Shreeyash Pratishthan’s

SHREEYASH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(POLYTECHNIC),

CHH. SAMBHAJINAGAR

Academic Year:- 2023-24

MSBTE Class Test-I

Program Name : AN Engineering Program Group Program Code : AN

Semester : FOURTH Course Title : Data Communication And Computer Network

Course Code:- 22414 Max Marks :- 20 Time:- 1Hour

Instructions:-

1) Square bracket indicates course outcomes

2) All Questions are Compulsory
3) Assume suitable data, if necessary.

Que.1 Attempt any FOUR. (08 Marks)

a. list and explain the components of data communication system with diagram[22414.1]

b. explain needs of computer network [22414.1]

c. define bit rate and baud rate[22414.1]

d. define guided and unguided communication media[22414.2]

e. define protocols and standards [22414.1]

f. enlist Types of errors [ 22414.1]

Que.1 Attempt any THREE. (12 Marks)

a. Differentiate between LAN and WAN[22414.1]

b. draw a neat diagram of twisted pair cable and state its types? [22414.2]

c Explain half duplex system and full duplex system with diagram? [22414.1]

d. compare analog and digital signal? [22414.1]

 A. list and explain the components of data communication system with diagram

Ans: - data communication is defined as exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission media such as a cable, wire or it can be air or vacuum also. For occurrence of data
communication, communicating devices must be a part of communication system made up of a
combination of hardware or software devices and programs.

Data Communication System Components :

There are mainly five components of a data communication system:

1. Message 2. Sender 3. Receiver 4. Transmission Medium 5. Set of rules (Protocol)

All above mentioned elements are described below:

Figure – Components of Data Communication System

Message :
This is most useful asset of a data communication system. The message simply refers to data or piece of
information which is to be communicated. A message could be in any form, it may be in form of a text
file, an audio file, a video file, etc.

Sender :
To transfer message from source to destination, someone must be there who will play role of a source.
Sender plays part of a source in data communication system. It is simple a device that sends data
message. The device could be in form of a computer, mobile, telephone, laptop, video camera, or a
workstation, etc.

Receiver :
It is destination where finally message sent by source has arrived. It is a device that receives message.
Same as sender, receiver can also be in form of a computer, telephone mobile, workstation, etc.

Transmission Medium :
In entire process of data communication, there must be something which could act as a bridge between
sender and receiver, Transmission medium plays that part. It is physical path by which data or message
travels from sender to receiver. Transmission medium could be guided (with wires) or unguided
(without wires), for example, twisted pair cable, fiber optic cable, radio waves, microwaves, etc.

Set of rules (Protocol) :

To govern data communications, various sets of rules had been already designed by the designers of the
communication systems, which represent a kind of agreement between communicating devices. These
are defined as protocol. In simple terms, the protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication.
If two different devices are connected but there is no protocol among them, there would not be any
kind of communication between those two devices. Thus the protocol is necessary for data
communication to take place.

b. explain needs of computer network [22414.1]

Ans:- Easy resource sharing − Computer networks allow users and devices to share resources like
printers, documents, and apps easily. This increases efficiency while decreasing the expense of offering
resources.

Good communication facility − Computer networks help individuals to communicate with one another
regardless of where they are. Individuals can communicate in real-time using networking tools such as
instant messaging, email, and video conferencing.

Access information − Networks enable access to a diverse set of services and information, such as the
internet, database servers, and cloud-based services for computing. Individuals can now obtain and
share data all over the globe.

High security − Networks enable the deployment of security precautions like encrypted connections,
firewalls, and access control that help protect sensitive information and data from illicit access and other
safety hazards.

Collaboration − Networks enable collaboration among people and groups engaged in the same task,
regardless of their geographical location. This encourages collaboration, improves productivity, and
fosters creativity.

Centralized management − Networks enable centralized handling of resources, apps, and information.

c. define bit rate and baud rate

Ans:- bit rate : In telecommunications and computing, "bit rate" is the number of bits communicated
or processed per unit of time. Bit rate is measured in bits per second (symbol: bit/s) and is commonly
prefixed with a SI prefix like kilo, mega, Giga, or Tera. The non-standard term "bps" is sometimes used
instead of the conventional sign "bit/s". Therefore, 1 Mbps stands for one million bits per second. One
byte per second (1 B/s) equates to 8 bits per second in most computer and digital communication
contexts.

baud rate :In telecommunications and electronics, a "baud" is a standard symbol rate measuring unit.
It is one of the components that determine the speed of transmission across a data channel.In pulses
per second, symbols per second, it is the unit for symbol rate or modulation rate. In a digitally
modulated signal or a "baud rate line code", it is the number of unique symbol changes (signaling
events) made to the transmission medium per second. The term "baud" refers to the gross bit rate,
which is measured in bits per second. If the system has only two symbols (usually 0 and 1), baud and bit
per second (bit/s) are interchangeable.

d. define guided and unguided communication media[22414.2]

Guided media is like a physical medium via which the signals are transmitted. The guided media is used
to provide a conduit from one machine to another that can have twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fibre-
optic cable. It is also known as Bounded media.

There are four types of Guided Media which are as follows:

1 Open Wire 2. Twisted Pair 3. Coaxial Cable 4. Optical Fiber

Unguided transmission media are techniques that allow transmission of electromagnetic waves through
a wireless medium or we can say without using any physical medium. It provides a mechanism for
transferring electromagnetic waves but does not direct them.

There are three types of Unguided Transmission Media which are as follows:

1. Microwave Transmission 2. Radio Transmission 3.Infrared Transmission

e. define protocols and standards [22414.1]

Ans: In Order to make communication successful between devices , some rules and procedures should
be agreed upon at the sending and receiving ends of the system. Such rules and procedures are called as
Protocols . Different types of protocols are used for different types of communication.

In above diagrams Protocols are shown as set of rules . Such that Communication between Sender and
Receiver is not possible without Protocol.

Syntax : syntax refers to the structure or the format of the data that gets exchanged between the
devices. Syntax of message includes the type of data, composition of message and sequencing of
message. The starting 8 bits of data is considered as the address of the sender. The next 8 bits is
considered to be the address of the receiver. The remaining bits are considered as the message itself.

Semantics : Semantics defines data transmitted between devices. It provides rules and norms for
understanding message or data element values and actions.

Timing : Timing refers to the synchronization and coordination between devices while transferring the
data. Timing ensures at what time data should be sent and how fast data can be sent. For example, If a
sender sends 100 Mbps but the receiver can only handle 1 Mbps, the receiver will overflow and lose
data. Timing ensures preventing data loss, collisions and other timing related issues.

Sequence control : Sequence control ensures the proper ordering of data packets. The main
responsibility of sequence control is to acknowledge the data while it get received, and the
retransmission of lost data. Through this mechanism the data is delivered in correct order.

Flow Control : Flow control regulates device data delivery. It limits the sender’s data or asks the receiver
if it’s ready for more. Flow control prevents data congestion and loss.
Error Control : Error control mechanisms detect and fix data transmission faults. They include error
detection codes, data resend, and error recovery. Error control detects and corrects noise, interference,
and other problems to maintain data integrity.

Security : Network security safeguards data confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity. which includes
encryption, authentication, access control, and other security procedures. Network communication’s
privacy and trustworthiness are protected by security standards.Standards are the set of rules for data
communication that are needed for exchange of information among devices. It is important to follow
Standards which are created by various Standard Organization like IEEE , ISO , ANSI etc.

Types of Standards

Standards are of two types :

De Facto Standard.

De Jure Standard.

De Facto Standard : The meaning of the work ” De Facto ” is ” By Fact ” or “By Convention”.These are
the standard s that have not been approved by any Organization , but have been adopted
as Standards because of it’s widespread use. Also , sometimes these standards are often established by
Manufacturers.

For example : Apple and Google are two companies which established their own rules on their
products which are different . Also they use some same standard rules for manufacturing for their
products.

De Jure Standard : The meaning of the word “De Jure” is “By Law” or “By Regulations”.Thus , these
are the standards that have been approved by officially recognized body like ANSI , ISO , IEEE etc. These
are the standard which are important to follow if it is required or needed.

For example : All the data communication standard protocols like SMTP , TCP , IP , UDP etc. are
important to follow the same when we needed them.

Types of Protocol

Network Layer Protocols

Transport layer Protocols :

Application Layer Protocol

Wireless Protocols :

Routing Protocols :

Security Protocols :

Internet Protocols
f. enlist Types of errors [ 22414.1]

Ans:-These interferences can change the timing and shape of the signal. If the signal is carrying binary
encoded data, such changes can alter the meaning of the data.
These errors can be divided into two types :
1. Single-bit error
2. Burst error.

Single-bit Error

The term single-bit error means that only one bit of given data unit (such as a byte, character, or data
unit) is changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1

Single bit error

Single bit errors are least likely type of errors in serial data transmission. To see why, imagine a sender
sends data at 10 Mbps. This means that each bit lasts only for 0.1 μs (micro-second). For a single bit
error to occur noise must have duration of only 0.1 μs (micro-second), which is very rare. However, a
single-bit error can happen if we are having a parallel data transmission. For example, if 16 wires are
used to send all 16 bits of a word at the same time and one of the wires is noisy, one bit is corrupted in
each word.

Burst Error

The term burst error means that two or more bits in the data unit have changed from 0 to 1 or vice-
versa. Note that burst error doesn’t necessary means that error occurs in consecutive bits. The length of
the burst error is measured from the first corrupted bit to the last corrupted bit. Some bits in between
may not be corrupted.

Burst Error

Burst errors are mostly likely to happen in serial transmission. The duration of the noise is normally
longer than the duration of a single bit, which means that the noise affects data; it affects a set of bits.
The number of bits affected depends on the data rate and duration of noise.
Que.1 Attempt any THREE. (12 Marks)

a. Differentiate between LAN and WAN[22414.1]

S.NO LAN WAN

1. The full form of LAN is Local Area Network. The full form of WAN is Wide Area Network.

2. LAN is private. WAN can be private or public.

3. When it comes to LAN, the propagation delay is In the case of WAN, the propagation delay is
shorter. longer.

4. The speed of LAN is higher. The speed of WAN is slower.

5. In LAN, the blockages are less. In WAN, the blackages are more.

6. The configuration and maintenance is easy in LAN. The configuration and maintenance is harder than
LAN.

7. In LAN, the fault tolerance is more. In WAN, the fault tolerance is less.

8. LAN covers smaller areas like school, hospital, etc. WAN covers a large area like a country.

9. Coaxial or UTP cable is the transmission medium PSTN or satellite link is a transmission medium used
used by LAN. by WAN.

b. draw a neat diagram of twisted pair cable and state its types? [22414.2]

Ans: transmission media can be divided into two parts Guided Media and Unguided Media. In guided
media, the signal is contained within the physical limits of the transmission medium and is directed
along with it.

Twisted Pair Cables :

These are a type of guided media. It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Twisted pair cables have
two conductors that are generally made up of copper and each conductor has insulation. These two
conductors are twisted together, thus giving the name twisted pair cables.
One of the conductors is used to carry the signal and the other is used as a ground reference only. The
receiver uses the difference of signals between these two conductors. The noise or crosstalk in the two
parallel conductors is high but this is greatly reduced in twisted pair cables due to the twisting
characteristic. In the first twist, one conductor is near to noise source and the other is far from the
source but in the next twist the reverse happens and the resultant noise is very less and hence the
balance in signal quality is maintained and the receiver receives very less or no noise. The quality of
signal in twisted pair cables greatly depends upon the number of twists per unit length of the cable.

Twisted Pair Cables are further of two types :

1. Unshielded Twisted Pair Cables (UTP) :

These are a pair of two insulated copper wires twisted together without any other insulation or shielding
and hence are called unshielded twisted pair cables. They reduce the external interference due to the
presence of insulation. Unshielded twisted pair cables are arranged in pairs so that we can add a new
connection whenever required. The DSL or telephone lines in our houses have one extra pair in them.
When UTP are arranged in pairs, each pair is coded with a different color as defined by the 25-pair color
code developed by AT&T Corporation. The Electronic Industries Association divides UTP into 7
categories based on some standards. Categories are based upon cable quality where 1 is the highest
quality and 7 is the lowest quality. Each cable in a category is put to a different use as needed.

Advantages –

These cables are cost-effective and easy to install owing to their compact size.

They are generally used for short-distance transmission of both voice and data.

It is less costly as compared to other types of cables.

Disadvantages –

The connection established using UTP is not secure.

They are efficient only for a distance up to 100 meters and have to be installed in pieces of up to 100
meters.

These cables have limited bandwidth.

Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP)

2. Shielded Twisted Pair Cables (STP) :

These types of cables have extra insulation or protective covering over the conductors in the form of a
copper braid covering. This covering provides strength to the overall structure of the cable. It also
reduces noise and signal interference in the cable. The shielding ensures that the induced signal can be
returned to the source via ground and only circulate around the shield without affecting the main
propagating signal. The STP cables are also color-coded like the UTP cables as different color pairs are
required for analog and digital transmission. These cables are costly and difficult to install.
Advantages –

They are generally used for long-distance communication and transmission and are installed
underground.

The protective shield prevents external electromagnetic noise penetration into the cable.

They have a higher bandwidth as compared to UTP.

Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP)

Disadvantages –

These cables are very expensive.

They require a lot of maintenance which increases the cost more.

These can be installed underground only.

The length of the segment is similar to UTP for these cables.

Applications of Twisted pair cables :

Twisted Pair cables are used in telephone lines to provide data and voice channels.

The DSL lines make use of these cables.

Local Area Networks (LAN) also make use of twisted pair cables.

They can be used for both analog and digital transmission.

RJ-45 is a very common application of twisted pair cables.

c .Explain half duplex system and full duplex system with diagram? [22414.1]

Ans:- Transferring data between two devices is known as Transmission Mode. It is also known as
Communication Mode. In this article, we are going to discuss Simplex Mode, Half Duplex Mode and Full
Duplex Mode and we will also see the differences between them.

We design networks and buses to allow communication between devices. There are 3 types of
transmission modes which are given below:

1 Simplex mode 2 Half duplex mode 3 Full-duplex mode

Simplex Mode

In simplex mode, Sender can send the data but the sender can’t receive the data. It is a type of
unidirectional communication in which communication happens in only one direction. Example of this
kind of mode is Keyboard, Traditional Monitors, etc.

Half-Duplex Mode

In half-duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also receive the data one at a time. It is a type of
two-way directional communication but restricted to only one at a time. An example of this kind of
transmission is the Walkie-Talkie, where the message is sent one at a time but in both directions.

Full Duplex Mode

In Full-duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also can receive the data simultaneously. It is two-
way directional communication simultaneously that is both way of communication happens at a same
time. Example of this kind of transmission is Telephone Network, where communication happens
simultaneously.
Full Duplex Mode
d. compare analog and digital signal? [22414.1]
Parameter Analog Signal
A signal for conveying information
which is a continuous function of
Definition
time is known as analog signal.
An analog signal is typically
represented by a sine wave
Typical
function. There are many more
representation
representations for the analog
signals also.
Analog signals use a continuous
range of values to represent the
Signal values
data and information.
Signal The bandwidth of an analog signal is
bandwidth low.
The analog signals are more suitable
for transmission of audio, video and
Suitability
other information through the
communication channels.
Analog signals get affected by the
Effect of
electronic noise easily.
electronic noise
Digital Signal
A signal which is a discrete
function of time, i.e. non-
continuous signal, is known as
digital signal.
The typical representation of a
signal is given by a square wave
function.
Digital signals use discrete values
(or discontinuous values), i.e.
discrete 0 and 1, to represent the
data and information.
The bandwidth of a digital signal is
relatively high.
The digital signals are suitable for
computing and digital electronic
operations such as data storage,
etc.
The digital signals are more stable
and less susceptible to noise than
the analog signals.
Parameter Analog Signal Digital Signal

Due to more susceptibility to the The digital signals have high

Accuracy noise, the accuracy of analog signals accuracy because they are immune
is less. from the noise.

Analog signals use more power for Digital signals use less power than
Power
data transmission. analog signals for conveying the
consumption
same amount of information.

Analog signals are processed by Digital circuits are required for

Circuit analog circuits whose major processing of digital signals whose
components components are resistors, main circuit components are
capacitors, inductors, etc. transistors, logic gates, ICs, etc.

Observational The analog signals give The digital signals do not given
errors observational errors. observational errors.

The common examples of analog The common example of digital

Examples signals are temperature, current, signal is the data store in a
voltage, voice, pressure, speed, etc. computer memory.

The analog signals are used in land The digital signals are used in
Applications line phones, thermometer, electric computers, keyboards, digital
fan, volume knob of a radio, etc. watches, smartphones, etc.