Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ProfEd4 -2S-2021-2022

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Bayombong Campus

DEGREE BEEd COURSE NO. PROFED 4

PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION General COURSE Foundations of Special Education
TITLE and Inclusion
YEAR LEVEL 1 TIME FRAME 3hrs WK NO. 7 IM NO. 7

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: The Typical and Atypical Development among Children

II. LESSON TITLE:

CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPORTANCE
CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

Have you ever wondered how children develop? Maybe at one time you have compared
your development with that of a sibling or cousin of yours. If this is the case, you are interested
in child development which is the pattern of growth, change. and stability that occurs from
conception up until adolescence. Children do not grow at the same rate at the same time. This
also goes for the students in an inclusive classroom. Knowing their capabilities can help you
better as their teacher. Find out more about their development as this chapter focuses on the
typical and atypical development among children from infancy to adolescence.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

a. identify typical and atypical milestones in the various stages of child development; and
b. differentiate typical and atypical development of children in various stages of their
development.

V. LESSON CONTENT

l. CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPORTANCE

To ensure that a child meets his/her developmental milestones, it is crucial to observe

and monitor his/her development. The milestones or developmental skills that need to be
mastered usually at the same rate act as a guide for ideal development. It is done by checking
the progress of a child based on his or her age to see if the child is developing within
expectations. For others, checking the milestones can help detect any difficulties at a particular
stage. Intervention can then be given which can help in the development of a child. Usually, it
is the parents, teachers, and pediatricians who use the checklists.

ll. CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES

During the early 20th century, interest in child development began, specifically, that
which focused on detecting abnormalities. Certain theories were discovered based on this
interest to appreciate the growth that children experience from birth to adolescence.

A. Psychosocial Development Theory of Erik Erikson

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ProfEd4 -2S-2021-2022

This is an eight-stage theory that describes the changes one goes through in a lifetime. The
main focus of Erikson's theory is the conflicts or crises one experiences through social
interaction. Starting from birth, each person is faced with a conflict that needs to be resolved
since it has an impact on the function of the succeeding stages. If one successfully overcomes
the crisis of each stage, a psychological virtue emerges.

Stages of Psychosocial Development

Integrity vs
Despair
► Infant
Generativity vs
Stagnation
Intimacy vs ► Toddler
Isolation
Identity vs Role ►Preschooler
Confusion

Industry vs ► Teenager
Inferiority

Initiative vs ►Young Adult

Guilt
►Middle age adult
Autonomy vs shame
and Doubt
►Older Adult
Trust vs Mistrust

Stages of Psychosocial Development.

B. Cognitive Developmental Theory of Jean Piaget

This theory is concerned with the thought processes of a person and how they are used
to understand and interact with the environment. Piaget's theory focuses on children's intellectual
development and has four stages.

A. Sensorimotor Stage - From birth to two years old, a child's knowledge is

limited to his or her use of the senses.

B. Preoperational Stage - From two to six years old, a child learns through the use of
language. However, mental manipulation of information does
not take place yet.

C. Concrete Operational Stage - From 7 to 11 years old, a child begins to think logically
and have better understanding of mental operations.
However, abstract concepts are still difficult to understand.
D. Formal Operational Stage - From 12 years old to adulthood, a person has the ability
to think in abstract concepts.

C. Sociocultural Theory of Lev Vygotsky

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ProfEd4 -2S-2021-2022

This theory believes that children learn actively through hands-on experiences. Vygotsky
highlights the importance of other people such as parents, caregivers, and peers, in the
development of children. Culture plays an integral role as well. Interaction with others allows
learning to be integrated in the child's understanding of the world. Also included in the theory is the
zone of proximal development, which is the portion in between what one can do on his or her own
and with help. Children best learn when they are in this zone.

D. Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura

This theory believes that learning takes place through observation and modeling. As a child
observes the actions of the people in his or her environment, new information is acquired and new
skills are developed.

Ill. TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT

The development of a child usually follows a predictable pattern. There are certain skills
and abilities that are observed to gauge a child's development are called developmental
milestones. Examples of these sitting, babbling, and following directions. However, each child is
unique. With this, not all reach a milestone at the same time, thus the terms typical and atypical
development. Let us define the two terms first before we look further into what makes a child's
development typical and atypical.

The term typical development refers to the normal progression where children grow by
acquiring knowledge, skills, and behavior called developmental milestones at a certain time frame.

Atypical development is a term used when development does not follow the normal
course. More so, a child is developing atypically when he/ she reaches a milestone earlier or later
than other children his/her age.

There is no clear way to identify if a child is developing typically or atypically. However,

there are three commonly accepted principles of child development that one should look into. The
principles are as follows:

1. Rate of development differs among children

2. Development occurs in a relatively orderly process
3. Development takes place gradually

IV. DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT

The developmental milestones are categorized into four domains namely, physical, social
and emotional, language, and cognitive.

The physical domain refers to the development of physical Changes such as size and
strength. The development occurs in both gross and fine motor skills. The development of the
senses and their uses are also part of the physical domain which is influenced by illness and
nutrition.

A child's experience, expression, and management of emotions along with the ability to
establish positive relationships with others refer to the social-emotional domain. This includes both
the intrapersonal and interpersonal processes that take place in a child.

The language domain refers to the process of acquiring language in a consistent order
without the need for explicit teaching from the environment.

Construction of thought process which includes remembering, problem solving, and

decision making refers to the cognitive domain.

V. STAGES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ProfEd4 -2S-2021-2022

Stages, along with age are used as ranges to mark significant periods in a human
development timeline. In each stage, growth and development occur in the four domains mentioned
above.

The stages are as follows:

A. Infancy (birth to 2 years)

B. Early Childhood (3 to 8 years)
C. Middle Childhood (9 to 11 years)
D. Adolescence (12 to 18 years)

Pause and Ponder

Before we go to the typical and atypical developmental milestones, let us pause and
ponder about the following questions below.

1. Do you have a baby brother or sister? What was he/she like while growing up?
2. When you were in grade school, what were the similarities and differences between you and
your classmates?
3. As an adolescent, what are the changes that you have noticed within you?

Infancy (birth to 2 years) is a critical stage in child development because growth is rapid.
Many believe that this stage is the most important stage in one's life since the changes that occur
in infancy will affect the later stages of development. This stage is also known as the building block
for the succeeding stages in the attainment of crucial knowledge, skills and behaviors. Let us look
at the chart below to see the typical and atypical developmental milestones in the infancy stage.

DOMAINS TYPICAL ATYPICAL

PHYSICAL • Holds head without • Does not hold head up

support • Does not put weight on legs
• Pushes legs down • Cannot sit without support
when feet are on flat
surface • Does not walk steadily
• Rolls over
• Sits without support
• Crawls
• Walks
• Begins to run

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ProfEd4 -2S-2021-2022
SOCIO-EMOTIONAL • Smiles at people • Does not smile
• Shows no affection
• Likes to play
• Does not recognize familiar
• Shy or afraid of people
strangers
• Cries when caregiver
leaves
• Copies others
• Shows independence
LANGUAGE • Makes cooing and • Does not coo and babble
babbling sounds • Does not say a single word
• Responds to own • Does not speak in sentences
name
• Makes different sounds
• Responds to simple
requests
• Tries to say words
• Says sentences
COGNITIVE • Watches things as they • Does not watch things as
move they move
• Uses eyes and hands • Does not know what to do
together with common objects
• Recognizes people at
a distance
• Transfers object from
one hand to another
• Explores things in
various ways
• Uses things correctly
• (eats with spoon)
• Finds hidden things

Early Childhood (3 to 8 years old) is a period of life with slow growth and rapid
development. Most psychologists label this stage as the exploratory and questioning stage
since the children enjoy discovering new things in their surroundings. Interactions with
family and the people around them will help shape their development (see Table 5.2).

Typical and atypical development during early childhood

DOMAINS TYPICAL ATYPICAL

• Runs well • Falls down often
• Climbs easily • Needs help in physical
PHYSICAL activities
• Hops and stands on one foot

• Can use toilet on his/her own

• Shows affection • Does not want to play with
SOCIO- others
EMOTIONAL • Takes turns in games
• Usually withdrawn
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ProfEd4 -2S-2021-2022
• Cooperates with other children
• Shows concern and sympathy
Shows more independence
• Follows two to three step • Has unclear speech
instructions
• Can't tell stories articulately
LANGUAGE • Uses pronouns
• Tells and retell stories
• Speaks clearly
COGNITIVE • Plays make-believe • Does not play with simple
• Works with simple toys toys or make-believe
• Names colors and numbers
• Draws a person • Loses skills once had
• Names letters
• Shows development of
mental skills

Middle Childhood (9 to 11 years) is a stage that brings various changes• in a child's life.
Independence is a characteristic that children in this stage asserts. Developing friendships is
another milestone that is evident in this stage. Children should be given more tasks to develop
their sense of responsibility to further develop their growing independence.

Typical and atypical development during middle childhood

DOMAINS TYPICAL ATYPICAL

• Growth spurt may take place

PHYSICAL • Becomes clumsy • Has limited mobility

• Increased in appetite

• Forms stronger friendships • Has difficulty making and

keeping friends

• Becomes aware of body changes

due to puberty
SOCIO-
EMOTIONAL
• Shows more concern about looks
• May feel stressed about school
work

• Continues to speak clearly • Has unclear speech

LANGUAGE • Expresses one's thought • Can't tell stories articulately

articulately

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ProfEd4 -2S-2021-2022
• Increased attention span • Experiences problems with
comprehension and attention
COGNITIVE • Sees the view of other people
• Unable to keep up with the
more clearly
school's curriculum

Adolescence (12 to 18 years) is the period where puberty begins. By the end of this stage,
most will have completed puberty. The child is now called a teen during this stage. The teen is
becoming more vocal about his/ her opinions due to the development of a unique personality. Peer
pressure, however, will be present, which is why guidance from parents and guardians is very
much needed.

Typical and atypical development during adolescence

DOMAINS TYPICAL ATYPICAL

PHYSICAL • Reaches adult weight and height • Limited mobility

SOCIO- • Becomes interested in opposite • Has limited peer connections

EMOTIONAL sex
• May exhibit inappropriate
• Begins conflict with parents behavior in public

• Shows more independence from

parents

LANGUAGE • Continues to speak clearly • Has unclear speech

• Expresses one's thought • Can't tell stories articulately
articulately

COGNITIVE • Acquires and uses defined work • Is below grade level

habits

• Shows concern about the future

Behaviors that are atypical should be observed keenly and recorded carefully. At times,
the recorded observations might just be isolated events with no significant impact on later
development. However, they might also be early warning signs of needs. The observed patterns
will be useful to confirm if there is such a need.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ProfEd4 -2S-2021-2022

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES: (30 pts)

Answer the following comprehensively. (10 pts each)

1. What are the various child development theories in relation to the different milestones of
each stage?

2. Enumerate and discuss the various domains of development.

3. Using the Venn diagram below, compare and contrast the differences stages in child
development

VII. ASSIGNMENT

VIII. EVALUATION

IX. REFERENCES

Domalanta, M.B. (2017) , “Special Education” A Comprehensive Study Guide for

Teachers, Parents and Learners.

Halal, C., Yuzon, M.R, Padilla, C.R., Ligon, C.C., (2020). Foundations of Special
Education and Inclusive Education.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ProfEd4 -2S-2021-2022

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for
educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: BPE 3-1S-2020-2021

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