Unit:13

Information & Communication

Technology

Presented By: Mrs. Reena Gupta

 Objectives of the unit ICT
1. To introduce the types of signals & use of the digital signals in our
daily life.
2. To mention the differences between bits & bytes.
3. To explain the mechanism of digital signal transmission.
4. To discuss some responsibilities of netizens, online reputation
&digital wellbeing.
5. To discuss the importance of multimedia in the classroom.
 ICT
• The full form of ICT is Information and Communications Technology.
• ICT refers to technical tools & services that use operating network-
based monitoring & control device, telecommunications, smart
building management systems, audiovisual processing & transmission
systems, broadcast media, etc.
• ICT can not be described in a specific way because ICT approaches
and implementations change every day.
• It involves any product which retains, stores, and handles digital
information such as mobile phones, computers and so on.
 Various component of ICT
The word ICT is widely accepted as representing all technologies that
enable individuals, association to connect in the digital world together.
• Communication technology
• Software
• Hardware
• Internet access
• Data
• Transaction
 Importance of ICT
• ICT has become a fundamental requirement for modern society.
• Business organizations utilize ICT in multiple ways to improve profitability,
get clients, enhance their efficiency, and so on.
• ICT systems are introducing other smart or intelligent functionality to
current technologies.
• The ICT sector has both a direct and indirect effect on economic
development.
• The modern communications network can also be used to improve
enterprise advertising and development.
• Many of the products and services rely knowingly or unknowingly on ICT.
 Signal
• A Signal is an Electrical representation of data. It can represents anything
like messages, images, sounds, measurements having a set of values.
• Signal is a wave in form of electrical light, electromagnetic wave or radio
wave that is suitable for carrying information over a transmission
medium.
“Signal can be defined as a physical quantity that represent & convey
information which is passed between devices to send & receive
information.
Device Signal
Example: Radio Radio wave
Telephone Wire/Phone’s voltage signal
Internet, Phone, Cable TV Optical fiber
 Types of Signals
Depending on specification or technology, the signals are classified as
follows.
1. Analog signal 2. Digital signal
It is a physical quantity like voltage, current that vary It a signal that represents data as a sequence of
with time –varying parameters discrete value at a given time.
Continuous waves represent Analog signal. Discrete columns represent Digital signals.
It is used in sound waves, television waves, radio It is used in digital computer, smart phone.
waves.
It has certain value. It is represented by binary number (0 & 1)
Uses of digital signal in our daily life
• Camera: The cameras we use nowadays are digital “Digital camera”.
• Mobile phone: Mobile phones use digital signal to process sound,
images, messages.
• Television: Video & audio signal are processed using digital signal in
TV.
• Watches: Smart & digital watches use digital signals.
• Internet: Internet uses digital signal to transmit & process smoothly.
• Electrical Appliances: Power switches (On/Off), Iron, AC, Fan, Cooler,
Heater, Freeze use digital signals.
 Data Units: Bits & Bytes
• The smallest unit of data that can be processed and stored by
computer is called Bits (Binary digits).
• All the digital computers are based on Bits.
• Bits are grouped into the unit of 8 bits called
a Byte.
• Bytes is a basic unit which is passed around
the computer.
 Difference between Bit & Byte
Parameter Bit Byte

Size of unit A bit is the smallest unit of data that A bytes is made up of 8 bits.
can be represented .

Notation/Symbol Denoted by lowercase “b”. Denoted by uppercase “B”.

Storage Binary number 1’s & 0’s are stored in Alphabet & special characters are all
computer’s memory. covered.

Different sizes Kilobit(Kb), megabit (Mg), gigabit(Gb), Kilobyte(KB), megabyte(MG), gigabyte(GB),

terabit(Tb) terabyte(TB)
 Speed of Internet
• Speed of internet is measured in Mbps
(Megabits per second)
• For example: If you have subscribed 200 Mbps internet package.
• It means the uploading/downloading speed of your internet is
200 Mbps (Megabits per second)
= 200 MBps (Megabytes per second)
8
Thus, 200 Mbps = 25 MBps
 Transmission of Digital Signals
• A process of sending information over physical communication media
in the form of digital signal is called Transmission of digital signals
• It is also known as Digital transmission or Digital communication.
• In this transmission, signal varies with time.
• There are two different approaches for the transmission of digital
signals: Baseband transmission & Broadband transmission.
Baseband transmission
• Baseband transmission means sending a digital signal over a channel
without changing the digital signal to an analog signal.

• Baseband transmission requires low pass channel for transmission. A

low pass channel is a channel whose bandwidth starts from zero.
• It uses twisted pair cables, coaxial cables & wires as medium of
transmission.
 Baseband transmission

Advantage Disadvantage
• Easier to use because of simple • Used for limited distance
structure. transmission.
• Economic, Low cost installation • Used only for data & voice.
• Easy installation • Short coverage.
• Easy Maintenance • Limited range.

 Uses of Baseband transmission: It is mostly used for LAN (Local Area Network).
Broadband Transmission
• Broadband transmission means sending a digital signal over a
channel after changing the digital signal to analog signal i.e. it
requires modulation.

• Broadband transmission can use bandpass channel. A bandpass

channel is a channel whose bandwidth does not start from zero. A
bandpass channel is more available than a lowpass channel.
• It uses unidirectional transmission.
Broadband Transmission

Advantages Disadvantages
• Supports transmission of data, • Cabling is complex.
voice & video. • Maintenance is quite difficult.
• Offers greater bandwidth(data). • Expensive installation cost.
• Used for long distance
transmission.

Use of Broadband Transmission: It is used for telephone network as a broadband

signaling.
 Elements of Digital Communication
• Source
One possible source for signal transmission is an analog signal, such as sound
waves.
• Input Transducer
The signals that are received are transformed into an electrical signal by the input
transducer. A microphone, for instance, transforms sound into energy.
• Encoder
The encoder reduces the number of bits in the data. This procedure will aid in
making efficient use of the bandwidth, or available frequency range.
• Modulator
The modulator will modulate the data before transporting it on the carrier. Once
these signals have been converted to analog signals, they are sent into the
medium, or channel, for transmission. A digital sequence is converted into analog
signals for transmission through various channels or media.
• Channel
After leaving the transmitter, the analog signals need a channel or medium to go
to the receiver.
• Demodulator
This is the initial phase from the receiver's perspective. The signal that the receiver
has received is demodulated.
• Decoder
The decoder re-digitizes the demodulated signals that it has received. It eliminates
any potential mistakes in the final output signals.
• Output Transducer
The original physical signal that was delivered through the source is transformed
back into the decoded signals. It converts electrical impulses into tangible results.
A speaker, for instance, transforms current into sound.
• Output Signal
The end outcome of the entire signal transmission procedure is explained. For
instance, sound waves are the result of sending sound waves from a source for
transmission.
 Differences Between Analogue Communication and Digital
Communication
Analogue Communication
The transmitted modulated signal is
analog in nature.
It is not possible to code.
FDM is used for multiplexing.
Not suitable for transmission of secret
information in military applications.
Digital Communication
The transmitted signal is digital, i.e., a
train of digital pulses.
Coding techniques can be used to detect
and correct the errors.
TDM is for multiplexing.
Due to coding techniques, it is suitable
for military applications.
Advantages of Digital Technology on Daily Life
Along with digital technology's continued expansion comes an increase in its user base in field of : Internet,
Smartphone, Website, AI, Robotics, Banking & Finance, Education, Online Governance. Some of them even
have the ability to change the way people live. Some benefits of digital technology are as follows:
• Digital Education & Library:
Virtual classes (Zoom classes), YouTube channel and digital versions of textbooks and other reading materials
are available in the digital library. It develops book-reading habits in people.
• Online Newspapers:
Several online newspapers may be read thanks to cellphones and the internet. One internet site is
www.kathmandupost.com.
• Digital Payment:
Those who prefer not to carry large amounts of cash when shopping can now do so with digital payments.
By scanning the QR code, money may be sent to the seller's bank account. In addition, digital payments may
be used to purchase bus and airline tickets, pay taxes, and more. E.g. Esewa, Khalti, Phonepay, ConnetIPS.
• Online Business:
Through the use of the internet, it may be utilized to market and sell company supplies.
• Social Networks:
People now have the chance to publicly voice their opinions, thanks to social networks. Even if they are
physically far apart, it links individuals digitally.
• Entertainment:
With the advancement of electronic devices, there are a variety of games and music applications available
for individuals to enjoy.
Disadvantages of Digital Technology on Daily
Life
Digital media is directly affecting our way of life. Following are a few negative
consequences of digital technology:
• Those who spend too much time online see changes in their social interactions or how
they engage with others.
• Crimes committed via social media may have an impact on people's social, familial, and
personal lives. A person experiences mental distress when their reputation is harmed.
• The use of physical material has decreased as a result of excessive usage of digital
material. There will be lost commercial possibilities as a result of this.
• Children who don't exercise enough develop issues including obesity and frailty.
• Video games that include murder and violence have a negative impact on people's
mental and social health and encourage antisocial behavior.
• When digital technology is misused, it leads to crimes like cybercrime, which hurts other
individuals
 Netizen & Netizenship
• Everyone on the globe has the equal right to use and actively engage
in the internet in this day and age. Thus, it is possible to present each
person as a Net citizen (Netizen).
• An internet citizen is referred to as a "netizen."
• A netizen is a person who actively utilizes and participates in the
internet.
• Therefore, a netizen is a member of a globally interconnected internet
who exchange their ideas & views.
• A citizenship ; an authorized identity card of netizen is known as
netizenship.
Ma1

Responsibilities of a netizen
Be aware of what you post online

Be aware of what you say

Think of Privacy

Sharing fake new should be avoided

Avoid cyberbullying/ cybercrimes

Netizen should be truthful

•

• .

Netizens should respect others Netizens should be ethical

Slide 25

Ma1 Microsoft account, 1/16/2024

Digital Citizen & Digital Citizenship
• A Digital citizen is a person who is using information technology to
engage in society, politics and government.
• Digital citizenship refers to a netizen's citizenship inside the online
virtual community.
• The idea of "digital citizenship" contributes to a better internet
community overall.
• The advancement of digital technology has enabled individuals in
different parts of the world to communicate with one another via a
variety of channels, including social media, the internet, and phone
conversations. The idea of the "global village" was created as a result.
Characteristics of a digital citizen
• Should use information communication technologies with their
confidence & responsibility.
• Should participate in social, cultural, educational & economical
activities.
• Should use technology in positively and logically.
• Should respect privacy & freedom of speech in the global digital
world.

Responsibilities of a digital citizen:

Respect Educate Protect

Online Reputation
• Online reputation is the reputation of a digital citizen on the internet &
digital platforms.
• It is determined by the content they share, their likes, comment & the
sites they browse using the internet.
• The activities stay for long time in digital world so digital citizen should
be careful.
Digital Wellbeing
• Digital well-being is the condition of having a balanced online and
offline life and being in good mental, physical, social, and emotional
health.
• We should be mindful of our digital health and utilize technology
responsibly so as not to negatively impact our general well-being when
utilizing it online.
Audio-visual Materials
• Any materials which are used to make the learning experience more
concrete & effective, more realistic & dynamic by hearing and seeing
are called as audio-visual materials.
• Types: 3 types
• Radio, tape recorder
Audio Aids • Audio cassette player

• Chart, Black & white board

Visual Aids • Maps, picture, slide, projector

• TV, Computer
Audio-visual Aids • VCD player, LCD projector
Multimedia
• It is technology which stores data such as text, photos, animations, music,
video etc. and gives the method to collect & modify the data as required.
• Files exist in different formats such as JPEG(Joint photographic experts
groups), GIF(Graphic interchange format), PNG(Portable network graphic)
which are inserted and modified for making multimedia.
Multimedia Presentation
• It is presentation that includes information presented with slides, video or
digital representation.
Benefits:
• Deeper understanding
• Increase positive emotions
• Provide broad information
• Easy to make communication
Tools of Multimedia