1.

Revisiting the chosen velocity

field

1.1 Velocity field and Void fraction field

At every height the function for the vertical liquid velocity looks like:

1
ulz = ulzm fu (1.1)
max(fu )

Where:

∞
X
exp −((x − n∆x,noz )2 + y 2 )/b2


fu = (1.2)
n=−∞

∆x,noz is the distance between nozzles in the pipe. So the velocity field is basically a
superposition of individual sources.
for the void fraction we get:

1
g = gm f (1.3)
max(f )

Where:

∞
X
exp −((x − n∆x,noz )2 + y 2 )/b2 λ2


f = (1.4)
n=0

The sum of symmetrical functions will yield a symmetrical function under the conditions
of summing them along the axis where the function is symmetrical. So if we have
a function which is symmetrical along the x-axis (f (x, y) = f (x, −y)) summing that
function with itself although shifted gives a symmetrical function (f (x, y) + f (x + δ, y) =
f (x, −y) + f (x + δ, −y).

1
If a symmetrical function along the y-axis is being summed with itself the sum of those
functions will be symmetrical if the distance between the origin of the functions is constant
and if the line of symmetry is in the middle between the sources. So if we have 2 sources
the line of symmetry will be between both sources, if we have 3 sources with equal distance
the symmetry line crosses the origin of the second source.
For the proposed function the lines of symmetry will be x = 0 and y = 0.
The product of symmetrical functions will be symmetrical if they have the same axis of
symmetry.
The derivative of a symmetrical function is diagonally symmetrical (if f (x) = f (−x) then
df (x)/dx = −df (x)dx).

1.2 Momentum
The momentum can be found in accordance with Chu and Prosperetti as:
Z
Mz = l ū2lz dA (1.5)
A

Further we have the change in momentum being a consequence of the buoyancy force of
the gas phase:

∂Mz
= Bg (1.6)
∂z
Where
Z
Bg = g gdA (1.7)
A

Since the velocity profile is defined along the entire horizontal plane we get:
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
∂
l ū2lz


dxdy = g gdxdy (1.8)
∂z −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞

Compared to the Bohne derivation we get:

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
∂
γρl l ū2lz


dxdy = g ρl gdxdy (1.9)
∂z −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞

2
1.3 Mass
The governing equation for mass conservation is given by eq 2 in Bohne 2020.

∇ · (l ρl ūl ) = 0 (1.10)

In the cylindrical case we have:

1 ∂ ∂
(rl ρl ūlr ) + (l ρl ūlz ) = 0 (1.11)
r ∂r ∂z
The equivalent Cartesian case gives:

∂ ∂ ∂
(l ρl ūlx ) + (l ρl ūly ) + (l ρl ūlz ) = 0 (1.12)
∂x ∂y ∂z

Integration over the horizontal plane gives:

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
∂ ∂ ∂
(l ρl ūlz )dxdy = − (l ρl ūlx )dxdy − (l ρl ūly )dxdy
∂z −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞ ∂x −∞ −∞ ∂y
| {z }
entrainment????
(1.13)
All in plane (x, y) movement can be considered entrainment where the entrainment can
be replaced by: αρl ulzm P with P the perimeter:
Z ∞ Z ∞
∂
(l ρl ūlz )dxdy = αρl ulzm P (1.14)
∂z −∞ −∞

The perimeter, P , can be found by taking the length of the contour of a certain bounding
vertical velocity, for example in round plumes the bounding vertical velocity is the velocity
at its half width b leading to a contour length of 2πb.

1.4 Gasfraction

1.4.1 Small bubbles

The governing equation for the gas fraction of small bubbles is given by:

g2 g1 2g1

∇ · (ρg g1 ug1 ) = Z2 ρg g2 − 0.9024r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg − 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg (1.15)
ν̄2 ν̄2

3
In cylindrical coordinates using axial symmetry we would get:

1 ∂ ∂
∇ · (ρg g1 ug1 ) = (rρg g1 ug1r ) + (ρg g1 ug1z ) (1.16)
r ∂r ∂z
In Cartesian coordinates this leads to:

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ · (ρg g1 ug1 ) = (ρg g1 ug1x ) + (ρg g1 ug1y ) + (ρg g1 ug1z ) (1.17)
∂x ∂y ∂z
Integrating both sides over the horizontal plane gives:

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
∂ ∂
(ρg g1 ug1x )dxdy + (ρg g1 ug1y )dxdy+
−∞ −∞ ∂x −∞ −∞ ∂y
Z ∞ Z ∞
∂
(ρg g1 ug1z )dxdy = (1.18)
∂z −∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞ 2g1
g2 g1
Z2 ρg g2 − 0.9024r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg − 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg dxdy
−∞ −∞ ν̄2 ν̄2

In the case of a symmetrical velocity and void fraction field we get:

Z ∞ Z ∞
∂
(ρg g1 ug1z )dxdy =
∂z −∞ −∞
∞ ∞ (1.19)
2g1
Z Z
g2 g1
Z2 ρg g2 − 0.9024r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg − 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg dxdy
−∞ −∞ ν̄2 ν̄2

Since the derivatives of those fields are diagonally symmetric.

The vertical gas velocity can be approximated by: ugz = ūlz + urel,1 giving:

Z ∞ Z ∞
∂
(ρg g1 (ūlz + urel,1 ))dxdy =
∂z −∞ −∞
∞ ∞ (1.20)
2g1
Z Z
g2 g1
Z2 ρg g2 − 0.9024r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg − 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg dxdy
−∞ −∞ ν̄2 ν̄2

1.4.2 Large bubbles

We start from:

g2 g1 2g1

∇ · (ρg g2 ug2 ) = −Z2 ρg g2 + 0.9024r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg + 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg (1.21)
ν̄2 ν̄2

4
Following the same procedure as above we get:

Z ∞ Z ∞
∂
(ρg g2 (ūlz + urel,2 ))dxdy =
∂z −∞ −∞
∞ ∞ (1.22)
2g1
Z Z
g2 g1
−Z2 ρg g2 + 0.9024r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg + 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg dxdy
−∞ −∞ ν̄2 ν̄2

1.5 Mean bubble volume

1.5.1 Small bubbles

The governing equation is:

∇ · (ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1 ) = −Z1 ν̄1 ρg g1 + 0.3463r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )2g1 ρg + Z2 ρg g2 ν̄1
g2 g1 2g1 (1.23)
−0.9024r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg ν̄1 − 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg ν̄1
ν̄2 ν̄2

In cylindrical coordinates using axial symmetry we would get:

1 ∂ ∂
∇ · (ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1 ) = (rρg g1 ν̄1 ug1r ) + (ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1z ) (1.24)
r ∂r ∂z
In Cartesian coordinates we get:

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ · (ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1 ) = (ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1x ) + (ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1y ) + (ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1z ) (1.25)
∂x ∂y ∂z

Integrating both sides over the horizontal plane gives:

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞Z ∞
∂ ∂
(ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1x )dxdy + (ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1y )dxdy+
−∞ −∞ ∂x −∞ −∞ ∂y
Z ∞Z ∞
∂
(ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1z )dxdy =
−∞ −∞ ∂z
Z ∞Z ∞ (1.26)
−Z1 ν̄1 ρg g1 + 0.3463r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )2g1 ρg + Z2 ρg g2 ν̄1 dxdy


−∞ −∞
Z ∞Z ∞
2g1

g2 g1
−0.9024r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg ν̄1 − 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg ν̄1 dxdy
−∞ −∞ ν̄2 ν̄2

5
In the case of a symmetrical velocity and void fraction field around the x and y axis and
assuming ν̄1 (x, y, z) = ν̄1 (z) we get:

Z ∞ Z ∞
∂
(ρg g1 ν̄1 ug1z )dxdy =
∂z −∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
−Z1 ν̄1 ρg g1 + 0.3463r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )2g1 ρg + Z2 ρg g2 ν̄1 dxdy


(1.27)
−∞ −∞
Z ∞Z ∞
2g1

g2 g1
−0.9024r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg ν̄1 − 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg ν̄1 dxdy
−∞ −∞ ν̄2 ν̄2

Since the derivatives of those fields are diagonally symmetric.

The vertical gas velocity can be approximated by: ugz = ūlz + urel,1 giving:

Z ∞ Z ∞
∂
(ρg g1 ν̄1 (ūlz + urel,1 )dxdy =
∂z −∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
−Z1 ν̄1 ρg g1 + 0.3463r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )2g1 ρg + Z2 ρg g2 ν̄1 dxdy


(1.28)
−∞ −∞
Z ∞Z ∞
2g1

g2 g1
−0.9024r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg ν̄1 − 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg ν̄1 dxdy
−∞ −∞ ν̄2 ν̄2

1.5.2 Large bubbles

The governing equation is:

∇ · (ρg g2 ν̄2 ug2 ) = −2Z2 ν̄2 ρg g2 + 1.8048r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg g1 g2
(1.29)
+0.4250r2 (ν̄2 , ν̄2 )ρg 2g2 + 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg 2g1

Following the same procedure as for small bubbles we get:

Z ∞ Z ∞
∂
(ρg g2 ν̄2 (ūlz + urel,2 )dxdy =
∂z −∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
(−2Z2 ν̄2 ρg g2 + 1.8048r2 (ν̄2 , 5ν̄1 )ρg g1 g2 ) dxdy (1.30)
−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
0.4250r2 (ν̄2 , ν̄2 )ρg 2g2 + 3.1043r2 (ν̄1 , ν̄1 )ρg 2g1 dxdy


+
−∞ −∞

6
1.6 Domain, and suggested solving procedure
For planar plumes solving the equations will usually be done per meter length. But for
this case we need to be carfull to take an integer number of nozzle distances as the solving
length.