The limitations of a study are its flaws or shortcomings which could be the result of unavailability of

resources, small sample size, flawed methodology, etc. No study is completely flawless or inclusive of all
possible aspects. Therefore, listing the limitations of your study reflects honesty and transparency and
also shows that you have a complete understanding of the topic.

In project management, limitations refer to the factors that restrict the project team’s ability to achieve
the project objectives within the given constraints. These limitations can be internal or external and may
include factors such as time, cost, scope, resources, technology, and organizational policies.

Explain the Concept of class of respondents

The concept of class of respondents is typically used in survey research to refer to the different
categories or groups of people who are targeted for a particular study. The class of respondents can be
defined based on a variety of factors, including demographics (e.g., age, gender, income), geographic
location, occupation, or other relevant characteristics.

The purpose of defining a class of respondents is to ensure that the sample of individuals who are
surveyed is representative of the larger population of interest. For example, if a study is interested in
understanding the opinions of Americans about a particular political issue, it may be important to
ensure that the class of respondents includes a representative sample of people from different regions
of the country, different age groups, and different political affiliations.

Defining the class of respondents is typically done during the research design phase, and it is an
important step in ensuring that the study produces valid and reliable results. By carefully selecting the
class of respondents and ensuring that the sample is representative of the larger population,
researchers can increase the likelihood that their findings will be applicable and relevant to the broader
population of interest.

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Universe and sample size.

Explain the concept of universe and sample size

The universe refers to the entire group of individuals, objects, or events that share a common
characteristic or trait, and which are of interest to researchers or analysts. In the context of research or
statistics, the universe is the population of interest.

Sample size refers to the number of individuals or items selected from the universe to be included in a
study or analysis. The sample size is chosen in a way that it can provide a representative picture of the
entire universe, and allow for valid inferences and conclusions to be drawn.

The size of the sample Is important as it can impact the accuracy and reliability of the results. If the
sample is too small, it may not provide a representative picture of the universe, and the results may not
be generalizable. On the other hand, if the sample size is too large, it may not be practical or feasible to
collect and analyze data.

Therefore, researchers need to carefully consider the size of the universe, the characteristics of the
population, and the level of precision required for the analysis when determining an appropriate sample
size. Statistical techniques and formulas can be used to estimate the appropriate sample size needed to
achieve a certain level of precision or confidence in the results.

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Justifying Sample Size.

Jagruti Kisnani

Explain the meaning of justification of sample size

The justification of sample size refers to the process of determining and explaining the appropriate size
of a sample that will be used in a research study or experiment. It is an important step in the research
process because it helps to ensure that the study results are accurate, reliable, and generalizable to the
larger population.

The sample size Is the number of individuals or units that are selected from the population to participate
in the study. The size of the sample is determined by a number of factors, including the research
question, the variability of the population, the desired level of precision, the level of confidence, and the
available resources.

Justification of sample size involves a statistical analysis that takes into account these factors and
determines the minimum sample size required to achieve the desired level of precision and confidence
in the study results. This analysis ensures that the sample size is sufficient to detect significant
differences or effects, while minimizing the risk of type I or type II errors.

In summary, justification of sample size is a critical step in the research process that helps to ensure the
validity and reliability of study results. It involves a statistical analysis that takes into account various
factors to determine the appropriate size of the sample required to achieve the desired level of
precision and confidence in the study results.

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Research Design Explained.

Jagruti Kisnani

Explain the meaning of Research Design

Research design refers to the overall plan or blueprint that outlines how a research study will be
conducted. It involves making decisions about various aspects of the study, such as the research
questions, the participants, the sampling method, the data collection procedures, and the data analysis
techniques.

A research design helps to ensure that the study is conducted in a systematic and rigorous manner, and
that the results are valid, reliable, and generalizable. It also helps to minimize the potential for bias and
confounding factors that could affect the study’s results.

Different research designs can be used depending on the nature of the research question, the available
resources, and the feasibility of conducting the study. Common research designs include experimental,
quasi-experimental, correlational, observational, and case study designs. Each design has its strengths
and weaknesses, and the choice of design should be based on the research question and the specific
aims of the study.