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Fundamental Theorems of Cal ulus

Integration and di erentiation are, in a sense, inverse operations.
Theorem (First Fundamental Theorem of Cal ulus.) : Let f 2 R on [a; b℄. For a  x  b,
let F (x) = a f (t)dt. Then F is ontinuous on [a; b℄ and if f is ontinuous at x0 then F is
Rx

di erentiable at x0 and F 0(x0) = f (x0).

Proof Suppose M = supfjf (x)j : x 2 [a; b℄g. Let a  x < y  b. Then
Z y

jF (y) F (x)j = j f (t)dtj  M (y x):

x
Thus jF (x) F (y)j  M jx yj for x; y 2 [a; b℄. Hen e F is ontinuous, infa t uniformly
ontinuous.
Now suppose f is ontinuous at x0 . Given  > 0 hoose Æ > 0 su h that
jt x0 j < Æ ) jf (t) f (x0)j < :
Let x be su h that 0  jx x0 j < Æ. Then
F (x) F (x0 ) 1 Z x

f (x0 ) = [f (t) f (x0 )℄dt < :

x x0 x x0 x 0

This implies that F 0(x0 ) = f (x0 ). 

In the previous theorem, in a sense, we obtain f by di erentiating integral of f when
f is ontinuous on [a; b℄. A fun tion F su h that F 0 (x) = f (x) 8 x 2 [a; b℄ is alled an
antiderivative of f on [a; b℄: The existen e of the antiderivative for a ontinuous fun tion on
[a; b℄ follows from the rst F.T.C.
If an integrable fun tion f has the antiderivative (and if we an nd it), then al ulating
its integral is very simple. The se ond F.T.C. explains this.
Theorem (Se ond Fundamental Theorem of Cal ulus):R bLet f 2 R on [a; b℄. If there is a
di erentiable fun tion F on [a; b℄ su h that F 0 = f then a f (x)dx = F (b) F (a).
Proof Let  > 0. Choose a partition P of [a; b℄ su h that U (P; f ) L(P; f ) < . Now
there exists a i 2 [xi 1 ; xi℄ su h that F (xi) F (xi 1) = f ( i)
xi . Hen e
X
f ( i )
xi = F (b) F (a):

But we know that Z

(
L P; f ) f dx  U (P; f )
and X
(
L P; f ) f ( i)
xi  U (P; f ):
Therefore Z b

jF (b) ()
F a j
f dx < :
a
This ompletes the proof. 
It is lear from the se ond F.T.C. that why the inde nite integral of F 0 is de ned to be
F: