2020 IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communications
Analysis on Charging Safety and Optimization of Electric Vehicles
Jiang linru, Zhang yuanxing, Li taoyong, Diao xiaohong, Zhang jing
Beijing Electric Vehicle Battery Charging and Replacement Engineering Research Center
China Electric Power Research Institute
Beijing, China
e-mail: jianglinru@epri.sgcc.com; zhangyuanxing@epri.sgcc.com; litaoyong@epri.sgcc.com; diaoxiaohong@epri.sgcc.com;
zhangjing1@epri.sgcc.com
2020 IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC) | 978-1-7281-8635-1/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCC51575.2020.9344906
Abstract—Power grid side charging and equipment side
charging for safety charging of electric vehicles are analyzed.
Based on different charging modes, this paper aims to optimize
the structure designing in safe charging mode. Facing the
future, electric vehicles connect with the power grid, and
charging safety which become the focus in this field. It analyzes
the structure of charging equipment, and introduces the
measures of safe charging in two aspects: power grid side
charging safety and equipment side charging safety. The
feasibility of improving the power quality of electric vehicle
charging side is studied, and the optimal solution strategy of
safety charging electric vehicle in power grid is put forward.
According to the measurement information and battery using
conditions, the internal temperature of the battery system can
be effectively regulated by the heat management system so that
the battery charging and discharging process can be carried
out in a suitable temperature range. Avoiding battery safety
hazard is caused by cumulative high and low temperature
operations. The experiment results show that the increasing of
charging load and the discordance of structure designing
increase the operating pressure of power grid, but compare
with fuel vehicles , which electric vehicles have energy saving
and emission reduction to maximize the benefits. A
comprehensive and systematic solution to the safety accident of
electric vehicles are given, which can effectively control the
charging safety of electric vehicle and eliminate the potential
danger. It has guiding significance for the popularization of
electric vehicle.
Keywords-electric vehicles; security analysis; charging safety;
measures.
I. INTRODUCTION
Compared with traditional vehicles, new energy vehicles
have the advantages of low pollution, high energy efficiency
and low operating cost. The operation benefit of order
charging is verified by constructing order charging on the
power grid side. The vigorous development of electric
vehicles is one of the greatest significance to adjust the
optimal designing of industrial structure and promote the
sustainable development of industry. In view of the
problems existing in the development of electric vehicles at
the present stage, the state focuses on the research and
development of charging problems of electric vehicles, and
carries out researching on the safety and power supply of
charging equipment at the present stage, so as to form a
safety and effective charging safety system. Through the
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research of this paper, a set of grid charging safety warning
system is established to promote it. The development of
electric vehicles have been guided significance. For this
reason, the reference [1] put forward the number of charging
piles in 2019 is 1.219 million, and the ratio of vehicle to pile
is 3.4:1. Reference [2], [3] propose the quantity active
assessment of electric safety protection for electric vehicle
charging equipment. Reference [4], [5] discuss the electrical
safety of electric vehicles. Reference [6] point out an
assistance tool helping to improve the charging
infrastructure for electric vehicles. Reference [7], [8] discuss
the concept of reliability and safety assessment of
lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles: Basics, progress
and challenge. Reference [9] research the electrical safety of
plug in electric vehicles: shielding the public from shock.
Reference [10] discuss the fault and defect diagnosis of
battery for electric vehicles basing on the big data analysis
methods. Reference [11] research on the judgment and
detection of battery curve Bi-Data system.
II. SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF CHARGING
EQUIPMENT
A. Charging Equipment Structure
Electric vehicle batteries can be divided into batteries
and fuel cells. Among them, fuel cells are rarely used to
supply power for the electric vehicles. Most electric vehicles
use the batteries to supply power. It has the advantages of
high power density, high energy and long life. In this paper,
from the point of view of battery charging safety, electric
vehicle charging safety can be divided into four aspects:
power grid side safety, charging equipment side safety,
vehicle side safety and platform side system safety “Fig. 1”.
Through the power grid side and charging side two angles to
carry on the detailed analysis, which makes the charge safe
and faster.
Among them, the charging of electric vehicles affect the
power quality of the power network, and produce about 6 k
of harmonics, which lead to the loss of the power network,
affect the life of the equipment and interfere with the circuit,
and then affect the normal operation of the equipment.
Therefore, only through avoiding these effects for the impact
of electric vehicles on the power grid is minimized.
The safety problems of charging equipment side are
mainly the adverse effects of electric vehicle charging

behavior on personal, charging facilities and so on, including
equipment leakage; charging equipment failure, charging
incompatibility, charging start failure, abnormal protection
measures are not in place; charging electrical measurement
deviation is large, resulting in vehicle overcharge hidden
danger.
Figure 1. Example of safety in electric vehicle charging
From the point of view of vehicle charging, to provide
more electricity in the shortest time, the equipment needs to
be optimized. The safety problems of charging on the side
of charging vehicle are mainly the adverse effects of
charging behavior of electric vehicle on battery or battery
management system, including BMS (ps: Battery
Management System) safety protection measures out of
control, poor consistency of BMS communication protocol,
poor collision coefficient and leakage “ Fig. 2 ”. Therefore,
reasonable planning and selection of charging facilities
increase battery safety and anti-collision safety factor. From
the point view of electric vehicle power collision, not only
the voltage will change, but also the shape will deform and
lead to the battery. The electrolyte of the part is splashed.
Figure 2. Vehicle side battery model
B. Analysis on the Safety Scheme of New Energy Vehicle
Charging
The problem that electric vehicle needing to notice and
solving in the process of development is charging safety.
The quality, operation standard and management of charging
equipment during charging are the key factors in affecting
charging safety. From the point of view of charging
equipment, the fire treatment of charging equipment itself
cause the charging vehicle to catch fire in time. In this paper,
the charging safety of electric vehicle is analyzed. The
statistical examples of public data show that most of the

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charging accidents of electric vehicles are universal and
involve various aspects, including the accidents caused by
many reasons, such as power grid side, charging equipment
side, vehicle side and platform system “Fig. 3”. It correctly
analyzes and finds responses. It has become an urgent
problem for electric vehicle users. If not handled properly, it
will threaten the life and property safety of users.
Figure 3. Out of control protection model
According to the typical values of power cell voltage,
current, battery temperature, the threshold upper and lower
limits of its normal working range are set in the fault index.
C. Charging Safety Response
As a special electric load, electric vehicle charging
should consider the safety factors of charging. The
large-scale charging of electric vehicles is concentrated in
the distribution network, and its impact on the power system
is mainly reflected in the distribution network. Different
regions have different loads, and its impact on distribution
network is different.
Charging fault diagnosis and safety early warning: study
charging fault classification, fault characteristic value, safety
threshold, acquisition and judgment method, quickly analyze
the specific cause and treatment method of fault, improve
the accuracy of charging fault location, and provide
convenient charging fault solution for operation and
maintenance personnel. A typical value of power battery
voltage “Fig.4”, currently, monomer voltage, battery
temperature and so on. It is taken as the object in the fault
index, and the threshold upper and lower limits of its normal
working range are set. Once it is found that the real-time
acquisition value deviates from the normal range, the
charging or safety warning can be stopped directly.
Figure 4. Battery over voltage protection model
 Battery state detection by measuring the parameters such
as single voltage, total voltage, current, temperature,
insulation resistance of the battery system. the measurement
accuracy and frequency should meet the national standard
requirements under both conventional and severe extreme
conditions (Table 1˅.
TABLE I. VARIOUS PERFORMANCE INDEXES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
BATTERY
Parameters Performance Remarks
indicators
Single voltage ±0.5% FS ±10mV Max
Battery ±2ć -20ć~60ć
temperature
Total pressure ±2% FS ±5V Max
Current ±2% FS Lithium ion
Insulation ±20% More than 400V
detection
Establishing a monitoring platform, charging pile and
electric vehicle three-layer information protection system,
through the monitoring platform real-time monitoring
charging pile, electric vehicle charging status, establish
multi-level alarm level and fuse measures. At the same time,
electric vehicle charging safety design to the car, pile,
network, operating platform of electrical, communication,
physical and information and other factors, which is a
system engineering. Through the four-layer network
interface of data sharing layer, operation service layer,
infrastructure layer and information access layer, the
network architecture of electric vehicle charging is perfected,
and a unified interface criterion is established to standardize
the input and output of the interface.
III. RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING EQUIPMENT AND POWER
QUALITY
A. Elements of an Integrated Evaluation Index System for
Charging Equipment
The evaluation index of electric vehicle charging
equipment may contain many attributes and form different
index system according to different principles. In generally,
the evaluation index system of charging equipment includes
technical index evaluation and economic index evaluation.
Technical performance parameter index refers to different
charging equipment to complete the important function of
the task, different equipment; its technical performance
parameters are different. For example, the main technical
performance parameters of charger are: output voltage error,
output current error, charging voltage stabilization accuracy,
charging current stabilization accuracy, full load working
efficiency. The main technical parameters of charging pile
are: accuracy of electric energy measurement, life of

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charging connector Life, protection function, and so on.
Economic indicators include the purchase cost of charging
equipment, using and maintenance costs, life cycle costs and
other capital holdings. It’s the output voltage of
charger(Table 2).When the battery is overcharged, the
electrode materials with different chemical properties will
have different effects. At the beginning of charging, most of
the electric energy is stored by reversible reaction, and the
heating power is small, but in the later stage of charging,
because of the irreversible chemical reaction, the electric
energy becomes heat energy. Causing the battery
temperature to rise rapidly, resulting in a series of chemical
reactions. The following reactions occur when the battery is
out of control: the battery cathode material loses lithium and
releases oxygen to oxidize the electrolyte, and the battery
negative electrode cannot be embedded with lithium due to
the decomposition of the diaphragm, which is deposited into
lithium metal. These processes release heat accumulation
beyond heat dissipation. Therefore, electric vehicles and the
power grid are in a state of balance, in order to protect the
charging safety of electric vehicles.
TABLE II. OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF CHARGER
Output voltage level
Output voltage range(V)
1 24-65
2 55-120
3 100-350
The input power supply of the charger requires the
connection of the power supply, the output connection of the
resistive load, and the installation of the voltage measuring
device at the output end of the charger according to the
semi-load configuration. The output voltage of the charger is
adjusted, and the average values of the upper limit, lower
limit, lower limit and upper limit of the voltage output range
specified in the instructions for the use of the charger are
used as the test points to test the output voltage error of the
charger.
B. Studying on the Improvement of Power Quality of
Electric Vehicle Charging Side
The electric vehicle is connected to the distribution side
of the power grid, which has the characteristics of random
and extensive access. The performance and charging mode
of each vehicle are different, and there will be different
characteristics in the management of the dispatching center.
Considering the future electric vehicle ownership will be
considerable. In order to access any electric vehicle
randomly on a large scale, a hierarchical architecture is
adopted to construct the integrated structure of intelligent
charging, charging and power monitoring. The grid voltage
is divided into several grades in the stratified area, and the
power supply capacity is divided into several power supply
areas at different structural levels, and the supply is carried
out in each area according to the different power load. Then
input each area into a voltage that is not secure. Optimal
design framework for electric vehicle charging structure.
The random charging of electric vehicles on a large scale
is bound to cause the conventional load of the power grid to
be "peak plus peak ". If the electric vehicle charging is
introduced and an effective charging control strategy is
formulated to charge the electric vehicle at a relatively low
power grid load, this will play a positive role in cutting the
peak and filling the valley “Fig. 5”. To reduce the variance
of the load curve and reduce the peak load as the charging
target of the power grid side to manage the charging load of
electric vehicles .A safety assessment model is established to
analyze the charge-discharge process of electric vehicles and
study the interaction characteristics of power battery ,charge
and discharge equipment and power supply equipment. At
present, the mainstream charging modules in the market
usually use Vienna rectifier circuit because of the
advantages of low cost, high power density and simple
control strategy.
Figure 5. Relative variation of voltage
Fuzzy logic control is to simulate human thinking and
change multiple input quantities into accurate output through
certain fuzzy rules. It is good at dealing with uncertainty and
nonlinear problems and can solve multi variable problems in
multiple scenarios. In this paper, a reactive power fuzzy
control system of distributed power supply considering
parameter coordination is established by using fuzzy logic
method. The voltage offset and active power change rate of
distributed power supply are selected as the input of fuzzy
system, which not only reflects the voltage overrun, but also
reflects the voltage fluctuation. The cultivable input enables
the strategy to adapt the voltage overrun and voltage
fluctuation scenarios and active power changes. The rate
reflects the trend of voltage change and reduces the
unnecessary action of the controller. The fuzzy membership
function is set to determine the reasonable fuzzy rules for
fuzzy reasoning. Finally, the reactive power output of the
reactive power invert of distributed power supply is obtained
by the process of debarring. On this basis, the boundary
parameters of fuzzy membership function of input quantity
are configured according to voltage sensitivity theory. The
effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by a
simulation example of low voltage distribution network.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the problems and countermeasures of
electric vehicle charging process are put forward from two
aspects of power grid side charging safety and charging

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equipment side safety. The whole chain solution from power
grid side to electric vehicle side and then to operation
platform monitoring and warning are introduced. The cause
of charging equipment side, vehicle failure of typical
charging accident is analyzed. Based on this, the safety
index of electric vehicle is given, and the countermeasures
of charging problem on power grid side, side and platform
side are given respectively. The solution of charging process
is given in a comprehensive and systematic way, which can
effectively control the charging safety of electric vehicle and
eliminate the potential danger. There are some
countermeasures which are beneficial to the evaluation of
safety index of electric vehicle, locate the fault and establish
a complete charging safety standard system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the key technologies
research of EVs smart coordinated charging and discharging
(KJ19-1-09) of China State Grid Tianjin Electric company.
China Electric Power Research Institute LimitedljResearch
on Safety Early Warning and Fault Diagnosis Technology
for Electric Vehicle Charging ProcessNJ,˄YD83-20-002˅
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