens Boron
ii Tetragens Carbon
iii Prictogen Nitrogen
iv Chalcogens Oxygen
33 Unit - 2
13. Write a note on metallic nature of p-block elements.

 The tendency of an element to form a cation by losing electrons is known as electro
positive or metallic character.
 This character depends on the ionisation energy.
 Generally on moving down a group ionisation energy decreases and hence the metallic
character increases.
 In p-block, the elements present in lower left part are metals, while the elements in the
upper right part are non metals.
Group Non metals Metalloids Metals

13 – B Al, Ga, In, Tl
14 C Si, Ge Sn, Pb
15 N, P As, Sb Bi
16 O, S, Se Te, Po –
17 F, Cl, Br, I – –
18 He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe – –
14. Complete the following reactions:
a. B(OH)3 + NH3
b. Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + H2O
c. B2H6 + 2NaOH + 2H2O
d. B2H6 + CH3OH
e. BF3 + 9H2O
f. HCOOH + H2SO4
g. SiCl4 + NH3
h. SiCl4 + C2H5OH
i. B + NaOH
Red hot
j. H2B4O7
Ans:
a. B(OH) + NH 800 - 1200 K BN + 3H2O
3 3
D Boron nitride
b. Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O Na2SO3 + 4H3BO3

Ortho boric acid
c. B2H6 + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaBO2 + 6H2
Sodium meta borate
d. B2H6 + 6CH3OH 2B(OCH3)3 + 6H2

Methyl borate
e. 4BF3 + 3H2O H3BO3 + 3HBF4

Hydro fluoroboric acid
f. HCOOH + H2SO4 CO + H2O + H2SO4
Unit - 2 34
330 K
g. 2SiCl4 + NH3 Cl3 Si – NH – SiCl3
Ether Chlorosilazane
h. SiCl4 + 4C2H5OH Si(OC2H5)4 + 2Cl2

Tetra ethoxy silane
i. 2B + 6NaOH 2Na3BO3 + 3H2

Sodium borate
Red hot
j. H2B4O7 2B2O3 + H2O
Boron trioxide
15. How will you identify borate radical?

 When boric acid or borate salt is heated with ethyl alcohol in presence of conc. sulphuric
acid, an ester trialkyl borate is formed.
 The vapour of this ester burns with a green edged flame.
 This is ethyl borate test to identify borate radical.
Conc.
H3BO3 + 3C2H5OH B(OC2H5)3 + 3H2O
H2SO4
Ethyl borate
(Green edged flame)
16. Write a note on zeolites.

 Zeolites are three dimensional crystalline solids containing aluminium, silicon and
oxygen in their regular three dimensional frame work.
 They are hydrated sodium alumino silicates.
 General formula is NaO.(Al2O3).x(SiO2).y(H2O) where x = 2 to 10; y = 2 to 6
 Zeolites have porous structure in which the monovalent sodium ions and water molecules
are loosely held.
 Si and Al atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated with each other through shared oxygen
atoms.
 Zeolites are similar to Clay minerals but they differ in their crystalline structure.
 Zeolites have a three dimensional crystalline structure looks like a honey comb consisting
of a network of interconnected tunnels and cages.
 Water molecules move freely in and out of these pores but the zeolite frame work remains
rigid.
 Another special aspect of this structure is that the pore / channel sizes are nearly uniform,
allowing the crystal to act as a molecular sieve.
 Zeolites are used in the removal of permanent hardness of water.
17. How will you convert boric acid to boron nitride?
Fusion of urea with boric acid in an atmosphere of ammonia at 800 - 1200 K gives
boron nitride.
800 - 1200 K
B(OH)3 + NH3 BN + 3H2O
D
35 Unit - 2
18. A hydride of 2nd period alkali metal (A) on reaction with compound of Boron (B) to give a
reducting agent (C). Identify (A), (B) and (C).
 A hydride of 2nd period alkali metal (A) is LiH
 Lithium hydride reacts with compound of boron (B) B2H6 to give reducing agent (C)
lithium boro hydride.
B Compound B is diborane
Compound C is lithium boro hydride.
Ether
B2H6 + 2LiH 2LiBH4
(B) (C)
Compund Formula Name
A LiH Lithium hydride
B B2H6 Diborane
C LiBH4 Lithium boro hydride
19. A double salt which contains fourth period alkali metal (A) on heating at 500 K gives
(B). Aqueous solution of (B) gives white precipitate with BaCl2 and gives a red colour
compound with alizarin. Identify (A) and (B).
 A double salt which contains fourth period alkali metal (A) is Potash alum
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
 (A) on heating at 500 K gives K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3 (B) which is burnt alum.
500 K
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3 + 24H2O
(A) (B)
Compund Formula Name

A K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O Potash alum
B K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3 Burnt alum
20. CO is a reducing agent. Justify with an example.

 CO is a strong reducing agent.
 It reduces metallic oxides into metals.
Example : 3CO + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO2
PART - II ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

1. The general electronic configuration of p-block elements is
a) ns1 b) ns2
c) ns2 np1–6 d) (n–1)s2 np1–6 Ans : c. ns2 np1–6
2. p-block element consists of the groups
a) 1 & 2 b) 3 - 12
c) 13 - 17 d) 13 - 18 Ans : d. 13 - 18
Unit - 2 36
3. Group 18 elements are inert because of their

a) unstable incompletely filled orbitals b) stable completely filled orbitals
c) half filled orbitals d) stable nucleus
Ans : b. stable completely filled orbitals
4. As we go down the group ionisation energy
a) decreases b) increases
c) becomes constant d) becomes zero Ans : a. decreases
5. As we go down the group metallic character
c) becomes constant d) becomes zero Ans : b. increases
6. As ionisation energy decreases, the metallic character of elements
c) becomes constant d) becomes zero Ans : b. increases
7. In p-block, metals are placed in
a) upper right part b) middle part
c) lower left part d) top of the group Ans : c. lower left part
8. In p-block, non-metals are placed in
a) upper right part b) middle part
c) lower left part d) bottom of the group
Ans : a. upper right part
9. Which of the following factor is not responsible for the anamolous behaviour of the first
member of each group in a p-block elements?
a) small size b) high ionisation enthalpy
c) outer electronic configuration d) absence of d-orbitals
Ans : c. outer electronic configuration
10. The correct order of catenation property in group 14 elements in
a) C << Si < Ge = Sn < Pb b) C >> Si > Ge = Sn > Pb
c) C >> Si < Ge = Sn < Pb d) C << Si >> Ge = Sn > Pb
Ans : b. C >> Si > Ge = Sn > Pb
11. The elements N, O, F readily forms hydrogen bonds due to their high
a) ionisation energy b) electron affinity
c) electro negativity d) atomic radius Ans : c. electro negativity
12. The most electro negative element is
a) Flourine b) Chlorine
c) Bromine d) Iodine Ans : a. Flourine
13. The element with maximum electron affinity is
c) Bromine d) Iodine Ans : b. Chlorine
14. The most reactive element among halogens is
37 Unit - 2
15. The strongest oxidising agent among halogens is

16. The important property shown by p-block elements is
a) complex formation b) coloured ion formation
c) inert pair effect d) metallic character Ans : c. inert pair effect
17. In 13th group Tl+1 ion is more stable than Tl3+ ion due to
a) high electronegatively b) inert pair effect
c) high ionisation energy d) stable electronic configuration
Ans : b. inert pair effect
18. Diamond and graphite are _______ of carbon.
a) Isotopes b) Isobars
c) Isomers d) Allotropes Ans : d. Allotropes
19. The formula of Borax is
i) Na2B4O7.10H2O ii) Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2O iii) N
a2[B4O5(OH)4].2H2O
a) (i) only b) (i) & (ii) only
c) (i) & (iii) only d) (iii) only Ans : b. (i) & (ii) only
20. Many of boron compounds are
i) Lewis acids ii) Electron rich
iii) Lewis bases iv) Electron deficient
a) (i) & (ii) b) (ii) & (iii) c) (i) & (iv) d) (iii) & (iv)
Ans : c. (i) & (iv)
21. The formula of colemanite is
a) Na2B4O7 b) Na2B4O7.10H2O
c) Ca2B6O11 d) NaBO2 Ans : c. Ca2B6O11
22. Which is used as moderator in nuclear reactors?
a) boron nitride b) boron
c) borax d) boric acid Ans : b. boron
23. The compound used in eye drops and antiseptics is
a) boron nitride b) boric acid
c) sodium meta borate d) boron tri oxide Ans : b. boric acid
24. The compound used as a flux in metallurgy is
a) boron nitride b) boric acid
c) borax d) boron tri oxide Ans : c. borax
25. Boric acid on heating at 413 K gives
a) meta boric acid b) tetra boric acid
c) boric anhydride d) borax Ans : b. tetra boric acid
26. In ethyl borate test the colour of the flame obtained is
a) red b) yellow c) blue d) green Ans : d. green
Unit - 2 38
27. Boranes are _______ compounds.

a) para magnetic b) dia magnetic
c) ferro magnetic d) ferri magnetic Ans : b. dia magnetic
28. In organic benzene is
a) diborane b) borazole
c) borax d) boric acid Ans : b. borazole
29. The formula of InOrganic benzene is
a) B3N3 b) B3N3H3
c) B3N3H6 d) B6N6H6 Ans : c. B3N3H6
30. In solutions potash alum exhibits the properties of
a) K+ ion b) Al3+ ion
c) SO42- ion d) all the above Ans : d. all the above
31. The most stable form of carbon is
a) graphite b) diamond
c) fullerene d) carbon nano tubes Ans : a. graphite
32. The formula of buckminster fullerene is
a) C32 b) C50 c) C60 d) C70 Ans : c. C60
33. The number of six membered and five membered rings fused together respectively in
buckminster fullerene is
a) 12 & 20 b) 20 & 12
c) 10 & 22 d) 22 & 10 Ans : b. 20 & 12
34. Water gas is a mixture of
a) CO2 + H2 b) CO + H2O
c) CO + H2 d) CO + N2 Ans : c. CO + H2
35. Producer gas is a mixture of
a) CO2 + H2 b) CO + H2O
c) CO + H2 d) CO + N2 Ans : d. CO + N2
36. In the presence of light carbon monoxide reacts with chlorine to form a poisonous gas
called
a) mustard gas b) phosgene
c) phosphine d) carbylamine Ans : b. phosgene
37. Fischer Tropsch synthesis is used for preparing
a) Silicones b) Boranes
c) Hydrocarbons d) Carbonyls Ans : c. Hydrocarbons
38. In metal carbonyls the oxidation state of metals is
a) 0 b) +1 c) +2 d) +3 Ans : a. 0
39. The structure of CO molecule is
a) trigonal b) tetrahedral
c) linear d) square planar Ans : c. linear
39 Unit - 2
40. The structure of CO2 molecule is

a) trigonal b) tetrahedral
c) linear d) square planar Ans : c. linear
41. The critical temperature of CO2 is
a) 21oC b) 31oC c) 12oC d) 13oC Ans : b. 31oC
42. When CO2 is dissolved in water, the solution is slightly
a) acidic b) basic
c) amphoteric d) neutral Ans : a. acidic
43. Which among the following is important for photo synthesis?
a) O2 b) N2 c) CO d) CO2 Ans : d. CO2
44. The water repellant property of silicones is due to the presence of
a) –OH group b) –Si group
c) –R group d) –Cl group Ans : c. –R group
45. The percentage of silicate minerals and silica present in earth’s crust is
a) 75 b) 85 c) 95 d) 100 Ans : c. 95
46. The basic unit present in silicates is
a) SiO2 b) [SiO3]–
c) [SiO4]2– d) [SiO4]4– Ans : d. [SiO4]4–
47. Talc is an example of
a) Ino silicates b) Phyllo silicates
c) Tecto silicates d) Chain silicates Ans : b. Phyllo silicates
48. Quartz is an example of
a) Ino silicates b) Phyllo silicates
c) Tecto silicates d) Chain silicates Ans : c. Tecto silicates
49. The formula of Spodumene is
a) Sc2Si2O7 b) Li Al(SiO3)2
c) [Be3 Al2(SiO3)6] d) Be2SiO4 Ans : b. Li Al(SiO3)2
50. The silicate which is used in the removal of permanent hardness of water is
a) Feldspar b) Quartz
c) Zeolites d) Talc Ans : c. Zeolites
II. Pick the odd man out
1. W.r.t. their metallic character pick the odd man out.
a) Ge b) Ga c) B d) As
Ans : b. Ga - It is a metal while others are metalloids
2. W.r.t. their metallic character pick the odd man out
a) In b) Pb c) Cl d) Bi
Ans : c. Cl - It is a non metal while others are metals.
Unit - 2 40
3. Pick the odd man out

a) Borax b) Kernite
c) Colemanite d) Bauxite
Ans : d. Bauxite - It is an ore of aluminium others are ores of boron.
4. W.r.t. to hybridisation pick the odd man out.
a) Graphite b) Diamond
c) Fullerene d) Graphene
Ans : b. Diamond - It is sp3 hybridised while others are sp2 hybridised.
III. Assertion and Reason
i) Both A and R are correct, R explains A
ii) A is correct but R is wrong
iii) A is wrong but R is correct
iv) Both A and R are corrrect but R does not explain A
1. Assertion (A) : Boron shows non metallic character.
Reason (R) : Atomic radius of boron is small and its nuclear charge is high.
Ans : (i).Both A and R are correct, R explains A
2. Assertion (A) : As we move down Boron group the elements show less tendency to
exhibit +1 oxidation state rather than +3.
Reason (R) : As we move down Boron group the elements show inert pair effect.
Ans : (iii).A is wrong but R is correct
3. Assertion (A) : Graphite conducts electricity.
Reason (R) : In Graphite, successive carbon sheets are held together by weak Vander
Waals force.
Ans : (iv). Both A and R are corrrect but R does not explain A
4. Assertion (A) : Silicones are used for making water proofing clothes.
Reason (R) : In silicones the organic side groups which surrounds silicon make the
molecule looks like an alkane.
Ans : (i).Both A and R are correct, R explains A
IV. Choose the correct statement
1. i) Some of the p-block elements show negative oxidation states also.
ii) Halogens gain two electrons to give a stable halide ion.
iii) Inert gases have ns2np6 configuration and hence more stable.
iv) p-block elements have a general electronic configuration (n–1)s2 np1–6
a) (i) & (ii) b) (i) & (iii)
c) (ii) & (iii) d) (iii) & (iv) Ans : (b)
41 Unit - 2
Correction:
ii) Halogens gain one electron to give a stable halide ion.
iv) p-block elements have a general electronic configuration ns2 np1–6
2. i) Boron compounds are electron rich compounds.
ii) Boron does not react directly with hydrogen.
iii) Borax is sodium salt of metaboric acid.
iv) Boric acid is used as an antiseptic.
a) (i) & (ii) b) (ii) & (iii)
c) (ii) & (iv) d) (iii) & (iv) Ans : (c)
Correction:
i) Boron compounds are electron deficient compounds.
iii) Borax is sodium salt of tetraboric acid.
3. i) In graphite carbon atoms are sp3 hybridised.
ii) A single planar sheet of graphite is known as graphene.
iii) In diamond each carbon atom is tetrahedrally surrounded by four other carbon atoms.
iv) Carbon nanotubes do not conduct electricity.
a) (i) & (ii) b) (ii) & (iii)
c) (iii) & (iv) d) (i) & (iv) Ans : (b)
Correction:
i) In graphite carbon atoms are sp2 hybridised.
iv) Carbon nanotubes conduct electricity.
4. i) Silicones are organo silicon polymers.
ii) Hydrolysis of R2SiCl2 yields complex cross linked polymer.
iii) Silicones are good thermal and electrical conductors.
iv) All silicones are water repellant.
a) (i) & (ii) b) (ii) & (iii)
c) (iii) & (iv) d) (i) & (iv) Ans : (d)
Correction:
ii) Hydrolysis of R2SiCl2 yields a straight chain polymer.
iii) Silicones are good thermal and electrical insulators.
V. Choose the wrong statement
1. i) Boron is a non metal.
ii) Nitrogen is a metalloid.
iii) Oxygen is a non metal.
iv) Antimony is a metalloid.
a) (i) & (ii) b) (i) & (iii)
c) (ii) & (iii) d) (iii) & (iv) Ans : a. (i) & (ii)
Unit - 2 42
Correction:
i) Boron is a metalloid.
ii) Nitrogen is a non metal.
2. i) Aluminium chloride is a Lewis acid.
ii) Alum is a double salt of potassium aluminium sulphate.
iii) Aluminium chloride is used as a styptic agent to arrest bleeding.
iv) Alum is used as a catalyst in Friedel Crafts reaction.
a) (i) & (ii) b) (ii) & (iii)
c) (iii) & (iv) d) (i) & (iv) Ans : c. (iii) & (iv)
Correction:
iii) Alum is used as a styptic agent to arrest bleeding.
iv) Anhydrous Aluminium chloride is used as a catalyst in Friedel Crafts reaction.
3. i) Carbon monoxide acts a a reducing agent in metallurgy.
ii) A mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen is called water gas.
iii) Carbon monoxide reacts with chlorine forming phosgene.
iv) Carbon monoxide burns in air with a green edged flame forming carbon di oxide.
a) (i) & (ii) b) (ii) & (iv)
c) (ii) & (iii) d) (i) & (iv) Ans : b. (ii) & (iv)
Correction:
ii) A mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen is called producer gas.
iv) Carbon monoxide burns in air with a blue flame forming carbon di oxide.
4. i) Silicates which contain discrete [SiO4]4– units are called neso silicates.
ii) Beryl is an example for amphiboles.
iii) Spodumene is an example for phyllo silicates.
iv) Silicates which contain [Si2O7]6– ions are called Soro silicates.
a) (i) & (ii) b) (ii) & (iv)
c) (ii) & (iii) d) (i) & (iv) Ans : c. (ii) & (iii)
Correction:
ii) Beryl is an example for cyclic silicates.
iii) Spodumene is an example for chain silicates.
VI. Match the following
1.
Group No. Group Name Answer
i 13 a Pnictogens Icosagens
ii 14 b Chalcogens Tetragens
iii 15 c Inert gases Pnictogens
iv 16 d Halogens Chalcogens
v 17 e Icosagens Halogens
vi 18 f Tetragens Inert gases
43 Unit - 2
2.
Group No. General outer electronic Answer
configuration
i 13 a ns2np4 ns2np1
ii 14 b ns2np6 ns2np2
iii 15 c ns2np5 ns2np3
iv 16 d ns2np2 ns2np4
v 17 e ns2np1 ns2np5
vi 18 f ns2np3 ns2np6
3.
Compound Uses Answer
i Boron Eye drops Moderator
ii Amorphous boron Pyrex glass Rocket fuel igniter
iii Boric acid Moderator Eye drops
iv Boric oxide Rocket fuel igniter Pyrex glass
4.
Type of Silicate Example Answer
i Ortho silicates Quartz Phenacite
ii Pyro silicates Asbestos Thortveitite
iii Cyclic silicates Mica Beryl
iv Chain silicates Thortveitite Spodumene
v Amphiboles Spodumene Asbestos
vi Sheet silicates Phenacite Mica
vii Tecto silicates Beryl Quartz
VII. Two Mark questions
1. What are ‘p’-block elements? Write their general outer electronic configuration.
 The elements in which their last electron enters the ‘p’ orbital are called ‘p’-block elements.
 They are placed in 13 - 18 groups.
 General outer electronic configuration is ns2np1–6
2. How are the p-block elements classified.
 Based on the outer electronic configuration they are classified as 13 - 18 group elements.
 Based on the nature of the elements they are classified as non metals, metalloids and
metals.
3. Why group 18 elements are called inert gases? Write the general electronic configuraton of
group 18 elements. (in Book - Page No.27 - Evaluate yourself)
 These elements are gases.
 Their outer electronic configuration is ns2np6 which is stable completely filled
configuration.
Unit - 2 44
 So they are more stable and least reactive.

 Hence they are called inert gases.
4. Aluminium (III) chloride is stable where as Thallium (III) chloride is unstable. Why?
 Due to inert pair effect, as we move down the 13th group ns2 electrons remain inert and
np1 electron takes part in the reaction.
 So Tl3+ ion is less stable and Tl+1 ion is more stable.
 Hence AlCl3 is stable where as TlCl3 is unstable and decomposes into TlCl.
5. How is boric acid prepared from borax?
Boric acid can be extracted from borax by treating with HCl or H2SO4.
Na2B4O7 + 2HCl + 5H2O 4H3BO3 + 2NaCl
Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O 4H3BO3 + 2Na2SO4
6. How is boric acid prepared from Colemanite?
When sulphur dioxide is passed through colemanite solution, boric acid is obtained.
Ca2B6O11 + 2SO2 + 9H2O 2CaSO3 + 6H3BO3
7.
What is the action of sodium hydroxide on boric acid?
Boric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium metaborate and sodium tetra
borate.
NaOH + H3BO3 NaBO2 + 2H2O
Sodium meta borate
2NaOH + 4H3BO3 Na2B4O7 + 7H2O
Sodium tetra borate
8. Write the action of water on diborane.
Diborane reacts with water to form boric acid.
B2H6 + 6H2O 2H3BO3 + 6H2
9. What is the action of NaOH on diborane.
Diborane reacts with NaOH to form sodium meta borate.
B2H6 + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaBO2 + 6H2
10. What is the action of air on diborane?
 At room temperature pure diborane does not react with air or oxygen.
 Bur impure diborane reacts with air or oxygen to give B2O3 along with large amount of
heat.
B2H6 + 3O2 B2O3 + 3H2O DH = –2165 KJ mol–1
11. How does diborane react with methyl alcohol?
Diborane reacts with methyl alcohol to give trimethyl borate.
B2H6 + 6CH3OH 2B(OCH3)3 + 6H2
12. How does diborane react with metal hydrides?
When treated with metal hydrides, diborane forms metal boro hydrides.
Ether
B2H6 + 2LiH 2LiBH4
Diglyme
B2H6 + 2NaH 2NaBH4
45 Unit - 2
13. How does diborane react with ammonia at low temperature?

When treated with excess ammonia at low temperature diborane gives diborane di
ammonate.
–153 K
3B2H6 + 6NH3 3B2H6 . 2NH3
14. How is inorganic benzene prepared?
 On heating at higher temperatures with ammonia, diborane forms borazole or borazine.
 Borozole or borazine is called as Inorganic benzene.
H
H N H
B B
3B2H6 + 2NH3 High temp
(or) B3N3H6
Closed vessel N N
H B H
H
15. BF3 acts as a Lewis acid. Give example.
BF3 is an electron deficient compound and accepts electron pairs to form coordinate covalent
bonds. Hence BF3 acts as a Lewis acid.
BF3 + NH3 F3B NH3
BF3 + H2O F3B OH2
16. Convert BF3 into hydro fluoro boric acid.
On hydrolysis BF3 gives boric acid, which is converted into hydro fluoro boric acid.
4BF3 + 3H2O H3BO3 + 3HBF4
Hydro fluoro boric acid
17. Write about McAfee process of manufacturing AlCl3.
AlCl3 is obtained by heating a mixture of alumina and coke in a current of chlorine.
Al2O3 + 3C + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 + 3CO
18. Write the action of NaOH on AlCl3.
With excess of NaOH, AlCl3 gives sodium aluminate.
AlCl3 + 4NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O + 3NaCl
19. Write the uses of aluminium chloride.
1. Anhydrous AlCl3 is used as a catalyst in Friedel crafts reaction.
2. AlCl3 is used for the manufacture of petrol by cracking the mineral oils.
3. AlCl3 is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of dyes, drugs and perfumes.
20. What are alums? Give examples.
1. Alum is a double salt of potassium aluminium sulphate.
2. Now a days the name alum is used for all the double salts with the formula
M‘2 SO4 M‘‘2 (SO4)3.24H2O
Where M‘ is univalent metal ion
M‘‘ is trivalent metal ion
Unit - 2 46
Example: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O Potash alum

K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O Chrome alum
21. Aqueous solution of carbon di oxide is acidic. Why?
Aqueous solution of carbon di oxide is slightly acidic as it forms carbonic acid which
dissociates to give H+ ions.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3–
Carbonic acid
22. How is silicon tetra choride prepared?
 SiCl4 is prepared by passing dry chlorine over an intimate mixture of silica and carbon
heating to 1675 K in a procelain tube.
SiO2 + 2C + 2Cl2 SiCl4 + 2CO
 SiCl4 is prepared commercially by the reaction of silicon with hydrogen chloride gas
above 600 K.
Si + 4HCl SiCl4 + 2H2
23. What happens when silicon tetra chlroide is hydrolysed?
In moist air SiCl4 is hydrolysed with water to give silica and hydro chloric acid.
SiCl4 + 4H2O 4HCl + Si(OH)4
Ortho silicic acid (hypothetical)
Si(OH)4 SiO2 + 2H2O
24. What is the action of alcohol on SiCl4?
With alcohol, SiCl4 undergoes alcoholysis to form Silicic esters.
SiCl4 + 4C2H5OH Si(OC2H5)4 + 2Cl2
Tetra ethoxy silane
25. What is the action of NH3 on SiC l4?
With NH3, SiCl4 undergoes ammonialysis to form chloro silazanes.
330 K
2SiCl4 + NH3 Cl3Si–NH–SiCl3
Ether
26. Write the uses of silicon tetra chloride.

Silicon tetra chloride is used
i) In the production of semi conducting silicon.
ii) As a starting material in the synthesis of silica gel, silicic esters, a binder for ceramic
materials.
VIII. Three Mark questions
1. How is borax prepared from colemanite?
When colemanite ore solution is boiled with sodium carbonate solution borax is obtained.
D
2Ca2B6O11 + 3Na2CO3 + H2O 3Na2B4O7 + 3CaCO3 + Ca(OH)2
2. Write the uses of boron.
1.
5B
10 absorbs neutrons, hence it is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors.
47 Unit - 2
2. Amorphous boron is used as a rocket fuel igniter.

3. Boron is essential for the cell walls of plants.
4. Boric acid and borax are used in eye drops, antiseptics, washing powders.
5. Boric oxide is used in the manufacture of pyrex glass.
3. Aqueous solution of borax is basic. Why?
 In hot water borax dissociates into boric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Na2B4O7 + 7H2O 4H3BO3 + 2NaOH
 Boric acid is a weak acid, whereas sodium hydroxide is a strong base.
 As a result the resulting solution is basic.
4. What is the action of heat on borax?
 On heating borax loses its water of crystallisation first and then decomposes into sodium
metaborate and boron trioxide.
 Boron trioxide appears as transparent glassy beads.
D
Na2B4O7.10H2O –10 H2O Na2B4O7 2NaBO2 + B2O3
5. What is the action of heat on boric acid?
Temperature Compound obtained

373 K Meta boric acid
413 K Tetra boric acid
Red hot Boric anhydride (glassy mass)
373 K
H3BO3 HBO2 + H2O
413 K
4HBO2 H2B4O7 + H2O
Red hot
H2B4O7 2B2O3 + H2O
6. Describe the structure of boric acid.
 Boric acid has a two dimensional structure.
 It consists of [BO3]3– unit.
 These unit are linked to each other by hydrogen
bonds.
Unit - 2 48
7. Write the uses of boric acid.

Boric acid is
1. Used in the manufacture of pottery glazes, glass, enamels and pigments.
2. Used as an antiseptic.
3. Used as an eye lotion.
4. Used as a food preservative.
8. How is diborane prepared?
 When sodium boro hydride in diglyme is reacted with iodine diborane is obtained.
2NaBH4 + I2 B2H6 + 2NaI + H2
 On heating magnesium boride with HCl, a mixture of volatile boranes are obtained.
2Mg3B2 + 12HCl 6MgCl2 + B4H10 + H2
B4H10 + H2 2B2H6
9. Write the uses of diborane.
Diborane is
1. used as a high energy fuel for propellant.
2. used as a reducing agent in organic chemistry.
3. Used in welding torches.
10. How is boron trifluoride prepared from boron trioxide?
 When boron trioxide is treated with calcium fluroide in presence of conc.sulphruic acid,
boron trifluoride is obtained.
D
B2O3 + 3CaF2 + 3H2SO4 2BF3 + 3CaSO4 + 3H2O
 When boron trioxide is reacted with carbon and fluorine, boron trifluoride is obtained.
B2O3 + 3C + 3F2 2BF3 + 3CO
11. How is potash alum prepared?
 Potash alum is prepared from alunite or alum stone.
 When alunite is treated with excess of sulphuric acid, the aluminium hydroxide present
is converted into aluminium sulphate.
 A calculated quantity of potassium sulphate is added.
 The solution is crystallised to obtain potash alum.
 It is purified by recrystallisation.
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.4Al(OH)3 + 6H2SO4 K2SO4 + 3Al(SO4)3 + 12H2O
Alunite
K2SO4 + Al(SO4)3 + 24H2O K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
12. Write the uses of alum.
Alum is used
i) for the puridication of water.
ii) for water proofing and textiles.
iii) in dyeing, paper and leather tanning industries.
iv) as a styptic agent to arrest bleeding.
49 Unit - 2
13. Write the uses of carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide is used
i) as a reducing agent and can reduce many metal oxides to metal.
i) as an important ligand and forms metal carbonyls.
iii) a mixture of CO & H2 is called as water gas and a mixture of CO & N2 is called as
producer gas. Both are used as important industrial fuels.
14. Write the uses of carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is used
 to produce an inert atmosphere for chemical processing.
 by plants in photosynthesis.
 as fire extinguisher.
 as a propellant gas.
 in the production of carbonated beverages.
 in the production of foam.
15. Write note on Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT).
 The affinity of Boron-10 for neutrons is the bases of this technique BNCT for treating
patients suffering from brain tumours.
 It is based on the nuclear reaction which occurs when Boron-10 is irradiated with low-
energy thermal neutrons to give high linear energy a-particles and a Li particle.
 Boron compounds are injected into a brain tumour patient and the compounds collect
preferentially in the tumour.
 The tumour area is then irradiated with thermal neutrons and results in the release of an
alpha particle.
 This a-particle damages the tissue in the tumour each time a Boron-10 nucleus captures
a neutron.
 In this way damage can be limited preferentially to the tumour, leaving the normal brain
tissue less affected.
 BNCT has been studied as a treatment for several other tumours of the head and neck,
the breast, the prostate, the bladder and the liver.
IX. Five Mark questions
1. How is higher boranes obtained from diborane.
At high temperatures diborane forms higher boranes liberating hydrogen.
388 K
5B2H6 2B5H11 + 4H2
U-tube
198 - 373 K
2B2H6 B4H10 + H2
373 K
5B2H6 B10H14 + 8H2
Sealed tube
473 - 523 K
5B2H6 2B5H9 + 6H2
523 K
10B2H6 2B5H9 + 2B5H10 + 11H2
Unit - 2 50
2. Explain the allotropes of carbon.

 Carbon exists in many allotropic forms.
 Graphite and diamond are the most common allotropes.
 Graphene, fullerenes and carbon nano tubes are other important allotropes of carbon.
Graphite:
 It is the most stable allotrope of carbon at
normal temperature and pressure.
 It is composed of flat two dimensional
hexagonal sheets of sp2 hybridised carbon
atoms.
 C–C bond length is 1.41 Ao which is close to
the C–C bond distance in benzene (1.40 Ao)
 Each carbon atom forms three s bonds with
three neighbouring carbon atoms using three
of its valence electrons and the fourth electron
present in the unhybridised p-orbital forms a
p-bond.
 These p electrons are delocalised over the entire
sheet, hence graphite conducts electricity.
 Successive carbon sheets at a distance of 3.40 Ao are held together by weak Vander Waals
forces, hence graphite is soft, slippery and used as a lubricant.
Diamond:
 Carbon atoms in diamond are sp3 hybridised.
 Each carbon is bonded tetra hedrally with
four other carbon atoms by s-bonds with
C–C bond length of 1.54 Ao. Hence diamond
is hard.
 Since all the four valence electrons of carbon
are involved in bonding and there is no free
electrons, diamond is not a conductor.
 Being the hardest substance, diamond is
used for sharpening hard tools, cutting
glasses, making bores and rock drilling.
Fullerenes:
 There are newly synthesised allotropes of carbon.
 Unlike graphite and diamond these are discrete molecules of
carbon like C32, C50, C60, C70, C76 .....
 These have cage like structures.
 Buck minster fullerene or bucky ball have a soccer ball like
structure with the cormula C60.
It has a fused ring structure with 20 six membered rings and 12
five membered rings.
 Each carbon is sp2 hybridised and forms three s bonds and one
51 Unit - 2
delocalised p bond giving aromatic character.

 C–C bond distance is 1.44 Ao and C=C bond distance is 1.38 Ao.
Carbon nano tubes:
 This is another recently discovered allotropes of carbon.
 They have graphite like tubes with fullerene ends.
 Along the axis, carbon nano tubes are stronger than steel and
conduct electricity.
 They have many applications in nano scale electronics, Catalysis,
polymers and medicine.
Graphene:
 It is a single planar sheet of graphite.
 In this sp2 hybridised carbon atoms
are densely packed in a honey
comb crystal lattice.
3. Write about the preparation and structure of silicones.

 Silicones or poly siloxanes are organo silicon polymer.
 Their general empirical formula is (R2SiO)
 Since their empirical formula is similar to Ketones (R2CO) they are called as Silicones.
 They may be linear or cross linked.
 Due to their very high thermal stability they are called high-temperature polymers.
Types of Silicones:
i) Linear Silicones:
They are obtained by the hydrolysis and subsequent condensation of dialkyl or diaryl
silicon chlorides.
a) Silicone rubbers:
These are bridged together by methylene or similar groups.
b) Silicone resins:
They are obtained by blending silicones with organic resins such as acrylic esters.
ii) Cyclic Silicones:
These are obtained by the hydrolysis of R2SiCl2.
iii)
Cross linked Silicones:
These are obtained by the hydrolysis of RSiCl3.
Preparation:
 Vapours of RCl or ArCl are passed over silicon at 570 K with copper catalyst gives R2SiCl2
(dialkyl dichloro silanes) or Ar2SiCl2 (diaryl dichloro silanes)
Cu / 570 K
2RCl + Si R2SiCl2
Unit - 2 52
 Hydrolysis of R2SiCl2 gives a straight chain polymer which grows from both sides.
R R
2H2O
Cl Si Cl HO Si OH
–2HCl
R R
R R R R R
HO Si OH + HO Si OH HO Si O Si OH + HO Si OH
–H2O
R R R R R

R R R
etc., HO Si O Si O Si OH
–H2O
R R R
 Hydrolysis of mono alkyl trichloro silanes RSiCl3 gives a very complex cross linked
polymer.
 Linear silicones can be converted into cyclic or ring silicones when water molecules are
removed from the terminal –OH groups.
O R
Me Me Me O Me
Si Si R Si O Si O
Me Si O Si Me
Me Me O O R
O O O O
O Si O Si O Si O
Me Si O Si Me Si
R R O
Me Me Me Me
4. Explain various types of silicates.

 The mineral which contains silicon and oxygen in tetrahedral [SiO4]4– units linked
together in different patterns are called silicates.

No.of
oxygens
Linkage of
Type Unit shared Example
Units
between
units
Ortho silicates Discrete
Phenacite
1. (or) Neso [SiO4 ]4– 0
Be2SiO4
silicates
53 Unit - 2
Pyro silicates (or) two [SiO4]4–

Thortveitite
2. Soro silicates [Si2O7]6– tetra hedral 1
Sc2Si2O7
units
Cyclic silicates 3 or more tetra
(or) Ring silicates hedral [SiO4]4– Beryl
3. [SiO3]n2n– 2
units in cyclic [Be3Al2(SiO3)6]
pattern
Ino silicates: 2 or more
[SiO4]4– n
a) Chain silicates
n units of
(or) Pyroxenes Spodumene
[(SiO3)n ]2n– [SiO4]4– 2
LiAl(SiO3)2
4. linearly
b) Double chain sharing 3

silicates (or) two types of vertices
[Si4O11]n6n– Asbestos
Amphiboles tetra hedra sharing only
2 vertices
Sheet (or) Phyllo [SiO4]4–
silicates units in two
5. [Si2O5]n2n– 3 Talc, Mica
dimensional
sheets
Three [SiO4]4– units
dimensional in three
silicates (or) dimensional
6. [SiO4]4– 4 Quartz
Tecto silicates network.
General
formula [SiO2]n
Three [AlO4]5–
dimensional in three Feldspar,
7. [AlO4]5– 4
alumino silicates dimensional Zeolites
network
Structure of Ortho silicates Structure of Pyro silicate
Unit - 2 54
Structure of Cyclic silicates
Structure of Sheet or Phyllo silicates
Structure of Chain silicates
Structure of Double chain silicates
*******
55 Unit - 2
3 p- Block Elements - II
PART - I - TEXTBOOK EVALUATION

I. Choose the best answer.
1. In which of the following, NH3 is not used?
a) Nessler's reagent
b) Reagent for the analysis of IV group basic radical
c) Reagent for the analysis of III group basic radical
d) Tollen's reagent Ans : a) Nessler's reagent
2. Which is true regarding nitrogen?
a) least electronegative element b) has low ionisation enthalpy than oxygen
c) d – orbitals available d) ability to form pπ -pπ bonds with itself
Ans : d) ability to form pπ -pπ bonds with itself
3. An element belongs to group 15 and 3rd period of the periodic table, its electronic
configuration would be
a) 1s2 2s2 2p4 b) 1s2 2s2 2p3
c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 Ans : d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
4. Solid (A) reacts with strong aqueous NaOH liberating a foul smelling gas(B) which
spontaneously burn in air giving smoky rings. A and B are respectively
a) P4(red) and PH3 b) P4 (white) and PH3
c) S8 and H2S d) P4(white) and H2S
Ans : b) P4 (white) and PH3
5. In the brown ring test, brown colour of the ring is due to
a) a mixture of NO and NO2 b) Nitroso ferrous sulphate
c) Ferrous nitrate d) Ferric nitrate
Ans : b) Nitroso ferrous sulphate
6. On hydrolysis, PCl3 gives
a) H3PO3 b) PH3 c) H3PO4 d) POCl3
Ans : a) H3PO3
7. P4O6 reacts with cold water to give
a) H3PO3 b) H4P2O7 c) HPO3 d) H3PO4
Ans : a) H3PO3
8. The basicity of pyrophosphorous acid (H4P2O5) is
a) 4 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5 Ans : b) 2
Unit - 3 56
9. The molarity of given orthophosphoric acid solution is 2M. Its normality is

a) 6N b) 4N c) 2N d) none of these
Ans : a) 6N
Normality = M × basicity
=2×3=6
10. Assertion : bond dissociation energy of fluorine is greater than chlorine gas
Reason : chlorine has more electronic repulsion than flourine
a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
c) Assertion is true but reason is false
d) Both assertion and reason are false Ans : d) Both assertion and reason are false
The converse is true
11. Among the following, which is the strongest oxidizing agent?
a) Cl2 b) F2 c) Br2 d) l2 Ans : b) F2
12. The correct order of the thermal stability of hydrogen halide is

a) Hl > HBr > HCl > HF b) HF > HCl > HBr > HI
c) HCl > HF > HBr > HI d) HI > HCl > HF > HBr
Ans : b) HF > HCl > HBr > HI
13. Which one of the following compounds is not formed?
a) XeOF4 b) XeO3 c) XeF2 d) NeF2 Ans : d) NeF2
14. Most easily liquefiable gas is

a) Ar b) Ne c) He d) Kr Ans : c) He
15. XeF6 on complete hydrolysis produces
a) XeOF4 b) XeO2F2 c) XeO3 d) XeO2 Ans : c) XeO3
16. On oxidation with iodine, sulphite ion is transformed to

_ _ _ _ _
a) S4O62 b) S2O62 c) SO42 d) SO32 Ans : c) SO42
17. Which of the following is strongest acid among all?

a) HI b) HF c) HBr d) HCl Ans : a) HI
Reason : H–I bond is weakest.
18. Which one of the following orders is correct for the bond dissociation enthalpy of halogen
molecules? (NEET)
a) Br2 > I2 > F2 > Cl2 b) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
c) I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2 d) Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
Ans : d) Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
57 Unit - 3
19. Among the following the correct order of acidity is (NEET)

a) HClO2 < HClO < HClO3 < HClO4 b) HClO4 < HClO2 < HClO < HClO3
c) HClO3 < HClO4 < HClO2 < HClO d) HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
Ans : d) HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
20. When copper is heated with conc HNO3 it produces

a) Cu (NO3)2, NO and NO2 b) Cu (NO3)2 and N2O
c) Cu (NO3)2 and NO2 d) Cu (NO3)2 and NO
Ans : c) Cu (NO3)2 and NO2
II. Answer the following questions.
1. What is inert pair effect?

 A s we move down the group in p–block elements the ns2 electrns become inert and do
not involve in chemical combination.
 Only np electrons take part in chemical combination.
 As a result higher oxidation state is less stable and lower oxidation state is more stable.
 This is known as inert pair effect.
(eg) In 13 Group Tl3+ is less stable and Tl+ is more stable due to inert pair effect.
2. Chalcogens belongs to p–block. Give reason.
 halcogens belong to p–block elements.
C
 Because their outer electronic configuration is ns2 np4.
 In these elements the last electron enters np orbital.
 Hence they belong to p–block elements.
3. Explain why fluorine always exhibit an oxidation state of –1?
 Since fluorine is the most electronegative element it exhibits only a negative state of –1.
 Due to the absence of d – orbitals fluorine does not show positive oxidtion states.
4. Give the oxidation state of halogen in the following
a) OF2 b) O2 F2 c) Cl2 O3 d) I2O4
Since Flourine exhibits only – 1 oxidation state the oxidation number of fluorine in
a) OF2 is –1 O. N of Cl is +3
b) O2F2 is –1 d) I2O4
c) Cl2O3 2x + 4 (–2) = 0
2x + 3(–2) = 0 2x – 8 = 0
2x – 6 = 0 2x = + 8
2x = + 6 x=+4
x=+3 O. N of I is +4
Unit - 3 58
5. What are interhalogen compounds? Give examples

 Each halogen combines with other halogens to form a series of compounds called inter
halogen compounds.
(ex) ClF, BrF3, IF5, IF7
6. Why fluorine is more reactive than other halogens?

 Fluorine is the most reactive element among halogen. This is due to the low value of F – F
bond dissociation energy.
7. Give the uses of helium.
 Helium and oxygen mixture is used by divers in place of air oxygen mixture. This
prevents the painful dangerous condition called bends.
 Helium is used to provide inert atmosphere in electric arc welding of metals.
 Helium has lowest boiling point hence used in cryogenics (Low temperature science)
 Helium is much less denser than air and hence used for filling air balloons.
8. What is the hybridisation of iodine in IF7? Give its structure.

Inter halogen Hybridisation Structure
IF7 Sp3d3 Pentagonal bipyramidal
9. Give the balanced equation for the reaction between chlorine with cold NaOH and hot NaOH
 Chlorine reacts with cold NaOH to give sodium hypochlorite
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaOCl + NaCl + H2O
sodium hypochlorite
 Chlorine reacts with hot NaOH to give sodium chlorate

3Cl2 + 6NaOH NaClO3 + 5NaCl + 3H2O
sodium chlorate
10. How will you prepare chlorine in the laboratory?

 In the laboratory chlorine is prepared by the oxidation of hydrochloric acid by potassium
permanganate.
2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2 ↑
11. Give the uses of sulphuric acid.

Sulphuric acid is used
 In the manufacture of fertilisers, ammonium sulphate and super phosphates.
 In the manufacture of other chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid etc.,
 as a drying agent.
 in the preparation of pigments, explosives etc.,
59 Unit - 3
12. Give a reason to support that sulphuric acid is a dehytrating agent.

 Sulphuric acid is highly soluble in water.
 It has strong affinity towards water.
 Hence it can be used as a dehydrating agent.
 When dissolved in water, it forms mono (H2SO4.H2O) and dihydrates (H2SO4.2H2O)
and the reaction is exothermic.
 (ex)
C12 H22 O11 + H2SO4 12C + H2SO4.11H2O
HCOOH + H2SO4 CO + H2SO4.H2O
13. Write the reason for the anamolous behaviour of Nitrogen.

Reason for the anamolous behaviour of nitrogen
 Small size
 High electronegativity
 Non – availability of d – orbitals in valency shell
 Chemically inert due to high bonding energy
14. Write the molecular formula and structural formula for the following molecules
a) Nitric acid
b) dinitrogen pentoxide c) phosphoric acid d) phosphine
Compound Molecular Formula Structural Formula
O
a) Nitric acid HNO3 N H
O O
O O
..
..
..
..
..
O
b) Dinitrogenpentoxide N2O5 +N .. N+
O O
..
..
..
..
.. ..
c) Phosphoric acid H3PO4 HO P OH
OH
..
d) Phosphine PH3 P
H H
H
15. Give the uses of argon.

 Argon prevents the oxidation of hot filament and prolongs the life in filament bulbs.
 Argon is used in radiovalves and tubes.
Unit - 3 60
16. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of group – 15 elements.

 Valence shell electronic configuration of group 15 elements is ns2np3
17. Give two equations to illustrate the chemical behaviour of phosphine.

 Basic Nature :
Phosphine is weakly basic and forms phosphonium salts.
PH3 + HI PH4 I
PH I + H O ∆ PH + H O+ + I–
4 2 3 3
Combustion :
When phosphine is heated with air or oxygen it burns to give metaphosphoric acid
∆
4PH3 + 8O2 P4O10 + 6H2O
Phosphorous pentoxide
P O + 6H O ∆ 4HPO + 4H O
4 10 2 3 2
Metaphosphoric acid
18. Give a reaction between nitric acid and a basic oxide.

Nitric acid rects with a basic oxide to form salt and water.
3 FeO + 10 HNO3 3 Fe (NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
19. What happens when PCl5 is heated ?

On heating Phoshorous penta chloride decomposes into phosphorus trichloride and chlorine.
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2 (g)

(g) (g)
20. Suggest a reason why HF is a weak acid, whereas binary acids of the all other halogens
are strong acids.
 Among halogen acids, the electro negativity difference is maximum (1.9) in HF
acid.
 Hence the bond between H and F is stronger and the acid HF is weaker.
21. Deduce the oxidation number of oxygen in hypofluorous acid – HOF.
Fluorine does not form oxoacid hypofluorous acid because fluorine is more
electronegative than oxygen
22. What type of hybridisation occur in
a) BrF5 b) BrF3
Inter Halogen Compound Hybridisation

a) BrF5 sp3d2
b) BrF3 sp3d
61 Unit - 3
23. Complete the following reactions

1. NaCl + MnO2 + H2SO4
2. NaNO2 + HCl
3. IO3– + I– + H+
2–
4. I2 + S2O3
5. P4 + NaOH + H2O
6. AgNO3 + PH3

7. Mg + HNO3
8. KClO3 ∆
Hotconc
9. Cu + H2SO4

10. Sb + Cl2
11. HBr + H2SO4

12. XeF6 + H2O

13. XeO4– 2+
6 + Mn + H
+
14. XeOF4 + SiO2
Ni/200 atm
15. Xe + F2 o
400 C
Answer :
1. 4NaCl + MnO2 + 4H2SO4 Cl2 + MnCl2 + 4NaHSO4 + 2H2O
2. NaNO2 + HCl NaCl + HNO2
3. IO3– + 5I– + 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2O

–
4. I2 + 2S2O32– 2I + S4O62–
5. P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O 3NaH2PO2 + PH3 ↑

sodium hypophosphite phosphine
6. 6AgNO3 + PH3 + 3H2O 6Ag + 6HNO3 + H3PO3

7. 4Mg + 10HNO3 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
4Mg + 10HNO3 4Mg(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O
Unit - 3 62
8. 2KClO3 ∆ 2KCl + 3O2 ↑
9. Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2H2O + 2SO2 ↑

(hot, conc)
10. 2Sb + 3Cl2 2SbCl3

11. 2HBr + H2SO4 2H2O + Br2 + SO2
12. XeF6 + 3H2O XeO3 + 6HF
13. 5 XeO4– 2+
6 + 2Mn + 14H
+ 2MnO4– + 5XeO3 + 7H2O
14. 2XeOF4 + SiO2 2XeO2F2 + SiF4
Ni/200 atm
15. Xe + 3F2 o XeF6
400 C
III. Evaluate yourself :
1. Write the products formed in the reaction of nitric acid (both dilute and concentrated)
with zinc.
4Zn + 10HNO3 4Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
(Dilute) Ammonium nitrate
4Zn + 10HNO3 4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O

(Very dilute) Nitrous oxide
Zn + 4HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Conc Nitrogen dioxide
PART II – ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

I. Match the following
1.
Compound Oxidation state of Nitrogen Answer
i NH3 +2 –3
ii N2 +5 0
iii N2O +4 +1
iv NO +3 +2
v HNO2 0 +3
vi NO2 +1 +4
vii HNO3 –3 +5
63 Unit - 3
2. Name Molecular Formula Answer
i Sulpurous acid H2S2O8 H2SO3
ii Thiosulphuric acid H2S2O7 H2S2O3

iii Pyrosulphuric acid H2S2O6 H2S2O7
iv Marshall's acid H2SO3 H2S2O8
v Dithionic acid H2S2O3 H2S2O6
3. Inter Halogen compound Hybridisation Answer
i bIF5 Sp3d3 Sp3d2
ii BrF3 Sp3 Sp3d

iii IF7 Sp3d2 Sp3d3
iv ClF Sp3d Sp3
4. Compound Structure Answer
i XeOF2 Linear Tshaped
ii XeO3 Square planar Pyramidal

iii XeF Pyramidal Linear
iv XeOF4 Disorted octahedron Square pyramidal
v XeF4 T shaped Square planar
vi XeF6 Square pyramidal Distorted octahedron
II. Assertion and Reason

i) Both A and R are correct, R explains A.
iv) Both A and R are correct, but R does not explain A.
In P4O10 the terminal coordinate P–O bond length is 143 pm which is less
1. Assertion (A) :
than the expected single bond distance
Reason (R) : This may be due to lateral overlap of filled p orbitals of an oxygen atom
with empty d orbital on phosphorous
Ans : i) Both A and R are correct, R explains A.
Unit - 3 64
2. Assertion (A) : Elements belonging to group 16 are called chalcogens

Reason (R) : Group 16 elements are salt forming elements
Ans : ii) A is correct, R is wrong
Correct Reason : Group 16 elements are ore forming elements
3. Assertion (A) : Among halogen acids HF has low melting and boiling points
Reason (R) : In HF hydrogen bond is present.
Ans : iii) A is wrong, R is correct.
Correct A : Among halogen acids HF has high melting and boiling points.
4. Assertion (A) : In forming interhalogen compounds flourine cannot act as a central atom.
Reason (R) : Fluorine is smaller and highly electronegative
Ans : i) Both A and R are correct, R explains A
III. Pick out the Correct statement

1. i) Oxygen is diamagnetic
ii) Oxygen forms hydrogen bonds
iii) Oxygen exists in two allotropic forms
iv) Oxygen exists as a triatomic gas
a) (i) &(ii) b) (ii) & (iii) c) (iii) & (iv) d) (i) & (iv)
Ans : b) (ii) & (iii)
Correct statement : (i) Oxygen is paramagnetic
(iv) Oxygen exists as a diatomic gas
2. i) Sulphur exists in crystalline as well as amorphous form

ii) Rhombic sulphur has a characteristic yellow colour and composed of S8 molecule.
iii) When heated slowly above 96oC monoclinic sulphur is converted into Rhombic
sulphur
iv) At around 140oC Rhombic sulphur melts to form mobile pale yellow liquid called
λ sulphur.
a) (i) &(ii) b) (i) & (iii) c) (ii) & (iii) d) (iii) & (iv)
Ans : a) (i) & (ii)
Correct statement : (iii) When heated slowly above 96oC, Rhombic sulphur is converted into
monoclinic sulphur
(iv) At around 140oC the monoclinic sulphur melts to form mobile pale
yellow liquid called λ sulphur
65 Unit - 3
3. i) H2SO4 is a dibasic acid

ii) H3PO3 is a tribasic acid
ii) H3PO4 is a dibasic acid
iv) H3PO2 is a monobasic acid
Ans : d) (i) & (iv)
Correct statement : (ii) H3PO3 is a dibasic acid
(iii) H3PO4 is a tribasic acid
4. i) Krypton is used in cryogenics.
ii) Neon is used in high speed electronic flash bulbs used by photographers.
iii) Helium is used to provide inert atmosphere in electric arc welding of metals .
iv) Radon is used as a source of gamma rays
Ans : c) (iii) & (iv)
Correct statement : (i) Helium is used in cryogenics
(ii) Xenon is used in high speed electronic flash bulbs used by
photographers.
IV. Pick out the incorrect statement

1. i) In inter halogen compounds the central atom will be the smaller halogen
ii) Interhalogen compounds can be formed only between two halogen atoms.
iii) Flourine can act as a central atom.
iv) Interhalogens are strong oxidising agents
a) (i) & (ii) b) (i) & (iii) c) (ii) & (iii) d) (i) & (iv)
Ans : b) (i) & (iii)
Correct statement : (i) I n interhalogen compounds the central atom will be the larger
halogen
(iii) Flourine cannot act as a central atom.
2. i) Nitrogen reacts with group 2 metals to form ionic nitrides.

ii) Ammonia is less soluble in water.
iii) Liquid nitrogen is used in biological preservation.
iv) In the conversion of metal oxides to metal ammonia acts as an oxidising agent
a) (i) & (ii) b) (ii) & (iii) c) (i) & (iii) d) (ii) & (iv)
Ans : d) (ii) & (iv)
Correct statement : (ii) Ammonia is extremely soluble in water.
(iv) In the conversion of metal oxides to metal ammonia acts as a
reducing agent
Unit - 3 66
3. i) When reacted with metals, nitric acid, nitric acid liberates hydrogen
ii) Chromium when reacted with nitric acid becomes passive due to the formation of
nitrate on its surface.
iii) In most of the reactions nitric acid acts as an oxidising agent
iv) Fuming nitric acid contains oxides of nitrogen
a) (i) &(ii) b) (ii) & (iii) c) (ii) & (iv) d) (i) & (iv)
Ans : a) (i) & (ii)
Correct statement : (i) When reacted with metals, nitric acid does not liberate hydrogen
(ii) Chromium when reacted with nitric acid becomes passive due to the
formation of oxide on its surface
4. i) The rate of decomposition of ozone increases sharply in alkaline solution.
ii) In acidic solution ozone exceeds the oxidising power of fluorine and atomic oxygen
iii) Considerable amount of ozone is formed in the upper atmosphere by the action of UV
light
iv) The shape of Ozone molecule is linear
Ans : d) (i) & (iv)
Correct statement : (i) The rate of decomposition of ozone drops sharply in alkaline solution.
(iv) The shape of ozone molecule is bent.
V. Pick out the odd man out

1. w.r.t oxidation number pick the odd man out.
a) HPO3 b) H3PO3 c) H3PO4 d) H4P2O7
Ans : b) H3PO3 – O.N is +3 while in others the O.N of phosphorous is +5
2. w.r.t the reaction with sulphuric acid pick the odd man out
a) Gold b) Silver c) Platinum d) Copper
Ans : d) Copper – copper reacts with sulphuric acid while others do not
3. w.r.t reactivity pick the odd man out

a) F2 b) Cl2 c) Br2 d) I2
Ans : a) F2 – F2 is more reactive than others halogen
4. w.r.t the ability to form oxoacids pick the odd man out
a) fluorine b) chlorine c) bromine d) iodine
Ans: a) Flourine – Fluorine does not form oxoacids where as other halogens form
67 Unit - 3
VI. Choose the best answer.

1. The principal gas present in atmosphere is ____.
a. O2 b. N2 c. H2 d. CO2 Ans : b. N2
2. Pure nitrogen gas can be obtained by the thermal decomposition of
a. NaNO2 b. NaNO3 c. NaN3 d. HNO3
Ans : c. NaN3
3. Chile salt petre is
a. NaNO2 b. NaNO3 c. KNO2 d. KNO3
Ans : b. NaNO3
4. Indian salt petre is
a. NaNO2 b. NaNO3 c. KNO2 d. KNO3
Ans : d. KNO3
5. Inert character of nitrogen is due to its

a. high electronegativity b. low electro negativity
c. high bonding energy d. low bonding energy
Ans : c. high bonding energy
6. At room temperature nitrogen reacts only with
a. Li b. Na c. Ca d. B Ans : a. Li
7. Haber's process is used for the synthesis of
a. NO2 b. HNO3 c. NH3 d. N2O Ans : a. NH3
8. The substance used in cryosurgery for producing low temperature is
a. liquid oxygen b. liquid nitrogen c. liquid hydrogen d. liquid ammonia
Ans : b. liquid nitrogen
9. Urea on hydrolysis gives
a. NO2 b. HNO3 c. NH3 d. N2O Ans : c. NH3
1 0. The catalyst used in Haber's process is
a. Ni b. Fe c. Co d. Pt Ans : b. Fe
1 1. The smell of ammonia is
a. rotten egg b. rotten fish c. pungent d. garlic
Ans : c. pungent
12. Like water, ammonia is a fairly good ionising solvent, because its dielectric constant is
a. considerably low b. considerably high
c. equal to zero d. equal to one Ans : b. considerably high
13. The process used for the manufacture of nitric acid is known as
a. Haber's process b. Deacon's process
c. contact process d. Ostwald's process
Ans : d. Ostwald's process
Unit - 3 68
14. With excess of chlorine, ammonia reacts to give an explosive substance

a. N2 b. NH4NO3 c. NH4Cl d. NCl3 Ans : d. NCl3
15. The deep blue colour compound formed when excess of ammonia is added to aqueous
solution of copper sulphate is
a. [Cu(NO3)2] b. [Cu(NH3)2]2+ c. [Cu(NH3)4]2+ d. [Cu(NH3)2]+
Ans : c. [Cu(NH3)4]2+
16. The shape of ammonia molecule is

a. tetrahedral b. pyramidal c. square planar d. octahedral
Ans : b. pyramidal
17. The bond angle in ammonia is
a. 104o b. 104o28' c. 107o d. 180o Ans : c. 107o
18. The colour of Pure nitric acid is
a. colourless b. brown c. pale green d. green
Ans : a. colourless
19. Fuming nitric acid contains oxides of
a. sulphur b. hydrogen c. nitrogen d. carbon
Ans : c. nitrogen
20. Nitric acid can act as
a. an acid b. an oxidising agent
c. nitrating agent d. all of the above Ans : d. all the above
21. The formula of hydronitrous acid is
a. H2N2O2 b. H4N2O4 c. HOONO d. HNO2
Ans : b. H4N2O4
22. Phosphorescence is shown by

a. White phosphorous b. Red phosphorous
c. Black phosphorous d. Scarlet phosphorus
Ans : a. White phosphorous
23. White phosphorous is kept under
a. kerosene b. water c. alcohol d. ether
Ans : b. water
24. White phosphorous becomes yellow phosphorous due to
a. hydrolysis b. reduction c. oxidation d. displacement
Ans : c. oxidation
25. In the conversion of yellow phosphorous into phosphine, phosphorous acts as
a. oxidising agent b. reducing agent
c. catalyst d. hydrolysing agent Ans : b. reducing agent
69 Unit - 3
26. In the conversion of phosphorous into orthophosphoric acid, the catalyst used is
a. Cl2 b. Br2 c. I2 d. F2 Ans : c. I2
27. Which is used in match boxes?

a. White phosphorous b. Red phosphorous
c. Black phosphorous d. Scarlet phosphorous
Ans : b. Red Phosphorous
28. Pure phosphine is prepared by heating
a. Ca3P2 b. AlP c. P4 d. H3PO3
Ans : d. H3PO3
29. The smell of phosphine is
a. rotten egg b. rotten fish c. pungent d. garlic
Ans : b. rotten fish
30. The compounds used in Holme's signal are
a. CaC2 & Ca3P2 b. AlP & Ca3P2 c. CaC2 & P4 d. AlP & P4
Ans : a. CaC2 & Ca3P2
31. The gases liberated in Holme's signal are
a. C2 H2 & CH4 b. C2 H2 & PH3 c. C2 H4 & PH3 d. CH4 & PH3
Ans : b. C2 H2 & PH3
32. The formula of pyrophosphoric acid is

a. H4P2O6 b. H4P2O7 c. H3PO2 d. H3PO3
Ans : b. H4P2O7
33. Thermodynamically stable allotrophic form of sulphur is

a. Rhombic sulphur b. Monoclinic sulphur
c. Plastic sulphur d. Colloidal sulphur
Ans : a. Rhombic sulphur
34. The gas found in volcanic eruptions is
a. NO2 b. NO c. SO2 d. SO3 Ans : c. SO2
35. The hybridisation of sulphur in SO2 is

a. sp b. sp2 c. sp3 d. dsp2 Ans : b. sp2
36. The gas liberated when dilute sulphuric acid reacts with metals is
a. SO2 b. SO3 c. H2 d. O2 Ans : c. H2
37. The gas liberated when conc. sulphuric acid reacts with metals is
a. SO2 b. SO3 c. H2 d. O2 Ans : a. SO2
Unit - 3 70
38. When sulphuric acid reacts with barium chloride solution, the white precipitate formed
is
a. PbSO4 b. BaSO4 c. (CH3COO)2SO4 d. PbCl2
Ans : b. BaSO4
39. The halogen which exists as a liquid is
a. flourine b. chlorine c. bromine d. iodine
Ans : c. bromine
40. The halogen which exists as a solid is
Ans : d. iodine
41. Chlorine is manufactured by
a. Haber's process b. Deacon's process
c. Contact process d. Ostwald's process
Ans : b. Deacon's process
42. The colour of chlorine gas is
a. colourless b. brown c. greenish yellow d. pale green
Ans : c. greenish yellow
43. Aqua regia is a mixture of conc. HCl and conc. HNO3 in the ratio
a. 1 : 3 b. 3 : 1 c. 2 : 3 d. 3 : 2 Ans : b. 3 : 1
44. The halogen acid which forms hydrogen bond is
a. HF b. HCl c. HBr d. HI Ans : a. HF
45. Among halogen acids, the strongest bond is present in
46. Among halogen acids, the weakest bond is present in
a. HF b. HCl c. HBr d. HI Ans : d. HI
47. Among halogen acids, the strongest acid is
a. HF b. HCl c. HBr d. HI Ans : d. HI
48. Among halogen acids, the weakest acid is
49. The correct order of acid strength is
a. HF > HCl > HBr > HI b. HF < HCl < HBr < HI
c. HF > HCl < HBr > HI d. HF < HCl > HBr < HI
Ans : b. HF < HCl < HBr < HI
50. Which is more reactive towards hydrogen?
Ans : a. flourine
51. The number of bond pair and lone pair of electrons present in the interhalogen compound
BrF3 is
a. 1 & 3 b. 3 & 2 c. 5 & 1 d. 7 & 0
Ans : b. 3 & 2
71 Unit - 3
52. The oxidation number of oxygen in F2O is

a. –2 b. –1 c. +2 d. +1 Ans : c. +2
53. The oxidation number of chlorine in Cl2O7 is
a. +1 b. +4 c. +6 d. +7 Ans : d. +7
54. The strongest oxidising agent among the following is
a. chlorous acid b. chloricacid c. hypochlorous acid d. perchloric acid
Ans : c. hypochlorous acid
55. The first ionisation energy of noble gases is in the order
a. He < Ne < Ar < Kr b. He > Ne > Ar > Kr
c. He < Ne > Ar < Kr d. He > Ne < Ar > Kr
Ans : b. He > Ne > Ar > Kr
56. Among noble gases, chemical reactivity is shown by
a. He & Ne b. Ar & Kr c. Kr & Xe d. Xe & Rn
Ans : c. Kr & Xe
57. Which among the following is used in cryogenics?
a. He b. Ne c. Ar d. Kr Ans : a. He
58. Which is used for filling air balloons?

a. He b. Ne c. Ar d. Kr Ans : a. He
59. Which is used in advertisement sign boards?
a. He b. Ne c. Ar d. Kr Ans : b. Ne
60. Lamps used in airports as approaching lights is filled with
a. He b. Ne c. Ar d. Kr Ans : d. Kr
VII. Two Mark Questions

1. How is pure nitrogen gas prepared?
Pure nitrogen gas is prepared by the thermal decomposition of sodium azide at about 575 K
573 K
2NaN3 2Na + 3N2
2. Does nitrogen react with any metals at room temperature?

Yes, nitrogen reacts only with lithium at room temperature forming lithium nitride.
6Li + N2 2Li3N
3. What is Haber's process?

The synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen at high pressure and optimum
temperature in presence of iron catalyst is known as Haber's process.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 ∆Hf = – 46.2 KJmol–1
Unit - 3 72
4. Write the uses of nitrogen

Nitrogen is used
 In the manufacture of ammonia, nitric acid and calcium cyanamide etc.
 Liquid nitrogen is used for producing low temperature required in cryosurgery and so
used in biological preservation.
5. How is ammonia prepared in the laboratory?
Ammonia is prepared in the laboratory by heating an ammonium salt with a base
2NH4Cl + CaO CaCl2 + 2NH3 + H2O
6. Write about the reducing property of ammonia.

When passed over heated metallic oxides Ammonia reduces metal oxides into metal
3PbO + 2NH3 3Pb + N2 + 3H2O
7. What happens when ammonia reacts with excess of chlorine?

With excess of chlorine ammonia reacts to give an explosive substance nitrogen trichloride
2NH3 + 6Cl2 2NCl3 + 6HCl
8. On standing nitric acid becomes yellow in colour why?

 Pure nitric acid is colourless
 Fuming nitric acid contains oxides of nitrogen
 It decomposes on exposure to sunlight or on being heated into nitrogendioxide, water
and oxygen.
4HNO3 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2
Due to this reaction, pure nitric acid or its concentrated solution becomes yellow on
standing
9. Prove that nitric acid is an oxidising agent.
 Non metals like carbon, sulphur are oxidised by nitric acid.
C + 4HNO3 CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O
S + 2HNO3 H2SO4 + 2NO
10. Prove that nitric acid is a nitrating agent.

Nitric acid replaces hydrogen atom from organic compounds with nitronium ion NO+ .
2 This
is called nitration.
H2SO4
C6H6 + HNO3 C6H5NO2 + H2O
Benzene Nitrobenzene
11. Write the uses of nitric acid

Nitric acid is used
 as an oxidising agent.
 in the preparation of aqua regia.
 Salts of nitric acid are used in photography (AgNO3) and gunpowder for fire arms
(NaNO3)
73 Unit - 3
12. How is nitrous oxide prepared?

By Heating ammonium nitrate nitrous oxide is prepared
NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O
13. How is nitrous acid prepared?

By treating nitrite salt with acids, nitrous acid is prepared
Ba(NO2)2 + H2SO4 2HNO2 + BaSO4
14. What is phosphorescence?

White phosphorous undergoes spontaneous slow oxidation in air giving a greenish yellow
glow which is visible in the dark. This is known as phosphorescence. The main product of
this slow oxidation is P2O3.
15. How is phosphine prepared?
Phosphine is prepared by the action of sodium hydroxide with white phosphorous in an
inert atmosphere of carbondioxide
P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O 3NaH2PO2 + PH3 ↑
sodiumhypo phosphite phosphine
16. How is orthophosphoric acid prepared in the laboratory?

When phosphorous is treated with conc. nitric acid in the presence of iodine catalyst, it is
oxidised to orthophosphoric acid.
P4 + 20HNO3 4H3PO4 +20NO2 + 4H2O
orthophosphoric acid
17. Write the uses of phosphorous

Phosphorous is used
 in match boxes
 For the production of certain alloys such as phosphor bronze.
18. What happens when phosphine is heated in the absence of air?

Phosphine decomposes into its elements when heated in the absence of air at 317 K
317 K
4PH3 P4 + 6H2
19. Write about the reducing property of phosphine?

Phosphine reduces silver nitrate into silver
PH3 + 6AgNO3 + 3H2O 6Ag + 6HNO3 + H3PO3
Unit - 3 74
20. How is phosphorous trichloride prepared?

 When a slow stream of chlorine is passed over white phosphorous, PCl3 is obtained.
 It is also prepared by treating white phosphorous with thionyl chloride.
P4 + 8SOCl2 4PCl3 + 4SO2 + 2S2Cl2
21. Write an example for the oxidising property of ozone.

Ozone oxidises potassium iodide into iodine.
O3 + 2KI + H2O 2KOH + O2 + I2
22. Write the uses of oxygen

 Oxygen is one of the essential component for the survival of living organisms.
 Oxygen is used in oxyacetylene welding.
 Liquid oxygen is used as a rocket fuel.
23. How is sulphur dioxide prepared in the laboratory?
SO2 is prepared in the laboratory by treating a metal or metal sulphite with sulphuric acid
Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
SO32– + 2H+ SO2 + H2O
24. Illustrate the oxidising property of SO2

SO2 oxidises hydrogen sulphide to sulphur and magnesium to magnesium oxide.
2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O
2Mg + SO2 2MgO + S
25. Write about contact process

 In contact process SO2 is oxidised to SO3
 It is used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

V 2O 5
2SO2 + O2 450oC 2SO3
(g) (g) (g)
26. Write the uses of sulphurdioxide

 SO2 is used in bleaching hair, silk, wool etc.
 SO2 is used for disinfecting crops and plants in agriculture
27. Write about the structure of sulphr dioxide
 Sulphur undergoes sp2 hybridisation.
 A double bond arises between S and O due to pπ – dπ overlapping
75 Unit - 3
S S
O O O O
Structure of sulphur dioxide

28. Illustrate the dehydrating property of sulphuric acid
C12H22O11 + H2SO4 12 C+ H2SO4.11H2O

sucrose
HCOOH + H2SO4 CO + H2SO4.H2O

formic acid
(COOH)2 + H2SO4 CO + CO2 + H2SO4.H2O

oxalic acid
29. Show that sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid
H2SO4 forms two types of salts with NaOH Hence it is dibasic.
H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 +H2O

sodium bisulphate
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 +2H2O

sodium sulphate
30. How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory?

 Chlorine is prepared by the action of conc. sulphuric acid on chlorides in presence of
manganese dioxide.
4 NaCl + MnO2 + 4H2SO4 Cl2 + MnCl2 + 4NaHSO4 + 2H2O
 Chlorine is prepared by the oxidation of hydrochloric acid by an oxidising agent like
potassium permanganate.
2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2
31. How is chlorine is manufactured by Deacon's process?

 A mixture of air and hydrochloric acid is passed up a chamber containing a number of
shelves. containing pumice stones soaked in cuprous chloride.
 Hot gases at about 723 K are passed through a jacket that surrounds the chamber.
400oC
4HCl + O2 Cu Cl 2H2O + 2Cl2 ↑
2 2
 Chlorine obtained is dilute and used for the manufacture of bleaching powder.
Unit - 3 76
32. Write about the bleaching action of chlorine.

 Chlorine is a strong oxidising and bleaching agent since it produces nascent oxygen.
H2O + Cl2 HCl + HOCl

Hypochlorous acid
HOCl HCl +[O]

Colouring matter + Nascent oxygen → Colourless oxidation product.
 The bleaching of chlorine is permanent
33. How is bleaching powder prepared?
Bleaching powder is prepared by passing chlorine gas through dry slaked lime (calcium
hydroxide)
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O
34. Write the uses of chlorine
Chlorine is used
 In the purification of drinking water.
 In the bleaching of cotton textiles, paper and rayon.
 In the extraction of gold and platinum.
35. How is hydrochloric and prepared in the laboratory?
Hydrochloric acid is prepared by the action of sodium chloride and conc. sulphuric acid
NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4. + HCl
NaHSO4 + NaCl Na2SO4. + HCl
Dry hydrochloric acid is obtained by passing the gas through conc. sulphuric acid
36. How is xenon trioxide prepared?
50oC
2XeF6 + SiO2 2XeOF4 + SiF4
2XeOF4 + SiO2 2XeO2F2 + SiF4
2XeO2F2 + SiO2 2XeO3 + SiF4
(or)
XeF6 + 3H2O XeO3 + 6HF
37. How is sodium per xenate obtained?

When XeF6 reacts with 2.5 M NaOH, sodium per xenate is obtained.
2XeF6+ 16NaOH Na4XeO6 + Xe + O2 + 12NaF + 8H2O
38. Show that sodium per xenate is a strong oxidising agent

Sodium per xenate oxidises manganese (II) ion into permanganate ion even in the absence of
a catalyst
5XeO64– + 2Mn2+ + 14H+ 2MnO–4 + 5XeO3 + 7H2O
77 Unit - 3
VIII. Three Mark Questions

1. Write about the structure of ammonia.
 Ammonia molecule is pyramidal in shape.
 Hybridisation of nitrogen is sp3.
 The shape must be tetrahedral but in one of the tetrahedral position a lone pair of electron
from nitrogen atom is present, hence it is pyramidal.
 The N – H bond distance is 1.016 Ao.
 The H – H bond distance is 1.645 Ao.
 The bond angle is 107o
107o
H
H
H
2. How does red phosphorous react with oxygen?

Red phosphorous reacts with oxygen on heating to give phosphorous trioxide and
phosphorous pentoxide.
P4 + 3O2 P4O6
P4 + 5O2 P4O10
3. How is pure phosphine prepared?

 Pure phosphine is prepared by heating phosphorous acid
∆
4H3PO3 3H3PO4 + PH3 ↑
 A pure sample of phosphine is prepared by heating phosphonium iodide with caustic
soda solution.
∆
PH4I + NaOH PH3 ↑ + NaI + H2O
4. What happens when phosphine is heated with air?

When phosphine is heated with air or oxygen, it undergoes combustion to give meta
phosphoric acid.
∆
4PH3 + 8O2 P4O10 ↑ + 6H2O
Phosphorous pentoxide
∆
P4O10 + 6H2O 4HPO3 + 4H2O
metaphosphosphoric acid
Unit - 3 78
5. Write about Holmes signal

 In a ship during distress, a container with calcium carbide and calcium phosphide mixture
is pierced and thrown into the sea.
 The mixture reacts with sea water liberating acetylene and phosphine gases.
 The liberated phosphine catches fire and ignites acetylene.
 These burning gases with lot of smoke serves as a signal to the approaching ships.
 This is known as Holme's signal.
6. Write about the structure of phosphine
 Phosphorous shows sp3 hybridisation.
 Three orbitals are occupied by bond pair electrons.
 Fourth orbital is occupied by lone pair of electrons.
 Hence instead of tetrahedral, PH3 has pyramidal shape.
 Bond angle is reduced ts 94o
94o H
H
H
7. How is oxygen prepared in the laboratory?

Oxygen is prepared in the laboratory by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in presence
of MnO2 catalyst or by the oxidation of potassium permanganate.
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
5H2O2 + 2MnO4– 6H+ 5O2 + 8H2O + 2Mn2+
8. Write about ozone

 Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen
 Ozone is triatomic gas
 Although negligible amounts of ozone occurs at sea level, it is formed in the upper
atmosphere by the action of UV light.
 In the laboratory ozone is prepared by passing electrical discharge through oxygen.
 At a potential of 20,000 V about 10% of oxygen is converted into ozone, it gives a mixture
known as ozonised oxygen.
 Pure ozone is obtained as a pale blue gas by the fractional distillation of liquefied ozonised
oxygen.
O2 2 (O)
Atomic oxygen
79 Unit - 3
O2 + (O) O3
ozone
 Ozone molecule has a bent shape and symmetrical with delocalised bonding between the
oxygen atoms.
+ +
O O
– –
O O O O
9. Write about the reducing property of sulphur dioxide
 SO2 reduces chlorine into hydrochloric acid
SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 H2SO4 + 2HCl
 SO2 reduces potassium permanganate into manganese sulphate (Mn2+)

2KMnO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
 SO2 reduces potassium dichromate into chromic sulphate (Cr3+)
K2Cr2O7 + 3SO2 + H2SO4 K2SO4 +Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
10. Write about the bleaching action of sulphur dioxide.

 In presence of water, sulphur dioxide bleaches coloured wool, silk, sponges and straw
into colourless due to its reducing property
SO2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2[H]
X + 2[H] XH2
coloured colourless
 When the bleached product (Colourless) is allowed to stand in air, it is reoxidised by

atmospheric oxygen to its original colour.
 Hence bleaching action of sulphurdioxide is temporary
11. Explain the manufacture of sulphuric acid

 Sulphurdioxide is produced by burning sulphur or iron pyrites in oxygen / air
S + O2 SO2
4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
 SO2 is oxidised to SO3 by air in presence of V2O5 or platinised absestos
V2O5
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
 SO3 is absorbed in conc H2SO4 and oleum is produced
SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7
Unit - 3 80
 Oleum is converted into sulphuric acid by diluting with water.

H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4
To maximise the yield the plant is operated at 2 bar pressure and 720 K.
96% pure H2SO4 is obtained.
12. Show that sulphuric acid is an oxidising agent
 Sulphuric acid is an oxidising agent as it produces nascent oxygen
H SO H2O + SO2 + [O]
2 4 Nascent oxygen
 Sulphuric acid oxidises carbon into carbondioxide
C + 2H2SO4 2SO2 + 2H2O + CO2
 Sulphuric acid oxidises phosphorous into ortho phosphoric acid
P4 + 10H2SO4 4H3PO4 + 10SO2 + 4H2O
 Sulphuric acid oxidises iodide into iodine.
H2SO4 + 2HI 2SO2 + 2H2O + I2
13. What is the action of sulphuric acid on metals

 Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with metals liberating hydrogen gas.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 ↑
 Hot conc. Sulphuric acid reacts with metals to give sulphates and sulphur dioxide
Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 ↑
 Sulphuric acid does not react with noble metals like gold, silver and platinum.
14. Give the test for sulphate / sulphuric acid

 Dilute solution of sulphuric acid / Sulphates react with barium chloride or lead acetate
solution to give white precipitate
BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 ↓ + 2HCl
Barium sulphate
(white precipitate)
(CH3COO)2Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 ↓ + 2CH3COOH

Lead sulphate
(white precipitate)
15. How is chlorine manufactured by electrolytic process.

 When brine solution (NaCl) is electrolysed, Na+ and Cl– ions are formed.
 Na+ ions react with OH– ions of water forming sodium hydroxide.
 Hydrogen and chlorine are liberated as gases.
81 Unit - 3
NaCl Na+ +Cl–

H2O H+ +OH–
Na+ + OH– NaOH
At cathode :
H+ + e– H
H+H H2
At anode :
Cl– Cl + e–
Cl + Cl Cl2
16. What is aqua regia? What is its action on gold?

 Aqua regia is a mixture of three parts of conc. hydrochloric acid and one part of conc.
nitric acid.
 This is used for dissolving gold, platinum etc.
–
Au + 4H+ + NO–3 + 4Cl AuCl–4 + NO + 2H2O
17. HF acid is a weaker acid at low concentration, but becomes stronger as the concentration
increases why?
 0.1 M Solution HF is 10% ionesed, hence it is a weak acid.
 But 5 M, 15 M solution of HF is stronger due to the equilibrium.
–
HF + H2O H3O+ + F
– –
HF + F HF2
 At high concentration, the equilibrium involves the removal of flouride ions and increases
the hydrogen ion concentration, HF becomes stronger acid as the concentration increases.
18. HF acid is not stored in glass bottles why?

 HF attacks silica and silicates present in glass bottles.
Hence HF is not stored in glass bottles. But HF is stored in Teflon bottles.

SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O
Na2SiO3 + 6HF Na2SiF6 + 3H2O
19. Give the conditions for formation of interhalogen compounds

 The central atom will be the larger halogen.
 It can be formed only between two halogens and not more than two halogens.
 Flourine can't act as a central atom because it is the smallest among halogens and highly
electronegative.
Unit - 3 82
20. Give the preparation of xenon flourides

Ni
Xe + F2 XeF2
400oC
Ni/acetone
Xe + 2F2 XeF4
400oC
Ni/200 atm
Xe + 3F2 XeF6
400oC
IX . Five Mark Questions

1. How is nitric acid manufactured using Ostwald's process?
 Ammonia prepared by Haber's process is mixed about 10 times of air.
 This mixture is preheated and passed into the catalyst chamber where they come in
contact with platinum gauze.
 The temperature rises about 1275 K.
 The metallic gauze brings about the rapid catalytic oxidation of ammonia resulting in the
formation of NO.
 NO is the oxidised to NO2
4NH3 +5O2 4NO + 6H2O +120 KJ

2NO + O2 2NO2
 NO2 produced is passed through a series of adsorption towers.
 NO2 reacts with water to give nitric acid.
 Nitric acid formed is bleached by blowing air.
6NO2 + 3H2O 4HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
2. Explain the action of nitric acid on metals with one example.

 Primary reaction :
Metal nitrate is formed with the release of nascent hydrogen.
3Cu + 6HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 6(H)
 Secondary reaction :
Nascent hydrogen produces the reduction products of nitric acid
6(H) + 3HNO3 3HNO2 + 3H2O
 Teritary reaction :
With dilute acid the secondary products decompose to give final products.
3HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
83 Unit - 3
Hence over all reaction is

3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
With concentrated acid the secondary products react to give the final products.
HNO + HNO 2NO + H O
2 3 2 2
Hence over all reaction is
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
3. Write the preparation of nitrogen oxides.

i) NH 4NO 3 
→ N 2 O + 2H 2 O
Nitrous Oxide
ii) 2NaNO2 + 2FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NaHSO4 + 2H2O + 2NO Nitric Oxide
iii)
2NO + N 2 O 4 
→ 2N 2 O 3
Dinitrogen trioxide (or) Nitrogen sesqui oxide

iv)
2Pb(NO 3 )2 
→ 4NO 2 + 2PbO + O 2
Nitrogen dioxide

v) 2NO 2 → N2O4
vi)
2HNO 3 + P2 O 5 
→ N 2 O 5 + 2HPO 3
Nitrogen pentoxide
4. Write the preparation of oxoacids of nitrogen

i) Ag2N2O2 + 2HCl 2AgCl + H2N2O2
Hyponitrous acid
ii) Ba (NO2)2 + H2SO4 2HNO2 + BaSO4

Nitrous acid
iii) KNO3 + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HNO3

Nitric acid
iv) H2O2 + ON (OH) ON(OOH) + H2O

Per nitrous acid
v) H2O2 + N2O5 NO2 OOH + HNO3

Pernitric acid
5. Explain the structure of oxides of phosphorus P

Phosphorus trioxide : O O
➢ In P4O6, four phosphorous atoms lie at the corners of a O
tetrahedron and six oxygen atoms along the edges. P P
➢ The P - O bond distance is 165.6 pm which is shorter than the
O
P
single bond distance of P-O bond (184 pm) O O
Unit - 3 84
➢ This is due to Pπ - dπ bonding

➢ This results in considerable double bond character
Phosphorous Pentoxide :
➢ In P4O10 each P atom forms a single bond with three oxygen atoms and a coordinate
bond with one oxygen atom. O
➢ Terminal coordinate P - O bond length is 143 pm 160 pm
➢ This is less than the expected single bond distance P

O O
➢ This may be due to lateral overlap of filled 143 p
m
O
p - Orbitals of an oxygen atom with empty P P
O O O
P
d - Orbital on phosphorous. O O
O
6. Write the structure of oxoacids of phosphorous.
Name Formula Structure
H
H P
OH
Hypophosphorous acid H3PO2
O
Orthophosphrous acid H3PO3 HO P OH
O O
Hypophosphoric acid H4P2O6 HO P P OH
HO OH
Orthophosphoric acid H3PO4 HO P OH
OH
85 Unit - 3
O O
Pyrophosphoric acid H4P2O7 HO P O P OH
HO OH
7. Write the preparation of oxoacids of phosphorous
i) P4 + 6H2O 3H3 PO2 + PH3

Hypophosphorous acid
ii) P4O6 + 6H2O 4H3 PO3
Ortho phosphorous acid
iii) 2P + 2O2 + 2H2O H4 P2 O6
Hypophosphoric acid
iv) P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3 PO4
Ortho phosphoric acid
v) 2H3 PO3 H4P2O7 + H2O
Phrophosphoric acid
8. Write the structure of oxo acids of sulphur.

Name Molecular Formula Structure
O
Sulphurous acid H2SO3

S
HO OH
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 HO S OH
Thiosulphuric acid H2S2O3 HO S OH
Unit - 3 86
O O
Dithionous acid H2S2O4
HO S S OH
O O
Disulphuric acid or
H2S2O7 HO S O S OH
phrosulphuric acid
O O
Peroxomono
H2SO5 HO S O OH
sulphuric acid
O O
Peroxodisulphuric acid,
H2S2O8 HO S O O S OH
Marshall’s acid
O O
O O
Dithionic acid H2S2O6 HO S S OH
O O
O O
Polythionic acid H2Sn+2O6 HO S (S)n S OH
O O
☼☼☼☼☼
87 Unit - 3
Unit Transition and Inner

4 Transition Elements
Part - I - Text Book Evaluation
1. Sc (Z = 21) is a transition element but Zinc (Z = 30) is not because
a) both Sc3+ and Zn2+ ions are colourless and form white compounds
b) in case of Sc, 3d orbital are partially filled but in Zn these are completely filled
c) last electron as assumed to be added to 4s level in case of zinc
d) both Sc and Zn do not exhibit variable oxidation states
Ans : b) in case of Sc, 3d orbital are partially filled but in Zn these are completely filled
2. Which of the following d block element has half filled penultimate d sub shell as well
as half filled valence sub shell?
a) Cr b) Pd c) Pt d) none of these Ans : a) Cr
3. 2

Among the transition metals of 3d series, the one that has highest negative M M standard
electrode potential is
a) Ti b) Cu c) Mn d) Zn Ans : a) Ti
4. Which one of the following ions has the same number of unpaired electrons as present
in V3+?
a) Ti3+ b) Fe3+ c) Ni2+ d) Cr3+ Ans : c) Ni2+
5. The magnetic moment of Mn2+ ion is
a) 5.92BM b) 2.80BM c) 8.95BM d) 3.90BM Ans : a) 5.92BM
6. Which of the following compounds is colourless?
a) Fe3+ b) Ti4+ c) Co2+ d) Ni2+ Ans : b) Ti4+
7. The catalytic behaviour of transition metals and their compounds is ascribed mainly due to
a) their magnetic behaviour b) their unfilled d orbitals
c) their ability to adopt variable oxidation states d) their chemical reactivity
Ans : c) their ability to adopt variable oxidation states
8. The correct order of increasing oxidizing power in the series
a) VO2+ < Cr2O72  < MnO4  b) Cr2O72  < VO2+< MnO4 
c) Cr2O72  < MnO4  < VO2+ d) MnO4  < Cr2O72  < VO2+
Ans : a) VO2+ < Cr2O72  < MnO4 
Unit - 4 88
9. The alloy of copper that contain Zinc is

a) Monel metal b) Bronze c) bell metal d) brass
Ans : d) brass
10. Which of the following does not give oxygen on heating?
a) K2Cr2O7 b) (NH4)2Cr2O7 c) KClO3 d) Zn(ClO3)2
Ans : d) Zn(ClO3)2
11. In acid medium, potassium permanganate oxidizes oxalic acid to
a) oxalate b) Carbon dioxide c) acetate d) acetic acid
Ans : b) Carbon dioxide
12. Which of the following statements is not true?
a) on passing H2S, through acidified K2Cr2O7 solution, a milky colour is observed
b) Na2Cr2O7 is preferred over K2Cr2O7 in volumetric analysis
c) K2Cr2O7 solution in acidic medium is orange in colour
d) K2Cr2O7 solution becomes yellow on increasing the pH beyond 7
Ans : b) Na2Cr2O7 is preferred over K2Cr2O7 in volumetric analysis
13. Permanganate ion changes to ______ in acidic medium
a) MnO42- b) Mn2+ c) Mn3+ d) MnO2
Ans : b) Mn2+
14. A white crystalline salt (A) react with dilute HCl to liberate a suffocating gas (B) and also
forms a yellow precipitate. The gas (B) turns potassium dichromate acidified with dil H2SO4
to a green coloured solution (C). A, B and C are respectively.
a) Na2SO3 , SO2 , Cr2 (SO4)3 b) Na2S2O3 , SO2 , Cr2 (SO4)3
c) Na2S , SO2 , Cr2 (SO4)3 d) Na2SO4 , SO2 , Cr2 (SO4)3
Ans : a) Na2SO3 , SO2 , Cr2 (SO4)3
15. MnO4  react with Br- in alkaline PH to give
a) BrO3  , MnO2 b) Br2 , MnO42  c) Br2 , MnO2 d) BrO  , MnO42 
Ans : a) BrO3  , MnO2
16. How many moles of I2 are liberated when 1 mole of potassium dichromate react with
potassium iodide?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
Ans : c) 3
17. The number of moles of acidified KMnO4 required to oxidize 1 mole of ferrous oxalate
(FeC2O4) is
a) 5 b) 3 c) 0.6 d) 1.5
Ans : c) 0.6
18. When a brown compound of Mn (A) is treated with HCl, it gives a gas (B). The gas (B)
taken in excess reacts with NH3 to give an explosive compound (C). The compound A, B
and C are
a) MnO2 , Cl2 , NCl3 b) MnO , Cl2 , NH4Cl c) Mn3O4 , Cl2 , NCl3 d) MnO3 , Cl2 , NCl2
Ans : a) MnO2 , Cl2 , NCl3
89 Unit - 4
19. Which one of the following statements related to lanthanons is incorrect?

a) Europium shows +2 oxidation state
b) The basicity decreases as the ionic radius decreases from Pr to Lu.
c) All the lanthanons are much more reactive than aluminium.
d) Ce4+ solutions are widely used as oxidising agents in volumetric analysis.
Ans : c) All the lanthanons are much more reactive than aluminium.
20. Which of the following lanthanoid ions is diamagnetic?
a) Eu2+ b) Yb2+ c) Ce2+ d) Sm2+
Ans : b) Yb2+
21. Which of the following oxidation states is most common among the lanthanoids?
a) 4 b) 2 c) 5 d) 3
Ans : d) 3
22. Assertion : Ce4+ is used as an oxidizing agent in volumetric analysis
Reason : Ce4+ has the tendency of attaining +3 oxidation state.
a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
c) Assertion is true but reason is false
d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Ans : b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
23. The most common oxidation state of actinoids is
a) +2 b) +3 c) +4 d) +6
Ans : c) +4
24. The actinoid elements which show the highest oxidation state of +7 are
a) Np, Pu, Am b) U, Fm, Th c) U, Th, Md d) Es, No, Lr
Ans : a) Np, Pu, Am
25. Which one of the following is not correct?
a) La (OH)2, is less basic than Lu (OH)3
b) In lanthanoid series ionic radius of Ln3+ ions decreases
c) La is actually an element of transition metal series rather than lanthanide series
d) Atomic radii of Zr and Hf are same because of lanthanide contraction.
Ans : a) La (OH)2, is less basic than Lu (OH)3
1. What are transition metals? Give four examples
The metallic elements that have incompletely filled d or f subshell in the neutral or cationic
state are called transition metals. Examples : Copper, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel.
2. Explain the oxidation states of 3d series elements.
 The first transition metal scandium exhibits +3 oxidation state.
 All other transition elements shows variable oxidation states.
Unit - 4 90
 By lossing electrons from (n-1) d orbital and ns orbital as the energy difference between
them is very small.
 At the begining of the series, +3 oxidation state is stable but towards the end +2 oxidation
state is stable.
 Mn shows maximum oxidation state +7.
 Cu shows +1 and +2 oxidation state.
3. What are inner transition elements?
 The elements which in their elemental or ionic form have partly filled f orbitals are called f
block elements.
 As the f orbitals lie inner to the penultimate shell, therefore these elements having partially
filled f orbitals, are also called inner transition elements.
4. Justify the position of lanthanides and actinides in the periodic table.
 The actual position of lanthanides in the periodic table is at group number 3 and period
number 6.
 In the sixth period after lanthanum, the electrons, are preferentially filled in inner 4f subshell.
 14 elements from cerium to lutetium followed by lanthanum. They are grouped together.
 General electronic configuration [xe]4f 1  14, 5d 0  1, 6s2.
 Common oxidation state of lanthanoides is +3.
 All these elements have similar chemical and physical properties.
5. What are actinides? Give three examples.
 The fourteen elements following actinium is from thorium to lawrentium are called actinoids.
Examples : Thorium, uranium, Neptunium.
6. Why Gd3+ is colourless?
 Electronic configuration of Gd is [Xe]4f 7 5d1 6s2.
 Electronic configuration of Gd3+ is [xe]4f7 5do 6so. Hence no electrons are there in outer d
orbital. Due to this it is colourless.
7. Explain why compounds of Cu2+ are coloured but those Zn2+ are colourless.
 Cu2+ has outer electronic configuration 3d9. It consists of one unpaired electrons. Due to d-d
tranistion Cu2+ is coloured.
 Zn2+ has outer electronic configuration 3d10. It has no unpaired electron. d - d transitoin not
possible. Hence Zn2+ is colourless.
8. Describe preparation of potassium dichromate.
 Potassium dichromate is prepared form chromite - Iron ore, or Chromate ore.
i) Conservation of chromite iron ore into sodium chromate.
900  1000o C
4FeCr2 O 4 + 8Na 2 CO 3 + 7H 2 O  8Na 2 CrO 4 + 2Fe 2 O 3 + 8CO 2 
Sodium chromate
ii) Conservation of sodium chromate to sodium dichromate :
2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4  Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O
Sodium dichromate
iii) Conservation of sodium dichromate to potassium dichromate :
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl  K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
Potassium dichromate (orange red)
91 Unit - 4
9. What is lanthanide contraction and what are the effects of lanthanide contraction?
 As we move across 4f series, the atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoids show gradual decrease
with increase in atomic number. This decrease in ionic size is called lanthanide contraction.
Consequences :
 From Ce3+ to Lu3+, basic character decreases.
 Regular decrease in ionic radii.
 Second and third transition series resemble each other due to lanthamide contraction.
10. Complete the following.
a. MnO42  + H+  ?
3MnO42  + 4H+  2MnO4  + MnO2 + 2H2O
acidified
b) C6H5CH3 
KMnO4 ?

COOH
(O)
C6H5CH3 

H / KMnO4
Benzoic acid
c) MnO4  + Fe2+  ?
2MnO4  + 10Fe2+ + 16H+  2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ + 8H2O
 
d) KMnO4 
Redhot ?
2KMnO4  
 2K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
e) Cr2O72  + I  + H+  ?
Cr2O72  + 6I  + 14H+  2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O
f) Na2Cr2O7 + KCl  ?
11. What are interstitial compounds?
 An interstitial compound that is formed when small atoms like hydrogen, boron, carbon or
nitrogen are trapped in the interstitial holes in a metal lattice.
 Ex : Tic, ZrH1.92
12. Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in Ti3+, Mn2+ and calculate the spin only
magnetic moment.
 Electronic configuration of Ti3+ = [Ar]3d1
It has only one unpaired electron, ie. n = 1
Spin only magnetic moment s = n (n  2) B.M = 1(1  2) = 3
= 1.732 BM.
2+
Electronic configuration of Mn = [Ar] 3d5
It has five unpaired electrons ie. n = 5
Spin only magnetic moment s = n (n  2) = 5(5+ 2) = 35
= 5.92BM
Unit - 4 92
13. Write the electronic configuration of Ce4+ and Co2+.

 Electronic cofiguration of Ce4+ = [Xe]4f0 5d0 6s0.
 Electronic configuration of Co2+ = [Ar]3d7.
14. Explain briefly +2 states become more and more stable in the first half of the first row
transition elements with increasing atomic number.
 In the elements of first half of the first row, with the removal of valance 4s electrons (+2
oxidation state) the 3d orbital get gradually occupied. Since the number of empty d orbital
decreases, the stability of the cations (M2+) increases from Sc2+ to Mn2+.
15. Which is more stable? Fe3+ or Fe2+ - explain.
 Electronic configuration of Fe3+ = [Ar] 3d5. It consists of 5 unpaired electrons. Half filled and
stable.
 Electronic configuration of Fe2+ = [Ar]3d6. It consists of 4 unpaired electrons. partially filled
d subshell.
 Hence Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+.
16. Explain the variation in E0 M3+/M2+ 3d series.
 Transition metals in their high oxidation states tend to be oxidising. The standard reduction
potential for the M3+/M2+ half cell gives the relative stability between M3+ and M2+.
Reaction Standard reduction potential (v)
3+ 
Ti + e  Ti 2+
- 0.37
U3+ + e   U2+ - 0.26
3+ 
Cr + e  Cr 2+
- 0.41
3+
Mn + e  Mn 2+
+ 1.51
Fe3+ + e   Fe2+ + 0.77
3+ 
Co + e  Co 2+
+ 1.81
 The negative values for titanium, vanadium and chromium indicate that the higher oxidation
state is preferred.
 The high reduction potential of Mn3+/Mn2+ indicates Mn2+ is more stable than Mn3+.
17. Compare lanthanides and actinides.
S.No Lanthanides Actinides

1 Differentiating electrons enters in 4f Differentiating electron enters in 5f orbital
orbital
2 Binding energy of 4f orbitals are Binding energy of 5f orbitals are lower
higher
3 Do not form complexes Form complex compounds
3+
4 Most of the lanthanoids are colourless Most of the actinoids are coloured . U red,
U4+ Green, UO22+ Yellow
5 They do not form oxocations. They form oxocations Ex. UO22+
6 Maximum oxidation state is +4 Maximum oxidation state is +7
93 Unit - 4
18. Explain why Cr2+ is strongly reducing while Mn3+ is strongly oxidizing.
 E0 value for Cr3+/Cr2+ is negative (-0.41V), where as E0 Value for Mn3+/Mn2+ is positive
(+1.57V). Hence Cr2+ ions can easily undergo oxidation to give Cr3+ ions and therefore, acts
as strong reducing agent. On the otherhand, Mn3+ can easily undergo reduction to give Mn2+
and hence acts as oxidising agent.
19. Compare the ionization enthalpies of first series of the transition elements.
 The first ionisation enthalpies in each series generally increases gradually as we move from
left to right though some exceptions are observed in each series.
 The first ionisation enthalpies of some elements in the second (4d) series are higher while
some of them have lower values than the elements of 3d series in the same vertical coloumn.
 Also, the first ionisation enthalpies of third (5d) series are higher than those of 3d and 4d
series. This is because of weak shielding of nucleus by 4f electrons in the 5d series.
20. Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than the lanthanoid contraction
why?
 This is due to poor shielding by 5f electrons in actinoids as compared to that by 4f electrons
in lanthanoids.
21. Out of Lu(OH)3 and La (OH)3 which is more basic and why?
 La(OH)3 is more basic because of larger size of La than Lu.
22. Why europium (II) is more stable than Cerium (II)?
 Europium (II) has electronic configuration [xe]4f7 5d0 while cerium (II) has electronic con-
figuration [xe]4f1 5d1. In Eu2+, 4f sub shell is half filled and 5d subshell is empty. Since half
filled and completely filled electronic configurations more stable, Eu2+ is more stable than
Ce2+ in which neither 4f subshell nor 5d subshell is half filled or completely filled.
23. Why do zirconium and Hafnium exhibit similar properties?
 This is because Zr and Hf have similar atomic sizes which is due to lanthanoid contraction.
24. Which is stronger reducing agent Cr2+ or Fe2+?
 Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+.
Reason :
 E0 (Cr3+/Cr2+) is negative (-0.41V) where as E0(Fe3+/Fe2+) is positive (+0.77V). Thus Cr3+ is
easily oxidised to Cr3+ but Fe2+ cannot be easily oxidised to Fe3+. Hence Cr2+ is a stronger
reducing agent than Fe2+.
25. The E0 M2+/ M value for copper is positive. Suggest a possible reason for this.
 E0(M2+/M) for any metal depends upon the sum of the enthalpy changes taking place in the
following steps.
M(s) + H  a   M(g) ( H  a  = enthalpy of atomisation)
M + H (i)  M 2+ ( H (i) = ionisation enthalpy)
(g) (g)
M2+(s)
+ aq  2+
( H Hyd = hydration enthalpy)
M (aq)
 Coppes possesses a high enthalpy of atomisation and low enthalpy of hydration. Hence
E0 2 is positive.
Cu /Cu
Unit - 4 94
26. Predict which of the following will be coloured in aqueous solution Ti2+, V3+, Sc4+, Cu+,Sc3+,
Fe3+, Ni2+, and Co3+.
 Only those ions which have incompletely filled d - orbitals are coloured. Those with fully
filled or empty d - orbitals are colourless.
 Thus Ti2+,V3+,Fe3+,Ni2+ and Co3+ are coloured. due to d - d transition. and Sc3+,Cu+ are
colourless.
27. Describe the variable oxidation state of 3d series elements.
 The first transition series (3d) shows variable oxidation state because electrons from ‘s’ as
well as ‘d’ orbital take part in bond formation Mn (Z = 25) can show +2,+3,+4,+6 and +7
oxidation state.
28. Which metal in the 3d series exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently why?
 Copper has electronic configuration 3d104s1. It can easily lose 4s1 electron to give the stable
3d10 configuration. Hence, it shows +1 oxidation state.
29. Why first ionization enthalpy of chromium is lower than that of zinc?
 The chromium (Cr) has configuration 3d54s1. Zinc (Zn) has 3d104s2. The ejection of one electron
from outershell of Cr is easier than zinc because Cr having unfilled orbitals and ionisation
energy of fully filled orbital is more than partially filled orbitals.
30. Transition metals show high melting points. why?
 The high melting points of transition metals are attributed to the involvement of greater
number of electrons in the interatomic metallic bonding from (n - 1) d orbitals in addition to
ns electrons.
PART- II - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Transition elements are good conductors because
a) They are metals b) They are all solids
c) They have free electrons in outer energy orbits d) All of these
Ans : d) All of these
2. Transition elements are
a) All metals b) All non metals
c) Metals and non metals d) Gases Ans : a) All metals
3. Transition elements form complexes very readily because of
a) Small cation size b) Vacant - d - orbitals
c) Large ionic charge d) All are correct Ans : d) All are correct
4. The transition metal present in vitamin B12 is
a) Fe b) Co c) Ni d) Na Ans : b) Co
5. Transition elements are frequently used as catalysts, because of
a) Large ionic charge b) Large surface area for the reactions to be absorbed
c) Unpaired d electrons d) Both (b) and (c) are correct
Ans : d) Both (b) and (c) are correct
95 Unit - 4
6. d - Block elements are arranged in

a) Three series b) Six series c) Two series d) Four series Ans : d) Four series
7. d - Block element generally for
a) Covalent hydrides b) Metallic hydrides
c) Interstitial hydrides d) Salt like hydrides
Ans : c) Interstitial hydrides
8. Metals which are hard and lustrous substances with high melting points form highly
coloured compounds are known as
a)Alkali metals b) Alkaline earth metals
c) Transition metals d) None of these Ans : c) Transition metals
9. In the first transition series, the incoming electrons enters
a) 5 d orbitals b) 4 d orbitals c) 3 d orbitals d) 2 d orbitals
Ans : c) 3 d orbitals
10. Transition elements form alloys easily because they have
a) Same atomic number b) Same electronic configuration
c) Nearly same atomic size d) None
Ans : c) Nearly same atomic size
11. Transition elements that show anaomalous electronic configuration in first series are.
a) Cr and Ni b) Cu and Co c) Fe and Ni d) Cr and Cu Ans : d) Cr and Cu
12. Lightest transition element is
a) Fe b) Sc c) Os d) None
13. Densest transition element is
a) Fe b) Sc c) Os d) Mn Ans : Sc
14. Variable valencies of transition elements is due to
a) Different energies of (n - 1) d electrons b) Different energies of ns electrons
c) Similar energies of (n - 1)d electrons d) Similar energies of (n - 1)d and ns electrons
Ans : d) Similar energies of (n-1)d and ns electrons
15. Which of the following ions has minimum ionic radius
a) Ni2+ b) Co2+ c) Cr2+ d) V2+ Ans : a) Ni2+
16. Ionic radii of zirconium and hofminium become almost identical because
a) They are d block elements b) They belong to the same group
c) Of increased nuclear charge d) Of lanthanoids contraction
Ans : d) Of lanthanoids contraction
17. The colour of Fe2+ ions is
a) Blue b) Light green c) Very dark green d) Yellow
Ans : b) Light green
18. Magnetic property of transition metal is due to
a) Spin of electron b) Orbital moment
c) Both d) Neither of the two
Ans : a) Spin of electron
Unit - 4 96
19. All ferromagnetic substances

a) Can be magnetised b) Can be electrolysed
c) Have completely filled d - orbitals d) None Ans : a) Can be magnetised
20. Maxmium paramagnetism in 3d series shown by
a) Mn b) Co c) Ni d) Fe Ans : a) Mn
21. Which of the following has the minimum magnetic moment
a) Mn2+ b) Fe2+ c) Cr2+ d) V3+ Ans : d) V3+
22. Paramagnetism in the substance increases as
a) The number of paired electrons increases
b) The number of unpaired electrons increases
c) The number of unpaired electrons decreases
d) The number of paired electrons decreases
Ans : b) The number of unpaired electrons increases
23. The number of unpaired electrons present in Cr3+ ion is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 Ans : c) 3
24. Which of the following has more unpaired d electrons
a) Zn+ b) Fe2+ c) N3- d) Cu+ Ans : b) Fe2+
25. The lanthanoids contraction is responsible for the fact that
a) Zr and Y have the same radius
b) Zr and Nb have similar oxidation state
c) Zr and Hr have almost the same radius
d) Zr and Zn have same oxidation state
Ans : c) Zr and Hr have almost the same radius
26. Which of the following is coloured
a) Cu+ b) Cu2+ c) Ti4+ d) V5+ Ans : Cu2+
27. d - Block elements consist mostly of
a) Monovalent metals b) All non - metals
c) Elements which generally form stoichiometric metal oxide
d) Many metals with catalytic properties
Ans : d) Many metals with catalytic properties
28. Which of the following forms colourless compound?
a) Sc3+ b) V3+ c) Ti3+ d) Cr3+ Ans : a) Sc3+
29. The basic character of the transition metal monoxides follows the order (Atomic number,
Ti = 22 ; V = 23 ; Cr = 24)
a) VO > CrO > TiO > FeO b) Cro > VO > FeO > TiO
c) TiO > FeO > VO > CrO d) TiO > VO > CrO > FeO
Ans : d) TiO > VO > CrO > FeO
97 Unit - 4
30. The correct order of ionic radii of Y3+, La3+, Eu3+, and Lu3+ is (Atomic number Y = 39 ; La
= 57 ; Eu = 60 ; Lu = 71)
a) Y3+ < La3+ < Eu3+ < Lu3+ b) Y3+ < Lu3+ < Eu3+ < La3+
3+ 3+ 3+ 3+
c) Lu < Eu < La < Y d) La3+ < Eu3+ < Lu3+ < y3+
Ans : b) Y3+ < Lu3+ < Eu3+ < La3+
31. Assertion : For chromium, the ground state electronic configuration is 3d54s1 rather than
3d44s2.
Reason : The energy of the Cr atom is lower, when the six valence electrons are in different
atomic orbitals with parallel spins
A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
Ans : A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of A.
32. Assertion : The energies of the 5s and 4d orbitals are very close.
Reason : The relative energies of the 4d and 5s orbitals very with the nuclear charge and the
electronic distribution.
Ans : B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
33. Assertion : The transition metals more similar to one another than are representative metals
of group I and group 2
Reason : Inner d orbitals are being filled
34. Assertion : All the transition elements are metals and good conductors of heat and electricity.
Reason : The penultimate shell of electrons of all these elements is expanding and they are,
therefore, expected to have physical and chemical properties in common.
32. Assertion : The densities, melting and boiling points of the transition elements are generally
very high
Reason : Zn, Hg and Cd have low melting and boiling points as the d - block is complete.
Unit - 4 98
Ans : B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
36. Match the catalysts given in column I with the processes given in column II
Column I (catalyst)) Column II process
a. Ni in the presence of hydrogen - i) Ziegler natta catalyst
b. CuCl2 - ii) Contact process
c. V 2 O 5 - iii) Vegetable oil to ghee
d. Finely divided iron - iv) Sandmeyer reaction
f. TiCl4 + Al (CH3)3 - v) Haber’s process
- vi) Decomposition of KClO3
Ans : a) (iii) ; b) (iv) ; c) (ii) ; d) (v) ; e) (i)
37. Match the properties given in column I with the metals in colum II
Property Metal
a. An element shows +8 oxidation state - i) Zero
b. 3d series element shows +70.5 - ii) Osmium
c. 3d series element shows high melting point - iii) Manganese
d. oxidation state metal in metal carbonyls - iv) Chromium
Ans : a) (ii) ; b) (iii) ; c) (iv) ; d) (i)
38. Match the statements given in column I with oxidation states given in column II
a. oxidation state of Mn in MnO2 - i) +3
b. Most stable O.S of Mn - ii) +7
c. Most stable O.S Mn in oxides - iii) +2
d. Common O.S of lanthanoids - iv) +4
Ans : a) (iv) ; b) (iii) ; c) (ii) ; d) (i)
39. Match the following
a. Lanthanoides which shows + 4 O.S - i) Pm
b. Lanthanoides which shows +2 O.S - ii) Ce
c. Radio active lanthanide - iii) Gd
d. Lanthanoide has 4f7 electronic configuration - iv) Eu
Ans : a) (ii) ; b) (iv) ; c) (i) ; d) (iii)
40. During the smelting process silica is added to roasted copper are to remove
a) Copper sulphide b) Ferrous sulphide
c) Ferrous oxide d) Ferrous Chloride Ans : c) Ferrous oxide
41. The ore which contains copper and iron both
a) Malachite b) Chalcopyrite c) Chalocite d) Azurite Ans : b) Chalcopyrite
42. According to Ellingham diagram, the oxidation reaction of carbon to carbon monoxide
may be used to reduce which one of the following oxides at lowest temperature?
a) Al2O3 b) Cu2O c) MgO d) ZnO Ans : a) Al2O3
99 Unit - 4
43. In electro chemical process (Electrolysis of fused state) is used to extract

a)Iron b) Lead c) Sodium d) Silver Ans : c) Sodium
44. In metallurgy, flux is a substance used to convert
a) Mineral into silicate b) Fusible impurities to soluble impurities
c) Infusible impurities to soluble impurities d) none of these
Ans : c) Influsible impurities to soluble impurities
45. Heating of Iron pyrites in air to remove sulphur is called
a) Fusion b) Calcination c) Smelting d) Roasting Ans : d) Roasting
46. Which of the following metal is leached by cyanide process?
a) Silver b) Sodium c) Aluminium d) Copper Ans : a) Silver
47. The elements in which extra electrons enter into (n - 2) orbitals are called
a) f - block elements b) p - block elements
c) d - block elements d) s - block elements Ans : a) f - block elements
48. The most common oxidation state of lanthanoides
a) +4 b) +2 c) +6 d) +3 Ans : d) +3
49. ................. form complexes.
a) lanthanoides b) actnides c) Thorium d) Cerium Ans : b) Actnides
50. ........... form oxocations.
a) Actnides b) lanthanoides c) s - block d) p - block Ans : a) Achnides
51. The correct electronic configuration of Gd3+ is
a) [Xe]4f14 b) [Xe]4f7 c) [Xe]4f0 d) [Xe]4f6 Ans : b) [Xe]4f7
52. The general electronic configuration of lanthanoides
a) [Xe]4f 0  14 b) [Xe] 5d0  1 c) [Xe]4f2  14 5d0  16s2 d) [Xe]5f0  145d1  106s2
Ans : c) 5d0-1
53. As we move from lanthanum to Lutetium, basic character
a) decreases b) increases c) decrease and then increases d) none of these
Ans : a) decreases
54. The colour of U3+ is
a) red b) green c) yellow d) pink Ans : a) red
4+
55. The colour of U is
a) red b) green c) yellow d) pink Ans : b) green
2+
56. The colour of UO2 is
a) red b) green c) yellow d) pink Ans : c) yellow
57. The maximum oxidation state of uranium is
a) +6 b) +7 c) +4 d) +2 Ans : a) +6
58. The common oxidation state of Lr is
a) +6 b) +3 c) +4 d) +7 Ans : b) +3
Unit - 4 100
59. The lowest oxidation state of Thorium is

a) +4 b) +3 c) +2 d) +1 Ans : c) +1
60. The general electronic configuration of achnides is
a) [Rn]5f2-146d0-27s2 b) [xe]5f2-145d0-25s2
a) [Rn]5f2-145d0-25s2 a) [Rn]4f2-145d0-26s2 Ans : a) [Rn]5f2-146d0-27s2
61. Find the odd one among the following
a) Lanthanum b) Cerium c) Thorium d) Promethium
Hint : Promethium is radioactive Ans : d) Promethium
62. Find the odd one among the following
a) U3+ b) U4+ c) UO22+ d) Th4+ Ans : d) Th4+
Hint : Th4+ Colourless.
63. The reagent used for detecting unsaturation
a) Bayer’s reagent b) Tollen’s reagent
c) Fenton’s reagent d) Schiff’s reagent Ans : a) Bayer’s reagent
64. The compound employed for leather tanneries
a) K2Cr2O7 b) Na2Cr2O7 c) KMnO4 d) KHSO4 Ans : a) K2Cr2O7
65. K2Cr2O7 is used in quantitative analysis for the estimation of
a) Iron compounds b) Iodides c) Both a & b d) none Ans : c)Both a & b
66. The colour of lead chromate obtained in chromyl chloride test
a) Red orange b) Yellow c) Pink d) Pale blue Ans : b) Yellow
67. The formula for chromyl chloride is
a) CrO2Cl2 b) K2Cr2O7 c) KHSO4 d) CrO2Cl Ans : a) CrO2Cl2
68. The KMnO4 is prepared from
a) Chromite Iron ore b) Pyrolusite c) Ferrous sulphide d) Iron Pyritis
Ans : b) Pyrolusite
69. The chemical formula for pyrolusite
a) KMnO4 b) K2MnO4 c) MnO2 d) K2Cr2O7 Ans : c) MnO2
70. The K2Cr2O7 is prepared from
a) Chromite iron ore b) Argentite c) Pyrolusite d) ZinciteAns : a) Chromite iron ore
71. Match the following column I with column II
Column I Column II
A. Permagnaic acid - i) CrO
B. Chromic acid - ii) Cr2O3
C. Dichromic acid - iii) H2CrO4
D. Chromic oxide - iv) CrO3
- v) HMnO4
a) A(i) B(ii) C(iii) D(iv) b) A(v) B(iv) C(iii) D(ii)
c) A(v) B(iii) C(ii) D(i) d) A(iv) B(iii) C(ii) D(i)
Ans : b) A(v) B(iv) C(iii) D(ii)
101 Unit - 4
72. Zeigler - Natta catalyst is

a) Co2(CO)8 b) TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)3 c) Rh/Ir complex d) TiCl4
Ans : b) TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)3
73. Hydro formylation of oletins catalyst by
a) Co2(CO)8 b) TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)3 c) Rh/Ir complex d) TiCl4
Ans : a) CO2(CO)8
74. The catalyst used for the preparation of aceticacid from acetaldehyde is
a) CO2(CO)8 b) TiCl4 + Al(C2H5)3 c) Rh/Ir complex d) TiCl4
Ans : c) Rh/Hr complex
75. The catalyst used for contact process is
a) TiCl4 b) V2O5 c) Fe d) VO2 Ans : b) V2O5
II. Choose the correct statements
1. Consider the following statements which is / are correct.
I. Sc3+ ion has no unpaired electrons and the expected magnetic zero B.M
II. The oxidation state of Cr in Cr2O72  is +4
III. The spin only magnetic moment is given by n  n  2  B.M
a) I, III b) II, I c) III, II d) II Ans : a) I, III
2. Consider the following statements which is / are correct
I. All Lanthanoids displaces hydrogen from acidified water.
II. The colour of tripositive Lanthanides becomes darker as one goes from Ce3+ to Lu3+
III. The ionic size of tripositive Lanthanoid ions increases with atomic number
a) I b) II c) II, III d) I, III Ans : a) I
3. Consider the following statement which is / are correct.
I. The maximum oxidation state of Osmium is +8
II. The highest oxidation state of a transition metal is given by outermost ‘s’ plus ‘d’ electrons.
III. The maximum magnetic moment is shown by the ion having d orbital electronic
configuration is 3d5
a) I b) II c) I, III d) I, II,III Ans : d) I, II,III
I. Compared to Cu2+ salts Cu+ salts are less stable.
II. Iron does not forms interstitial compounds
III. Ag+ is isoelectronic with Cd2+
a) I, III b) II, III c) III d) II Ans : a) I, III
III. Choose the incorrect statements
1. Consider the following statements which is / are incorrect.
I. The common oxidation state of lanthanides is +3
II. All lanthanides form oxocations
III. All lanthanides are non - radioactive
a) I b) II c) II, III d) II, III Ans : d) II, III
Unit - 4 102
2. Consider the following statements which is / are incorrect.

I. The common oxidation state of Lanthanum is +4
II. UO22+ is colourless.
III. Actindes forms oxocations.
a) I,II b) II,III c) III, I d) I, II,III Ans : a) I,II
3. Consider the following statements which is incorrect regarding potassium dichromate.
a. It oxidises ferric salt to ferrous salts.
b. It oxidises KI to I2
c. It oxidises H2S to S
d. None of the above Ans : a. It oxidises ferric salt to ferrous salts
I. Potassium permanganate is extracted from chromite iron ore.
II. Potassium dichromate is extracted from Pyrolusite ore.
III. Potassium permangate majorly used in Tanning of leather.
a) III b) II c) I, II d) I, III Ans : c) I, II
IV. Fill in the blanks Answers
1. The electronic configuration of scandium is _________ [Ar] 3d1 4s2
2. The metal with highest electrical conductivity at room
temperature is _______ Silver
3. _______ values are used to predict the thermodynamic stability
of the compounds Ionisation energy
4. The common oxidation state of scandium is ________ +3
5. Mn2+ is _________ than Mn4+ More stable than
6. The oxidation state of WCl6 is +6
7. ______ metal is unique in 3d series Copper
8. The metal shows maximum ferromagnetic character is Iron
9. Paramagnetism is the property of ________ Unpaired electrons
10. Paramagnetism is common in ________ Transition elements
11. Hydroformylation catalyst is ________ [Co2 (Co)8]
12. Potassium dichromate is ________ in colour Orange red
13. The oxidation state of chromium in potassium dictromate is ______ +6
14. The colour of potassium permanganate is ______ dark purple colour
15. The oxidation state uranium in UF6 is ______ +6
V. Choose the correct Pair
1. a) Lead - Lead pencil
b) Cerusite - Zinc
c) Zinc sulphate - antiseptic
d) Lead pipes - softwater Ans : a) Lead - Lead pencil
103 Unit - 4
2. a) Ag + hot NaOH - Products

b) Zn + hot NaOH - Products
c) Au + NaOH - Products
d) Cr + NaOH - Products Ans : b) Zn + hot NaOH - Products
3. a) Cu2+ - Diamagnetic
b) Cu2+ - Colourless
c) Cu2+ - Zero magnetic moment
d) Cu2+ - One unpaired electrons Ans : d) Cu2+ - One unpaired electrons
4. a) TiCl4 - Polymerisation catalyst
b) Ni - Hydrogenation catalyst
c) Fe - Haber’s process
d) All the above pairs are correct Ans : All the above pairs are correct
VI. Choose the incorrect Pair
1. a) Sc - 3d series
b) Zn - 3d series
c) Cr - 3d series
d) Cu - 4d series Ans : d) Cu - 4d series
2. a) Mn4+ - 3d3
b) Mn3+ - 3d4
c) Mn5+ - 3d5
d) Mn5+ - 3d2 Ans : c) Mn5+ - 3d5
3. a) Cu+, Zn2+ - Diamagnetic
b) Sc3+, Ti4+, V5+ - Paramagnetic
c) CO5+, Fe2+ - Paramagnetic
d) Cu2+ - Paramagnetic Ans : b) Sc3+, Ti4+, V5+ - Paramagnetic
4. a) Potassium dichromate - +6
b) Potassium dichromate - oxidising
c) Potassium dichromate - Chrome tanning
d) Potassium dichromate - Bayer’s reagent
Ans : d) Potassium dichromate - Bayer’s reagent
VII. Choose the odd man out
1. Scandium, Titanium, Vanadium, Cadmium Ans : Cadmium
Hint : Cadmium belongs to 4d series. All others are 3d series.
2. Zirconium, Niobium, Technicium, Ruthenium Ans : Technicium
Hint : Technicium is radio active. All others are non radio active.
3. U3+, UO22+, U4+, Ce4+ Ans : Ce4+
Hint : Ce4+ is colourless. All others are coloured.
Unit - 4 104
VIII. Two Mark Questions

1. Write the classfication of transition elements.
 d - Block elements composed of 3d series (4th period) Scandium to Zinc (10 elements),
 4d series (5th period) Yttrium to Cadmium (10 elements)
 5d series (6th period) Lanthanum, Haffinium to mercury.
2. Give the electronic configuration of copper and chromium.
The electronic configurations of
 Chromium Cr [Ar] 3d5 4s1  Copper, Cu [Ar] 3d10 4s1
3. What are the type of packing possible in transition metals?
Most of the transition elements are
 hexagonal close packed,  cubic close packed
 body centrered cubic which are the characteristics of true metals.
4. Why d block elements exhibit variable oxidationstates?
Transition elements exhibit variable oxidation states due to
 loosing electrons from (n-1) d orbital
 ns orbital as the energy difference between thm is very small.
5. Explain why Mn2+ is more stable than Mn3+?
 Mn2+ has outer electronic configuration as 3d5
 Mn3+ has outer electronic configuration as 3d4
 Half filled orbitals and completely filled orbital are more stable than the partially filled
orbitals so Mn2+ with half filled d orbital is more stable than Mn3+
6. Explain about ferromagnetic materials.
 Ferromagnetic materials have domain structure.
 In each domain the magnetic dipoles are arranged.
 But the spin dipoles of the adjacent domains are randomly oriented.
 Some transition elements or ions with unpaired d electrons show ferromagnetism.
7. Explain why the melting and boiling points of Cd, Hg and Zn are low?
The elements of group 12 [Zn, Hg, Cd] are quite soft with low melting points. Mercury is a
liquid and melts at - 38oC. These elements has no unpaired electrons available for metallic
bonding and therefore their melting and boiling points are low.
8. Which of the following ions would from colourless complexes?
Cu2+, Zn2+ Ti3+, Ti4+, Cd2+
 Zn2+ - 3d10  Ti4+ - 3do  Cd2+ - 4d10
 These elements from colourless complexes because they have fully filled d - orbitals and
do not possess unpaired electrons and so no d - d transition is possible.
9. State Hume - Rothery rule for alloy formation.
According to Hume - Rothery rule to form a substitute alloy
 the difference between the atomic radii of solvent and solute is less than 15%
 Both the solvent and solute must have the same crystal structure and valence and their
electronegativity difference must be close to zero.
105 Unit - 4
10. Explain why transition metals form alloys?

Transition metals form more alloys themselves because of their
 atomic sizes are similar
 one metal atom can be easily replaced by another metal atom from its crystal lattice to form
an alloy.
11. Silver atom has completely filled d - orbitals (4d10) in its ground state. How can you say
that it is a transition dement?
The outer electronic configuration of Ag (Z = 47) is 4d10 5s1, In addition to +1, it shows an
oxidation state of +2 also. In +2 oxidation state, the configuration is d9 ie. the d - subshell is
incompletely filled. Hence, it is transition element.
12. Why is the highest oxidation state of a metal exhibited in its oxide or fluoride only?
Oxygen and fluorine have small size high electro negativity. Hence, they can oxidise the
metal to the highest oxidation state by prompting all the valance electrons to participate in
bonding.
13. Calculate the ‘Spin only’ magnetic moment of M2+ (aq) ion (z=27)
Electronic configuration of M with z = 27 is [Ar] 3d7 4s2
Thus, electronic configuation of M2+ will be [Ar] 3d7
This can be represnted as       
Thus, it has three unpaired electorns
Spin only magnetic moment    = n  n  2 BM  3  3  2 
 15 BM
 3.87 BM
14. In what way is the electronic configuration of the transition elements different from that
of the non - transition elements?
Transition elements contain incompletely filled d-sub shell i.e their electronic configuration
is (n-1) d1  10 ns0  2, whereas non - transition elements have either no d-subshell or their
d-subshell is completely filled and have ns1-2 or ns2 np1-6 in their outermost shell.
15. Name the oxometal anions of the first series of the transition metals in which the metal
exhibits the oxidation state equal to its group number.
Cr2O72  and CrO42  (Group number = Oxidation state of Cr = 6 MnO4  (Group = oxida-
tion state of Mn=7)
16. What is the effect of increasing pH of a solution of Potassium dichromate?
On increasing pH of potassium dichromate solution (i.e. on adding alkali) it changes to
potassium chromate.
17. Write chemical equations for the reactions involved in the manufacture of potassium
permanganate from Pyrolusite.
Relevent equations for the manufacture of KMnO4 from pyrolusite ore are given belos :
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2  
 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
2 electrolysis  
MnO4   MnO4 + e
Purple
Unit - 4 106
18. What is meant by lanthanoid contraction?

The decrease in atomic and ionic size with increase in atomic number. in lanthanoid is called
‘lanthanoid contraction’
19. The halides of transition elements become more covalent with increasing oxidation state
of the metal why?
As the oxidation state of the metal increases, its charge increases. According to Fajan’s Rules,
as the charge of the metal ion increases covalent character increases because the positively
charged cation attracts the election cloud on the anion towards itself.
20. Although Cr3+ and Co2+ ions have the same number of unpaired electrons but the magnetic
momunt of Cr3+ is 3.87 B.M. and that of Co2+ is 4.87 B.M. why?
Cr3+ ion has symmetrical electronic configuration in the outermost orbit i.e. 3d3. In such ions
there is no orbital configuration to magnetic moment. However appreciable orbital
contribation takes place in Co2+ with 3d7 configuration.
21. Why Eo value for Mn, Ni and Zn are more negative than expected?
Negative values for Mn2+ and Zn2+ are related to the stabilities of half - filled and fully filled
configurations respectively.
22. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Mn2+
E.C of Mn2+ = [Ar] 3d5
s  n(n  2) B.M
n 5
 5  5  2  B.M
 35
s  5.91BM
23. Why NiII complexes are thermodynamically more stable than PtII complexes?
The ionisation energy of Ni2+ less than that of Pt2+. Hence Ni2+ complexes are more stable
than Pt2+ complexs.
24. Give the catalytic properties of d block elements.
Transition metals has energetically available d orbitals that can accept electrons from reactant
molecule or metal can form bond with reactant molecule using it’s d electrons.
25. What is Zeigler - Natta Polymerisation
A mixture of TiCl4 and Tri alkyl aluminium is used for polymerisation.
 CH 3 
Ticl4 / Al  C2H5   | 
n CH3 - CH = CH2  3  
 CH  CH 2  n
Poly propylene
26. Actinoid atoms are generally coloured? Justify your answer.
The actinoid ions are gnerally coloured. This can be explained interms of unpaired electrons
undergoing f - f Transition.
107 Unit - 4
27. How many unpaired electrons are present in Mn2+ ion. (Z=25) How does it influences
magnetic behaviour of Mn2+ ion.
Mn2+ : 3d5 has 5 unpaired electorns. It is highly paramagnetic and it is attracted by magnet.
28. Transition metal atoms / ions are usually coloured. Justify.
Transition metal ions have unpaired electrons. They can undergo d - d transition by absorbing
light from visible region and radiating complementary colour.
29. Give the disproportionation of manganese (VI) in acidic medium.
3MnO42  + 4H+  2MnO4  + MnO2 + 2H2O
30. Oxoanions of a metal show higher oxidation state. Give reason.
Oxo anions of a metal show higher oxidation state due to the ability of oxygen to form
multiple bonds and its high electronegativity.
IX. Three Mark Quesitons
1. In the series Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30) the enthalpy of atomisation of Zinc is the lowest
i.e. 126 KJ mol  1. why?
In the series Sc to Zn, all elements have one or mor unpaired electrons except zinc which has
no unpaired electrons, its outer electronic configuration being 3d10 4s2. Lower the number
of unpaired electrons, lower is the metal - metal bonding. Hence, metal - metal boning is
weakest in zinc. Therefore, enthalpy of atomisation is lowest.
2. Explain why Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solutions.
Cu2+ (aq) is much more stable than Cu+ (aq). Although, second ionisation enthalpy of cop-
per is large but hyd H for Cu2+ (aq) is much more negative than that for Cu+ (aq) and hence
it more than compensates for second ionisation enthalpy of copper. Therfore, many copper
(I) compounds are unstable in aqueous solution and undergo disproportionation.
3. Write down the electronic configuration of :
(i) Cr3+ (ii) Cu+ (iii) Co2- (iv) Mn2+ (v) Pm3+ (vi) Ce4+ (vii) Lu2+ (viii) Th4+
(i) Cr3+ = [Ar] 3d3 (ii) Cu+ = [Ar] 3d10 (iii) Co2+ = [Ar] 3d7 (iv) Mn2+ = [Ar] 3d5
(v) Pm3+ = [Xe] 484 (vi) Ce4+ = [Xe] (vii) Lu2+ = [Xe] 48145d1
(viii) Tn4+ = [Rn]
4. What are the different oxidation states exhibited by the lanthanoids?
The most common oxidation state of lanthanoids is +3. However, some lanthanoids also
show an oxidation state of +2 and +4. For example, Eu shows an oxidation state of +2 and Ce
shows on oxidation state of +4.
5. Describe the oxidising action of potassium dochromate and write the ionic equations for
its reactions with (i) iodide (ii) iron II solution and (iii) H2S
(i) Cr2O72  + 14H+ + 6H   2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3I2
(ii) Cr2O72  + 6Fe2+ + 14H+  2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
(iii) Cr2O72  + 8H+ + 3H2S  2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3S
Unit - 4 108
6. What is meant by ‘disproportionations’? Give two examples of disporportionation reaction

in aqueous solution.
When the oxidation state of an element in a reactant increases in one of the products and
decreases in other product, the phenomenon is called disproportionation. For example,
Mn(VI) in MnO42  changes to Mn (VII) in the product MnO4  and Mn(IV) in the product
MnO2 as shown by the reaction.
3MnO42- + 4H+  2MnO4  + MnO2 + 2H2O
similarly, Cr (V) undergoes disproportionation in acidic medium as follows.
CrO43- + 8H+  2CrO42  + Cr3+ + 4H2O
7. Calculate the no. of unpaired electrons in the following gaseous ions :
Mn3+, Cr3+, V3+ and Ti3+ which one of these is the most stable in aqueous solution?
Mn3+ : 3d4 has 4 unpaired electrons,
Cr3+ : 3d3 has 3 unpaired electrons,
V 3+ : 3d2 has 2 unpaired electrons,
Ti3+ : 3d1 has 1 unpaired electrons.
Cr3+ is most stable out of these in aqueous solution because it has half filled t2g level (i.e.
t32g).
8. Why is the +2 oxidation state of manganese quite stable, while the same is not true for
iron?
Half filled configuration is more stable than others. Mn2+ is more stable due to half - filled d
- orbitals.
Fe2+ is not stable because it does not have half filled d - orbitals. Configurations of Mn2+ and
Fe2+ are as follows :
Mn2+ : 3d5 4s0
Fe2+ : 3d6 4s0
9. Write a note on metallic behavior of d - block elements.
 All the transition elements are metals.
 All the transition metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
 Unlike the metals of Group - 1 and group - 2, all the transition metals except group 11 elements
are hard.
 Of all the known elements, silver has the highest electrical conductivity at room temperature.
10. Explain about diamagnetic materials.
 Materials with no elementary magnetic dipoles are diamagnetic or a species with all paired
electrons exhibits diamagnetism.
 This kind of materials are repelled by the magnetic field.
 Because the presence of external magnetic field, a magnetic induction is introduced to the
material which generates weak magnetif cield that oppose the applied field.
109 Unit - 4
11. Explain about diamagnetic materials.

 Paramagnetic solids having unpaired electrons.
 In the absence of external magnetic field, the dipoles are arranged at random and hence the
solid shows no net magnetism.
 In the presence of magnetic field, the dipoles are aligned parallel to the direction of the
applied field and therefore, they are attracted by an external magnetic field.
12. A substance is found to have a magnetic moment of 3.9 BM. How many number of unpaired
electrons does it certain?
Magnetic moment  = 3.9
n  n  2   3.9 B.M
2
n  n  2   3.9  15
n  n  2  3 3  2
n 3
n 3
The number of unpaired electrons is 3.
13. Why Zn2+ salts are white while Ni2+ salts are coloured?
 Zn2+ has the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
 It has completely filled d orbital and there is no unpaired electrons.
 Hence Zn2+ is colourless.
 Ni2+ has the configurations 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8
 It has two unpaired electrons and d - d transitions are possible.
 Hence Ni2+ is coloured.
14. [Ti(H2O)6]3+ is coloured while [Sc(H2O)6]3+ are colourless. Explain.
 In [Ti(H2O)6]3+ Ti 3+ has outer electronic configuration as 3d1
 In this case d-d transition is possible by the absorption of energy from the visble light and
produce purple colour.
 But is [Sc (H2O)6]3+, Sc3+ has outer electronic configuration as 3d0.
 In this case d - d transition is not possible and it is colourless.
15. What are the characteristics of interstitial compounds?
 They are hard and show electrical land thermal conductivity
 They have high melting points higher than those of pure metals
 Transition metal hydrides are used as powerful reducing agents
 Metallic carbides are chemically inert.
16. Explain why d block elements form more complexes?
 Transition metal ions are small and highly charged
 They have vacant low energy orbitals to accept an electron pair donated by other groups.
 Examples : [Fe(CN)6]4-, [Co(NH3)6]3+
17. Explain chromyl chloride test.
 When potassium dichromate is heated with any chloride salt in the presence of Conc H2SO4,
orange red vapours of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2) is evolved.
Unit - 4 110
K2Cr2O7 + 4KCl + 6H2SO4  2CrO2Cl2 + 6KHSO4 + 3H2O

Chromyl Chloride
This reaction is used in the detection of chloride ions in qualitative analysis.
18. Write the uses of potassium dichromate.
 It is used as a strong oxidizing agent.
 It is used in dyeing and printing.
 It used in leather tanneries for chrome tanning.
 It is used in quantitiative analysis for the estimation of iron compounds and iodides.
19. Write the uses of potassium permanganate.
 It is used as a strong oxidizing agent.
 It is used for the treatment of various skin infections and fungal infections of the foot.
 It used in water treatment industries to remove iron and hydrogen sulphide from well water.
 It is used as a Bayer’s reagent for detecting unsaturation in an organic compound.
 it is used in quantitative analysis for the estimation of ferroussalts, oxalates, hydrogen
peroxide and iodides.
20. What is the action of heat on K2Cr2O7?
Potassium dichromate on heating gives potassium chromate.
4K2Cr2O7  
 4K2CrO4 + 2Cr2O3 + 3O2 
X. Five Mark Questions
1. For M2+ / M and M3+ / M2+ systems, the Eo values for some metals are as follows.
Cr2+ / Cr = 0.9V Cr3+ / Cr2+ = 0.4V
Mn2  / Mn = 1.2V Mn3+ / Mn2+ = +1.5V
Fe2+ / Fe = -0.4V Fe3+ / Fe2+ = +0.8V
Use this data to comment upon
(a) the stability of Fe3+ in acid solution as composed to that of Cr3+ or Mn2+ and
(b) the ease with which iron can be oxidised as compared to the similar process for either
chromium or manganese metals.
Ans : (a) Cr3+ / Cr2+ has a negative reduction potential Hence, Cr3+ cannot be reduced to
Cr2+ i.e. Cr3+ is most stable. Mn3+ / Mn2+ has large positive Eo value. Hence, Mn3+ can be
easily reduced to Mn2+, i.e. Mn3+ is least stable. Eo value for Fe3+ / Fe2+ is positive but
small. Hence, Fe3+ is more stable than Mn3+ but less stable than Cr3+. Thus, the stability
follows the order.
Cr3+ > Fe3+ > Mn3+
(b) Oxidation potentials for the given pairs will be +0.9V, +1.2V, and +0.4V. Thus the order
of getting oxidised will be
Mn > Cr > Fe
2. (i) Why do transition elements show variable oxidation states?
(ii) Why do most transition metal ions exhibit para magnetism?
(iii) How is the magnetic moment of a species related to the number of unpaired electrons?
(i) This is because ns and (n-1) d orbitals do not differ much in energy. Electrons from both
may take part in bonding. Hence, they show variable valency.
111 Unit - 4
(ii) This is because of presence of unpaired electrons in most of the transition metal ions.
(iii)   n  n  2  BM, where n stands for the number of unpaired electrons.
3. (i) Why is copper (z=29) considered as transition element?
(ii) K2 PtCl6 is well - known compound while corresponding Ni compound is not known.
(iii) Why is radius of Fe2+ less than that of Mn2+?
(iv) Why is electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4 not correct for the groud
state of Cr (Z-24)?
(i) This is because Cu2+ ion has incomplete d - orbital
(ii) This is because Pt4+ is more stable than Ni4+
Energy required to remove 4 electrons is less and that in Ni more.
(iii) This is because effective nuclear charge in Fe2+ is more compared to that in Mn2+
(iv) Correct electronic configuration is 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 because half - filled
configuration is more stable than others.
4. (i) Which trivalent cation is the largest in lanthanoid series?
(ii) One unpaired electron in atom contributes a magnetic moment of 1.1 B.M. Calculate
the magnetic moment of Cr. (Atomic number = 24)
(iii) In a paramagnet ion, all the bonds formed between Mn and O are covalent. Give
reasons.
(i) La3+ is the largest ion
(ii) As Cr has 6 unpaired electrons, its magnetic moment is 6 × 1.1 = 6.6 B.M.
(iii) Oxidation state of Mn is MnO4  is +7. It is energitacally not possible to lose 7 electrons
to give ionic species. It forms bonds by sharing of elctrons. Hence, covalent bonds are
formed.
5. (i) The electronic configuration of Co2+ and Cu2+ is d7 and d1, respectively. Which of
these ions is expected to be more paramagnetic?
(ii) What is the most stable oxidation state of Mn (z = 25)
(iii) Which of the following ions is paramagnetic? Sc3+ (Z = 21), Cu+ (Z = 29)
(i) Co2+ has 3 unpaired electrons while Cu+ has 1 unpaired electron. Therefore,Co2+ is
more paramagnetic than Cu2+
(ii) +7
(iii) Neither contains unpaired electrons. Therefore, neither of them is paramagnetic.
6. (i) Name the metal with tripositive charge represented by the following electronic
configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3
(ii) Why is K2Cr2O7 generally preferred over Na2Cr2O7 in volumetric analysis though
both are oxidising agents?
(iii) Why does V2O5 act as catalyst?
(i) Cr3+ is represented by the configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3
(ii) Na2Cr2O7 absorbs moisture from the atmosphere.
(iii) It can form unstable intermediates with the reactants which readily change into products.
Unit - 4 112
7. Explain the following observations.

(a) The elements of the d - series exhibit a large number of oxidation states than the
elements of f - series.
(b) The Cu+ salts are colourless while Cu2+ salts are coloured (Atomic number of [Cu=29]
(a) In d - series there are large number of unpaired electrons which take part in bond
formation due to less effective nuclear charge, therefore, number of oxidation states are
more. In f - block, there is more effective nuclear charge due to poor shielding effect of
f - orbitals. Therefore, less number of electrons take part in bond formation.
(b) Cu+ does not have unpaired electtron, therefore the electrons cannot undergo d-d
transitions. That is why, Cu+ salts are colourless. Cu2+ salts are coloured due to presence
of one unpaired electron, it can undergo d-d transition by absorbing light from visible
region and radiating blue colour.
8. How do you account for the following?
(i) All Scandium salts are white [Atomic number of Sc=21]
(ii) The first ionisation energies of the 5d transition elements are higher than those of the
3d and 4d transition elements in respective groups.
(i) In Scandium Salts, Scandium has +3 oxidation state. Sc3+ does not have unpaired elecrons
and has empty d - orbitals. Therefore, there is no d-d transition, Hence its salt are white.
(ii) Due to poor shielding effect of 5d and 4f - electrons, effective nuclear charge increases,
Hence, ionisation energy of 5d transition elements is more than that of 3d and 4d
transition elements in respective groups.
9. How would you account for the following Situations?
(i) The transition metals generally form coloured compounds.
(ii) With 3d4 configuration, Cr2+ acts as a reducing agent, actinoids exhibit a larger number
of oxidation agent.
(iii) The actinoids exhibit a larger number of oxidation states than the corresponding
lanthanoids.
(i) Transition metals contain unpaired d-electrons. The d - electrons absorb light from the
visible range and are excited to higher energy d - orbitals (from t2g to eg orbitals).
Transmitted light is the colour shown by the transition metals.
(ii) Cr2+ has d4 configuration while Cr3+ has more stable d5 configuration. Thus Cr, has a
tendency to change from Cr2+ to Cr3+ or Cr2+ acts as reducing agent. Mn3+ has a d4
configuration. It has a tendency to change into Mn2+ with more stable d5 configuation.
Thus, Mn3+ acts as an oxidising agent.
(iii) Actinoids exhibit a larger number of oxidation states than the corresponding lanthanoids
because 5f, 6d and 7s levels are comparable energies.
10. A Violet compound of manganese (A) decomposes on heating to liberate oxygen and
compound (B) and (C) of manganese are formed. Compound (C) reacts with KOH in
presence of potassium nitrate to give compound.
113 Unit - 4
(B) On heating compound (C) with Conc. H2SO4 and NaCl, Chlorine gas is liberated and
a compound (D) of manganese along with other products is formed. Identify
compounds (A) to (D) and also explain the reactions involved.
The compounds A,B,C and D are given as under : A = KMnO4, B = K2MnO4, C = MnO2,
D = MnCl2
The reactions are explained as under :
2KMnO4  
 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
(A) (B) (C)
MnO2+ 4NaCl + 4H2SO4  2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
MnO2+ 4NaCl + 4H2SO4  MnCl2 + 2NaHSO4+ 2H2O + Cl2
11. When a chromite ore (A) is fused with Sodium Carbonate in free excess of air and the
product is dissolved in water, a yellow solution of compound (B) is obtained. After treatment
of this yellow solution with sulphuric acid, compound (C) can be crystallized from the
solution. When compound (C) is treated with KCl, orange crystals of compound (D)
crystallises out. Identify (A) to (D) and also explain the reactions.
The compounds A,B,C and D are given as under
A = FeCr2O4 B = Na2CrO4 C = Na2Cr2O7 - 2H2O D = K2Cr2O7
The reactions are explained as under :
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2 CO3 + 7O2  8Na2 CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
(A) (B)
2NaCrO4 + 2H  Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
+

(C) (D)
12. Explain the following facts :
(a) Transition metals acts as catalysts.
(b) Chromium group elements have the highest melting points in their respective series.
(c) Transition metals form coloured complexes.
(a) Transition metals have incomplete d-orbitals. They combine with the reactants to form
intermediate products which change into the final products.
(b) Chromium group elements have the greatest number of unpaired electrons in d-orbitals.
They ae capable of forming maximum interatomic metallic bonds. This raises the melting
point of the chromium group elements.
(c) Transition metals have incompletely filled d-orbitals and have unpaired electrons which
are excited to higher energy d-orbitals in the same sub-shell (from t2g to eg). These are
called d-d transitions. During this process, the molecules absorb energy from the visible
region. The transmitted light is the colour shown by the substance.
Unit - 4 114
13. Discuss the structure of dichromate ion :

(i) Both dichromate and chromate ions are oxo anions of chromium and they are oxidising
agents.
(ii) In these ions Cr is in +6 oxidation state.
(iii) In aqueous solution these ions are interconversible.
(iv) In alkaline solution chromate ion is predominate.
(v) In acidic solution dichromate ion is predominate.
14. Discuss the oxidising power of KMnO4 in
a) Acidic medium b) neutral medium c) alkaline medium
a) Acidic medium
It oxidises ferrous salt to ferric salt
2MnO4  + 10Fe2+ + 16H+  2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ + 8H2O
b) Neutral medium :
It oxidises H2S to sulphur
2MnO4  + 3H2S  2MnO2 + 3S + 2OH  + 2H2O
c) Alkaline medium :
In the presence alkali the permanganate is convert into maganate ion.
MnO4  + 2H2O + 3e   MnO2 + 4OH 
***
115 Unit - 4

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EC CHEMISTRY

This special guide is prepared

Whatever change in the question pattern

Vivek Illam, No. 19, Raj Nagar, N.G.O. ‘A’ Colony,

Unit Title Page

4 Transition and Inner Transition Elements 88

5 Coordination Chemistry 116

6 Solid State 154

7 Chemical Kinetics 188

PART - I - TEXT BOOK EVALUATION

8. Wolframite ore is separated from tinstone by the process of

II. Answer the following questions

10. Explain the electrometallurgy of aluminium.

Zr(s) + 2I2(s)  ZrI4(Vapour)

III. Evaluate yourself

Part - II - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

2. Ore of metal Name Answer

3. Concentration Ore Answer

4. Purification Metal Answer

II. Fill in the blanks Answer

III. Pick out the odd man out

iii)In alkali leaching aluminium forms an insoluble complex.

36. Which of the following is not an ore of iron?

47. Concentration of gold ore is done by

7. What are the steps involved in the extraction of crude metal?

14. What is auto reduction of metallic ores?

15. What is refining process of a metal?

3. Write about alkali leaching?

6. Write about smelting.

7. Write about Ellingham diagram.

10. Write the applications or uses of aluminium.

2. How is copper extracted from is ore.

3. Explain the thermodynamic principle of metallurgy.

PART - I TEXT BOOK EVALUATION

I. Choose the correct answer

10. The repeating unit in silicone is

17. Duralumin is an alloy of

i) The valency of the element is greater than or equal to two.

7. Give the structure of CO and CO2.

8. Give the uses of silicones.

9. AlCl3 behaves like a Lewis acid. - Substantiate this statement.

13. Write a note on metallic nature of p-block elements.

Group Non metals Metalloids Metals

b. Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O Na2SO3 + 4H3BO3

d. B2H6 + 6CH3OH 2B(OCH3)3 + 6H2

e. 4BF3 + 3H2O H3BO3 + 3HBF4

f. HCOOH + H2SO4 CO + H2O + H2SO4

h. SiCl4 + 4C2H5OH Si(OC2H5)4 + 2Cl2

i. 2B + 6NaOH 2Na3BO3 + 3H2

15. How will you identify borate radical?

16. Write a note on zeolites.

Compund Formula Name

20. CO is a reducing agent. Justify with an example.

PART - II ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

3. Group 18 elements are inert because of their

15. The strongest oxidising agent among halogens is

27. Boranes are _______ compounds.

40. The structure of CO2 molecule is

3. Pick the odd man out

 So they are more stable and least reactive.

13. How does diborane react with ammonia at low temperature?

Example: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O Potash alum

26. Write the uses of silicon tetra chloride.

 Chlorine reacts with hot NaOH to give sodium chlorate