IIT-JAM Question Paper 2021

x0   such that

0
SECTION - A (b) There exists a unique

.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)
Q.1 - Q. 10 Carry one mark each. f  x0     f  x0 

2
x0  
Q.1: Let 0    1 be a real number. The number
(c) There is no
T such that

S
f  x0     f  x0 
of differentiable functions y :  0,1   0,   , M

H
x0   such that
having continuous derivative on 0,1 and
(d)
T
There exist infinitely many

T
satisfying f  x0     f  x0 

A
y '  t    y  t   , t   0,1


Q. 4: Let f :    be a continuous function such

M
y  0   0 , is that for all x  
(a) Exactly one

K
1
(b) Exactly two
 f  xt  dt  0 . Then
(c) Finite but more than two
I 0

E
(d) Infinite (a) f must be identically 0 on the whole of 

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 *
A N
Q. 2: Let P :    be a continuous function such (b) There is an f satisfying that is identi-

that P  x   0 for all x   . Let y be a twice  0,1 but not identically 0 on the

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cally 0 on
differentiable function on  satisfying whole of 

y "  x   P  x  y '  x   y  x   0 for all x   . (c) There is an f satisfying  * that takes both
Suppose that there two real numbers positive and negative values

a , b  a  b  such that y  a   y  b   0 . (d) There is an f satisfying  * that is 0 at in-

Then finitely many points, but is not identically zero

(a) y  x   0 for all x   a, b  Q. 5: Let p and t be positive real numbers. Let

(b) y  x   0 for all x   a, b  Dt be the closed disc of radius t centered at

(c) y  x   0 for all x   a, b   0, 0  i.e. Dt   x, y    2 : x 2  y 2  t 2  .

(d) y  x  changes sign on  a, b  dx dy

I  p, t   
p  x 2  y 2  . Then
p
Define D 2

Q. 3: Let f :    be a continuous function sat-

lim I  p, t  is finite
isfying f  x   f  x  1 for all x   . Then t 

(a) f is not necessarily bounded above (a) Only if p  1 (b) Only if p  1

(c) Only if p  1 (d) For no value of p
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Q. 6: How many elements of the group  50 order Q. 9: For an integer k  0 , let Pk denote the vec-
tor space of all real polynomials in one vari-
10 ?
(a) 10 (b)
able of degree less than or equal to k . Define
4
(c) 5 (d) 8 a linear transformation T : P2  P3 by
T f  x   f " x   x f  x 
Q.7: For every n   , let f n :    be a function. Which one of the following polynomials is not
From the given choices, pick the statement in the range of T ?
that is the negation of
“ For every x   and for every real number
(a) x  x2 (b) x2  x3  2

. 0
(c) x  x3  2 (d) x 1
 0 , there exists an integer N  0 such

2
p
Q. 10: Let n  1 be an integer. Consider the follow-
that  f N i  x   for every integer p  0 ”
ing two statements for an arbitrary n  n

S
i 1
matrix A with complex entries.
(a) For every x   and for every real number

H
I. If Ak  I n for some integer k  1 , then all the
 0 , there does not exist any integer N  0

T
p eigenvalues of A are k th roots of unity
 f N i  x   for every integer

A
If, for some integer k  1 all the eigenvalues
such that
i 1
II.
S
EMA
p0 of A are k th roots of unity, then Ak  I n

M
Then
For every x   and for every real number
(b)

O M(a) both I and II are true

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 0 , there exists an integer N 0 such (b) I is true but II is false
T (c) I is false but II is true

E INST
p
(d)
that  f N i  x   for some integer p  0
neither I nor II is true

IV
i 1

NA
Q.11 - Q. 30 Carry two marks each.
There exists x   and there exists a real
(c)
A

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number  0 such that for every integer Q. 11: Let M n    be the real vector space of all
N  0 , there exists an integer p  0 for n  n matrices with real entries n  2 .
p

which the inequality  f N i  x   holds. Let A M n    . Consider the subspace W of

i 1
M n    spanned by  I n , A, A2 ,.... . Then the
(d) There exists x   and there exists a real
dimension of W over  is necessarily
number  0 such that for every integer
(a)  (b) n2
N  0 and for every integer p  0 the in-
(c) n (d) at most n
p

equality 
i 1
f N i  x   holds.
Q. 12: Let y be the solution of

1
Q. 8: Which one of the following subsets of  has 1  x  y " x   y '  x   y  x  0 ,
1 x
a non-empty interior ?
(a) The set of all irrational numbers in  x   1,   , y  0   1, y '  0   0 . Then
(b) The set a  :sin  a   1 (a) y is bounded on  0,  

(c) The b   : x 2
 bx  1  0 has distinct roots (b) y is bounded on  1, 0 
(d) The set of all rational number 

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(c) y  x   2 on  1,   Q. 17: Let f :    be an infinitely differentiable

y attains its minimum at x  0 function such that for all a, b   with ab,
(d)
f b  f  a   ab
Q. 13: Consider the surface  f '  . Then
ba  2 
S   x, y , xy    3 : x 3  y 2  1
(a) f must be a polynomial of degree less than
     or equal to 2
Let F  y i  x j  k . If n is the continuous
(b) f must be a polynomial of degree greater
unit normal field to the surface S with posi- than 2

0
tive z component, then

.
(c) f is not a polynomial
 

CS
2
F . n dS equals (d) f must be a linear polynomial
S

 
A
Q. 18: Consider the function

S
(a) (b)
4 2 if x  \  0
1

TH
H
(c)  (d) 2 
f  x   1 n
1 p if x= , n \ 0 , pandgcd n, p 1

T
Q. 14: Consider the following statements.  p

A
I. The group  ,   has no proper subgroup of Then

finite index. E (a) All x   \ 0 are strict local minima for f

M
  \ 0 , . has no proper U
II. The group
ITsubgroup (b) f is continuous at all x  
f is not continuous at all x   \ 

K
of finite index. (c)

IN
Which one of the following statements is
f is not continuous at x  0

E
(d)
true?

AN
(a) Both I and II are true

IV
(b) I is true but II is false Q. 19: Consider the family of curves x 2  y 2  ky
(c)
(d) A
II is true but I is false
Neither I nor II is true with parameter k   . The equation of the

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orthogonal trajectory on this family passing
Q. 15: Let f :    be a bijective map such that
through 1,1 is given by

f  n

n 1 n2
  (a) x 3  3 xy 2  4 (b) x 2  2 xy  3
(c) y 2  2x2 y  3 (d) x 3  2 xy 2  3
The number of such bijective maps is
(a) Exactly one
(b) Zero Q. 20: Which one of the following statements is
(c) Finite but more than one true ?
(d) Infinite (a) Exactly half of the elements in any even or-
der subgroup of S5 must be even permuta-
Q. 16: Define
tions.
 1  1  1  (b) Any abelian subgroup of S5 is trivial
S  lim  1  2   1  2  ....  1  2  . Then
x 
 2  3   n 
(c) There exists a cyclic subgroup of of order
(a) S  1/ 2 (b) S  1/ 4 6
(c) S 1 (d) S  3/ 4 (d) There exists a normal subgroup of S5 of in-
dex 7

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 Q. 24: Which one of the following statements is
Q. 21: Let f :  0,1   0,   be a continuous func- true?
tion such that (a)  ,   is isomorphic to  ,  
 f t  1  2  f  s  ds for all t   0,1 .
2 1

0 (b)  ,   is isomorphic to  ,  
Then
(c)   / ,   is isomorphic to   / 2,  
(a) f  t   1  t for all t 0,1
(d)   / ,   is isomorphic to  ,  
(b) f  t   1  t for all t  0,1

f  t   1  t for all t  0,1 Q. 25: Let y be a twice differentiable function on

0
(c)

.
 satisfying
t

2
(d) f  t   1  for all t  0,1 y " x   2  e , x 
x
2
Q. 22: Let A be a n  n invertible matrix and C y  0   1, y '  0   0

S
be an n  n nilpotent matrix. If Then

H
X X  (a) y  0 has exactly one root.

T
X   11 12  is a 2 n  2 n matrix ( each
 X 21 X 22 
(b) y  0 has exactly two roots

A
(c) y  0 has more than two roots
X i j being n  n ) that commutes with the
xT
A C
  such
(d)
M
M
There exists an 0 that

MAT
 A 0
2n  2n matrix B   0 C  , then y  x0   y  x  for all x  
 
(a)

(b)

E
X 12 and X 21
D K I
X11 and X 22 are necessarily zero matrices.
TU
IN zero matrices
are necessarily
Q. 26: Let f : 0,1   0,1 be a non-constant con-

IV
tinuous function such that f  f  f . Define
(c)
AN
X11 and X 21 are necessarily zero matrices
 f   x   0,1 : f  x   x . Then

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(d) X 12 and X 22 are necessarily zero matrices
(a)  f is neither open nor closed

Q. 23: Let D   2 be defined by (b)  f is an interval

D   2 \  x, 0  : x  . Consider the func- (c)  f is empty

1 (d)  f need not be an interval

tion f : D   defined by f  x, y   x sin .
y
Then Q. 27: Let g be an element of S7 such that g com-
(a) f is a discontinuous function on D mutes with the element  2,6, 4,3 . The
(b) f is a continuous function on D and cannot number of such g is
be extended continuously to any point out-
(a) 6 (b) 4
side D.
(c) f is a continuous function on D and can be (c) 24 (d) 48

extended continuously to D   0, 0  Q. 28: Let G be a finite abelian group of odd order.

(d) f is a continuous function on D and can be Consider the following two statements:
I The map f : G  G defined by f  g   g2
extended continuously to the whole of 2
is a group isomorphism

4 www.vivekmaths.in
 Q. 32: Consider the equation
II The product  gG
g e
x 2021  x 2020  .....  x  1  0 . Then
(a) Both I and II are true (a) All real roots are positive
(b) I is true but II is false (b) Exactly one real root is positive
(c) II is true but I is false (c) Exactly one real root is negative
(d) Neither I nor II is true (d) No real root is positive

Q. 29: Let n  2 be an integer. Let A :  n   n be Q. 33: Let D   2 \  0,0  . Consider the two
the linear transformation defined by
function u, v : D   defined by
A  z1 , z2 ,...., zn    zn , z1 , z2 ,...., zn1 

0
u  x, y   x 2  y 2 and v  x, y   xy

.
Which one of the following statements is true
every n  2 ?
Su and v of the

2
Consider the gradients
(a) A is nilpotent functions u and v ,IC
(b) All eigenvalues of A are of modulus 1 T respectively. Then
Aparallel at each point  x, y 
S
(c) Every eigenvalues of A is either 0 or 1 (a) u and M v are
(d) A is singular

H
of D
uTand v are perpendicular at ecah point
Q. 30: Consider the two series (b)
A
T

1  x, y  of D
n

A
I 1 1/ n  and
u and v do not exist at some point  x, y 
n 1
(c)

M

1 of D
II n
u and v at each point  x, y  of D span
2  n1/ n
n 1 (d)

NS
K
Which one of the following holds?
(a) 2

E
Both I and II converge
(b) Both I and II diverge
ND

IV
NA
(c) I converges and II diverges Q. 34: Consider the two functions f  x, y   x  y
(d) I diverges and II converges
and g  x, y   xy  16 defined on  2 . Then

V
SECTION - B
MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTIONS (MSQ) (a) The function f has no global extreme value
Q. 31 - Q. 40 Carry two marks each.
subject to the condition g  0
Q. 31: Let f :    be function with the prop- (b) The function f attains global extreme val-
erty that for every y   , the value of the ues at  4, 4  and  4, 4 subject to the con-
expression sup  xy  f  x  is fininte. De- dition g  0
x
(c) The function g has no global extreme value
fine g  y   sup  xy  f  x   for all y   . subject to the condition f  0
x
Then (d) The function g has a global extreme value
(a) g is even if f is even. at  0, 0  subject to the condition f 0
f  x
f must satisfy lim   .
(b) x  x Q. 35: Let f :  a, b    be a differentiable func-

(c) g is odd if f is even. tion on  a, b  . Which of the following state-

ments is/are true?
f  x
(d) f must satisfy lim   . (a) f '  0 in  a, b  implies that f is increas-
x  x

5
ing in  a, b  www.vivekmaths.in
 Q. 39: Let V be a finite dimensional vector space
(b) f is increasing in  a, b  implies that f '  0
and T : V  V be a linear transformation. Let
in  a, b 
R T  denote the range of T and N T  de-
(c) If f '  x0   0 for some x0   a, b  , then there
note the null space v V :T v  0 of T . If
exists a  0 such that f  x   f  x0  for
rank T     , then which of the fol-
rank T
2

all x   x0 , x0    lowing is/are necessarily true ?

(d) If f '  x0   0 for some x0   a, b  , then f is (a) N T   N T 2 

R T   R T 2 

. 0
increasing in a neighbourhood of x0 (b)

2
Q. 36: Let G be a finite group of order 28. Assume (c) N T   R  T   0

S
that G contains a subgroup of order 7. Which
(d) N T   0
of the following statements is/are true?

H
(a) G contains a unique subgroup of order 7
Q. 40: Let m  1 and n  1 be integers. Let A be

T
(b) G contains a normal subgroup of order 7
an m  n matrix such that for some m  1

A ICS
(c) G contains no normal subgroup of order 7
matrix b1 , the equation Ax  b1 has infinitely
(d) G contains at least two subgroups of order 7 T

M
Q. 37: Which of the following subsets of  is/are HE
many solutions. Let b2 denote an m 1 ma-

M
trix different from b1 . Then Ax  b2 has

K
connected ?

 x  : x is irrational (a) Infinitely many solutions for some b2

E
(a) The set

1  0I
 x   : x D (b) A unique solution for some b2

IV
3
(b) The set

NA N (c) No solution for some b2

The set  x   : x  x  1  0
3
(c)

V
(d) Finitely many solutions for some b2
The set  x   : x  2 x  1  0
3
(b)
SECTION - C
NUMERICAL ANSWER TYPE (NAT)
Q. 38: Consider the four functions from  to  Q. 41 - Q. 50 Carry one mark each.
f1  x   x 4  3x3  7 x  1 .
Q. 41: The number of cycles of length 4 in S6 is
f 2  x   x3  3 x 2  4 x , f3  x   are tan  x  _____________

 x if x   1

and f 4  x    Q. 42: The value of lim  3n  5n  7 n  n

0 if x   n

is_____________
Which of the following subsets of  are open?
(a) The range of f1
Q. 43: Let B   x, y, z    3
: x 2  y 2  z 2  1 and

(b) The range of f2 

define u  x, y , z   sin 1  x  y  z
2 2

2 2
 for
(c) The range of f3
 x, y , z  B . Then the value of
(d) The range of f4
  2 u  2u  2u 
B  x2  y 2  z 2  dx dy dz is __________
6 www.vivekmaths.in
Q. 44: Consider the subset
 
S   x , y  : x 2
 y 2  0  of  2 . Let  0,1 and the end point  , 0  . Then
2 
 
y x
P  x, y   2
x y 2 and
Q  x, y    2
x  y2
C F . d r equals _____________
for  x, y   S . If C denotes the unit circle
Q. 50: The value of

traversed in the counter-clockwise direction,        

lim cos   cos   ....cos  n 1  is
1 2 n 
4  8  2 
then the value of
   Pdx  Qdy  is _______________

0
C

.
_____________
Q. 51- Q. 60 Carry two marks each:

I
2
Q. 45: Consider the set

A  a  : x  a  a 1 a  2 has a real root T

Q. 51: The number of elements of order two in the

MA
2

S
group S 4 equal to _____________
The number of connected components of A is

AT
H
Q. 52: The least possible value of k , accurate up

T
______________
to two decimal places, for which the following
y "  t   2 y '  t   ky  t   0, t   .

A
Q. 46: Let V be the real vector space of all con- problem

tinuous functions
T E
f :  0, 2   such that y  0   0, y 1  0, y 1/ 2   1 has a solu-

M
U
the restriction of f to the intervalT 0,1 is a
I
tions is _______________

S Tor equal to 2,

K
polynomial of degree less than Q. 53: Consider those continuous functions
INinterval 1, 2 is a f :    that have the property that given

E
polynomial of degree
Dless than or equal to 3
the restriction of f to the

N x  . f  x  if and only if

IV
and f  0  N
A
 0 . Then the dimension of V is
any

equal toA
f  x  1  \  .

V
______________
The number of such functions is ___________
Q. 47: The number of group homomorphisms from
Q. 54: The largest positive number a such that
the group  4 to the group S3 is ____________ 5 3
 f  x  dx  
0 0
f 1  x  dx  a for every

9  strictly increasing surjective continuous

Q. 48: Let y :  ,3    be a differentiable func-
 10  function f : 0,     0,   is _____________
dy
tion satisfying  x  2y   2x  y   0 , Q. 55: Define the sequence
dx
1 n 2
9 
x   ,3  , and y 1  1 . Then y  2   2n 2 2j
if n > 0 is even
 10   j 0
sn   n 1
1 .
2
equals ________________ 2j
if u > 0 is odd
 2n j 0
Q. 49: Let
  
F   y  1 e y cos  x  i   y  2  e y sin  x  j be 1 m
Define m   sn . The number of limit
m n 1
a vector field in  and C be continuously
2

differentiable path with the starting point points of the sequence  m  is ____________

7 www.vivekmaths.in
Q. 56: The determinant of the matrix
 2 1 3 
 2021 2020 2020 2020   
A   2 1 3
  Q. 59: Let . Then the largest
 2021 2021 2020 2020   3 2  1
 
 2021 2021 2021 2020  is ____________
  eigenvalue of A is _____________
 2021 2021 2021 2021 

1 0 0 0
1  
lim e
x2
sin  n, x  dx is 0 1 0 0
Q. 57: The value of
n  0 A

0
Q. 60: Let  0 0 1 0  . Consider the lin-

.
____________
 
0 0 0 1

2
Q. 58: Let S be the surface defined by
ear map TA from the real vector space
 x, y, z   3
: z  1  x 2  y 2 , z  0 .

S
M4  to itself defined by
   

H
Let F   y i   x  1 j  z 2 k and n be the


TA  X   AX  XA . For all X  M 4    . The

T
continuous unit normal field to the surface
S with positive z component. Then the dimension of the range of TA is

A
_______________
 
  
1
  F . n dS is ______________

M
value of
 S

E K
V IV

8 www.vivekmaths.in
Solution of IIT -JAM 2021

0
Q 1: Qus 2:

.
Ans (D) Given that Ans (A)

2
Sol: Given O.D.E is
y 't    y t 

0    1 y "  x   p  x  y '  x   y  x   0 x  
 , y  0   0 ...(1)
C S

S
t   0,1  I
where p  x   0Tis continuous function
A

H
First note that y  t   0  t   0,1 is a and yE a   y  b   0 for some a, b  
TH
T
solution of (1)
with a  b
next on solving, we have

A
Sol: 1 Since p is given to be any contiunous
dy y1
E
UT
   t  c y  0  0  c  0 function therefore for any p  0 the

M
dt
y 1
conclusion on the solution y  x  of given

K
1

N is a solution of
i.e. y  t   1    t 
Idefine1
O.D.E remains valid for p  2 and

E
further if we
N for any fixed then charactersistic equation is given

AN
by m 2  2 m  1  0

IV
   0,1
then m  1  2
0 0t

V
thus solution is
y t    1 ,  t 1
then
         1 2  x  1 2  x Or
1 t 1
y  x   c1 e  c2 e
this is also a solution of for every
y  x   e  x c1 e 2x
 c2 e 2x 
   0,1  
 (1) has infinitely many solutions with condition y  a   y  b   0 , we have

Alternatively: y  a   e a c1e 2a
 c2e  2a
0
1
Take  
2
(particular case ) then we y  b   eb c e1
2b
 c2 e 2b
0
have from y '  y with y  0   0 on  we must have c1e 2a
 c2 e 2a
0
1 2
solving we get y  t then again we c1e 2b
 c2 e  2b
0 simultaneously
4
which is to equivalent to
define as above

0 0t  e 2a
e 2a   c1   0 
      
y t    1 e 
e   c2   0 
2b 2b
 4  t      t  1
2 then this a 

solution of for every    0,1 thus it 9 www.vivekmaths.in

has infinitely many solutions.

 c
e 2 a
e 2a
y  c   0 as a p  t  dt
A    Now to have a non- 
Let e e 0

2 b
e  2 b  Then we have O.D.E
zero solution in c1 & c2 y "  x   p  x  y '  x   y  x   0 with initial
(i.e. c1 & c2 not both zero together) we condition y '  c   y  c   0 ,  p is con-
must have det  A  0 tinuous function which implies that
above 2nd order IVP has a solution and
that will be unique solution.

0
det  A   e 2  a b 
e 2 b  a 
e 2  a b 
 e 2  a b
Since y  x   0 is a solution of this IVP
det  A  0 Iff e

.
2  ab 2  a b 

2
 e satisfying condition y  c   0 , y '  c   0
 Iff 2  a  b  2  a  b y  x   0 x  a, b . By uniqueness of

S

Iff 2 2  a  b   0 solution of IVP.

i.e. Iff a  b which is not possible as

ab
Qus: 3

T
Ans (D)
H
A
c1  c2  0 i.e. y  x   0  x   T IC S
Sol: Given that f  x   f  x  1  x   i.e.

E A

M
Method 2: (Actual solution)
f
T H
is a periodic function with period 1

x
UT
K
Given that for some a, b    a  b  Then we see that f   is a periodic
I T
S Rolle’s theo-
 
N
E N D I
y  a   y  b   0 so applying function with period . i.e.

to N

IV
rem A y over interval  a, b we have x x 
f    f     x  
   
c   a, b  such that y '  c   0 . Now we

V
(Property of periodic function:- If f has
show that y  c   0 also period T then f  x  is periodic with pe-
Re writing given O.D.E as
riod T / C , where C   is constant.
y " x   p  x  y '  x   y  x  To prove our i nitial claim; Let
x
x
 p t  dt g  x  f  
the n for a  x  b, y "  x  e a   
x x 
Then g  x   f 
x x

 p t  dt  p t  dt  f   1 [  f has
p  x y ' x ea  y  x ea    
period 1]
  p  t  dt 
x x

 p  t dt 1 

d y ' x e a
 y  x ea  f   x     g  x  
   ... (1)  
   g has period 
at x  c , L.H.S of (1)is zero as y '  c   0 x
c
 f   has period
 

 p t  dt
 y c ea 0 x   x
Therefore f    f  x
10
   
www.vivekmaths.in
 x 1 x
Set x0 : 1

then
Then  f  x t  dt   f  u  . d u
0 0
x
f  x0     f  x0  & x  arbitrary
x
1
f u  d u  0
x 0
 f  x0     f  x0  for infinitely many 

x0   . x
1
Alteratively: Any continuous and periodic Since x  0 i.e.  0   f u  d u  0
function f ;    is uniformly con- x 0

0
tinuous and bounded. and f :    continuous function

.
i.e.  0,   0  x, y   , x  y  therefore by fundamental theorem of

2
calculus.
 f  x  f  y  
S
x

 f  u  d u is differentiable
C
S
Let  0 be given, choose    then 0
T I
EM
H
 x0   differentiating both side of w.r.to ' x ' we

T
We have    x0     x0 0   then we T
get f  x   0  0  x  and f  0   0

A
must have 0  f  x0     f  x0    f  x   0  x 

UT
M
Since  0 is arbitrary therefore
Qus: 5
f  x0     f  x0   0 Ans (A)

K
x  s cos 
f  x0     f  x0  for infinitely many
 D
E
x   ,A
N Sol: Changing to polar by
y  s sin 
;

N as x   is also arbitrary

IV
A 0 0
0  st
Qus: 4 0    2

V
Ans (A) 2
s dt d
t
1 I  p, t     
 f  x t  dt  0; x   t 0,1 Then
p  s2 
2 p
Sol: We have   0 r 0
0

and f :    is continuous function.

t
s ds
2 
p  s2 
p
First let x  0 , then s 0
2

1 1

 f  0 t  d t   f  0  dt  f  0 1  0   0 put z  p 2  s 2 then we get

0 0
p 2 t 2
dz
 f  0  0 I  p, t    
p2
zp
1
Now if x  0 let u  x t then dt  d u and
x  
  1
t0  u0   p 
2 1 p 
1  p   p 2  t 2  p 1 
t 1  u  x  
Therefore if p 1  0 then

  p2 
1 p
lim I  p , t   i.e. finite.
t  1 p
11 www.vivekmaths.in
 So If roots are real and distinct means
Clearly from lim I  p, t  does not exist
t 
b2  4  0
for other value of p .
b  4  b  2 i.e. b  , 2    2,  
2

Qus: 6
Ans (B)  S   , 2    2,   which is union of two
Sol: In group  n no. of element of order d open set and hence an open set, there-
fore has non-empty interior.
where d O  n   n is  (d ) If roots are comple x then

 10   4 b2  4  0  b2  4
 [Where  (d ) is Euler

. 0
phi. function]  b  2 i.e. b   2,8 

2
Qus: 7
Ans (C) i.e. S   2, 2  which is again an open
Sol: To negate a statement in general we

S
set hence S has non-empty interior.
reverse the quantifiers.

H
The given statement can be written as Qus: 9
follows. Ans (D)

T
Statement P:  x   and  0  N  0
Sol: T : P2  P3 is given by

A

p
f N i  x    p  0 IC S
T  f  x    f "  x   x f  x  .For a linear
T
such that
M A where

M
i 1

Therefore its negative  p :  x   and AT H

transformation T :U V U &V
are finite dimensional vector spaces

K
 0
if S  U such that L  S   U
INST
then

E
such that  N  0 there are inte-
gers p  o L T  S    R T  . i.e. if S span U then
Ninteger

IV
(OR  p  0 ) such that T  S  span R T  the range of T .

V
1, x, x 
p

 f N i  x   .
2
So following the argument,
i 1

Note that negation of a statement p is span P2 than T 1  x, T  x   x 2

a statement  p which is true when

p is false. 
T  x 2   2  x3 span R T  .

Qus: 8 i.e. R T  = Linear span of  x, x , 2  x 

2 3

Ans (C)
Therefore any polynomial p  x  R T 
Sol: Clearly rationals  and irrationals  c
has empty interiors. Also the set iff p is linear combination of x, x 2 and

a   ; sin a  1 is discrete set in  2  x3

and hence has no interior point. Clearly 1  x  R T  as
 A, B & D is false.
1  x  L  x, x 2 , 2  x 3  , as
For C Let S  b   ; x  bx  1  0 .
2

If 1  x  R T  then
x2  b x  1  0 has distinct root if
1  x  a  2  x 3   bx 2  cx for some
b  b  4 2
is distinct either real or a, b, c  
2
complex. 12 www.vivekmaths.in
 ax3  bx 2  cx  2a  1  x
then we must have b  0 a  0 and  An  an 1 An 1  ......a1 A  I  0 (By Cayley
c  1, 2a  1 i.e. a  0 & 2a  1 which is Hamilton Theorem)
absurd.  An    an 1 An 1  an  2 An  2  .... a1 A  I 
For other polynomials we see that
x  x 2  0  2  x 3   1. x 2  1. x An  Span  A , A ,.....I 
n 1 n2

Clearly from it AK  Span
x 3  x 2  2  1 x 3  2   1. x 2  0. x

x 3  x  2  1.  x 3  2   1. x
A n 1
, An  2 ,...., A, I  for all K  n

Qus: 10
Ans (B)
Sol: I is True:- If A K  I n for some integer


=
 2 n n 1
Span I , A, A ,.... A , A ,.....

Span  I , A, A ,....., A 
2

S
n 1

2 .

0
S
T I
dim W   n i.e. at most n .
K  1 then x K  1 is an annililating poly- 
A

H
nomial for A. Qus: 12

T
Therefore the minimal polynomial
T
Ans (B)
Sol: Given D.E is
mA  x  must divide x  1 and M
A
K

 1 
x K  1   x  1  x K 1  2 K 2  ...  x  1  (1  x) y " y '  x   y  x   0  ...(1)

M
 1 x 
 mA  x    x  1 or,  x TIT
K 1
x K 2
 ... x  1 with y  0   1 , y '  0   0 x   1,   .

K
or x K  1 . Since 1  x  0  x  1,   therefore we

E
Therefore in any case root of mA  x  is
A multiply by 1  x  both side of (1) then

IV
A
k root of unity.
th
(1) become
Since any root of minimal polynomial

V
1  x  y " 1  x  y ' y  x   0 ...
2
is an eigenvalue therefore all eigen- (2)
value of A are K th root of unity. and by Cauchy Euler method using the
subsititution.
 1 1
II is False: Consider A    then e z  1  x , (2) becomes
 0  1
 D  D  1  D  1 y  0
eigenvalue of A are 1, 1 which is a
square root of unity [i.e. for K  2 & d
where D 
dz
1  2 
n  2 ]. But A   D  1 y  0
2
 i.e. A2  I Now we have
2
 0 1
Qus: 11  y  c1e z  c2 e  z
Ans (D)
1
Sol: A M n    then A satisfies its charac- Or y  x   C1 1  x   C2 & usi ng
1 x
teristic polynomial which is a monic
polynomial of degree n . y  0   1, y '  0   0 we get
Let p  x   x n  an 1 x n1  an 2 x n 2  ......
1 1 
y  x  1  x    (3)
 a1 x  a0 be its charaacteristic polyno- 2 1  x  
mial.
13 Since 1  x  0  x   1,  

www.vivekmaths.in
 Applying A.M. G.M. in inequality in (3)
dx dy
we see that
  1 y2  x2 
1 1  1  S F . n d S  C 1  x 2  y 2 1  x12  y 2
y  x  1  x    1  x  1
2 1  x   1  x 
  1  y 2  x 2  dx dy
 y  x   1  x  1,   C

2
1 1
y 0  1  1  1 y attains its    1  s  s ds d
2
and by changing to po-
2  0 r 0

0
minimum at x  0 . Also

.
lar
1 x  x  2

2
1
 1 1   1
y ' x  0  2   s  s  ds  2  2  4    1  2    / 2
3
2 1  x 2 at x  0,  2 &
0

S
0 1,    0 is the only point of ex-
Qus: 14

H
trema. Ans (A)

T
. Clearly y  x   2 is not true Sol: I is True: Let H be a subgroup of  ,  

A
y is not bdd in  0,   as x   then  : HS
C   K then
. with finite index. Let
T I
M A q  H  / H &
M
1  x  q
M T
part in y remains unbounded. for any

1 O   | H   K   : H 
UT
K
. y is not bdd in  1,   as part in
T I 1 x
q  H 
K
 H  K  q  H   Kq  H  H
ND IN as x  1


E
y gets larger and larger
iff k q  H but k qK  & K   

IV
Qus: 13 w h e r e
Ans (B)

V
      p 
Sol: F  yi  x j  k and surface S in 3 is K    K   : p  , q    , K  
 q 
represented by S  S  x, y, z  where
 p
z  xy & x  y  1
2 2 clearly K  & K   
q
i.e. S   x, y, z  xy  : x 2
 y2  1 p p  p 
and for any  ,  K   K 

Given that n has  ve z- component so q q  Kq 
  K
we l et l  x, y, z   z  xy then
      K  for K 
 l  yi  x j  k Hence   H & H is subgroup of 
n 
l 1  x2  y 2 i.e. H  
Projection of surface on xy - plane is  H   hence no proper subgroup of
the region C   x, y, 0  ; x 2
 y  1 and
2
 ,   is with finite index.

d s
dx dy

dx dy II is True: Similarly we show  \ 0 ,.  
 
n.k 1  x2  y2 has no proper subgroup of finite index
Denote     0 and let H be sub-
*

14
group of* with fi .www.vivekmaths.in
 and since f is bijective over  then
Let   : H   K , K   Now for any
*

f 1 , f  2  ,.... f  n  are distinct positive

z * zH  * / H and O   / H   K
*
integer therefore

 z H 
K
 H i.e. z K H  H iff z K  H n  n  1
f 1  f  2   .....  f  n  
2
i.e. for any z * , z K  H
Now we claim that *  H
N
f  n  N n  n  1  2n  1
    
 n  n  1 
2
n 1 n2 n 1 2
Let w *
then  Z   such that
*

. 0
w  Z K , more precisely Z  w1/ K where N  
N
2n  1 1 1
    

2
K   i.e. w  z K for K   always has n 1 2n  n  1

n 1 n  1 2 n  n  1
2

 
a solution.

S
N N
 w  z  H    H & H  * as H is
K * 1 1
 
n 1 n  1 A
n 1 2 n  n  1

H
subgroup of  ,.
*
 

T
 H  T f n n   n 1 1

N N

M 2

A
 No proper subgroup of  ,. is with fi-
*
  n 1 n 1

O 
f n  1

M
nite index.
Qus: 15  
n 1 n2

n 1 n  1
Ans (B)
NS
K
Sol: No such function can exist. Which implies whenevers f :    ,

D I
The reason with this is that we use
f  n

E
N


A
partial summation formula/Abel’s bijective then  is divergent.
N n2

IV
lemma which says that.
A
n 1

If an , bn   ,for n   and AN  a Alternatively

V
n for
n 1
Let such a f exists, i.e. f :    be
N   , then

f  n
N N bijective &   then
a
n 1
n bn   An  bn  bn 1   An bN 1
n 1
n 1 n2

f n n 1

f  n  1
N
   a1  ....an  bn  bn 1    a1  ..an bN 1

n2
 2 
n n
  2  n
nm n m n
n 1

1
1
++++ Taking an  f  x  , bn  2 in above, we
but 
n 1 n
which is divergent series
x
f n N

f  n

N

have 
n 1 n2
   f 1  f  2   .... f  n  
n 1

n 1 n2
is also divergent.

i.e. no such f exists.

1 1  1
 2 2
 An :
 n  n  1   N  1
2

N
f  n N 2n 1
    f 1  f  2  .... f  n 
 n n 1 
2 2
n1 n n1

15 www.vivekmaths.in
Qus: 16 function f 2  a1 x  a0 & f3  b2 22  b1 x  b0
Ans (A)
then it is easy to check that the given
 1  1  1  condition of f i.e.
Sol: S  lim 1  2 
1  2  ...  1  2 
n 
 2  3   n 
f b  f  a  a b 
n
 1  n
 1  1  f '   a, b  , a  b is
 lim   1  2  n    1    1  
 lim ba  2 
K 2  K  K 2  K  K
n 
satisfied by f1 , f 2 and f3 hence option
 1  1  1  1  A can be true.
i.e. S  lim
n  
 1    1    1    1    ....
 2  2  3  3 
For option B: Take f  x   x a  1, b  1

0
3

.
 1  1     1  1  
 1  n  1  1  n  1    1  n  1  n   +++ f 1  f  1

2
     than  1 f '  0  0   B 
1   1

S
 1 3   2 4   3 5  is incorrect
 S  lim  .   .   .  .....
n  2 2
  3 3  4 4 

H
For option C: Since in (A) we have

T
taken polynomial so (C) is incorrect
 n  2 n   n 1 n  1  automatically
 .  . 

A
 n 1 n 1   n
TI
n 
A
For option D: (D) is also contradicting
M
HE
M
1  n 1 1 1 1
 S  lim 
n  2
  lim 1   
 n  n  2  n  2 M AT
(A) as in (A) we have polynomial other
than linear polynomial. Therefore (B)
,(C) & (D) are incorrect so (A) is cor-
UT
K
OR we can write product as following which
rect
is easy to visualise.

E
Method 2:

IV
1 3  Given that f is infinitely differentiable.
. 
2 2
 therefore f "'  x  exist x  

V
2 4 
. Let x   & h  0 then
3 3 
 1  n 1
3 5
.   2  n 
4 4 
  1 1  1  xh x xh

  
n2 n  2 n and we call interval I   x, x  h 
.
n  1 n  1 J   x  h, x 

n 1 n 1 
. Now applying Taylor’s Theorem on f
n n 
over I and J respectively, we get for
some c1   x, x  h  and c2   x  h, x 
1
i.e S 
2 h2
such that f  x  h   f  x   h f '  x  
Qus: 17 2
Ans (A)
Sol: Method: Going through options it is h2
f ''  x   f "'  c1  and
very easy to conclude answer as fol- 3
lows.
h2 h3
For option A: Take f1  x   c constant f  x  h   f  x   hf '  x   f " x  
2 3
16
www.vivekmaths.in
 Qus: 18
Ans (A)
f "'  c2  . Then on substracting these two
expression , we get 1 x c 0

f  x  h   f  x  h   2h f '  x   3 h 3 f  x   1 n , p  0,gcd  n, p  1
Sol: 1
 p if x= , n  
 p
 f "'  c1   f "'  c2   .
First we prove that lim f  x   1 for ev-
f  x  h   f  x  h   2h f ' x  1 x a
Then 
h3 3 ery a   .

0
 f "'  c1   f "'  c2   using the condition n

.
Let a  with n, p   , p  0 and
p

2
 ab
on f , i.e. f  b   f  a    b  a  f '   gcd  n, p   1 and let  0 , then 
 2  S
 a  b  we have

f  x  h   f  x  h   2h f '  x 

HSHE
n0   s.t. n0 
1

1
i.e. n  then the

T
0

Therefore, n

A
set of rational numbers in any in-
f  x  h   f  x  h   2h f '  x  p
lim 0
T
M
h 0 h3 terval  ,   ,   ,     containing a,

 lim
1
S T
 f "'  c1   f "'  c2  such that 0  p  n0 and gcd  n, p   1 is

K
h0 3 N finite.

A
E
2
0 f "'  x   x    n1 n2 n
N

IV
 , ,....., k are finitely many
A 3 So let
p1 p2 pk
As x  c1  x  h, x  h  c2  x  h  0 im-
rationals in  ,   with a   ,  


V
plies c1  x & c2  x

i.e. f "'  x   0  
f must be a polynomial of degree less
than or equal to 2.
Since a   , 
ni
i
nj
  so let p and p are
j

rationals nearest to a from left

right respectively for some i. j .
and

Method3: For any x & h   we have

 1, 2,...., k
f  x  h   f  x  h   2h f '  x 
ni nj
Differentiating both side w.r.to h twice Let 1  a  , 2  a 
pi pj
we get f ' x  h  f ' x  h  2 f ' x
then with   min 1 ,  2 
+ f " x  h   f " 2  h   0

f " x  h   f " x  h 
 a   , a    \ a contains no such type
 f "'  x   lim 0 of rationals.
h0 2h
If follows that for this   0 and
i.e. f "'  x   0  x    f is a polyno-
x   ,   with 0  x  a  
mial of degree less than or equal to 2

17 www.vivekmaths.in
 Qus: 19
then f  x   1  0  if x   0
c
Ans (A)
Sol: The family of curve is x 2  y 2  ky
1 1 1
 0  1     (1) where k   is paramter
p p n0
 2x  2 y y '  k y '
for some p   with p  n0 , where x is
2x 2x
rational i.e. f  x   1  y'  
2y  k x2  y 2
 2y 
 lim f  x   1 y

0
xa

.
x2  y 2
[ from (1) k 

2
m ]
Now let 0  a , a  be any rational
y
n
dy 2 xy

S
with gcd  m, n   1 and n   , n  0 i.e.  2  f  x, y 
dx x  y 2

H
Since lim f  x  1 Hence orthogonal trajectary to given

T
xa
family of curve(1) is obtained by on solv-
f a 1 ing

A
 for    0    0 such that
 x2  y 2 
2 2n dy

1
M AT


M
 x with 0  x  a    f  x   1  dx
TH
f  x, y  2 xy

x 2
 y2  dx  2xy dy  0 which is an ex-

K
1 1 or
 1  1   f  x   1 
2n 2n act differential equation therefore on

E
A A
N
1 1 1 1 x3

IV
     solving, we have  x y2  c
2n n 2n n 3
1,1 ,

V
and this curve passes through
1 1
 1  1  f a
2n n 4
therefore c 
3
i.e . f  a   f  x   x  a   , a    | a
 x 3  3 xy 2  4
for some   0
 a is a point of strict local minima for
f .

18 www.vivekmaths.in
Q: 20 Integrating last expression from 0 to t,
Ans (C) t

Sol: Since in a finite group G if a  G & let we get 1  2  f  S  dS  t

0
o  a   k then
 f t   t [from (2)]
H  a, a , a ,...., a
2 3 n 1
, a  e is a finite
n

 t  0,1
cyclic subgroup of G
Here S5 is finite group & order of any  f  t   1  t hold for all t 0,1

0
permutation  in S5 which is product we observe that f  t   t always imply

.
f  t   1  t and holds for all t  0,1
of two disjoint cycle of length 2 & 3 then

2
o    lcm of length of disjoint cycles =
f  t   t does not imply that
CS
But

S
6.
Take any permutation in S5 which is f t   1 
M A t
and hold  t   0,1

H
product of two disjoint cycle of length 2 E 2

T
& 3. e.g.   S 5    a b  c d e  then t
 t  t   0,1
Also note that

A
2
o     6 and
t
is T

M
1  1  t then f  t   t certainly imply
   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   Id  U
2 3 4 5 6 
T a cyclic
T example one
2
Subgroup of orders 6. For
S f  t   1  t t  0,1 , but

K
N
DI 
such  is 1 2  345

E
t
f t   1   t  0,1 can not be said
2

IV
Qus: 21
Ans (A)
Qus: 22

V
t
Ans (B)
Sol: ( f  t )  1  2 f  s  d s
2
(1) Sol: Let C be nilpotent matrix of index
0
K.
That is C  0 and C  0 1 s  K  1
K s

Then 0  f  0   1 & f  x   0  x  0,1

2

 K  N
 0  f  0   1 therefore options (B) & (D)
A 0 
is incorrect. we have B  then
Now from (1) 0 C
t
 A2 0   An 0 
f  t   1  2 f  S  d S
2
0 B 2    B n
  
2 . n 
0 0 C  0 C 
t (where 0  0nn zero matrix of orders n )
 f  t   f  t   1  2 f  S  dS (2)
0 Since BX  XB  B 2 X  BXB  XB 2 for
any n  N therefore repeatedly multi-
f t  d 
t 
 1   1  2  f  S  dS   1 plying both side by B . K  times where
t dt  
 1  2  f  S  ds  0  K is index of C , then we have
0
B K X  XB K

19 www.vivekmaths.in
 Clearly f is continuous on D  option
 AK 0   A K 0 
where B K
  K
  (A) is incorrect. Next f can be extended
0 C  0 0 
continuously to D   0, 0  iff
then
 AK 0   X 11 X 12   X 11 X 12   AK 0  lim f  x, y  exsits and is equal to
 x , y  0,0
    
 0 0   X 21 X 22   X 21 X 22   0 0  f  0, 0 
 AK X 11 AK X 12   X 11 A 0
K
1
     Now 0  f  x, y   x sin  x 0 as
 0   X 21 A 0 

0
K y
 0

.
 AK X 12  0 & X 21 A K  0  x, y    0,0
Since A1 exist  A K exist then
A K A K X 12  0 and X 21 AK A K  0
 lim
 x , y  0,0 

S
squeeze theorem
f  x, y   0 by

2 sandwich/

H
 IX 12  X 12  0 & X 21 I  X 21  0  lim f  x, y   0
 x , y  0,0 

T
 X 21 and X 12 must be zero. Now if we define

A TI
 1
2nd Method: Consider particular case
A
 x sin y  x, y D
T E
g  x, y   

M
0 1   0
A  I 22C     at  x, y    0,0
0 0

K
Then g is a continuous extension of

E
 x11

x21
x12
x22
I
x13 x14 

x23 x24   X 11 X 12 
f to D   0,0 

IV
X    Next we observe that f cannot be ex-
 x31 x32 x33 x34   X 21 X 22 
  tended continuously to whole of  2 and
x43 x44 

V
 x41 x42
in other words f has no continuous
extension ou tside D where
1 0 0 0

0

1 0 0  2  D   a, 0  : a   suppose other
B
0 0 0 1 wise i.e. f were continuous on  2 .Any
  typical point outside D is of the type
0 0 0 0
Then equating the product BX  XB we  a, 0  ,  a    i.e.  a, 0     a  0  & by
2

get assumption f is continous at  a, 0  for

x13  x14  x23  x24  x31  x32  x41  x42  0
every sequence  xn , yn    2 such that
 X 12 & X 21  0 but X 11  0, X 21  0 So op-
tion (A), (C), & (D) are incorrect.  xn , yn    a, 0  we must have

Qus: 23 f  xn , yn   f  a, 0  .
Ans (C)
 1 1
Take  a  ,  that converges to  a, 0  but
Sol: D   
2
 x, 0 ; x  and f : D   is  n n
1  1 1  1 1
defined by f  x, y   x sin f  a  ,    a   sin n  a sin  n   sin  n 
 n n  n n
y
20 www.vivekmaths.in
 1 f is onto clearly for any y  2   / 2
Since sin  n   0 as n   but limit its pre-image is y   in  /  where
n
 
of a sin  n  does not exist as n   y  .
Hence f is an isomorphism i.e.
 1 1
 f  a  ,  does not converges to   / ,      / 2,  
 n n
f  a, 0  Qus: 25
Ans (B)
 f can not be continuous at  a, 0 

0
Sol: Given O.D.E is y "  x   2  e
x

.
 f can not be extended continuously

2
Method 1: x   , y  0   1 , y '  0   0
 
outside of D   0, 0  as whole of  2

ICS
First we note that y "  x   0  x    y

S A
Qus: 24.
is convex  x   . y "  x   0 implies
M
H
Ans (C)
Sol: First of all in option (A) & (B) group
y 'H
E

T
 ,   is cyclic whereas  ,   &  ,   Tx  is strictly increasing. Then for

A
0  x  0  y ' 0  y '  x   y '  x   0
is not cyclic so they cannot be isomor-
, E
phic similarly in option (D)   | T
O
  is x  0 i.e. y is strictly increasing for

M
I U of
infinite group having everyTelement x0.
finite order but  , S
Thas no element

K
Similarly for x  0 we have

of finite orderD
IN y '  x   y '  0   0  y '  x   0,  x  0 i.e.

E
 A
option (D) Nis incorrect & hence (C) is
except identity.

AN
y is strictly decreasing for x  0

IV
correct.
Then we have the following informa-
To show   | ,      | 2,   . Define a tion of solution curve y which enable

V
map f :  /    / 2  by us to graph y .
 y is convex x  
f  x     x  2  x   y is strictly decreasing for x  0
Then f is one-one iff ker  f    (the  y is strictly increasing for x  0
identity of  /  )  '0' is point of extrema
Let x   ker  f   f  x     2 (the y "  x   0  x   i.e. '0'
is point of minima & since
identity of  / 2  )
y is convex so this will be
 x  2  2 only point of minima. The
 x  2   2
minima is y  0   1 [Ab-
 x  solute minima in fact]
 ker  f    and   ker  f  as for any

x   , f  x     f     2 

  ker  f 

Hence ker  f     f is one-one .

21 www.vivekmaths.in
 Curve is ( 0 , -1 ) passing through and y ( x )  0 ,  x  1 .similarly there is a root

in (-1,0)  y  x   0 has exactly 2 roots

for x < 0,y for x > 0, y is
is st. dec. st. inc. & convex
& convex

+ve +ve +ve +ve

x < -1 x >1
-1 0
y= -1
-ve 1
(0,-1)

Qus: 26

0
Absolute minima -1 is attained at x  0 Ans (B)

.
Sol: From an obvious observation we can
By graph of y , we ascertain that y
conclude correct answer for the present

2
has only two roots. problem.
Qus: 25
Take f  x   x , i.e. identity function,

S
Ans (B)
Sol: Method 2: Given that
where x  0,1 . f satisfies all given

H
y "  2  e , y  0  1
x

T
hypothesis and in this case  f   0,1
y '  0  1

A
x  T S
clearly by this particular example (A),

 E A
(C) & (D) are incorrect

M
H
(B) is correct.

MAT
y  c1  c2 x is G.S of homogeneous past Next we justify as follows that (B) is
of given ODE correct.

K
And its particular integral is
i.e. Let I   0,1 then Range of

E
f  R  f   f  I    f  x  : x  I    0,1
N
 2  e x

IV
 2
x  0  y p  x 2  e x , x  0
yp   D x Let y  f  I   y  f  x  for some x  I
2  e

V
x  0  yp  x  e , x  0
2 x
 D2 then f  y   f  f  x   f  x  y
d f  x i.e. f  y  y for y  f  I    0,1
(where D & stands for
dx D  y   0,1

 f  x  dx and
1
D2
f  x     f  x  dx  dx  y   f if f  I    f

converse ly le t x   f  x I and
c1  c2 x  x 2  e x x  0
& y f  x  x
c1  c2 x  x  e x0
2 x

since f  x  f  I   x  f  x   f  I 
Now y  0   1  c1  1  1 c1  2
 f  f I 
y '  0   0 y '  x   c2  2 x  e x  x  0  so
which concludes  f  f  I 
y '  0   c2  1  0  c2  1
since f is a continuous function & I
 x 2  x  2  e  x x  0
 y  x   2 is an interval therefore f  I  must be
 x  x  2  e x  0
x

an interval.
y  0   1 0
y 1  e1  0 
Now There is a root
22 www.vivekmaths.in

in  0,1
 ( continuous image of on interval is
(II) Given that O  G   odd . Let e be
an interval)
And  f  f  I    f is an interval. identity of G . Then G  e has even
Qus: 27 no. of elements and exactly half of them
Ans (C) are inverse to exactly other half ele-
ments one by one. Therefore those
Sol: Let    2 6 4 3 ,   S7 , we need to find product is e .
N    i.e. all   S7 such that    As G is abelian therefore in product of
all elements in G  e can be inter-
o G 

0
since N     o Cl 

.
changed so that they sit next to their
   where
inverse elements.

2
Cl     {  S ; is conjugate to } For simplicity let O G  5 , let
7

IC
S
   S7 ;  is cycle of length 4 G  e1 , x1 , x2 , x3 , x4  ,
T
M
H
non-id Their inverse
(since in S n any two permutations are
x  x x x x  xx x x e

T
conjugate iff they have same cycle x
T x  G  ex x x x e
1 3 1 2 3 4 1 3 2 4

structure.) x 

A
2 4 1 2 3 4
gG
7!
E
No. of 4 -cycle in S 7 is 4 7  4 !  7  5  6
UT
Qus: 29

M
  Ans (B)
Sol: Method 1: We observe that with the
o G 
NS
K
7!
o  N        24
 I
o CI     7  6  5
D
given map A  z1 , z2 ,...., zn 

E
Qus: 28   zn , z1, z2 ,..., zn1 

IV
Ans (A)
Sol:
A
(I) f : G  G given by f  g   g then f
2
A2  z1 , z2 ,..., zn   A  zn , z1 , z2 ,...., zn1 

V
is an isomorphism.   zn1 , zn , z1 , z2 ,...., zn 2 
Clearly
............ An  z   An  z1 , z2 ,..., zn  
f  gh    gh   gh gh  g 2 h 2  f  g  f  h 
2

 z1 , z2 ,..., zn   z
Next let g  ker  f   f  g   g  e
2

i.e.  A  z   z  I  z  z 
n n

 o  g  divides 2 i.e. o  g   1 or 2
Therefore An  I
but 2  o  g  does not divide O  G  = odd  If  is an eigenvalue of A then  sat-

o  g   1 i.e. g  e isfy  n  1 i.e.  is nth root of unity &


hence   1
i.e. ker  f   e  f is one-one
Method 2: Let  is an eigenvalue of A
since G is finite group f : G  G is one-
& let z   z1 , z2 ,...., zn   be its corre-
n
one therefore f is onto also
otherwise by fundamental theorem of sponding eigenvectors. Clearly z  0 i.e.
group. ( z1 , z2 ,..., zn )  0
G / ker f   G / e  f  G  but G / e  G we

must have then f  G   G  f onto also

23 www.vivekmaths.in
 Now we have Az   z 
nn
1/ n

1 
1
 zn , z1 , z2 ,...., zn1     z1 , z2 ,..., zn    2
  and n is divergent se-
 n 1 n n 1 n n 1

ries therefore series in II is divergent

zn   z1  too.

z1   z2  Qus: 31
z2   z3  Ans (A,B)
 Sol: (A) g is defined by
............. 
 .............  g  y   sup  xy  f  x   for y   .

0
 x

.
............. 
 Let f be even i.e. f   x   f  x   x  ,

2
zn 1   zn 
then

S
 zn   z1   2 z2   3 z3 ,...,  n 1 zn 1   n zn g   y   sup  x   y   f  x  
x

H
  n
 1 zn  0 but z is eigenvector , so since supremum is take n over all
x   , so replacing x by  x we get

T
zi  0 ,  i  1, 2,...., n
g   y   sup   x   y   f   x 

A
   1   is nth root of unity so   1
n x
C
ATHE
M
 sup  xy  f  x    f  x   f   x  
Q: 30 x

 g  y  i.e. g is even if f is even.

K
Ans (B)

S I
1

N
E
Sol: Since 1  n  2n ,  n   1  n  2
ND I n Note: x  x is bijection  x   & f is even

N xy  f  x  can be replaced by - xy  f  x

IV
1
1
1 
 n  n nn  n n
 2n
(B) Since g is well defined for each

V
1 1 1 
1 
1 y   & each y  
 2n
 1 
n
  1

n 1 2n
i.e. sup  xy  f  x   exist for each y  R
1 n 1 1
n n
n n
xR

1
&  2n is divergent series  M   such that xy  f  x   M
n 1
 x   & each y  
 Series in I is divergent.
1  f  x   xy  M
 
1 n n

Next we have   f  x  x  M
 y   x  0 
1 2
n 1 2 n 1 n 
n n  x  x x
 
using the same inequality as above
1
 M
1  n  2 & n is increasing function
x
n
 y if x  0
for x  1 and n  1
f  x  x

1  x  y  M if x  0
 n n
1 nn
n 2  x
1/ n
n 1 nn f  x
   2 1  y or  y
n2 n n  lim
x  x
24 www.vivekmaths.in
 Qus: 33
f  x
Ans (B,D)
i.e.
x is unbounded above for y  0
Sol: u  x, y   x  y , v  x, y   xy
2 2

or y  0  
f  x
 
 u  2 x i  2 y j   2 x,  2 y 
Moreover lim  y
x  x  v   y i  x j    y, x 

f  x  u .  v  2 xy  2 yx  0 ;   x, y   D
hence   as x   & y is
x   u &  v are perpendicular to each

. 0
large enough. other in D

2
with these justification (A) & (B) are
correct, and option (C), (D) are incor-
Next Let  x0 , y0  D be any point & let

 a, b   2
ICS
rect automatically

S
be arbitrary.

Qus: 32  MA
Then  u  x0 , y0  , v  x0 , y0  span  2 

H
Aus (A,B)
TH  x , y D then  x , y    0, 0
T
So, if
Sol: Let f  x   x  x 2020  ....  x  1
2021 0 0 0 0

A
Then f  0   1  0
and  u , v at  x0 , y0  is

 2 x ,  2 y  ,  y , x 

M
which is linearly
and f 1  2020  0 0 0 0 0

S Tof f by inter-
 0,1 has a ve real root
independent subset of  2 and hence a

K

N (IVP) basis of  2 therefore they span  2
D
mediate value property

E
For x  1AfN
2 x0  2 y0
 x  remains ve hence no  2 x0 2  2 y0 2  0
N

IV
Since as
A of sign therefore no real root of
change
y0 x0
f for all x  1  x0 , y0    0, 0 

V Now if x  1 then f  x   0
if 1  x  0 then odd power of x con-
tribute ve value to f  x  and remains


As
 2 x
dent
0  2 y0  ,  y0 , x0  is linearly indepen-

 x0 . y0  D was arbitrary hence option

in  1, 0  . on the other hand even power (D) is correct.

of x in f  x  lies in  0,1 & contribute Qus: 34.

Ans (A,D)
 ve value & finally all these are sub- Sol: Method 1: (By Lagranges Multiplier
tracted to 1 Method)
 f  x   0 for x  0 f  x, y   x  y & let
Hence f  x   0 has only one real root. D   x , y    2 : g  x, y   0
Which is positive.
Hence (A) & (B) is correct.   x, y  : xy  16  0
solving
f   g , 1   y
+++
1  x

25 www.vivekmaths.in
 clearly   0 as then 1  0 . Also x or  g has global extremum (global maxima
in fact)
y0
Which is attained by  0, 0 
  x   y or   x  y   0 so x  y
 option (D) is correct & (C) is incorrect.
then these  x, y  must be in D , so
Method 2: We have f  x, y   x  y sub-
x  16 or x  4
2
ject to g  x, y   xy  16  0
i.e.  x, y    4, 4  &  4, 4 
16  16  16
These are possi ble points of local  y so f  x,   h  x  x  &

0
extema, because Lagranges multipler x  x  x

.
method is for local extrema unless con-
16

2
straint set is closed and bounded. h ' x  1  0 only at x  4
Here D is closed but not bounded so x2

S
absolute extrema cannot be gauranteed   4, 4  &  4, 4  are point of extrema.
here.

H
h '  x   0 for x  4  h  x  increases
Further f  4, 4   8 , f  4, 4   8

T
unboundedly for x  4 i.e. f  x, y  is
Let p1   2,8  & p2   2, 8  then

A
p1 , p2  D and f  p1   f  4, 4  not bounded above for x  4 and with
T CS
HE
M
xy  16 . Therefore f
f  p2   f  4, 4 
M T
trema.
has no global ex-

UT
K
 f has no global extrema (i.e. either i.e. (A) is correct & (B) incorrect

ST I
global maxima or global minimum) Now if g  x, y   xy  16 subject to

E
D I
so (A) is correct & (B) is incorrect
N
x, yA
g N f  x, y   x  y  0 then

IV
NowA   xy  16 &
h  x   g  x, x,    x 2  16 (using y  x )
D   x, y   : f  2, 4   0

V
2

clearly  x 2  16   16  x  
  x, y   : x  y  0
2

i.e . g  x, y   16   x, y   2 with

Then again on solving g  f
x  y  0 & g attains its global maxi-
y  
 as then  x, y    0, 0  & mum -16 at  0, 0  as g  0, 0   16
x   0
i.e.
 (D) is correct & (C) is incorrect.
 0, 0   D so   0  x  y & x  y  0
Qus: 35.
x0 Ans (A, C)
 y0 Sol: A is correct
Let x, y   a , b  & x y then by
i.e.  x, y    0,0 is only point of local ex-
Lagrange mean value theorem for f
trema & g  0, 0   16
over  a, b we have
Now we observe that
f  y  f  x
with x  y  0 or y   x  f 'c  0 for some
yx
g  x, x    x  16   16;   x, y   D
2

c   x, y 
26 www.vivekmaths.in
 since y  x  0 f '  x0  f  x   f  x0  3
 0   f '  x0 
 we must have f  y   f  x   0 2 x  x0 2

hence for x, y   a, b  , x  y x   x0 , x0   

 f  x  f  y clearly since x  x0  0

 f is increasing in  a, b   f  x   f  x0   0 in  x0 , x0    i.e.
B is incorrect: Take f  x   x in  1,1
3 f  x   f  x0  x   x0 , x0    for some

0
then f is an increasing function but  0

.
D is incorrect:
f '  0   0 i.e. f '  x   0  x   1,1

2
x 1
  x sin   x0
2
C is correct: Given that f '  x0   0 for
Consider    IC
f x  2

S
x

some x0   a, b  then  0 x0

lim
x  x0
f  x   f  x0 
x  x0
 f '  x0   0

T
T
H
Then f '  0   lim
x0
f  x   f  0
x

A
Which is equivalent to x 1
 x 2 sin  

M
f  x   f  x0  2  x
lim  f '  x0   lim
x  x0 x  x0 x 0 x

K
D IN
f  x   f  x0  1 1 1

E
 f '  x0   lim  x sin   
 lim
x  x0 N
x  x0
x 0 2
x 2
N

IV
x  x0
1
f  x   f  x0  i.e. f '  0   0
 lim 2

V
x  x0 x  x0 .
x x 0
i.e.
Then by the right hand limit definition 1 1 1
 2  2 x sin  x   cos  x  x0
(i.e. for x  x0 ) f ' x       
 1
 0,    0 such that x   a, b  with  2
x0

x  x0   But f is not increassing in any nbd of

f  x   f  x0  0. As if f were increasing in some

  f '  x0   neighbourhood of 0, then we must have
x  x0
that f ' x  0 for all x in that
f '  x0  neighbourhood.
In particular for  we have a
2 But in any neighbourhood. of ‘0’ we can
  0 such that 1
find sequence, xn 
f '  x   f  x0  f '  x0  2 n  then xn  0 &
 f '  x0  
x  x0 2 xn  0 but

0  x  x0  x  x0       a, b   f '  xn  
1
 cos 2n 
1
1  0 i . e .
2 2
27 f ' x  0 for everf
www.vivekmaths.in
Qus: 36 Now H is normal:
Ans: (A, B) Since H subgroup of G  x 1 Hx , x  G
Sol: Method 1: (Using sylow’s Theorem)
is also subgroup of G
O  G   28  22 7 7 is prime 7 | O  G  & we show that H  x 1 Hx
7 2 not | O  G  Let h  H  h  e1he x 1 Hx
 By sylow’s first theorem  a subgroup
 H  x 1 Hx, x  G on the other hand let
H of order 7 is G
Next n7  no. of 7 - sylow subgroup of
x  1h x  x  1 H x  x  G, h  H  then

0
order7 in G . h  H  O  h   1 or 7

.
Next n7  no. of 7 -sylow subgroup of
if O  h   1 i.e. h  e then x 1ex  e H
G  1  7 K K   and 1  7K |  O  G    28
K  0 n7  1| 28
if

S
O  h   7,  then

2
 x 1h x  H as H is unique cyclic sub-
O  x  1h x   7

H
K  1 n7  8not | 28
group of G , so if a G &

T
K  2 n7  15 not |28
O  a   7  a H

A
i.e. n7 not | 28 for K  1, 2,3,....
I
MAT H  x
x 1 H x  H 1
Finally Hx &

M
TH
 n7  1 i.e. G has unique 7- sylow sub-
M A
hence H is normal in G
group of G and unique sylow subgroups
OF
__________________________________________

K
are normal. Qus: 37

NSTI
Therefore G contians a normal sub- Ans: (B, C)

E
ND
group of order 7 which is unique. Sol: Connected Subset of  means an in-
N

IV
A
Method 2: (Without using sylow’s
theorme)
terval so clearly (A) is incorrect.
(B)  x   ; x  1 0 i.e. x  1 0 i.e.
3 3

Since O  G   28 & prime 7 / O  G   28

V  x  1  x  x  1  0 x  x  1  0 has no
2 2
 By Cauchy’s theorem on finite group
real root
 a  G such that O  a   7
 x 1  x2  x 1  x  1  x 2
 x  1  x3  1

Let H  a  e, a, a , a ,...., a
2 3 6
 then H
 ,1 ve  ve ve
is cyclic subgroup of G and O  H   7
Next we claim that H is unique. 1,    ve  ve  ve
Let K be any other subgroup of G ,
O  K   7 then clearly K is also cyclic.  x3  1 0,  x 1,   i.e. x  : x 3
 1  0
is an interval
H  K  e otherwise H  K due to
cyclicity of H and K .  Alternatively
Quickly to realise that
OH OK 
Then O  HK    49 but x2  x  1  0  x 
OH  K 
x 2  x  1  x  x  1  1 for x  0 there is
HK  G & O  G   28 which is not pos- nothing to check.
sible  H is unique subgroup of G .
28 www.vivekmaths.in
 Now let x  0 if 1  x  0 Next we claim that it has only one real
root. suppose  is any other root then,
 0  x  1  1  x2  x  1  0
if x  1 then x  x  1  x  x  1  1 and
2 restricting f to  ,   we have

f :  ,     as continuously differen-
x  0 x  1  0 i.e. x  x  1  0
tiable on  ,   and f    f     0
 x  x  1  1  0
 By Rolle’s theorem  C   ,   such
So x  1  0,  x 1,  
3

that f '  C   0 but

0
 Also by graph

.
f '  x   3  x 2  1  0  x  

2
y = x3
 f has only one real root.
Since f '  x   0, IxC
S

S T 
A
EM increasing
H
 f is strictly

T
-1 1
T0  f    f  x  ,  x  
so

A
i.e. x  x  1  0 , x   ,  
-1 3

M
i.e.  x  : x 3
 x  1  0 is an intervel

C 

K
 is correct

 

E
(D) x   : x  2 x  1  0
3
y =x3 - 1

IV
x 3  2 x  1   x  1  x 2  x  1  0

V
1 x3  2x 1  0  x  1 is a root of this

1  5
-1 x2  x 1  0  x
2
1  5 1  5
Let   
thus x 3  1  0 2 2
Then
x 1,  
x3  2 x  1   x  1 x    x     g  x 
(c) x  : x 3
 x  1  0
Point taken  x     x     x  1 g  x
Let f  x   x  x  1 then f is odd de-
3
in interval
gree polynomial so it has at least one  ,   ve ve ve ve
real root.
Otherwise we se e f 0  1  0 ,  ,    ve ve ve  ve

f  1  1  0   ,1  ve  ve ve ve

 By IVP  1, 0  has a root of f . Let  be 1,    ve  ve  ve  ve

this root.

29 www.vivekmaths.in
 & f3  x  is continuous therefore f3  x 
 0  1 takes (attains) every value in 
Therefore
 R  f 2    is an open set
x3  2 x  1 0  x ,    1,   but this
Also differently we have
is not an interval & hence not
connnected  4
f 2 '  x   3x 2  6 x  4  3  x 2  2 x  
 (D) is incorrect  3
Qus: 38.  1
 3   x  1    0 ,  x  
2

0
Ans (B, C, D)  3

.
Sol: Denote R  f  as Range of function f .
 f2 is one-one, continuo us and

2
Option (C) and (D) is easy to conclude
f 2  x     as x   
f 3  x   arc tan  x   tan 1 x ,

S
 R  f 2    is an open set.
tan 1 x :     / 2,  / 2  is well known

H
Option A: f1  x   x  3x  7 x  1
4 3
bijective function, therefore

T
R  f3     / 2,  / 2  is an open set. observe that f1  x   0 ,  x  0 , f1  0   0 ,

A
R  fu   union of pairwise disjoint in- f1  1  0

M T
1, 0A
terval with non-integers end points
M
Moreover 
F has a real root of f
O f  2  0 , f  3  0 , f  4  0 1

K STI
 
R  f u     n, n  1 if x      1 1 1

E
 n 0   In  4, 1 it has a real root.

IV
 A 
   (n  1 , n)  if x      Also f1  x   0 x  4 as term x 4 alone
n0 

V
will dominate the rest form x 3  3 x 2  4 x
 0,if x ,  n    0  for x  4
and
 
so finally R  fu    1,1     n, n  1  3 7 1 
n 1 lim f1  x   lim x 4 1   3  4   
x 
x 
x 
x   x x x 
 

     n  1 ,  n  
 n 1   f1 has only two real roots. That means
since arbitiary union of open sets are graph of f1 goes down and then up at-
open sets.
least once in  4,0  .
 R  fu  = open set in 
Clearly f1 has no global maximum but
Option (B) f 2  x   x  3x  4 x , since f3
3 2
it has global minimum as follows.
is cubin polynomial.
Restricting f1 to  4, 0 , then f1 is a
 f 2  x    as x   continuous function over closed and
bounded interval
f 2  x    as x  
Otherwise  There is a global minimum of f1 over

 3 4    4, 0
lim f 2  x   lim x3 1    
x 
x 
x 
x   x x   30 www.vivekmaths.in
  m   such that f  x   m  x  4,0 By Rank Nullity theorem
 T    T   dim V    T 2    T 2 
clearly m  0 and f1  x   0 x  4, 0

f1  x   m x     T    T 2  ... (2) (by using (1))



 R  f1    m,    m  0  Next we claim :- (1) N  T   N T

2
 
 R  f1  is not an open set.  
(2) R T  R T 
2

(i) Let v  N T   T  v   0

0
y
T T  v    T 2  v   0

.


2
 v  N T 2   N T   N T 2  (3)
(0,1)

TIC

S
(ii) Let w  R T 2
w  T u 
2
for some
-4 -3 -2 -1
A

H
u V

TH
w  T T  u    w  T  z  , where

T


A
z  T  u  R T 

w  R T 

M
y=m 

 R T 2   R  T  (4)

K
y1
R T 2   R T 

E
Using (1) & (4) &

 T    T 2 

IV
(rough sketch of graph of f1 )
 R T 2   R T  . Hence option (B)

V
Qus: 39
Ans (A,B,C)
Sol: Notation  T   Rank of T

& by (2), (3) i.e . N T   N T

 T    T 2 
2

N T   N T 2  Hence option (A)

  &

 T   Nullity of T
For option (C) Let v  N T   R T  , then
N T   Null space of T
v  N T  & v  R  T 
R T   Range space of T
 T  v   0 and v  T  w  for some w V
Given that  T    T
2
 
 T  v   0  T T  w    T 2  w 
where T :V  V is Linear map
2

 w  N T 2   w  N T   v  T  w   0
 i.e. v  0
 N T   R T   0

31 www.vivekmaths.in
 For option (D) Consider T :  2   2 by   3 n  5  n 
1
log  an   log  7   log 1       
T  x, y    x, 0  then T 2  x, y    x, 0   n  7 7 
 
clearly R T   R T
2
  lim log  an   log  a   log  7   0
n 

N T    x, y  : T  x, y    0, 0 

  x, y   :  x, 0    0, 0   3 5
  7  ,  7   1


     
  0, y  : y  
  3 n  5 n 
    ,    0 as n   

0
 7 7 
N T   0 so option (D) is incorrect.

.
  log is continuous so

2
Qus: 41.  lim log  a   log  a  
 n n

Ans (90)

S
 a  7 as log function is one-one.
Sol: No. of cycle of length k in S n is given

H
n! Qus: 43.

T
Ans (O)
 
by k  n  k  ! therefore no. of cycle of
in  3

A
Sol: B is the solid re giona &
6!
B  bd  B   int  B 
length 4 in S6  4 2!  90
E M
M
 
T H
Qus: 42 M A
B  x, y , z   : x  y
3 2 2
 z 2  1

K
Ans (7)
Sol: Method 1: Since   x, y, z   3 : x 2  y 2  z 2  1

E ND I
7 n  3n  5n  7 n  7 n  7 n  7 n  3  7 n 

NA Let  u  F , then by Gauss divergence

IV
1 1 theorem
 7  3  5  7
n n

n n
3 7
n 

V


Taking limit n   in above given value  F . n ds   . Fdv   .u dxdydz
S B B
of limit is 7 by sandwich/ squeeze theo-
rem.   2u  2 u  2u 
   2  2  2  dxdydz
  B  x y z 
1

 lim 3 n  1
where surface integral on left most is
 n 
1 taken over the surface i.e. bd  B  of B ,
Method 2: Let an  3n  5n  7 n   n & let and volume integral is taken over the
solid region B .
lim an  a Now we see that
n 

1 bd  B    x, y , z    3 : x 2  y 2  z 2  1
  3   5 n
 n n
an   7 n       1  then
  7   7   
  u  x, y, z   sin  0   0   x, y, z  bd  B 

F  u  x, y, z   0 on bd  B 
1
  3  n  5 n  n 
 7 1         
 7 7 
 
  F. n ds = 0
S

32 where S  bd  B 
www.vivekmaths.in
Qus: 44  B must be closed also.
Ans (-2)
subset of A are  2, 1 ,  0,   , A & Q
Sol: We cannot apply Green’s theorem here,
sin ce r egion en closed by C in  2 con- But subsets of A othe r than

tains point  0, 0  and partial derivatives

 2, 1 ,  0,   & A are not maximal.
Also we need components to be closed
of P and Q does not exist at  0, 0  are their union is A
So we evaluate line integral over C , So, B1   2, 1 , B2   0,   are
where C is given path of unit circle. conponents. A is subset of A itself but

0
this cannot be component as A is not

.
x  cos 
Using transformation connected.

2
y  sin 
 Only B1 & B2 are connected components
0    2 we have of A.

S
1
 Pdx  Qdy 
1
2

 sin    sin  d  Qus: 46 TI

----------------------------------------------------

H
 c   0 Ans (5)

T
   cos   cos  d  AT
Sol: Clearly any such f  V is a polynomial

A
1
2 and f  0,1  a2 x 2  a1 x  a0 : a2 , a1 , a0  

 
  sin 2
  cos 2   d   1  2  2
E
UT 1, 2  b3 x 3  b2 x 2  b1 x  b0 : b0 , b1 , b2 , b3  

M
0  f

(where f  a, b  

K
Restriction of f to
Qus: 45.
Ans (2)
 a, b  )

E
Sol: A  a A :N
x  a  a  1 a  2 
2

N we need
f  0   0  a0  0

IV
x to be real root i.e. x    x2  0 i.e. any f  V then

V
 a  a  1 a  2   0 , using sign scheme
a2 x 2  a1 x  0 : x   0,1
for a  a  1 a  2  we get f  x   2
b3 x  b2 x  b1 x  b0 : x  1, 2
2

a   2, 1   0,   i.e.

A   2, 1   0,   ,then A is a metric
space itself. Now
 A connected component of a metric
space X is a maximal connected sub-
set of X
 Components of X are largest con-
nected subspace
 X is union of its compontent. Distinct
component of X are disjoint and each
component is a closed connected set
with these information, we need B  A
such that B is maximal connected sub-
set of A .
Maximal in the sense that if C  A , &
B  C  A then B  C
Now since f is continuous a2 x 2  a1 x
and b3 x 3  b2 x 2  b1 x  b0 must concide at
x  1 there fore a2  a1  b3  b2  b1  b0
i.e. f is a polynomial with coefficients
a2 , a1 , b3 , b2 , b1 and b0 such that
a2  a1  b3  b2  b1  b0  0 . Taking
a2 , a1 , b3 , b2 , b1 free we get b0 .
It follows that V consists polynomial f
such that it has 5 free- coefficient in
 and constant term of polynomial f
depends on these 5-free coefficient
 dim V   5
33 www.vivekmaths.in
Qus 47.________________________________
Ans (4)
f   4  is subgroup of
Sol: Let f :  4  S3 be any homomorphism. S3  O  f   4   | O  S3   6

Here S3  I , 12  , 13 ,  23 , 123 , 132    O  f   4    1, 2,3 or 6
and  4  1 i.e.  4 is generated by 1. 
but O  4 / ker  f    1, 2, or 4
Now for any x  4
x  1
 1  1....1
  x.1  O  f   4    1 or 2
x  times

4 does not divide O  S3  

0
as x  1x . There fore for x  4 ,

.
i.e. for every such image (subgroup of
f  x   x f 1 i.e. any such homomor-

2
S3 ) these is a possible homomorphism
phism is completely determined by im-
 
from  4 to S3 . 0 f   4   1 then no. of

S
ages of 1 i.e. by f 1 . Now
subgroup of order 1 in S3 is 1
f 1  S3  O  f 1   1, 2,3 or 6
Since f is
O  f 1  | O   4   4 , also
homomorphism so

T H
0  f   4    2 then no. of subgroup of
order 2 in S3 is 3

A T
 ,A
I , 12M IC , I , 13
I , 13

Finally O f 1  1or 2  which are
E
M

i.e. f 1  I , identity of S3 or

M AT
Total 1  3 homomorphism

K
Qus: 48.
f 1  12  or  23 or 13
NS
E
Ans (3)
ND
ANA
i.e. total 4 such maps and hence ho- Sol: Given O.D.E is

IV
momorphism is possible such maps are
dy
precisely given by x  2y   2 x  y   0 ...(1), and y 1  1
dx

V
(i) f1  x   I  x 4 , I is identity of S3 Check that (1) is an exact differential
equation.
f 2  x   12   x   4
x
(ii) Therefore on solving
i.e. f 2  0   I , f 2 1  12   12 
1
 x  2 y  dy   2 x  y  dx  0 , we get

f 2  2   12   I , f 2  3   12   12 

2 3 x 2  xy  y 2  k (2)

similarly Now using y 1  1 , 1  1.1  1  k  k  1

(iii) f 3  x    23 
x
i.e. x 2  xy  y 2  1 (3)

f 4  x   13 we want to find y  2  , Let a  y  2  then

x
(iv)

Method 2: Let f :  4  S3 be any homomor- from (3) 2 2  2. a  a 2  1

phism, Then ker  f  is normal subgroup  a 2  2a  3  0 then a  y  2   3 or 1


of  4 and O ker  f  | O   4   Now if y 2  1 and given that y 1  1
then since y is continuous so applying
 O  ker  f    1, 2 or 4
Intermediate value theorem to y over
4
Also ker  f 
 f   4  and the image interval 1, 2 c1, 2 such that

34 y c  0 then this

www.vivekmaths.in
 , c is a constant
Now from (3) c 2  c y  c   y  c   c 2  1
2

   B     A  1
 c   1 but c 1, 2 

 y  2   1 is not possible Qus: 50

Ans (1)
 y  2  3 Sol: Let
   
Qus: 49
an  cos .cos ..........cos n  
2 4 8 2 n 1
Ans (1) Multipl e bo th side by
  

0
Sol: F   y  1 e y cos x i   y  2  e y sin  x  j and

.
  
sin ,sin .....sin and regrouping
4 8 2n 1

2
let A   0,1 B   / 2, 0 
  R.H.S
F .d r   y  1 e y cos x dx   y  2  e y sin x 

S
    
T
 sin , sin ,..., sin n 1  I
M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy , Mdx  Ndy is an  4 8 2  A

H
T 2  sin 4 cos 4   sin 8 cos 8 
exact differential.

T
an 
N
  y  2  e y cos x

A
As
x
       
T  sin cos  ......  sin n 1 cos n 1 

M
M
y TU
  y  1 e y cos x  e y cos x   y  2  e y cos x  16 16 
Now using formula
 2 2 

INS
K
  differentiable function,  :   
2
1
sin  A cos  B   sin  A  B   sin  A  B  

E
    
AN 
such that F    where   i j
2
N we get

IV
x y
      
Mdx  Ndy  dx  dy  d   sin ,sin ,....sin n 1 

V
or
x y  4 8 2 

,where d  is called differential of     1   1    1  

an    sin  sin   sin  ,....
Now we see that  2  2 2  2 4  2 8
     1  
F . d r   . d r  dx  dy  d ..........  sin n 
x y 2 2 
B Now cancelling common factors from
  F . dr   d     B     A both side. we have
c A
  1 
an sin    n 1
Now  is found from   y  1 e
y n 1 n
cos x dx 2 2 2 2
Intergrating w.r.to
x and treating y   
constant an  
 n1 
2 

 / 2n1 
   y  2  e y sin x      
sin  n 1  sin  n 1 

Intergrating only 
 2   / 2n1
  / 22n1 
those term which  
is free from x
  x, y    y  1 e y sin x  c  sin x 
  lim an  1  lim  1
n 
 x0 x 
35
www.vivekmaths.in
Qus: 51 For  c d  we can choose from only two
Ans (9)
symbol as 2- symbol is already taken
Sol: Number of elements of order 2 in S 4
for  a b  so 2C2 = choosing 2 -element
are those permutation which are of
cycles of length 2 and permutation of from 2- element set.
disjoint cycle having l.c.m 2 of their dis-
joint cycle length.
& then it can be arranged in  2  1 !
 Two types of permutation are of order 2 ways

in S 4 ,  a, b  type or  a b  c d  type Finally we divide by 2! as  a b  c d  it-

0
self can be arranged in 2! ways and
No. of elements of type  a b  in S 4

.
 a b  c d  or  c d  a b  are the same so

2
4! we have overcounted it in 2! ways.
= 2 4  2 !  6
   4C   2  1!   2C   2  1!  3

S
2 2
 Finally
No. of elements of type  a b  c d  in S 4 2!

H
4!  Total elements of order 2 is 6  3  9

T
= 3
2! 22 Qus: 52

A
 Total 3  6  9
T IC
Ans Given O.D.E is y "  t   2 y '  t   ky  t   0
A
M
M
Method 2: (Combinatorial argument)
H
Let S  a, b c, d  & S4  permutation MAT
with initial conditions (I.C.) y  0   0 ,

K
y 1  0 , y 1/ 2   1
I TU
group of S . Element of order 2 in S 4
T
N 2- cycle or
E
b  Ii.e.
Auxili ary equation of (1) is
are eithe r  a,D
A N m 2  2m  k  0

IV
 a b A
c d  i.e. product of 2 disjoint cycle  m  1  1  k

V
of length 2.
(I) If k  1 then m  1, 1 (Repeated
4!
For  a b  4C2   2  1 !  1  6 roots)
2! 2!
So, G.S. of (1) is y  t    C1  C2t  e , us-
t

No. of ways to
select 2 elt. from ing I.C. , y  0   0 gives C1  0
4 element set
This selected (a b)  y  t   C2 te t and y 1  0 this gives
can be arranged
C2  0
cyclically in (2-1);
ways  y t   0  t   but then y 1/ 2   1
Since n elements can be arranged in
linear order in n! ways but in cyclic therefore y  t   0 is not a solution.

order its arrangement is in  n  1! Hence k  1

ways. (II) If k  1 the n 1 k  0 and

For  a b  c d  y  t   e  t C1e
 
1 k t  1 k t 
 , y  0   0
 C2 e



 4C   2  1!   2C   2  1!  3
2 2
 C1  C2  0 or C2  C1
2!
t     
So y  t   C1e  e
1 k t 1 k t
First to choose (ab) e

in 4C2 & then it can be 36 www.vivekmaths.in
arranged in (2-1)! ways
 Now define g  x   f  x   f  x  1 , x  
y 1  0 
C1
e
e 1 k
 e 1 k
0 (A)
then g is also continuous.

C1  1 k  1 k  We see that for any x   , f  x   or

y 1/ 2   1  e e   0 (B)
2 2

e   f  x   c
For simultaneous solution of. (A) & (B)
If f  x    f  x  1   g  x   
c c

either C1  0 or  k  0 such that
[ sum of rational and
1 k irrational is irrational]
e  e 1 k
0

0
f  x   c f  x  1 

.
1 k  1 k equivalently  If then as
e 2
e 2
0

2
f  x  1 c only if f  x    so again
e2 1 k
 1  0  S
g  x  c x    g     c
C
S
 e
2 1 k
e 1 k
but ex is
T I
A
1 k
e  1  0  But g is continuous and  is con-
M
H
one-one nected so its continuous image g   
TH
T
 2 1 k  1 k which is not true for must be a connected subset of  on

A
any k  0 the other hand  c is not connected and
 k  1

M
does not contain a connected subset of
(III) If k  1 than k  1  0 . Let k  1   2
I T  , therefore we get a contradiction

INS
K
hence no such function f exists.
0     m  1  1  k so, m  1   i .
Note: We could also define

E
In this case
g  x   f  x   f  x  1 or
NA
y  t   e t C1 cos t  C2 sin t 

IV
g  x   f  x  f  x  1 and then proceed
y  0   0 gives C1.1  C2 .0  0  C1  0

V
as above
 y  t   C2 e t sin  t
Qus: 54
C2 Ans (15)
then y 1  0 gives sin   0
e Sol: We know if it is given that f  0 and
C2  0 as C2  0 then y  t   0  t   b

but y 1/ 2   1
continuous then  f  x  dx 
a
Area of re-

 sin   0    n   n   gion under the graph of f from x  a

to x  b .
 k  1  n2 2 , k  1 so n  0 therefore this
5 3
has minimum value for n  1
 f  x  dx   f  x  dx
1
Therefore is also
 k  1   2  1  9.8  10.8 0 0

sum of areas:
Qus: 53 First note that f is strictly increasing
Ans (0)
 3  f  5 as if f  5  3 and
Sol: Let such a function exists i.e. f :   
is continuous and 3  5  f  3   f  5  the n f  5  f  5
f  x    f  x  1  c which is contradiction.

37 www.vivekmaths.in
 Now any typical point on the graph of Qus: 55
Ans (0)
y  f  x  is  x, y  or  x, f  x   . Since f Sol:
is bijective that is f 1 exist so we can 1 n2

also repre sent this point by  2n 2 2j

n  0 even
 j 0
Sn  
 x  f  y, y
1
or  f  y  , f  x   . Since
1
1
n 1

 2n 2 2j
n  0 odd
f starts from 0 & goes to f  5 in j 0

strictly increasing manner &

0
y  3  f  5  1 n 2 j
 2n  4

.
therefore graph is justi- n  0 even
 j 0

2
fied.  Sn   n1
Now Area of region 1
n 
4j n  0 odd
 2 j 0

S
5 f  x 5
OAC    dy dx   f  x  dx and area of

H
x 0 y 0 0
1 0 1 2
 2n  4  4  4  .....4 
n2

T
3 f 1
 y 3
S 
region ODE    dx dy   f 1  y  dx , or n  1
n 
40  41  4 2  ....4n 1 

A
y  0 x 0

we can write this integral by changing

0
 2 C

M  1 1T
M 4  1
3 3 n 1

 f 1  y  dy   f 1  x  dx  n  0 even

K
variable i.e.
0 0
U  n
 2 3

IN
E
obvious it is seen that 1 4n  1
n  0 odd
NAN
Area OAC  area ODE  Area of the  2n 3

IV
rectangle OABD  15
 4n  4 2n 1 1

V
5 3
12  2n  12  3 . 2n n  0even
  f  x  dx  
0 0
f ' x  dx  15 
Sn  
  4  1  2  1 . 1 n  0 odd
n n

 3.2n 3 3 2n

 lim S n  
n 
y y=5 (5, f(5))
C  By cauchy’s first theorem on limit
S1  S2  ...S m
y = f(x) lim  m  lim 
m  m  m
y = f(x)
D y=3 (5,3) Now we see that  m  has no limit point
(0,3) B
Since mlim m 

x=0
x = f’ (y)  For any     n   such that

y=0 X  m  n ,  m 
O (0,0) (5, 0)
Now let    be a limit ponit of  m

38 www.vivekmaths.in
 Qus: 57
  subsequence  mk such that  mk   Ans (0)
, as mk   . Sol:
1 1
(Where mk is an increasing sequence  1 x2 
0 e sin nx dx    n cos nx e 0
x2

in  and k   )
   0 ,  p   such that 1 2
2 x e x cos n x
 dx (using integration by
 mk  p we have  mk     ,     0 n
But  m   as m   part).
   cos n  e 1  1

. 0
 for       q   such that
 2 x e 
1
x2
   cos n x dx

2
m q , m     n n n 0

TIC
so when mk  q ,then  mk     also

S
1 cos n 1
1   cos n  1     
for infinitely many mk ' s n n n

H H
 cos n
which contradict that  mk  

T
as   0 as n  
n
mk   In fact  mk   as mk   .

A
 cos n 1
 clearly e 0
n n

M
Qus: 56
Ans (2021) Now 2 x e x is continuous on  0,1 
2

Sol:

K
2
it is bounded .Moreover, 2 x e x  2 e &
2021 2020
D 2020
2020 2020

NA
E
2021 2021 2020 cos n x  1

IV
A Therefore
2021 2021 2021 2020
1 1
2021 2021 2021 2021

V
1 1
 2 x e x cos n x dx   2 xe x cos n x dx
2 2
0
n0 n0
2021 2020 2020 2020
1
1 2e
A
0 1 0 0 
n0 2 e dx 
n
 0 as n  
 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1

e
x2
 lim sin n x dx  0 [ using squeeze/
n 
R2  R2  R1 0

sandwich theorem]
by
R3  R3  R1
1
R4  R4  R1 lim  e x sin n x dx  0
2

 n 
Now expanding determinant along 0

first column clearly we get Qus: 58

Ans (2)
det  A  2021 Sol: Given surface is
S   x, y , z  ; z  1  x 2  y 2 , z  0 at

z  0 , x 2  y 2  1 which is boundary
curve and the projection of surface S
on xy -plane
39 www.vivekmaths.in
 S is an open surface with boundary Also, tr  A  sum of eigen values of A  0 
curve C : x  y  1 , z  0 clearly Stokes
2 2
Third eigen value is 4
theorem is applicable . Therefore,  4 is largest eigen value of A.
  
  
1 1
 F . n ds   F . d r
 S
 C Qus 60.
2 Ans (8)
1 1

   y dx   x  1 dy    ( sin  )  ( sin  )d
C 0
 
Sol: To find dim R T  , we find dim N T   
and then use Rank Nullity theorem.

0
  cos   1 cos  d

.
Let X  M4  R su ch that

2
2
1 1 X  N T   T  X   O

  1  cos   d  

 2  2

S
0
 AX  XA
Let

H
Z
 x11 x12 x13 x14 

T
z=1  
x21 x22 x23 x24   X 1 X 2 
X  

A
z = 1 - x2 - y 2  x31 x32
ICS 
x33 x34   X 3 X 4 
T
z >0  A
x43 x44 

M
 x41
H
x42

i.e. writing in block

K
matrix notation.
TY

E C : x 2 + y 2 = 1, z = 0  x11 x12   x33 x34 

IV
where X 1    ,..., X 4  ;
X  x21 x22   x43 x44 

V
Note: We can also evaluate : xij  
1 1  i, j  4
 y dx   x  1 dy

by Green’s theorem
which is
 I 2  O2 
1 2 2 We also write A  where
 O2  I 2 
 
2 dx dy   dx dy     2 where
R
 
R
1 0  0 0
R : x 2  y1  1 , z  0 is the region en- I2    , O2    . Then
closed by c .  0 1 0 0

 X1 X 2   X1  X 2 
AX     XA
Qus: 59.  X3  X4   X3  X4 
Ans (4)
i.e. X 2   X 2  X 2  O2 and
Sol: Since sum of each row of A is 4  4 is
an eigen value of A. Also, two rows of  X 3  X 3  X 3  O2
A are same  det  A   0  0 is an eigen
value of A

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  X 1 O2 
 X   Therefore N T  consist
 O2 X 4 
of such matrix X which has 8 arbi-
trary elements and rest are ze ro
 dim  N T    8

and T : M 4     M 4    ,

 dim  M u      16

 
By rank-nullity theorem dim R T   8
= 16 - 8.


2 . 0
S
Note : There is humble request from Anand that try the
problems with more methods.

H
Keep your spirit high

A T
K M
E
V IV

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