Chapters 1 5

SOUTH EAST-ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY
Crownlink Center 1 Fairview (in front of SM Fairview)

1100 Quezon City, Philippines
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter concisely discussed the problem and its background. It also includes the State-
ment of the Problem, Significance of the Study, Scope and Delimitations of the Study, Hypothesis
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and the Definition of terms which pertinent to and essential to the completion of this study.
Introduction
Have you ever tried using Organic Fertilizer in planting plants? What if we told you that
the animal waste can be a fertilizer that can be used as an Organic fertilizer for plants? As a key
component of agricultural sustainability, organic fertilizer contributes greatly to improving soil fer-
tility. Organic fertilizer is a type of fertilizer that focuses on cultivating your garden in order to
keep it rich in soil which helps the plant growth. This is accomplished by minimizing the use of
chemical fertilizers and pesticides in favor of products that nourish the soil and the organisms that
live in it. Animal manure is one of the most abundant sources of organic fertilizer. Manure is simply
animal waste that has been composted to remove germs and break it down to allow plants to absorb
it more quickly. Horse, chicken, cow, rabbit, sheep, and carabao feces are just a few examples of
animal manure that can be utilized as an organic fertilizer for plants. The finest manure for gardens
is chicken and cow manure, which has a nitrogen content that all plants require. This chicken and
cow manure was chosen as the part of our manure to be tested.
By 2050, the global population is estimated to reach 9.8 billion, according to the United
Nations World Prospects (2017). If we are to provide enough food for everyone, increasing agri-
cultural yields is critical. This increase would not be possible without carefully managed organic
fertilizers like manures, which can be very useful as soil amendments for improving soil quality
and providing nutrients for plant growth. In the same study cited from Prakash (2019) The indus-
trial revolution, followed by the green revolution, enhanced crop yield per unit area while simulta-
neously increasing the usage of chemical fertilizers in agriculture to meet the growing population's
food demands. One of the most significant obstacles to increasing agricultural production is a lack
of soil fertility. However, the widespread use of inorganic fertilizers in agriculture to ensure global
food security caused so many health problems and unrecoverable environmental pollution.
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In the Philippines, Marrone (2016) stated in her article on Borgen Magazine that water
contamination is a big issue. One of the main causes of water contamination is the use of chemical
fertilizers. When these chemicals are mixed with water, they form pollutants that are damaging to
plants and animals. Agriculture covers 32 percent of the Philippines' land mass, or 96,000 square
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kilometers, according to the Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA). In the Philippines,
population growth, urbanization, agricultural usage of chemical fertilizers, and industrialization
have all lowered water quality. She also stated the effects of water pollution cost the Philippines
$1.3 billion each year. The government continues to try to clean up the mess by imposing penalties
on polluters and imposing environmental taxes, but many issues remain unresolved.
In our study, there are some problems that may be encountered by the researchers. First, if
chicken and cow manure is not properly stored, it produces odors, greenhouse gases, and microbes,
all of which are harmful to the environment and human health. Most would agree that the smell of
manure is not pleasant, but describing the scent as dangerous is another thing entirely. The re-
searchers may have to tolerate the odor while it is decomposing as this is one of the negative effects
of composting. Second, the high salt levels of chicken and cow manure. Salt is necessary for animal
health. Often animals are fed more salt than they need and it is excreted. This results in high salt
levels in the manure. High levels of salt can damage or kill plants. Third, if we use fresh manure
that has not been properly composted it can burn the plants. Fresh manure has a very strong odor
and is harmful to plants because it contains high levels of nitrogen and ammonia that can burn
plants. Fresh manure has microbes in it that may be dangerous.
This research focused on the effectiveness of chicken and cow manure as an organic
fertilizer to plants. This study aims to determine the importance of using Organic fertilizer
especially the chicken and cow manure in the randomly selected plants. Furthermore, we will also
examine the effects and benefits of chicken and cow manure in assisting the plant growth. This
research willbe a great help to those people who genuinely enjoy planting plants. In addition, it will
also help the small farmers to save money by properly using manure as a fertilizer.
The mentioned dilemma above can be seen and observed across the country and the world.
Fertilizer is now a necessary component of contemporary agriculture in order to feed the world's
rising population. Chemical fertilizers enhance crop yields, but their excessive usage has hardened
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the soil, reduced fertility, strengthened insecticides, polluted air and water, and produced green-
house gases, causing health and environmental risks. In response, we researchers believe that or-
ganic fertilizers, particularly the usage of chicken and cow manure, as the best solution to avoid
soil pollution and many other threats to environment and life caused by overuse of chemical ferti-
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lizers. We want to determine that Chicken and cow manure can be an organic fertilizer which gar-
dening, growing plants healthy, natural food and crops could be possible.
Background of the Study
These days many people enjoy planting plants, most of them used Chemical fertilizers for
their plants because they believed that using chemical fertilizers allow to maximize their crop yield
on a specific piece of land the more the plant grows, the better. But when you used Manures and
other organic sources this will be a great help because it's used to improve soil fertilityand organic
matter content, as well as to provide micro nutrients and other growth factors not normally supplied
by inorganic fertilizers. Microbial development and nutrient turnover in soil may be aided by the
use of these items.
In our study we used 2 plants Alugbati (Malabar spinach) and Pechay (Chinese cabbage).
Now let's proceed to know or analyze what exactly is Alugbati and Pechay. First, Pechay in English
is called a “snow cabbage “, “Chinese chard” or even “Chinese white cabbage“. Its scientific name
is “Brassica Rapa“. Pechay is a vegetable that may be grown and harvested right in your own back-
yard. Growing your own garden may bring joy to even the most inexperienced gardener. Pechay is
a healthy and inexpensive supper to serve at your table in the Philippines. Second, Alugbati (Basella
alba) is particularly popular in Africa and Asia. You may not know this vegetable as alugbati,
though, as this is its common Filipino name. According to a January 2014 review in the Journal of
Applied Pharmaceutical Science, English names for this plant include Malabar spinach, Ceylon
spinach, Chinese spinach, Indian spinach, vine spinach, climbing spinach and cyclone spinach.
Alugbati is a leafy green plant that is most typically eaten in hotter climates. This vegetable is so
similar to spinach that it's sometimes called Malabar spinach. Alugbati, like spinach, provides a
wide range of minerals, antioxidants, and phytonutrients.
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The study undergoes in composting or making manures. The process of making chicken
andcow manure are the same. First the researcher will collect the Chicken or cow manure in their
coop and separate the fresh from the dried. Only the dried one will be collected. Following the
collection of the dried manure, we get the supplies ready for the manure heating process, such as
wood,charcoal, and a metal roof. In Hot composting, the dried manure of the chicken and cow
will be heated in metal roof beneath the wood and charcoal, it will be heated for 1 hour. After the
1 hour of heating, we removed the manure and pile it in the crates that will be used to store the
manure.We also add garden soil and rice hulls then mixed it on the manure so that it can absorb
smells from themanure and help it decomposes quickly leave it for two days. And lastly, If the
manure is dark crumbly substance that smells like soil it is safe to use in the garden, even on
vegetables.
Most of the farmers suddenly started to use manure as fertilizer, Thousands of years ago,
farmers utilized dung to fertilize their crops. Because fertilizer has become such an important ele-
ment of contemporary farming, people rarely consider where it originates from, how long it has
been used, or what impact it has on our food supply. Farmers' largest concern about fertilizer use
is how much it costs, how much is needed, and which fertilizer formulation to apply, given their
existing abilities to analyze their soil nutrient levels and then transform those soil test results into
trustworthy application recommendations. It hasn't always been this. The decomposition of dead
plants and animals produces manure. They primarily serve as a source of nutrition for the crops.
They assist in proper crop cultivation. The addition of manure to the soil allows it to hold more
water. Acids in organic manures' breakdown nutrients in soil and make them available to plants.
Manure has good impacts on the soil as well. Nutrients are released as manure is absorbed by the
soil. This improves the soil, which benefits the plants. The ability to condition the soil is the most
important benefit of utilizing manure in the garden. Mixing manure with sandy soils, for example,
aids in moisture retention. When you add manure to compacted soil, it helps to loosen it up. Manure
increases soil carbon, which is an important source of energy that allows plants to access nutrients.
Manure-based fertilization could be used instead of mineral fertilizers to boost maize yields
while also improving the soil environment and quality. Organic-inorganic compound fertilizers
have been demonstrated in studies to not only reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers, but also to
improve the efficiency and long-term sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. A five-year study
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found that organic fertilizer treatments boosted yield and SOC by 126 percent and 7%, respectively,
as compared to chemical fertilizer treatments. (Geng et al. 2019).
People nowadays used chemical fertilizers for their plants and based on the study we gath-
ered. There are some same issues in other country. Based on china, In underdeveloped nations,
most farmers choose to use chemical fertilizers over organic fertilizers, mostly because they fear
losing money if they use organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. Policymakers must now
devise measures to encourage farmers to use organic fertilizers rather than chemical fertilizers.
(Elsevier, 2018). In Philippines also most of the farmers they prefer to use inorganic instead of
organic. Because of the easily available nutrients in the materials and the convenience of applica-
tion, most Filipino corn farmers prefer to utilize inorganic fertilizer to increase the production of
their crops. Farmers, on the other hand, are unwilling to employ inorganic fertilizer alone due to its
high cost and, at times, limited supply caused by both energy crisis and socioeconomic restraints.
As a result, it is important to combine it with organic fertilizer in order to compensate for the soil's
low fertility (Biñas, 2021). By the result of these studies their results indicate that by the use of
inorganic, chemical fertilizers that may improve sustainable soil productivity and crop yield in
country.
Some Filipinos nurture their plants using organic fertilizer. The efficacy of organic
fertilizer in Benguet, Philippines is proved in this study. Organic liquid organic fertilizers and
Trichoderma were tested on cabbage grown on a farm undergoing organic conversion. The organic
liquidfertilizer was applied 15 days after planting and every two weeks until cabbage heads had
developed at a rate of 60 milliliters per liter of water. This nutrition management strategy provided
essential nutrients during critical growth and reproductive periods, leading in increased yields and
cabbage head formation. This nutrient management technique provided crucial nutrients to the
crops during critical development and reproductive seasons, resulting in yields that were
comparable to those on conventional farms. (Mountain Journal of Science and Interdisciplinary
Research, 2019).
This study is needed to conduct for us to know what will be the help and effect of using
this manure as an organic fertilizer and to prove more to every farmer that by the use of organic
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fertilizer it improves crop productivity. The manure adds nutrients to the soil without affecting its
fertility. It does not damage the crops and produces healthy plants. Fertilizers are chemicals which
lower the fertility of the soil if used regularly. They also damage the crops and make them unhealthy
for consumption. By the help of this research this will be a way to people to know that this manure
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can be a good help for their plants to enhance the growth and develop plants properly.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of chicken and cow manure as an organic
fertilizer to randomly selected plants (S.Y. 2021-2022).
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the mean height of plants after the treatment of chicken and cow manure as fertilizer?
2. Is there a significant difference in the height of the plants in experimental and controlled group?
3. Is there a significant difference in the number of leaves in experimental and controlled group?
Significant of the Study
The generalization of this present study would be a great contribution to the huge body of
knowledge about animal manure as a soil amendment for improving soil quality and providing
nutrients for plant growth.
Benefiting the study are the various sectors as follows:
To the Farmers:
Farmers will benefit greatly from this study. Because they are engaged in agriculture,
raising living organisms for food or natural resources, and they promote and improve the growth
of plants, land, and crops. Animal manure can help farmers enhance their profits by providing a
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low cost alternative source of soil nutrients, as well as manure that will contribute nutrients to their
landwhile causing no harm to anyone.
To the Students:
Planting plants and gardening is something that some students enjoy and do on a regular
basis. They will have a deeper understanding about why it is important to use chicken and cow
manure as an organic fertilizer for plants, as well as how it goes through the process of creating and
sustaining a beautiful and healthy plant. As a student in this country, they must understand how to
use this fertilizer and how it will benefit our environment and the world in which we live.
To the Parents:
Gardening is an excellent stress reliever for a parent. Organic manures can be very
beneficial to them when a family raises chickens and cow, they have a ready supply from
composted or aged manure to benefit their garden and landscape plants. They can also teach their
children to useorganic fertilizer because it contains a moderate amount of plant essential nutrients.
To the Future Researchers:

The findings of this study will give additional information for future researchers who wants
to conduct further research on the related field.
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Scope and Delimitations of the Study
This study mainly focused on the efficacy of chicken and cow manure as an Organic Fer-
tilizer to plants. This study aims to determine the importance and effectiveness of using Organic
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Fertilizer especially the animal manure in the randomly selected plants. The researchers used a
convenience sampling strategy, in which we chose a sample based on the plants' availability. The
study employed True Experimental design using a Post-test only control group where two plants,
Alugbati and Pechay, were separated and treated differently. In this research design there are at
least two groups: Experimental and Controlled group. The observation of plants will last for one
and a half months to see if there is a significant difference in the growth of the plants and number
of leaves in the experimental and controlled group. After the lengthy procedure, we will conduct a
post-test to assess the plants' response to the application of chicken and cow manure as a fertilizer.
A field of experiment will be conducted at Block 7 Lot 1 Lower Sampaguita Ext, Barangay Payatas,
Quezon city, Metro Manila.
The study will not cover the other manure that can be used as plant fertilizers, such as
Carabao manure due to lack of its foreign and local studies, Horse, Rabbit, Goatsmanure since we
don't have any sources to formulate the manure of these animals. This study will also not cover the
other Organic Fertilizer like the egg shells, banana peels, slurry, worm castings, peat, seaweed,
guano and kitchen scraps since the only materials that is available and focus of our research is the
Chicken and Cow manure as an Organic Fertilizer to plants. Furthermore, the Alugbati and Pechay
plants that will be tested for the effectiveness of chicken and cow manure as organic fertilizer were
chosen due to the availability of seeds and home.
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Hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis tested in this study are:
1. The mean height of the plants after the treatment of chicken and cow manure increases.
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2. There is a significant difference between the height of plants in experimental and controlled
group.
3. There is a significant difference between the number of leaves in experimental and controlled
group.
Definition of Terms
For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined both conceptually
and operationally in the context of this research.
Alugbati
The scientific name of alugbati is Basella alba. This plant is also known as Malabar Spin-
ach. It is an edible perennial vine in the family Basellaceae. It is an experimented plant with a heart
shaped leaves which grow along in the purple stem.
Chemical Fertilizer
It is also known as Synthetic/Inorganic Fertilizer. A fertilizer consisting of inorganic chem-
icals typically compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. These fertilizers are made up of chemical
nutritional components that have been extracted artificially.
Controlled Group
The control group is composed of participants who do not receive the experimental treat-
ment. It refers to the group of plants that do not have a treatment or application of chicken and cow
manure as a fertilizer
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Experimental Group
It receives the treatment whose effect the researcher is interested in. It refers to the group
of plants that has a treatment or application of chicken and cow manure as a fertilizer.
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Hot Composting
It is a type of composting which destroys disease-causing organisms essentially by cooking
or heating the manure. This method of composting is used in this study especially to the manures to be
composted in a short period of time.
Manure
It is an organic matter that is utilized in agriculture as an organic fertilizer. This study is
made up of experimental chicken and cow feces.
Organic Fertilizer
It is made from natural materials produced from the remains or byproducts of natural or-
ganisms that provide the nutrients necessary for plant growth. Animal manure, egg shells, wood
ash, rice hull and other materials can be used.
Pechay
The scientific name of pechay is Brassica rapa. The pechay vegetable is also known as
bokchoy, bok choy, bok choi, pakchoi, pakchoy, or petsay in tagalog. It is an experimented small
vegetable plant with green leafy leaves with white stems.
Rice Hull
It is the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice. It is usually mixed in a compost of
chicken and cow manure.
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CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES
This chapter concisely discussed the review of related literature and studies both local and
foreign sources. It also includes Conceptual framework, Synthesis and Relevant of the Reviewed
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Literature and Studies which pertinent to and essential to the completion of this study.
Our study focused on the effects of organic fertilizer to plants like manure. The purpose of
our study is to determine the effects of using chicken and cow manure as fertilizer. We all know
that most of the farmers used chemical fertilizers for their plants even though it is expensive ferti-
lizers or not the farmers still used them to makes sure that the plants will grow and develop properly.
We the researchers will look for ways to prove to all people who enjoy planting plants and also to
all farmers that using manures as organic fertilizer like manures can't damage their plants and safe
to used.
According to Pangga et al. (2015) they define organic fertilizer such as animal manure as
beneficial to our environment and plant as it allows for a more uniform and efficient application
for plants growth. It also releases nutrients slowly over time as plants need them and they are more
stable aggregates for plants. They also added in their study the Potential Impact to Organic Agri-
culture of organic fertilizer like manures such as it promotes the recycling of animal and plant
wastes and the use of organic fertilizer to avoid soil pollution and eutrophication, established tech-
nology for producing high-quality organic fertilizer from animal farms which meets the crop re-
quirement and demand of farmers and the improvement of Soil Quality leading to better Soil
Health, Plant Health and Ecosystem Health. However, not all organic fertilizers are beneficial to
our plants and the environment. Organic fertilizer and manure are exposed to minimum physical
and chemical treatment, and they may include pathogens. In the study of Carlos et al. (2019) he
tested 27 fertilizers to see which are confirmed positive for the presence of salmonella, it is bacteria
that can be found in organic fertilizer, posing a chance of infection on freshly organic vegetable.
As the result of his study 9 out of 27 fertilizers are confirmed infected. This shows that multidrug-
resistant Salmonella can occur in organic fertilizer, which can potentially contaminate organically
grown fresh produced. In conclusion of their study, they emphasize the advantages and disad-
vantage of using Organic Fertilizer in plants and how it affects to human and environment.
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In Ilocos Norte, Adriano (2021) stated in his article the former program participants claim
that after switching to organic farming, their harvests have increased by 20 to 30 percent which
indicated that organic fertilizer is much more effective at the same time helps our environment. As
a producer of high-value crops like string beans, ampalaya, Chinese pechay and papaya among
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others, Lyndon Madrid, an organic farmer from Dingras town, said taking good care of the soil has
been working wonders because it pays to have a good soil it also defines the quality of harvest. In
conclusion, it is concluded that the more applied organic fertilizer, the more you get benefits from
it. Madrid uses a mixture of carbonized rice hull, animal manure and organic fertilizer to improve
the fertility of his farmland. Nothing is discarded as he converts all wastes into fertilizers. In Isabela,
there are Department of the Philippines who teaches Filipinos on how to properly used Organic
fertilizer like animal manure to plants and how to manage it.
Capurian (2021) stated in his article that the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) and Provincial Science and Technology Center (DOST-PSTC Isabela), in partnership with
the National Irrigation Administration- Isabela Irrigation recently trained farmers of Barangay Dib-
ulo, Dinapigue, Isabela on Organic Fertilizer and Production of Natural Farm Inputs. The goal of
their training is to support the Organic Agriculture and to provide the development and promotion
of organic agriculture in the Philippines. Participants were able to attend lectures on how to make
organic fertilizer in order to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and chemicals, which can be
damaging to plants and animals in the long run. The training was particularly relevant because
farming is one of the country's key economic activities, providing opportunity for farmers and their
families. Overall organic fertilizers are substances that can be put to soil or plants to increase nu-
trient levels and promote growth.
In the article of Malabanan (2017) he stated the in Pampanga they used Chicken manure
as a fertilizer and it also being sold as a fertilizer in vegetable crops. It will be processed in the plant
and converted into organic fertilizer for distribution to various vegetable farms in Pampanga and
surrounding areas in Central Luzon. The initial operations, according to businessman Jojo Soliman
of the Sta. Monica Farm Products Corporation, stated that the main focused of their operation is on
the manufacturing of organic fertilizers. Soliman also included that the procedure would take one
week to convert chicken dung into organic fertilizer. Soliman encouraged local farmers to enter
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into vegetable farming by using chicken manure as ang organic fertilizer to plants. In conclusion
chicken manure can be turned into organic fertilizer and it can also inspire our farmers to utilize
organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers.
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In the study of Ngohayon et al. (2015) they evaluated the effect of Indigenous microorgan-
ism (IMO) in decomposing compost pile mixtures of farm wastes and plant materials with chicken
manure, rice hull, corn husk, IpilIpil dry leaves (Leucaena glauca), and Kakawati dry leaves
(Gliridia sepium) for the purpose of increasing nutrient content values of bio-organic fertilizer.
Nutrient analysis of compost residues after 30 days of decomposition, it showed the increased per-
centages of macro and micro nutrients with the application of Indigenous microorganism with
chicken manure applied. Ngohayon emphasizes the used of chicken manure for various purposes
to plants and how it also helps to bio-organic fertilizer.
According to Escasinas and Tampus (2019) the yields improve dramatically when Organic
Fertilizer like animal manure is used. Manure is put to the land just before planting, and it is plowed
deeper than in thick soils and greatly help in the plant growth. Their article shows the essence of
manure to farmers in the Philippines for it is the richest of all types, it should be stored properly in
order to expect a better yield for a low cost and effort. Laurean (2019) in his article in the Mountain
Journal of Science and Interdisciplinary Research he formulated an organic fertilizer to study the
support of organic vegetable production in Benguet, Philippines. A combination of 50% chicken
manure, 20% sawdust, and 20% sunflower leaves was tested. In the result of his experiment rates
of formulated organic fertilizers found effective for both cabbages. The organic liquid fertilizer was
applied at the rate of 60 ml per liter of water 15 days after planting and every two weeks thereafter
until cabbage heads have formed. Laurean concluded that the combination of organic fertilizer pro-
vided the crops essential nutrients during the critical growth and reproductive stages which resulted
to higher yields comparable to those produced in conventional farms.
In the Baguio, Philippines, chicken manure is also recommended for vegetable crops. Ac-
cording to the article of Pena (2018) he stated that Divina Jose, the research author of Evaluation
of Organic Fertilizers on Selected Highland Vegetables, concluded that the application of chicken
manure is recommended for lettuce, broccoli, and carrot to increase the heaviest weight of produce,
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resulting in the highest yield and the highest return on investment. From December 2013 to March
2016, she worked at the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) Buguias Seed farm and the BPI-Baguio
Experimental Farm. Her study's major goal was to assess the impact of organic fertilizers and cov-
ering materials on a variety of highland crops. Pena addressed that chicken manure is also used by
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fishpond owners as a less expensive alternative to artificial fertilizer. However, just like with plants,
manure cannot be administered in its unprocessed form. It should be treated in the same manner as
organic agricultural manure. In the article's conclusion, Pena emphasizes the usefulness and effi-
cacy of chicken manure to the lettuce, broccoli, and carrot that results in the largest output, as well
as how chicken manure may be utilized as an alternative to artificial fertilizer for fish food in ponds.
There was a study in which goat manure was used as an organic fertilizer for pechay plants,
however as we all know cows and goats have similarities, they are both domestic animals that are
herbivores and produce milk. In the study of Gonzales et al. (2015) He employed pechay plants
with five different treatments and repeated the process three times. There were no significant dif-
ferences in the petchay's height or leaf area, but the application of pure garden soil and manure had
an effect on the petchay's leaf area. The fertilized and pure soil-planted petchay leaf has more green
pigment, indicating that the pechay is healthy. This study might give further proof that most ferti-
lizers are safe to use and much more effective for our plants. This is especially useful for farmers
who aim to boost their harvests. Manure fertilizers it is without a doubt simple and safe to use.
According to Lewu et al. (2020) author of the book “Controlled Release fertilizer for Sus-
tainable Agriculture” stated that one of the serious concerns that the world is currently facing is the
negative effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment. Farmers have been using fertilizers since
ancienttimes, but the long-term usage of fertilizers had a negative impact on soil fertility. Buckler
and Ashitha et al. (2017) stated that the improper application of fertilizers, such as chemical
fertilizers, on farmlands had resulted in dangers that most people are unaware of. They stated that
one of the issues with chemical fertilizers is that they leak through the soil into groundwater and
other water sources, contaminating them. Using more chemical fertilizer than the plants require,
whether on a farm or on a lawn, can harm the environment and human health. Buckler and Ashitha
et al. (2017) believes that it is more prudent to seek organic alternatives and sustainable means of
fertilizing the soil.
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Finally, the importance of organic fertilizer was given emphasis by Ahmad and Theodore
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(2016) author of the book “Use of Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Fertility, Plant Growth, and
Yield in a Tropical Environment” they stated that as the expense of commercial fertilizer rises, a
growing number of food producers in Hawaii and the Pacific region have recognized the need for
locally accessible organic fertilizers to boost soil fertility, crop health, and production. Shifting
from conventional farming to organic farming like using animal manure provides numerous bene-
fits for human well-being, including environmental protection, soil fertility restoration through im-
proved physical, chemical, and biological qualities, and improved crop quality. Improving farmers'
knowledge and capacity to identify the quality of various fertilizers, as well as the needs of soil and
crops, are critical components of organic agriculture.
In Koelsch's (2020) article, he conducted a survey of 957 farmers and their advisory in the
United States and Canada to learn about the advantages and disadvantages of using manure ferti-
lizer. According to the findings of their poll, 99% of farmers and advisory regarded manure as
beneficial or slightly advantageous in meeting crop fertility needs. 92% of respondents said manure
was either good or slightly beneficial for increasing crop yields. The majority of people surveyed
said that they were Very or Moderately knowledgeable about these areas. Farmers and their advi-
sory agree on the importance of manure to the physical and biological qualities of the soil. Accord-
ing to the article and other findings of Koelsch more work is needed to assist farmers in connecting
different kind of animal manure to the soils that will gain the most in the organic matter in plants.
Finally, the usage of chicken and cow manure to plants was given emphasis by Til- ley
(2021) mentioned in her article the benefits of adding cow manure to the plants, stating that it will
contribute significant amounts of organic matter to the soil. It is possible to improve the soil's
moisture-holding capacity by adding compost cow manure into it. It allows the water less regularly
because the roots of the plants can use the extra water and nutrients as needed. She also concluded
that composted cow manure contains beneficial microorganisms that transform nutrients into easily
accessible forms, allowing them to be delivered slowly without burning fragile plant roots. Fur-
thermore, she stated that composting cow manure creates around one-third fewer greenhouse
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emissions, making it environmentally beneficial. Rhoades (2021), on the other hand, stated in the
same publisher Garden Know How that when it comes to manures, nothing is more desired for the
vegetable garden than chicken manure. Composting chicken feces allows the manure to break
down some more powerful nutrients, making them more usable by the plants. He claims that
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chicken manure is ideal for fertilizing vegetable gardens. Chicken manure for vegetable garden
fertilization will result in great soil for vegetable growth. He also stated that by utilizing chicken
manure as fertilizer, the crops will grow larger and healthier.
In the study of Agbo-Adediran et al. (2020) they examined the effect of poultry manure
and cow manure on the growth of Entandrophragma angolense or also known as Tiama Mahogany
tree plant. The study lasted a total of 12 weeks. Three weeks old seedlings at the two leaves of stage
were transplanted into pots with 2 kg of top soil and different quantities of poultry manure and cow
manure. Plant height, number of leaves, stem girth, and leaf area were assessed weekly. As a result
of their study cow manure is the best organic manure for developing Tiama Mahogany tree plant
seedlings in the nursery during their early growth stages.
There is a journal in which chicken and cow manure were utilized as fertilizer in different
kinds plants were employed. Hammad et al. (2018) employed manures as an alternative to synthetic
fertilizers in the International Journal of Vegetable Science. His study analyzed the effects of cow
manure, sheep manure, and chicken manure or litter on broccoli growth and productivity. The num-
ber of leaves and branches, plant weight, time to 50% head emergence, broccoli head weight and
diameter, protein and sulfur content in heads, and total yield were all determined. Plants treated
with chicken manure or litter had the largest heads (22 cm) and had the highest protein content
(32.2%). Chicken manure had a higher yield than sheep manure, whereas cow manure produced an
average yield. According to his study, chicken manure or litter and well as the cow manure, can be
employed to boost vegetative growth, produce quality, and quantity of broccoli plant.
Finally, Korzekwa (2021) stated that Lindsey Slaughter, a member of the Soil Science So-
ciety of America, went out with her fellow researchers to explore a method that kills two birds with
one stone. They experimented with putting excess cow manure on the soils to see if they could
improve their health. Overall, they discovered that manure increased soil organic carbon and the
quantity of microorganisms in the soil. Korzekwa stated that further research in this area is needed
16
to assist them build solutions that quickly and efficiently boost soil health and productivity in these
grasslands. On the other hand, In Indonesia Water spinach or also known as Ipomoea rep-tans
Poir had been tested. In the study of Pohan (2021) she tested it with the chicken and cow ma-
nure. Water spinach is identified as a nutritious vegetable with high demand. The Green House of
|
Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Negeri Medan,
did a study on the effect of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of water spinach. The goal
of their study is to find out which fertilizers and doses are most effective for water spinach devel-
opment and production. In the experiment they used cow manure, chicken manure and compost to
be tested. In the result of Pohan study, cow manure improved plant growth and yield greatly with
dose being the best treatment. Cow manure also increased the total chlorophyll content. In conclu-
sion Korzekwa and Pohan’s article highlights that applying chicken and cow manure can help in-
crease soil health and productivity.
According to Cagasan (2021) on Profitability of hybrid sweet corn production as applied

with combined organic and inorganic the study concluded that Inorganic fertilizers can be substi-
tuted with organic manures. As a result, sweetcorn grown with organic and inorganic fertilizers
from various sources performed well in terms of growth and production, according to a study con-
ducted by researchers at the University of Michigan. On the other hand, Biñas (2021) included that
in corn production, a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is recommended, particularly
for new hybrid varieties. The incorporation of organic materials into the soil may improve its fer-
tility and productivity, thereby increasing the yield and quality of the products. Organic fertilizer
can be used to compensate for the usage of inorganic fertilizer in corn cultivation. As a result,
combining organic and inorganic fertilizers on corn cultivation has been demonstrated to be bene-
ficial.
The reseachers gathered some related study, in the study of Paller and Abion (2019) in-
cluded Organic and conventional farming are both practiced in the Philippines, while varied inte-
grated farming is also being pushed. Animal dung is widely used as a fertilizer in organic farming,
whereas chemical fertilizers are used in conventional farming. These findings have implications
for food safety, and they could be utilized to assist the agriculture industry and other stakeholders
in improving food safety policies.
17
In the study of Panelo and Diza (2017) they stated that chicken manure and goat manure performed
the better material followed by cow manure and goat manure in terms of yield and net income.
Studies may also be conducted on other farm manures as well as on the integrated use of various
composts to determine their role in crop nutrition. These findings are consistent with the findings
|
that the increase in fruit volume was related to the increased mineral element content of the various
farm manures.
In the study of Padilla, Cañete, and Simbulan (2017) In the Valley, organic fertilizer comes
from input suppliers that are mostly animal raisers. Animal raisers can be from a household, a
business, a non-profit organization, or a person. Increased use of crop residues and biodegradable
wastes could reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers. On the other hand, according to Cedillo et al.
(2018) he also stated that the risks associated with animal waste are complicated, and if not handled
appropriately can harm individuals and the environment. The study demonstrated how densification
technology can be used to produce organic fertilizers from animal dung. When chemical commer-
cial fertilizer is unavailable, organic additions could be utilized as a substitute.
According to Regencia et al. (2021) Organic materials, when applied to the soil have vari-
ous beneficial impacts including increased soil fertility, a balanced supply of nutrients, and the
build-up of organic matter. In his study he experimented the Chinese pechay and how vermicasts
made from cow manure, sawdust, and shredded paper affected plant development and yield over a
period of 35 days or five weeks. Between the experimental and control groups, there was a highly
significant difference in plant height and yield. The plants treated with cow manure showed the
most obvious variations in yield and height. However, the results revealed that sawdust and shred-
ded papers did not exhibit any signs of as cow manure because the control group surpassed them.
Plants fed with vermicast made from cow manure grows taller and produces more biomass than the
other two experimental and control groups. Arcilla concluded and recommended that cow manure
can be utilized effectively as an organic fertilizer on fields, and farms.
Our study is working on experimental, the researchers have two plants named Alugbati and
Pechay. There are some related studies that the study has. For pechay, according to Bandera (2020)
The Philippines' Department of Trade and Industry has advised consumers to choose healthy meals
that are free of harmful chemicals. The study was carried out to assess the growth and yield
18
performance of Pechay when different types and levels of organic and inorganic fertilizers were
applied using different methods. Furthermore, the study's findings are being suggested to the Phil-
ippines' Department of Agriculture and Local Government Units for use in guiding farmers and
considering adopting the study's suggestions. Similarly, to the study Agloslos et al. (2021) Cow
|
dung can be used as an organic fertilizer on fields, farms, as well as by farmers. Researchers from
the University of Bristol studied vermicasts made from cow dung, sawdust, and shredded paper.
Results showed that sawdust and shredded papers performed poorly compared to cow manure. For
the Alugbati the researcher also has related study about this plant, according to Gonzaga et al.
(2015) Despite its numerous applications and potential value, its significance is underappreciated.
A study in Leyte has shown that mulching can have a significant impact on the growth and yield of
Alugbati grown in a rolling soil. This study focused on the effectiveness of chicken and cow manure
as an organic fertilizer to plants, similarly to the study of Mahajan et al., they also used Manure as
fertilizer but not like the plants that the researchers had.
According to the study of Shaji et al. (2021) they define Organic fertilizers as the mineral
sources that are found in nature and include a moderate amount of plant nutrients. They are capable
of resolving issues caused by synthetic fertilizers. This Organic fertilizer slowly release nutrients
into the soil solution, maintaining nutritional balance for crop plant growth. It also served as a good
source of energy for soil bacteria, which improves soil structure and crop growth. Incorrect appli-
cation of organic fertilizers, on the other hand, might result in over fertilization or nutritional short-
age in the soil. As a result, releasing organic fertilizers in a controlled manner is an effective and
advanced technique to mitigate these effects while maintaining a sustainable agriculture produc-
tion. Kumar et al. (2015) emphasizes the negative effects of chemicals fertilizer on human health
and the environment can only be reduced or eliminated by adopting new agricultural technological
practices such as shifting from chemical intensive agriculture to organic intensive agriculture,
which includes the use of organic inputs such as manure, bio fertilizers, bio pesticides, andslow-
release fertilizers which would improve fertilizer application and use efficiency. They statedthat
Organic farming can help to maintain a healthy natural environment and ecology for current and
future generations.
There are studies that used chicken and cow manure in different kinds of plants. Chicken
and cow manure is proven to be effective on different kinds of plants. In tomato celery tomato field,
19
the effect of chicken manure after various disposal methods on vegetable development and envi-
ronmental danger was evaluated. According to Li et al. (2017) organic fertilizers boosted vegetable
output and quality greatly, but improper application could pose a serious environmental danger,
such as nitrate pollution. But as a result of his study, it was suggested that chicken manure with
|
ROF treatment application as the optimal fertilizer with the best yield, quality and the least envi-
ronmental risk under the tomato celery plant. In Yellow Toplar, Hwang et al. (2020) stated in their
study that they conducted an experiment to see and characterize the co-composting process of
chicken manure with cow manure, swine manure, plant residues, and mushroom media on green-
house gas and ammonia emissions, compost quality, maturity, and their correlations. In his article,
he found that composting using chicken manure or a combination of chicken and cow manure
would be an effective composting strategy for enhancing compost quality in soil and promoting
health plant growth. According to his study's findings, either chicken manure alone or a combina-
tion of chicken and cow manure could be useful.
However, like people nothing is perfect, chicken and cow manure also have weaknesses
according to Han et al. (2016) Chicken and cow manures have shortcomings, such as slow decom-
position, low nutrient content, and varying nutrient compositions. However, chicken and cow ma-
nure has multiple benefits due to the balanced supply of nutrients, including micro nutrients. The
impacts of fertilization on nutrient concentrations in the leaves, stems, and roots were minor when
compared to the effects of fertilization on soil parameters. Green (2015) added that organic ferti-
lizers have lower nitrogen and phosphorus content than chemical fertilizers. Animal manures have
a higher variability in nutrient value than agricultural by-products. Manure nutrient value is affected
by the animal's food, the use and kind of bedding material, and the age of the manure.
In the study of Backrie et al. (2018) they study the effects cow manure in the Productivity
of Organic Rice in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Their study was conducted on a rice paddy field in
Simarasok Village, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, with the goal of determining the influence
of cow manure as an organic fertilizer on organic rice growth, yield component, and production.
The treatment consisted of organic fertilizer made from cow dung composted with local microbial
species. The Kuriak Kusuik rice variety was employed, and the following characteristics were ob-
served: leaf color score, plant height, maximum number of tillers, number of productive tillers, pan-
icle length, number of grains per panicle, percentage of empty grain, 1000 grain weight, and grain
20
yield. As a result of their study the organic fertilizer made from cow dung were discovered to have
a beneficial link with grain yield and he concluded that cow manure as an organic fertilizer to the
soil could result in an increase in output. In Tea Plantations, according to Zhang et al. (2020) he
stated that different fertilizers and seasons have an impact on the diversity and structure of soil
|
microorganisms. He conducted a research and applied cow manure to his tea plantations. In the
result of his study using cow manure in a tea plantation improves the diversity of soil bacteria while
also effectively regulating the structure of the soil bacterial community. Zhang concluded in his
study that cow manure fertilizer is better for tea plantations.
Finally, there is a related study in applying chicken and cow manure to Chinese cabbage
but it is the combination of chicken and cow manure. In West Java, Indonesia, researchers try to
blend chicken and cow manure as fertilizer for Chinese cabbage plants. Dianawati et al. (2019)
discovered the best sort of organic fertilizer for Chinese cabbage plants in their study. As a treat-
ment, a combination of chicken and cow manure, vermicompost, dry biogas waste, and wet biogas
waste was used. According to the findings of their study, the highest yield of Chinese cabbage was
achieved from dry biogas waste, but it was not statistically different from the result of combination
of chicken and cow manure. The best organic fertilizer in the plant, according to their research, is
dry biogas waste, but a combination of chicken and cow manure can substitute for it. Along with
Dianawati, the study of Maghfiroh, Billah, and Widhyahrini (2019) also used chicken manurein the
Green cabbage plant. Green cabbage productivity is linked to soil nutrient quality. Planting was
done in a plastic bag with chicken manure concentrations of percent in the soil. On the tenth day
after planting, the height was measured. As a result of their study they concluded that the green
cabbage grows with the use of chicken manure as fertilizer.
It was clear with the aforementioned related literature and studies that the excessive use of
chemical fertilizer can cause hardened the soil, reduced fertility, strengthened insecticides, polluted
air and water, and produced greenhouse gases, causing health and environmental risks. Yes, chem-
ical fertilizer may increase agricultural yields; however, as described in this chapter, excessive use
can harm us and our environment. As a result, we researchers suggest that organic fertilizers, par-
ticularly the use of chicken and cow manure, are the greatest way to avoid soil contamination and
other hazards to the environment and life caused by the overuse of chemical fertilizers. Chicken
and cow manure have been used in a variety of plants and have shown to be useful. Several studies
21
on the usefulness of chicken and cow manure on various types of plants supported this theory. In
this study, we will assess if chicken and cow manure can be used as an organic fertilizerfor
pechay and alugbati plants where gardening, producing healthy vegetables, natural food, and
crops would be possible.
|
22
Conceptual Framework
FIGURE 1: Schematic Diagram of the study
INPUT PROCESS
OUTPUT
I. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP I. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL I. FINDINGS OF THE

| (Soil with chicken and cow RESEARCH STUDY
manure) (Post test only Controlled
Group) a. Significant differences of
a. Pechay the growth of plants in
b. Alugbati II. HYPOTHESIS OF THE Experimental and Controlled
STUDY Group
b. Effects of the application
II. CONTROLLED GROUP III. DATA GATHERING of Chicken and Cow Manure
(Soil with no Chicken and METHODS c. Benefit of Chicken and
Cow Manure) Cow Manure as an Organic
a. Standardized observation fertilizer to Plants
a. Pechay b. Analysis and Interpretation
b. Alugbati of Data II. CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
III. CONTROLLED IV. TEST FOR
ENVIRONMENT SIGNIFICANT The Effectiveness of
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN chicken and cow manure as
a. Sunlight TWO GROUPS an organic fertilizer to plants
b. Water a. Measure number of leaves
c. Span of time b. Measure height of the plant
d. General surroundings
The present study utilizes IPO or Input-Process-Output. In the input table, it consists of the
chicken and cow manure which are the intervention of our study while the alugbati and pechay are
the plants to be experimented. The input table also includes the controlled environment which are
the sunlight, water, span of time, and general surroundings. On the other hand, the process includes
the procedures in gathering data using True Experimental Research Post-test only controlled group.
Standardized observation, analysis and interpretation of data are the gathering methods. It also in-
cludes the measuring of two group in terms of their significant difference in numbers of leaves and
the plant height. The output of the study will be the effect of chicken and cow manure as an organic
fertilizer to plants and also to measure the significant difference in the growth of plants between
the experimental and controlled group.
23
Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies
Our study is focused on the effectiveness of chicken and cow manure as an organic ferti-
lizer to plants. This study aims to determine the importance of using Organic fertilizer especially
|
the animal manure in the randomly selected plants. Furthermore, we will also examine the effects
and benefits of chicken and cow manure in assisting the plant growth. Stated below are the synthesis
of our reviewed literature and studies which pertinent to and essential to the completion of this
study.
Organic fertilizer is a type of fertilizer that focuses on cultivating the garden in order to
keep it rich in soil which helps the plant growth. There are people who defined organic fertilizer by
its usage as well as the good and bad effects in our plants. According to Shaji et al. (2021) they
define organic fertilizer as a good source of soil energy for soil bacteria, which improves soil struc-
ture and crop growth. However, incorrect application of organic fertilizer might result to over fer-
tilization or nutritional shortage in the soil. In the study of Ahmad and Theodore (2016) author of
the book “Use of Organic Fertilizer to Enhance soil fertility, Plant growth, and Yield in a Tropical
Environment” they added that as the expense of commercial fertilizer rises, a growing number of
food producer in Hawaii and the Pacific region have recognized the need for locally accessible
organic fertilizers to boost soil fertility, crop health, and production. Shifting from conventional
farming to organic farming like using animal manure provides numerous benefits for human well-
being, including environmental protection, soil fertility restoration through improved physical,
chemical, and biological qualities, and improved crop quality. However, not all organic fertilizers
are beneficial to our plants and the environment. Organic fertilizer and manure are exposed to min-
imum physical and chemical treatment, and they may include pathogens. In the study of Carlos et
al. (2019) he tested 27 fertilizers to see which are confirmed positive for the presence of salmo-
nella, it is bacteria that can be found in organic fertilizer, posing a chance of infection on freshly
organic materials. In the result of his study 9 out of 27 fertilizers are confirmed infected. This shows
that multidrug-resistant Salmonella can occur in organic fertilizer, which can potentially contami-
nate organically grown fresh produced. In conclusion of their study, they emphasize the advantages
of using organic fertilizer in crop production and plant growth while also containing the disad-
vantage of using it in plants and how it affects to human and environment.
24
There are different fertilizers that have been used of farmers not only farmers but also to
those people who love planting plants it could be Organic fertilizers or Chemical fertilizers. Some
people might be confused about these fertilizers. If it is safe to use for their plants to grow healthy
and develop properly. So now let the researchers elaborate the difference between organic and
|
chemical fertilizers.
According to Pangga et al. (2015) they define organic fertilizer such as animal manure
as benefit to our environment and plant as it allows for a more uniform and efficient application for
plants growth. It also releases nutrients slowly over time as plants need them and they are more
stable aggregates for plants. This study tells us that organic fertilizer have a good effects and ben-
efits to our plants not only for our plants but also to our environment. In Ilocos Norte, Adri-
ano (2021) stated in his article the former program participants claim that after switching to organic
farming, their harvests have increased by 20 to 30 percent which indicated that organic fertilizer is
much more effective. It is concluded that the more applied organic fertilizer, the more you get ben-
efits from it. This study helps us to know how effective the organic fertilizer is. On the other hand,
there's also a chemical fertilizer that we can use for our plants. Farmers utilize these on a daily basis
to boost crop productivity. The fertilizers include nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, which are
all vital minerals for plants, However, some studies stated that the use of chemical fertilizer affects
greatly in humans and also our environment. Kumar et al. (2015) emphasized the negative effects
of chemicals fertilizer on human health and the environment can only be reduced or eliminated by
adopting new agricultural technological practices such as shifting from chemical intensive agricul-
ture to organic intensive agriculture. It discussed about the effects of chemical fertilizers which is
bad for human health and also to our environment. In the study it includes the use of organic inputs
such as manure and slow-release fertilizers which would improve fertilizer application and use
efficiency. According to Lewu et al. (2020) The improper application of fertilizers, such as chem-
ical fertilizers, on farmlands had resulted in pollution of water, air, and soil. The study of Buckler
(2017) also agrees that chemical fertilizers contain hidden dangers that most people are unaware
of. In the study stated that using more chemical fertilizer than the plants require, can harm the
environment and human health. In the study of the Lewu et al. (2020) and Bucker (2017) they both
agree about the negative effects of chemical fertilizers even though chemical fertilizers is better for
crop yield and help the plants to grow healthy they still want to tell us to care more to our health
25
and to our environment.
In the studies and literature that we collected, there are chicken and cow manure which
people used in different kinds of plants. First let us know what is chicken manure according to
|
Rhoades (2021) he defines that when it comes to manures, nothing is more desired for the vegetable
garden than chicken manure. Composting chicken feces allows the manure to break down
some more powerful nutrients, making them more usable to the plants. He claims that chicken
manure is ideal for fertilizing vegetable gardens. Chicken manure for vegetable garden fertilization
will result in great soil for vegetable growth. In tomato celery field, the effect of chicken manure
after various disposal methods on vegetable development and environmental danger was
evaluated. Li et al. (2017) also added that organic fertilizers boosted vegetable output and quality
greatly, but improper application could pose a serious environmental danger, such as nitrate
pollution. He used chicken manure as fertilizer for tomato celery plant. In the result of his study, it
was suggested that chicken manure with ROF treatment application as the optimal fertilizer with
the best yield, quality and least environmental risk under the tomato celery plant. Maghfiroh, Billah,
and Widhyahrini (2019) also used chicken manure in the green cabbage plant. Green cabbage
productivity is linked to soil nutrient quality. Planting was done in a plastic bag with chicken ma-
nure concentrations of percent in the soil. On the tenth day after planting, the height was measured.
As a result of their study, they concluded that the green cabbage grows with the use of chicken
manure as fertilizer. In Pampanga, Philippines Malabanan (2017) stated in his article that they used
Chicken manure as a fertilizer and it is also being sold as a fertilizer in vegetable crops. This will
be processed in the plant and converted into organic fertilizer for distribution to various vegetable
farms in Pampanga and surrounding areas in Central Luzon. He also included that the procedure
would take one week to convert chicken dung into organic fertilizer. Malabanan encouraged local
farmers to enter into vegetable farming by using chicken manure as an organic fertilizer to plants.
Malabanan concluded that using chicken manure can be turned into organic fertilizer and itcan also
inspire our farmers to utilize organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. In the Baguio,
Philippines, chicken manure is also recommended for vegetable crops. According to the article of
Pena (2018) he stated that Divina Jose, the research author of “Evaluation of Organic Fertilizers
On Selected Highland Vegetables” concluded that the application of chicken manure is rec-
ommended for lettuce, broccoli, and carrot to increase the heaviest weight of produce, resulting in
the highest yield of plants and the highest return on investment. In conclusion of their studies
26
and literature there is no doubt that chicken manure can be utilized as an organic fertilizer
that helps the different kinds of plants to grow larger and healthier.
Did you know that cow manure can be an organic fertilizer that can help our plants to grow
|
healthy? It is a resource for organic fertilizer as well as an agricultural waste. Cow manure is an
excellent fertilizer for a variety of uses. It is low in nitrogen, so it won't burn your delicate plants,
and nutrient-balanced. There are studies about this manure being applied to different kinds of
plants, in the study of Tilley (2021) mentioned in her article the benefits of adding cow manure to
the plants, stating that it will contribute significant amounts of organic matter to the soil. It is pos-
sible to improve the soil's moisture-holding capacity by adding compost cow manure into it. In the
study of Agbo-Adediran et al. (2020) they examined the effect of poultry manure and cow manure
on the growth of Entandrophragma angolense or also known as Tiama Mahogany tree plant. As a
result of their study cow manure is the best organic manure for developing Tiama Mahogany tree
plant seedlings in the nursery during their early growth stages. In the study of Backrie et al. (2018)
they study the effects cow manure in the Productivity of Organic Rice in West Sumatra, Indonesia.
As a result of their study the organic fertilizer made from cow dung were discovered to have a
beneficial link with grain yield and he concluded that cow manure as an organic fertilizer to the
soil could result in an increase in output. Similarly, to the study of Zhang et al. (2020) they also use
cow manure. He conducted a research and applied cow manure to his tea plantations. In the result
of his study using cow manure in a tea plantation improves the diversity of soil bacteria while also
effectively regulating the structure of the soil bacterial community. Zhang concluded in his study
that cow manure fertilizer is better for tea plantations. Even though there so many fertilizers that
can be used for mahogany tree plant the cow manure still remains as the best organic manure for
development of tree plant seedlings. As you can see, their studies showed that in using cow manure
even it is for tea plantations, productivity of Organic Rice, and Tiama Mahogany tree plant the cow
manure can still manage it and can be applied to either what kind of plants it is.
Chicken and cow manure as fertilizer can also be a great combination for plants but used
it properly and manage this carefully mixing them is fine, when the manure look composted well
enough it is good and ready to use. In Yellow Toplar plant, Hwang et al. (2020) stated in their study
that they conducted an experiment to see and characterize the co-composting process of chicken
manure with cow manure, swine manure, plant residues, and mushroom media on greenhouse gas
27
and ammonia emissions, compost quality, maturity, and their correlations. In his article, he
found that composting using chicken manure or a combination of chicken and cow manure would
be an effective composting strategy for enhancing compost quality in soil and promoting health
plant growth. According to his study's findings, either chicken manure alone or a combination of
|
chicken and cow manure could be useful. On the other hand, In Indonesia Water spinach or also
known as Ipomoea reptant Poir had been tested. In the study of Pohan (2021) she tested it with the
chicken and cow manure. Water spinach is identified as a nutritious vegetable with high demand.
The Green House of Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Univer-
sity of Negeri Medan, conducted a study on the effect of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield
of water spinach. The goal of their study is to find out which fertilizers and doses are most effective
for water spinach development and production. In the experiment they used cow manure, chicken
manure and compost to be tested. In the result of Pohan study, cow manure improved plant growth
and yield greatly with dose being the best treatment. Cow manure also increased the total chloro-
phyll content. In conclusion Korzekwa and Pohan’s article highlights that applying chicken and
cow manure can help increase soil health and productivity. The two studies proven that mixing cow
and chicken manure is not bad at all. So, you mustn't scare to mixed cow and chicken manure to
your plants. In contrary, like people nothing is perfect, chicken and cow manure also have their
weaknesses according to Han et al. (2016) Chicken and cow manures have shortcomings, such as
slow decomposition, low nutrient content, and varying nutrient compositions. However, they added
that chicken and cow manure have multiple benefits due to the balanced supply of nutrients, includ-
ing micro nutrients. The impacts of fertilization on nutrient concentrations in the leaves, stems, and
roots were minor when compared to the effects of fertilization on soil parameters. In conclusion
chicken and cow manure have their own pros and cons it only depends on how you used and com-
posted it properly.
Finally, there is a related study in which they applied chicken and cow manure to Pechay but
some studies combine the chicken and cow manure as fertilizer to plants. In West Java, Indonesia,
researchers try to blend chicken and cow manure as fertilizer for Pechay plants. Dianawati et
al. (2019) Found the best sort of organic fertilizer for Chinese cabbage plants in their study. As a
treatment, a combination of chicken and cow manure, vermicompost, dry biogas waste, and wet
biogas waste was used. According to the findings of their study, the highest yield of Pechay was
28
achieved from dry biogas waste, but it was not statistically different from the result of
combination of chicken and cow manure. The best organic fertilizer in the plant, according to their
research, is dry biogas waste, but a combination of chicken and cow manure can substitute for it.
Likewise, Regencia et al. (2021) revealed that vermicasts made from cow manure is also effective
|
for Pechay plants. He experimented the pechay and how vermicasts made from cow manure, saw-
dust, and shredded paper affected plant development and yield over a period of 35 days or five
weeks. Between the experimental and control groups, there was a highly significant difference in
plant height and yield. The plants treated with cow manure showed the most obvious variations in
yield and height. The results revealed that plants fed with vermicast made from cow manure grows
taller and produces more biomass than the other two tested. In conclusion, there are also studies
that used chicken and cow manure in applying organic fertilizer to Pechay or Chinese cabbage
plants, there are some but only few. There have been studies conducted in Alugbati plants, but
chicken and cow manure were not used. Some studies did use cow manure, but other animal ma-
nures were more effective and dominant.
The researchers wanted to help people to decide and to get more ideas or info's about organic
fertilizer. There are some people switched to organic fertilizer after realizing how effective organic
fertilizer is, one of those people be Adriano (2021) but all people have their rights to decide what
would be the best fertilizer that they could use for their plants. We have different opinions and
wants but this study will help people to gain knowledge about chicken and cow manure as fertilizer.
As you can see there are only some people who utilized chicken and cow manure to
pechay and alugbati plants. Our main objective is to formulate our own chicken and cow manureand
prove how effective these manures to our plants for us to recommend it to other people. For farmers,
replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers like chicken and cow manure is an excellent
way to reduce the negative environmental impact of chemical fertilizers. Agricultural Government
must now devise measures to encourage farmers to use organic fertilizers like chicken and cow
manures rather than chemical fertilizers.
29
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter concentrates on the discussion of the research methods and procedures adhered
to by the researcher in order to answer systematically the specific problems posed for this study.
Specifically, the research design, population sampling, respondents of the study, research instrument,
data gathering procedures and statistical treatment of the data used for the accurate data analysis and
interpretation were explained in this chapter.
Research Design
This study utilized the Post-test only controlled group design of True Experimental Research
which involve performing Post-test after the treatment in both groups. The plants with chicken and
cow manure intervention is the Experimental group and the plants that aren't applied with manures
is our controlled group. This study utilized post-test only controlled group design in which two
groups will receive a post-test after the treatment. At the end of the study the researchers will evaluate
the gathered information and differences that was needed to satisfy this study.
A Post-test design is an experiment where measurements are taken after a treatment. The
design means that the researcher will able to see and evaluate the effects of plants after the treatment
or the intervention.
Post-test only controlled group design is under a True experimental design in which it
requires a researcher to have a control over the experimental treatment and the power to place
subjects in groups. The True experimental design employs both treated and control group to deal
with time related rival explanations. According to Choueiry (2021) the post-test only control group
design is a basic experimental design where participants get randomly assigned to either receive an
intervention or not, and the outcome of interest is measured only once after the intervention takes
place in order to determine its effect.
30
The post-test only control group design is a research design in which there are at least two
groups, one group receives the intervention and the other does not. Data are collected on the outcome
measure after the intervention where the experimental group and a control group are compared on a
post-test measure only. The post-test method of research will present the effect of chicken and cow
manure as an organic fertilizer to plants.
Population Sampling
This study used a convenience sampling, in which the researchers chose a sample based on
the plants' availability. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique that
involves selecting the sample based on convenience and accessibility of plants. This method was
chosen by the researchers because it is quick, inexpensive, simple, and the plants are generally
available.
There are many various types of plants, but we chose alugbati and pechay plants for this
study. This type of plant was chosen because it is convenient and these plants can grow in a garden
and generally available. Pechay and alugbati plant is not only a plant but also a healthy vegetable
plant that can be harvested once they have grown. Researchers wanted to see if chicken and cow
manure can be used as an organic fertilizer for our chosen plants, alugbati and pechay.
Respondents of the Study
The plants that are utilized in the study is the Pechay (Brassica Rapa) and Alugbati (Malabar
Spinach). The two plants were chosen based on their accessibility at home and their ability to be
found in any location. Plants will be tested on how they respond to chicken and cow manure as
fertilizers. There will be a controlled group which we will compare its gathered data to the
experimental group to see if the chicken and cow manure treatments are effective. In the experiment
and control groups, same plants will be tested.
31
Research Instrument
The primary instruments that will be used for gathering data will be the post-test. The
experimental group are exposed to a treatment and the controlled group does not. After one and a
half months of intervention both groups will have a Post-test. Post -test will be tested by measuring
the height of plants by measuring tape and measuring the growth of plant by counting the number of
leaves in each plant.
Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers made an approval in the field of experiment conducted at Block 7 lot 1
Lower Sampaguita Ext. Barangay Payatas, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. The researchers
asked permission to the parents of Ms. Alexa Sam Isla to conduct the experiment in their place,
luckily, they're agreed and gave us permission to conduct the experiment in their home. The
experiment of the plants was conducted in one and a half months, the researchers will observe the
plants and determine if the manures applied as fertilizer in plants were effective or not, we can
determine if it's effective through the measurement of plants height and plant growth by the number
of leaves.
The process of making chicken and cow manure are the same. First the researcher collected
the chicken and cow manure in their coop and separate the fresh from the dried. Only the dried one
will be collected. Following the collection of the dried manure, we get the supplies ready for the
manure heating process such as wood, matches, cement shovel, charcoal, carton, portable charcoal
griller and a metal roof. In Hot composting, the dried manure of the chicken and cow will be heated
in metal roof beneath the wood and charcoal, it will be heated for 1 hour. After the 1 hour of heating,
we removed the manure and pile it in the crates that will be used to store the manure. We also added
garden soil and rice hulls then mixed it on the manure so that it can absorb smells from the manure
and help it decomposes quickly we leave it for two days. And lastly, If the manure is dark crumbly
substance that smells like soil it is safe to use in the garden and the plants.
32
Prior to data gathering, researchers will do a post-test in both experimental and controlled
group. Convenience sampling is used in selecting sample based on the availability of the plants:
Pechay and alugbati plants was utilized. The outcome of interest is measured once the intervention
takes place. The researchers will observe and measure the growth of plants by counting the number
of leaves and using measuring tape in the height of plants in order to determine if the manure used
in the plants were effective.
The results of the post-test were tabulated. Then, the data were analyzed and interpreted
through the use of the appropriate statistical procedures.
Statistical Treatment of the Data
The data gathered from the post-test was carefully recorded in tables, analyzed and
interpreted based on the results of the statistical treatment.
To facilitate the systematic flow of data analysis the following statistical tools were utilized.
Mean. This refers to the average height of plants after the treatment of chicken and cow
manure as fertilizer.
The formula applied was;
M= £x/N
where:
M is the mean
£x is the total sum of the subject
N is the number of participants
33
Paired t-test. It was utilized to point out whether the post-test or the number of leaves and
height of plants in the control group and the experimental group have a significant difference.
Steps in Paired t-test
1. Compute the mean of the two groups
M= £x/N
where:
M is the mean
£x is the total sum of the subject
N is the number of participants
2. Compute the difference
D= Subject in table A - Subject in Table B
D^2= (D)^2
where:
D=Difference
D^2= Difference squared
Percentage. This was used to interpret the plants post-test after the intervention of
experimental and the controlled group. The formula was:
%= n/ total × 100
34
CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data gathered from the
foregoing study which aimed to determine the effectiveness of chicken and cow manure as
an organic fertilizer to plants. The data found in this chapter were arranged according to
the problems treated in this study.
Table 1: Mean height of plants after the treatment of chicken and cow manure as fertilizer.
PLANTS WITH MANURE PLANTS HEIGHT
Pechay with chicken manure 14 cm
Pechay with cow manure 12.5 cm
Alugbati with chicken manure 17.2 cm
Alugbati with cow manure 18.3 cm
MEAN 15.5 cm
After using chicken and cow manure as fertilizer, the height of the plants, as well as their
mean or average height is shown in table 1. Pechay with chicken manure is 14cm tall, pechay with
cow manure is 12.5cm tall, Alugbati with chicken manure is 17.2cm tall, and Alugbati with cow
manure is 18.3cm tall. The overall mean height of plants after chicken and manure treatments is
15.5cm it indicates that the use of chicken and cow manure increased the plants' height performance
of pechay and alugbati plants.
As you can see in table 1 the height of plants in pechay and alugbati are differed with the
application of chicken manure and cow manure treatments because different plants have a different
interpretation in terms of their kind and needed nutrients. According to Urbauer (2017) Plants of the
same species grow to different heights for several reasons. Different plants require different amounts
of nutrients, but all plants needed them. He stated that plants will grow well and show noticeable
improvement with the regular use of fertilizer.
35
Table 2: Height and difference of plants in no application of manure and with application of
Chicken manure as fertilizer.
PARTICIPANTS NO APPLICATION OF CHICKEN D D^2

MANURE MANURE
Pechay 10.8 14 -3.2 10.2
Alugbati 14.6 17.2 -2.6 6.8
TOTAL 25.4 31.2 -5.8 17
M= 12.7 M= 15.6
The Plants Height in no Application manure and with Chicken Manure from the mentioned
participants, Pechay and Alugbati, is presented in Table 2 above. The plant with the highest number
of plant height in No application of Manure is Alugbati with 14.6cm while the plant with the least
number of heights in No application of Manure is Pechay with 10.8cm, resulting in a total of 25.4cm.
The total mean of height in the group of no application of manure is 12.7. Alugbati with 17.2cm has
the highest number of plant height with chicken manure application while the Pechay with 14cm has
the least number of plant height with chicken manure application. The total mean of height in the
group of with chicken manure application is 15.6. The computation of difference in each participant
is stated in the third column of the table by subtracting their No application of Manure and With
Chicken Manure, and the final column provides the answer obtained by squared of the subtracted
values.
Table 2 shows the difference in height between the no application of manure and with
application of chicken manure. In the column of no application of manure the two plants have a lower
number of heights, than the column of chicken manure which has the highest number of heights
measured in the plants. In the study of Maghfiroh, Billah, and Widhyahrini (2019) they also used
chicken manure in the Green cabbage plant. Green cabbage productivity is linked to soil nutrient
quality. On the tenth day after their planting, the height was measured. As a result of their study they
concluded that the green cabbage grows and increase the height of green cabbage plant with the use
of chicken manure as fertilizer.
36
Table 3: Height and difference of plants in no application of manure and with application of
cow manure as fertilizer.
PARTICIPANT NO APPLICATION OF COW D D^2

MANURE MANURE
Pechay 10.8 12.5 -1.7 2.9
Alugbati 14.6 18.3 -3.7 13.7
TOTAL 25.4 30.8 -5.4 16.6
M= 12.7 M= 15.4
The height of no application of manure and cow manure from the said participants, Pechay
and Alugbati, is presented in Table No. 3. The plant with the highest number of heights in No
application of Manure is Alugbati with 14.6cm, while the plant with the lowest number of heights of
No application of Manure is Pechay with 10.8cm, for a total of 25.4. The total mean of height in the
group of no application of manure is 12.7. Alugbati with 18.3cm has the highest height of plants with
cow manure application while the Pechay has 12.3cm which results to the total number of heights
with 30.8. The total mean of height in the group of with cow manure is 15.4. The computation of
each participant is stated in the third column of the table by subtracting their No application of
Manure and With Cow Manure. In final column it includes the answer obtained by the squared of
the subtracted numbers.
In table 3 it shows the height of the two plants which is Alugbati and Pechay with a treatment
of an application of cow manure and No application of manure. The group that has an application of
cow manure had the highest number of heights, while the plants with No application of manure had
the lowest number of heights. By the result of this table, it shows that using cow manure is better
than no application of manure or no use of fertilizer. According to the study of Regencia et al. (2021)
Between the experimental and control groups, there was a highly significant difference in plant
height and yield. The plants treated with cow manure showed the most obvious variations in yield
and height. Regencia et al. concluded and recommended that cow manure can be utilized effectively
as an organic fertilizer on fields, and farms.
37
Figure 2: Significant Difference of Chicken manure, cow manure and no application of

manure in height of plants.
29.06%
35.34%
No Application of manure
Chicken manure
Cow manure
35.70%
The pie chart indicates the significant difference in the heights of plants in no application of
manure, and with our intervention which is the chicken and cow manure as an organic fertilizer.
Chicken manure had the highest percentage with 35.70% while the cow manure is next from chicken
manure with 35.34% and the No application of manure had the lowest percentage in height of plants
with a 29.06%.
The results prove that using chicken and cow manure is better than no application of manure.
The pie chart indicates that chicken and cow manure increases the height of plants, helps them to
grow healthy and developed properly. Overall, the height of plants increased by 6.69% in chicken
manure and 6.18% in cow manure intervention. Chicken and cow manure have been found out to be
beneficial in a height of pechay and alugbati plants.
38
Table 4: Number of leaves and difference of plants in no application of manure and with
application of chicken manure as fertilizer
PARTICIPANT NO APPLICATION OF CHICKEN D D^2

MANURE MANURE
Pechay 4 5 -1 1
Alugbati 7 11 -4 16
TOTAL 11 16 -5 17
M= 5.5 M= 8
The table 4 shows the number of leaves after the no application of manure and with
application of chicken manure in alugbati and pechay plants. The plant with the highest number of
leaves is from the alugbati with chicken manure application with an 11 number of leaves and the
lowest number of leaves is from the pechay with no application of manure with 4 leaves only. The
total number of leaves in no application of manure is 11 with a mean of 5.5 while in the application
of chicken manure, the total number of leaves is 16 with a mean of 8. The total difference in the
number of leaves in both group is -5 and the difference squared is 17. Table 4 shows that the total
number of leaves with chicken manure as fertilizer is greater than the total number of leaves in no
application of manure.
In the table 4 by simply counting the leaves, chicken manure is proven to be effective in
pechay and alugbati plants. According to Peterson (2021) she stated that Chicken manure is a good
fertilizer for leafy greens plants like alugbati and pechay they are both leafy plants, because chicken
manure gives leafy green plants a needed extra nitrogen to help them grow a steady supply of new
leaves.
39
Table 5: Number of leaves and difference of plants in no application of manure and with
application of cow manure as fertilizer.
PARTICIPANT NO APPLICANT OF COW D D^2

MANURE MANURE
Pechay 4 7 -3 9
Alugbati 2 10 -3 9
TOTAL 11 17 -6 18
M= 5.5 M= 8.5
The table 5 shows the number of leaves after the no application of manure and with
application of cow manure in alugbati and pechay plants. The plant with the highest number of leaves
is from the alugbati with cow manure application with a 10 number of leaves and the lowest number
of leaves is from the pechay with no application of manure with 4 leaves only. The total number of
leaves in no application of manure is 11 with a mean of 5.5 while in the application of cow manure
has a total number of 17 leaves with a mean of 8.5. The total difference in the number of leaves in
both group is -6 and the difference squared is 18. Table 5 shows that the total number of leaves with
cow manure as fertilizer is greater than the total number of leaves in no application of manure.
The counting of leaves in Table 4 and Table 5 was done by counting manually in every plant
after the treatment and we count the number of leaves even if it is a small growed leaves and a normal
leaf. According to Fargon et al. (2021) Leaf counting in potted plants is an important building block
for estimating their health status and growth rate. The number of leaves that a plant has is one of the
visual key traits describing its development and growth. They added that it enables growth rate
estimation and is related to the health status of the plant and its yield potential.
40
Figure 3: Significant Difference of Chicken manure, cow manure and no application of

manure in the number of leaves on plants.
25%
38.64% No Application of manure

Chicken manure
Cow manure
36.36%
The pie chart in figure 3 above illustrates the significant difference in the number of leaves
in no application of manure, and with our intervention which is the chicken and cow manure as an
organic fertilizer. Applying cow manure to the plants increases the number of leaves by 38.64 %, the
largest total number of leaves in pechay and alugbati plants. Followed by adding chicken manure in
the plants which result to 36.36%. And last, with the lowest percent of number in the leaves of plants
in no application of manure with a total of 25%. Overall, the number of plant leaves increased by
11.36 % in chicken manure and 13.64 % in cow manure intervention.
41
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary, conclusions and recommendations derived in the
conduct of the study which is the effectiveness of chicken and cow manure as an organic fertilizer to
plants. The findings were based on the gathered data drawn from it. This answers the statement of
the problem in chapter 1. The result of the data collected, analyzed and interpreted systematically
have resulted plausible, conceivable and reasonable conclusion and recommendation.
Summary of Findings
The findings of the study were summarized according to the statement of the problem stated
in Chapter 1.
1. What is the mean height of plants after the treatment of chicken and cow manure as
fertilizer?
The mean height of all the plants that are treated with chicken and cow manure as fertilizer
is 15.5cm which indicates that the use of chicken and cow manure as fertilizers is effective and plant
height is proven to be increased. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis is accepted. This reveals that
the plants' height increases and the usage of chicken and cow manure in pechay and alugbati plants
is proven to be beneficial in their height performance.
2. Is there a significant difference in the height of the plants in experimental and controlled
group?
In the significant difference in the height of plants of the two groups which is the
experimental group with chicken and cow manure treatments and controlled group with no
application of manure or no fertilizer was given emphasis in table 2 and table 3. The table shows that
in the height of no application of manure with a total of 25.4cm with a mean of 12.7 is lower than
the treatments of chicken manure with a total of 31.2cm with a mean of 15.6 and cow manure with
a total of 30.8cm with a mean of 15.4.
42
In figure 2 the percentage of height of plants was given chicken manure had the highest percentage
with 35.70% while the cow manure is next from chicken manure with 35.34% and the no application
of manure had the lowest percentage in height of plants with a 29.06%. This reveals that in the height
of plants using chicken and cow manure is higher and better than no application of manure or no
fertilizer usage. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis is accepted. This implies that there was a
significant difference in the height of plants between the experimental group and control group.
3. Is there a significant difference in the number of leaves in experimental and controlled

group?
In the significant difference in the number of leaves of plants in the two groups which is the
experimental group with chicken and cow manure treatments and controlled group with no
application of manure or no fertilizer was given emphasis in table 4 and table 5. The table shows that
in no application of manure with a total of 11 leaves with a mean of 5.5 has lower number of leaves
than the treatments of chicken manure with a total of 16 leaves with a mean of 8 and cow manure
with a total of 17 leaves with a mean of 8.5.
In figure 3 the percentage of number of leaves in plants was evaluated. Applying cow manure
to the plants increases the number of leaves by 38.64 %, followed by adding chicken manure in the
plants which result to 36.36%. And last, with the lowest percent of number in the leaves of plants in
no application of manure with a total of 25%. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis is accepted. This
implies that there is a significant difference in the number of leaves in control group which is the no
application of manure, and with our experimental group which is the chicken and cow manure.
Conclusion of the Study

Based on the indicated findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The study revealed that chicken and cow manure had a source of plant nutrients that helps the
plants to grow in height and increases the number of leaves.
43
2. This study concluded that the treatments of chicken and cow manure increase the height and
number of leaves in alugbati plants
3. The study also revealed that the treatments of chicken and cow manure makes the plant grow
higher and increase the number of leaves in pechay plants.
4. In the result of Figure 2, the percentage of height in the Chicken and Cow manure application is
the highest while the no application of manures is the lowest, showing that there is a significant
difference in the height of plants.
5. The researchers concluded that the number of leaves from the application of chicken and cow
manure alugbati plant is higher than the number of leaves in no application of manure.
6. In the result of figure 3, the percentage of number of leaves in the Chicken and Cow manure
application is the highest while the no application of manures is the lowest, showing that there is a
significant difference in the number of leaves in the plants.
7. The overall mean height of plants with the application of chicken and cow manure treatments,
indicates that the use of chicken and cow manure as fertilizers is beneficial to plants.
8. It is concluded that the height of plants in pechay and alugbati are differed with the application of
chicken manure and cow manure treatments because different plants have a different interpretation
in terms of their kind and needed nutrients.
9. The findings revealed that the height of alugbati plants with chicken and cow manure treatments
are almost the same with 1.1cm difference.
10. Even though the conducted study has a limited time that only lasted for one and a half months
the researchers still gather the needed and expected data of the experiment in the height and number
of leaves of plants.
44
Recommendations
After thorough assessment and considering the foregoing findings and conclusions of the
study, the following recommendations are presented:
1. Since the effectiveness of chicken and cow manure as an organic fertilizer has been proven,
chicken and cow manure should be utilized by farmers as a plant organic fertilizer.
2. The chicken and cow manure as an organic fertilizer should be utilized by students and parents
who need to increase the number of leaves and improve the height performance of their plants
3. To the farmers and parents, the manures should be composted well before using this as fertilizer
to make sure that this can't damage the plant growth and to ensure that it will not burn the plants.
4. When it comes in applying manures in plants, the farmers, parents, and students should apply the
chicken and cow manures well by not applying more manures than soil.
5. The researchers recommended to the students and parents that has a lack of knowledge when it
comes in watering the plant. They should water the plants twice daily, early morning around 7-10am
and late afternoon around 3-5pm
.
6. Plants are supposed to crave sunlight, but if the plants are exposed too much in the sun the plants
will damage especially in the leaves of the plants. Plants need at least 2-4 hours of direct sunlight
daily.
7. To address the limitations of this study, the researchers recommend to the future researchers to
cover a wide range of plant sample size to prove that chicken and cow manure are effective in any
variety of plants.
8. It is also recommended to the future researchers to provide a comparison of the behavior and
effectiveness of chicken and cow manure before and after use to further study the effects of plants in
45
chicken and cow manure treatments.
9. The researchers highly recommend to the future researchers to experiment any other manures such
as goat, horse, or any kind of animal manures that can help to prove that animal manures is effective
as an organic fertilizer to plants.
10. Since the study only lasted for 1 and a half months, it is recommended to the future researchers
to study and observe the plants for 2-4 months to further observe the plants' development in height
and number of leaves.
46
APPENDIX A
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Soil Fertility of Organic Vegetable Production of Cabbage in Benguet, Philippines.
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Conversion of Agricultural Waste. Ifugao, Philippines: International Journal of Science and
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Spinach (Ipomoea reptant Poir). North Sumatra, Indonesia: JERAMI Indonesian Journal of
Crop Science. Retrieved from
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57
APPENDIX B
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The intervention or the treatments of this conducted study are the chicken and cow manure.
The process of making chicken and cow manure is the same. First the researcher collected the chicken
and cow manure in their coop and separate the fresh from the dried. Only the dried one will be
collected. Following the collection of the dried manure, we get the supplies ready for the manure
heating process such as wood, matches, cement shovel, charcoal, carton, portable charcoal griller
and a metal roof. In Hot composting, the dried manure of the chicken and cow will be heated in metal
roof beneath the wood and charcoal, it will be heated for 1 hour. After the 1 hour of heating, we
removed the manure and pile it in the crates that will be used to store the manure. We also added
garden soil and rice hulls then mixed it on the manure so that it can absorb smells from the manure
and help it decomposes quickly we leave it for two days. And lastly, If the manure is dark crumbly
substance that smells like soil it is safe to use in the garden and the plants.
58
The following are the observation record of the plants for the past weeks of observation:
1st WEEK
Alugbati From Left to Right: Cow manure, chicken manure, and none application of manure or
fertilizer.
Pechay plants: In a binhi process.
In this picture it shows the one-week-old alugbati. In the 1st week of alugbati the height of
the plant with chicken manure gets the highest number of heights with 7.8cm. Followed by the plant
with cow manure that gets the second highest height with 7.3cm, last is the plant that has no
application of manure or no use of fertilizer gets 6.7cm which had the lowest number of heights. In
one week old of Alugbati the plants are still in a process of growing so the plants do not show some
tiny leaves but in the height of performance of alugbati the plants are doing well. In the process of
planting pechay the researchers did the binhi process where in the plants need to show first the true
leaves or 3-4 leaves of pechay before transferring in another container or pot. Usually, it is a common
process use in planting pechay. In the 1st week of pechay, the seeds are planted on the soil and it is
starting germinate. In one weeks of pechay the seeds sprout some roots and show up some tiny leaves.
59
2nd WEEK
Alugbati from Left to Right: cow manure, chicken manure, and none application of manure or
fertilizer.
In second week of the Alugbati the plants are doing well because the performance of their
height is getting higher which is good to know. The alugbati with chicken manure from 7.8cm to
8.3cm, Second the alugbati plant with cow manure from 7.3cm to 7.7cm and last, the alugbati plant
with no application of manure or no use of fertilizer from 6.7cm to 7.3cm. The performance of the
height gets higher as we expected. The tiny leaf of the alugbati show and it's normal to have a tiny
leaf because the plants still in a growing process and the weather is not good at that time. The height
performance of pechay is starting to develop, the height of pechay plant 4.7cm, 4.5cm, and 5cm.
Overall, In the second week of pechay it is seedling stage. During this week, the pechay is in the
form of seedling. The seedling has now produced more small roots and show up 2 leaves. The leaves
of the seedlings are small, green and soft. It also has a small stalk.
60
3RD WEEK
fertilizer.
In third week of alugbati plants finally the leaves showed up and the performance of their
height are getting higher and it's good to know that after the rainy bad day the Alugbati and pechay
plants are still growing. After 3 weeks the height of the plant with chicken manure become 9cm,
Second the plant with cow manure become 8.7cm and last, the plant with no application of manure
or no use of fertilizer become 7.3cm. The leaves of with chicken manure is 4, the leaves of with cow
manure is 2 while in the no application of manure there is still no changes. In the third week of
Pechay the plants are doing great. We can say that the plant is growing because of their height
performance and also the leaves of the plant. The Pechay plant height are 5.3cm, 5.2cm and 5.7cm.
As a result of the three weeks observation of the plants, the leaves are now starting to grow in chicken
and cow manure plants while in the no application of manure there are still no progress.
61
4th WEEK
fertilizer.
It is the 4th week of observation in the plants of alugbati and pechay. The alugbati plants are
continuing to grow their own leaves especially in chicken manure with a total of 4 leaves and cow
manure with a total of 3 leaves. In the 4th week the no application of manure is starting to develop
their leaves with a total of 3 leaves. The height of alugbati plants with cow manure is higher now
with 11cm, followed by chicken manure with 9.8cm, and the no application of manure is 8.1cm. The
pechay plants are continuing to improve in the process of binhi and finally it showed true leaves of
pechay because of this it is ready to grow in a pot and the researchers can now also add the manures
into the soil of pechay plants.
62
5th WEEK
fertilizer.
Pechay from Left to Right: cow manure, chicken manure, and none application of manure or
fertilizer.
In the 5th week of the observation in alugbati plants the plants are still continuing to grow in
their height and also by the number of their leaves. The alugbati plant in chicken manure have a total
of 6 leaves, followed by the cow manure with 5 leaves and last the no application of manure or
fertilizer with no changes in number of leaves. In the height of alugbati plants cow manure is still the
highest with 13.4cm, followed by chicken manure with 12.5cm and the no application of manure
with 9.3cm. In the pechay plants the manure are now applied in the pots of pechay. It takes 5 weeks
before the Pechay plants are transfered in a pot because of the bad weather but after all the plants are
still doing great. In the 1st week of pechay plants in the pots with the treatments the plant height is
measured. Chicken manure have 7.8cm, cow manure has 7.4cm, and no application of manure with
6.9cm. The number of leaves is also measured in pechay plants both chicken and cow manure
application have a total of 4 leaves while the no application of manure have 3 leaves.
63
6th WEEK
fertilizer.
Pechay from Left to Right: cow manure, chicken manure, and none application of manure or
fertilizer.
In the six weeks of planting observation the height of plants is measured in alugbati and
pechay plants. In the picture the plants are looked down but their height is still increasing. The cow
manure is still the highest height in alugbati plants with 15.1cm, followed by chicken manure with
14.8cm, and no application of manure with 11.4cm. The alugbati plant in chicken manure have a
total of 8 leaves, followed by the cow manure with 7 leaves and last the no application of manure or
fertilizer with 5 leaves. Pechay plants also showed their height performance in the 6 weeks of
planting, chicken manure has 11cm, cow manure has 10.2cm, and no application of manure have
9.4cm. Number of leaves is also measured in chicken manure with 5 leaves, cow manure with 5
leaves and no application of manure with 4 leaves.
64
7th WEEK
The last and final week of planting observation and also the week that the researchers
gathered the data that are collected in the post test of the study. The alugbati plants in cow manure
has the highest height with 18.3cm followed by the chicken manure with 17.2cm and last, no
application of manure with 14.6cm. In the leaves of alugbati, chicken manure has the highest number
of leaves with 11 followed by cow manure with 10 leaves and last no application of manure with 7
leaves. Height performance in pechay plants was also gathered in the last week of observation,
chicken manure has the highest height with a total of 14cm followed by cow manure with 12.5cm
and no application of manure with 10.8cm. Leaves was also evaluated in pechay plants cow manure
has 7 leaves, chicken manure with 5 leaves and no application of manure with 4 leaves.
65
APPENDIX C
CURRICULUM VITAE
MA. NAOMI I. TATAD

963 Sampaguita St, Brgy 181, Pangarap Village
Caloocan City.
09274182865
naomitatad9@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Date of Birth : January 15, 2004
Place of Birth : Fairview, Quezon City
Gender : Female
Civil Status : Single
Mother's Name : Ma. Christine I. Tatad
Father's Name : Lydio C. Tatad
Height : 5'2
Weight : 52kg
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Skills : Leadership skills, Oral and written communication skills, Time Management,
Active Listening skills, Singing and Dancing Skills.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2020-2022 South East-Asia Institute of Trade and Technology, Senior High School
2016-2019 Pangarap High School, Junior High School
2010-2015 Pangarap Elementary School, Elementary
2008-2009 Jesham Christian Academy, Kinder
66
ACHIEVEMENTS
Perfect Attendance from Grade 7 to 10

Junior High School- Pangarap High School
Grade 7 With Honor

April 04, 2017
3rd Place Speech Choir

December 5, 2016
Grade 8 With High Honor

April 3, 2018
Grade 8 School Representative on Interpretatibong Pagbasa in Caloocan High School

August 12, 2017

April 2, 2019
Part of Cotillion Dancers on Pangarap High School

February 28, 2019
Excellence Performance in Mathematics

April 1, 2019
67

April 3, 2020
One of the 6 Dancers who perform Doxology in Caloocan City Hall North
August 19, 2019
1st Place Lakambini ng Wika

August 30, 2019
School Representative on Radio Broadcasting Team Anchor 7th place Best in Infomercial held at
St.Joseph College of Novaliches
September 10, 2019
Recognition and Contribution as Student-Teacher on National Teacher's Month

October 3, 2019
Grade 11 1st Semester with High Honor

South East-Asia Institute of Trade and Technology
January 13, 2020
Winner of Math Wizard

December 16, 2020
Grade 11 2nd Semester with High Honor

June 15, 2021
68
Leader of Alto Voice in Holy Spirit Parish Choir HSC

February 7, 2021
69
JK M. BULAY
14-A Lanzones St. Payatas B. Quezon City
09306516054
jkbulay@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Date of Birth : May 31, 2004
Place of Birth : Bislig City, Surigao Del Sur
Gender : Female
Mother's Name : Rosemarie M. Bulay
Father's Name : Junrey C. Bulay
Height : 5’6
Weight : 55kg
Skills : Communication
2020-2022 South East-Asia Institute of Trade and Technology, Senior High School
2018-2019 Justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma High School (JCMPHS)
2017-2018 Mabog National High School (MNHS)
2016-2017 Recarido Castillo College (RCC)
ACHIEVEMENTS
With Honor
Recarido Castillo College (RCC)
(S.Y. 2016-2017)
Gold medalist in Arnis Division Meet
70

(2016)
Bronze medalist in Arnis Regional Meet

(2017)
With Honor
Mabog National High School (MNHS)
(2017-2018)
Gold Medalist in Arnis District Meet

(2017)
Silver Medalist in Arnis Regional Meet

(2018)
1st Placer in Photo Journalism (English (Category) Division Meet

(2017)
2nd place in Science Fair Division Meet

(2017)
71
BEA BIANCA B. DE DIOS

4 Kalayaan St, Batasan Hills Quezon City
09498077266
byunbianca04@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 20
Date of Birth : July 30, 2001
Place of Birth : Pasay City
Gender : Female
Mother's Name : Renia B. De Dios
Father's Name : Antonio L. De Dios
Height : 5’3
Weight : 55kg
Religion : Iglesia ni Cristo
Skills : Teaching, Public Relation and Computer Literate
2020-2022 South East-Asia Institute of Trade and Technology
2015-2019 HB Negotech Center
2009-2014 Commonwealth Elementary School
ACHIEVEMENTS
Honor Roll Inclusion for High Grades
HB Negotech Center
2016
72
CHENY O. ESCAPE
Blk. 73 Lot. 15 Pount St. North Fairview Phase 8
Quezon City
09104097641
ccheny460@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Date of Birth : July 25, 2004
Place of Birth : La Castellana Negros Occidental
Gender : Female
Mother's Name : Conchita O. Escape
Father's Name : Sonny T. Escape
Height : 5’1
Weight : 51kg
Religion : Catholic
Skills : Dancing
2016-2019 North Fairview High School
2010-2015 Libis Elementary School
ACHIEVEMENTS
Top 5 in Class
North Fairview High School
2020
Best in Mathematics
73

2019
Top 3 in Class
2018
74
DAISY ANN GABAYNO

94 Saint Joseph St. Payatas A Quezon City
09294665023
gabaynodaisyann@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Date of Birth : December 15, 2003
Place of Birth : Quezon City
Gender : Female
Mother's Name : Elsie Gabayno
Father's Name : Roger Gabayno
Height : 4’11
Weight : 45kg
Skills : Painting
2016-2019 Batasan Hills National High School
ACHIEVEMENTS
Best in Science and Filipino

Batasan Hills National High School
(2018)
75
ALEXA SAM D. ISLA

Block 7 Lot 1 Sampaguita Ext. Barangay Payatas,
Quezon City
09959875510
islaalexasam@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Date of Birth : September 22, 2004
Place of Birth : Metropolitan Medical Center, Manila
Gender : Female
Mother's Name : Virgilia D. Isla
Father's Name : Reynaldo C. Isla
Height : 5’1
Weight : 48kg
Skills : Creativity, Patience, Responsibility, Effort, Caring, Initiative
2010-2015 Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Elementary School
ACHIEVEMENTS
Sertipiko ng Pagkilala Pang Apat sa Natatanging magaaral sa Filipino-7

February 16, 2016
76
Sertipiko ng Pagkilala Pang Lima sa Natatanging magaaral sa Filipino-7

December 05, 2017
Sertipiko ng Pagkilala Pang lima sa Natatanging magaaral sa Filipino-7

December 01, 2017
Sertipiko ng Pagkilala Pang Anim sa Natatanging magaaral sa Filipino-7

March 27, 2017
Sertipiko ng Pagkilala bilang Top 8 sa asignaturang Filipino unang markahan

October 15, 2018
Sertipiko ng Pagkilala bilang Top 2 sa asignaturang Filipino pangalawang markahan

November 21, 2018
Sertipiko ng Pagkilala para sa pinakamagandang kasuotan kaugnay na pagdiriwang ng buwan ng

wikang pambansa
2018
Certificate of Recognition for being fifth in the rank for the second quarter
November 18, 2018
77
Certificate of Recognition for being fifth in the rank for the final grading
April 12, 2019
Certificate of Recognition for being Achiever in MAPEH Second Grading

November 6, 2019
Certificate of Recognition for being Achiever in MAPEH Second Grading

2019-2020
Certificate of Recognition for commendable academic performance as the Overall Class Rank 6
S.Y 2019-2020
Sertipiko ng Pagkilala Pang Lima sa Natatanging magaaral sa Filipino-10 Unang markahan

2019-2020
Sertipiko ng Pagkilala Pang Pito sa Natatanging magaaral sa Filipino-10 Unang markahan.

2019-2020
Certificate of Award for achieving WITH HONORS

January 13, 2020Te
Sertipiko ng Pagkilala sa paging aktibo at mahusay na Pakikilahok sa asignaturang Filipino

78
February 01, 2021
Certificate of participation during the Webinar titled,"Suicide Prevention and Mental Health &
Psychosocial Issues"
April 29, 2021
Certificate of Award for achieving WITH HONORS SY 2020-2021

June 15, 2021
Certificate of Recognition awarded for exemplary academic performance, SY 2020-2021 WITH

HONOR
June 09, 2021
79
JHOANA FRANZENE P. OCAMPO

3525 Laforteza Subdivision Camarin Caloocan
City
09510755459
ocampojhoana15@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Date of Birth : April 23, 2004
Place of Birth : Camarin
Gender : Female
Mother's Name : Joan P. Ocampo
Father's Name : Francis S. Ocampo
Height : 4’11
Weight : 43
Religion : Catholic
Skills : Positive Attitude, Understanding, Active Listening, Dancing, Singing,
Calligraphy
2016-2020 Camarin High School
2010-2015 Camarin Elementary School
ACHIEVEMENTS
Honor student in Camarin High School

Camarin High School
2019-2020
80
CRYZEL ANN MARIE B. PANERIO

9A Kasayahan SStret Batasan Hills Quezon City
09662734545
cryzelannmari@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 18
Date of Birth : November 7, 2003
Place of Birth : Sorsogon, Bicol
Gender : Female
Mother's Name : Clarissa R. Berosil
Father's Name : Lito G. Panerio
Height : 5’1
Weight : 41kg
Skills : Active Listening, Positive Attitude, Communication, Self-Motivated
2010-2015 San Diego Elementary School
ACHIEVEMENTS
Ranked Student in Dressmaking

March 2020
81
Top Achiever in Filipino

September 7, 2020
Excellent Student in Mathematics 1st Quarter

August 12, 2017
Outstanding Student Award in English

March 19, 2017
82
PRINCES JESLYN ROTAMOLA

137 Phase 3, Acorda Street Payatas B. Quezon City
09569428323
princesjeslynrotamola891@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Date of Birth : December 11, 2003
Place of Birth : East Avenue Medical Center
Gender : Female
Mother's Name : Marlyn Rotamola
Father's Name : Jesus Rotamola
Height : 5’0
Weight : 43kg
Religion : Catholic
Skills : Dancing
2016-2019 Justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma High School
ACHIEVEMENTS
With Honors
Justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma High School
2018-2019
83
JOCELYN TAGUIAM
Zone 2 Dassund, Solana Cagayan
09288925396
taguiamjocelyn5@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Date of Birth : April 13, 2004
Place of Birth : Cagayan
Gender : Female
Mother's Name : Marissa Taguiam
Father's Name : Jomar Taguiam
Height : 4’11
Weight : 40kg
Religion : Catholic
Skills : Cooking, Singin
2016-2019 Justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma High School
2010-2015 Melencio M. Castelo Elementary School
ACHIEVEMENTS
Top Achiever
2016-2020
Top 6 Achiever
84
2016-2020
Top 5 Achiever in Science Class

2016-2020
Best in Science Award

2016-2020
Perfect Attendance in Class

2016-2020
85
JOSEPH VINCENT AGUINALDO

74 Saint Andrew Street Barangay Holy Spirit Quezon
City
09500429616
aguinaldojosephvincent@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 18
Gender : Male
Mother's Name : Magdalena R. Aguinaldo
Father's Name : Juanito E. Aguinaldo
Height : 5’3
Weight : 70kg
Skills : Drawing
2010-2015 West Fairview Elementary School
ACHIEVEMENTS
With Honors
2019-2020
86
With Honors
2016-2019
87
BRIX JYRON BINOY

18 Kapatiran Street Batasan Hills Quezon City
09517879994
brixjyronbinoy@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Place of Birth : Emmanuel Hospital Roxas,
Capiz
Gender : Male
Civil status : Single
Mother's name : Rona Celino
Father's name : Joel Binoy
Height : 5’7
Weight : 63kg
Religion : Catholic
Skills : Playing Basketball
2020-2022 South East-Asia Institute of Trade and TechnACHIE
2016-2017 Capiz High School
ACHIEVEMENTS
Top 13 Student
Capiz High School
2018
88
JOHN JERICK CABANSAG

Kalayaan C Batasan Hills Quezon City
09233323259
cabansagjohnjerick@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 18
Date of Birth : August 30, 2003
Gender : Male
Mother's Name : Bona Blanza Cabansag
Father's Name : Philip Dela Rosa
Height : 5’6
Weight : 58
Religion : Catholic
Skills : Listening Skills
ACHIEVEMENTS
Perfect Attendance
2018-2019
89
RICHARD A. GULMATICO
41 Sitio Ruby East Fairview Quezon City
09517877883
gulmaticorichard@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 19
Place of Birth : Sitio Ruby
Gender : Male
Mother's Name : Leonita A. Manalo
Father's Name : Manuel D. Gulmatico
Height : 5’7
Weight : 89
Religion : Catholic
Skills : Change Voice
ACHIEVEMENTS
2nd Place Filipinong Tula Pia Alba

2018
90
CHRISTIAN DION G. TIMOTEO

31 Sto. Niño Street Barangay Holy Spirit Quezon
City
09613682874
diontimoteo3@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Place of Birth : Fabelle Hospital Manila
Gender : Male
Mother's Name : Josie G. Timoteo
Father's Name : Roderick S. Timoteo
Height : 5’9
Weight : 80
Religion : Christian
Skills : Teamwork and Collaboration
2016-2019 Holy Spirit National High School
ACHIEVEMENTS
Top 10 Rank in Class

Holy Spirit National High School
February 3, 2018
Mr. U.N. Top 15

91
October 8, 2018
Best Cooking on T.L.E.

January 18, 2017
92
RAM A. TOBIAS
116 Pook Dela Paz Diliman Quezon City
09564925329
ramt2324@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Age : 17
Date of Birth : February 20, 2004
Place of Birth : Nueva Ecija
Gender : Male
Mother's Name : Catherine B. Aguilar
Father's Name : Larry D. Tobias
Height : 5’6
Weight : 23.7kg
Religion : Catholic
Skills : Painting
2016-2019 Flora Ylagan High School
ACHIEVEMENTS
Top Achiever
Flora Ylagan High School
2016-2020
93

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Chapters 1 5

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SOUTH EAST-ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY

Crownlink Center 1 Fairview (in front of SM Fairview)

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

Significant of the Study

To the Future Researchers:

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

According to Cagasan (2021) on Profitability of hybrid sweet corn production as applied

FIGURE 1: Schematic Diagram of the study

I. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP I. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL I. FINDINGS OF THE

Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

and to our environment.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Respondents of the Study

Data Gathering Procedure

Statistical Treatment of the Data

The formula applied was;

£x is the total sum of the subject

N is the number of participants

Steps in Paired t-test

1. Compute the mean of the two groups

£x is the total sum of the subject

N is the number of participants

2. Compute the difference

D= Subject in table A - Subject in Table B

CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

PLANTS WITH MANURE PLANTS HEIGHT

Pechay with chicken manure 14 cm

Pechay with cow manure 12.5 cm

Alugbati with chicken manure 17.2 cm

Alugbati with cow manure 18.3 cm

PARTICIPANTS NO APPLICATION OF CHICKEN D D^2

Pechay 10.8 14 -3.2 10.2

Alugbati 14.6 17.2 -2.6 6.8

TOTAL 25.4 31.2 -5.8 17

PARTICIPANT NO APPLICATION OF COW D D^2

Pechay 10.8 12.5 -1.7 2.9

Alugbati 14.6 18.3 -3.7 13.7

TOTAL 25.4 30.8 -5.4 16.6

Figure 2: Significant Difference of Chicken manure, cow manure and no application of

PARTICIPANT NO APPLICATION OF CHICKEN D D^2

PARTICIPANT NO APPLICANT OF COW D D^2

Figure 3: Significant Difference of Chicken manure, cow manure and no application of

38.64% No Application of manure

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3. Is there a significant difference in the number of leaves in experimental and controlled

Conclusion of the Study

chicken and cow manure treatments.

Capurian, A. (2021). DOST Isabela trains Dinapigue farmers on organic fertilizer

Choueiry, G. (2021). Posttest-Only Control Group Design: An Introduction. Retrieved from

Laurean, C. (2019). Development of Organic Fertilizer Products and Systems to Improve

Ngohayon, S. et al. (2015). Application of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) for Bio-

Pena, R. (2018). Chicken Manure as Fertilizer. Pampanga, Philippines: Sunstar Pampanga.

Siddhi, C. (2019). Health Benefits of Alugbati. Retrieved from

Urbauer, T. (2017). What makes Plants grow taller? Retrieved from

Wikipedia. (2019). Basella alba. Retrieved from

Pechay plants: In a binhi process.

Pechay plants: In a binhi process.

Pechay plants: In a binhi process.

Pechay plants: In a binhi process.

MA. NAOMI I. TATAD