Pradeep's sCIENCE:PYSCs,oy

324
The perceptlon of sound is largely
Overview contd
6.14. Characteristics of Sound
NOTE In nature. However,
"hear'
Acts in
is the result
response to
of
sound
way our
ner
stimuli. pvhy
to a great extent,
the s
ousiowhatlogicalwe
system
6.15. Loudness or lntensity 'psychology of sound'. Recently, Hence,
thee the
6.16. Intensity of Sound psychological aspect ofsfsound
production menthasallermor
6.17. Pitch or Frequency made a leld of study known as been
6.18. Quality orTimbre
6.19. Music and Noise
6.3. PRODUCTION OFSOUND
In order to know how
sound is
psychoacoustics,
6.20. Reflection of Sound
perform the following two simple experiments
produced, lel us
6.21. Echo Experiment 1. Take a metallic wire AB and stretch
6.22. Multiple Echoes nails fixed on atable
it tightly betweentwo top
6.23. Reverberation in Fig. 6.l(a). When we
pluck the wire, asound asis shown
6.24. Range of Frequencies Ifa V-shapedsmall paper rider (R) is placed near the heard.
rider centre
vibrating and in case, the
6.25. Applications of Ultrasound of the wire, it starts is at
flies off. This
6.26. Industrial Uses of Ultrasound the centre of the wire, it proves that
sound is produced due to vibrations in the
wie the
6.27. Medical Uses of Ultrasound
6.28. Sonar
6.29. Structure of Human Ear (auditory aspect
only)
pró
" Formative Assessment Exercise 6(b)
" NCERT Textbook Activities With
Discussion and Conclusion R QB
" NCERT Textbook Questions and
Exercises with Answers Table Top
" NCERT Exemplar Problems with FIGURE 6.1
(a) (b)
Answers, Hints and Solutions
" Summative Assessment Exercise
Experiment 2. Strike a bell, B with a hammer it
produces sound. On touching it with finger, we feel that the
" Higher Order Thinking Skills : bell in a state of vibration. A pith-ball, P suspended near
Questions with Answers the bell moves from its equilibrium position P to P as shown
" Value Based Questions in Fig. 6.1 (b). This again demonstrates that the sound is
with Answers produced due to vibrations in the bell.
" Summative Assessment Mock Test 6
Thus, sound is produced by vibrating objects.
6.4. PROPAGATION OF SOUND
We have just learnt that sound is produced by
vibrating objects. In order to reach the listener, it passes
through a medium which may be a liquid, a solid or agas.
Let us now briefly discuss as to how sound travels from
the source to the listener.

(i) The vibrating object sets the particles of the

medium around it into vibration (i.e., to and fro motion).
(iü) A particle (say 1), which is in contact with the
vibrating object moves towards the right (say) as shown
in Fig. 6.2(a). This particle exerts a force on a neighbouring
particle (2) which is displaced from its equilibrium position
 sOUND
325
also starts moving
and
particle(2), particle towards
(1) comes right. After
whereas particle (2) exerts a back to its original
similar fashion as shown in force on
displposiacitinong 1

which cach particle strikes Fig. 6.2 (b).

particle (3) in a (a)
its This process, in
without leaving its
particle near the
mean neighbour while vibrating
position, 1

listener's
ofthee medium between the
ear continuesAll till the
starts vibrating. (b)
Ear

are set vibrating in the source of sound and theparticles FIGURE 6.2
carried to the listener similar fashion and the listener
sound is
It is important to note that
vibrating body to the the particles of the from the
listener. Once the medium only vibrate and do not actually move and no
sound reaches the listene. vibrations of the source stop, the particles no longer vibrate
Thus, sound
net
created by the source reaches the
transport of the medium without
any
In fact, medium. listener through the particles of the
whatever
is called a sound wave
travels through the medium is a disturbance
and the motion disturbance carrying sound energy. This
Wave
associated with this wave is called wave motion. Thus,
motion is aform of
vibrations of the particles ofdisturbance
the mediúm
(a mode of
energy transfer) which is due to repeated
about their mean positions and the motion is handed
Over from one particle to the other
without anv net transport of the
Since sound waves are medium.
mechanical produced the vibrations of the particles of the medium, these
by
waves. In fact, whenever sound waves
are called

to the listener without the travel it is the energy that is transferred rom e
motion of the medium. B K
6.5. SOUND NEEDS A
MEDIUM TO TRAVEL
Since sound is a mechanical wave, it
medium for its propagation and cannot travel needs a material
through vacuum.
This can be demonstrated by the following experiment.
Let us consider an electric bell, E
contained in a bell-jar.
The electric bell is connected to a battery, B
as shown in Fig. 6.3. If we insert the plug inthrough a key, K
the key K,
electric circuit is closed and a sound is heard. When we go the on
taking air out of the bell-jar, the sound produced by the bell
goes on getting fainter and fainter. If the process of evacuating E
the jar is continued so that a near perfect vacuum is created Bell-jar
within it, we shall hear practically no sound though the hammer
H
H of the bell will be seen to strike the bell and create sound.
This sound is not heard as there is no medium in the jar to
carry the sound to the listener.
Thus, a material medium is essential for the propagation
of sound. -To exhaust
pump
We have so far learnt that : FIGURE 6.3
() to produce sound, we must supply energy for the vibration of the source and
(ii) for the onward transmission of this energy, i.e., sound, we must provide a material medium.
When we say that sound is travelling from a vibrating source, all that we understand is that energy (i.e.
sound) emitted by the source is being transmitted through the medium in the direction of sound. When this
 326 Pradecpis scIENCE :BPHYSICS
energy falls on the ear drum of alistener, it produces in him the sensation of hearing. Though vibrations
(LX)
frequency are able to cary energy through the medium, yet only those vibrations which lie in the of any
of 20 Hz to 20 kHz frequency
produce sensation of hearing when they fall on the ear. By sound, we therefore. range
mean that portion of vibratory energy which produces in us the sensation of hearing. Thus, normally
Soundis aform of energy which is emitted by a vibrating source and transmitted through a
material medium producing in us the sensation of hearing.
The waves that carry sound energy are called sound waves.
Some interesting consequences of the role of medium are as follows.
NOTE
Due to the absence of atmosphere (ie., a material medium), two astronauts cannot talk to each
other on the Moon as they do on the Earth.
2. For similar reason, one cannot hear a bomb explosion on the Moon as it has is no atmosphere.
3. We can be heard in an adjoining room even when we are talking in another room with doors
ughty shut. This is due to the reason that even though the doors of the rooms are shut, these are
connected to each other through air, walls and the material of shut doors, i.e.,a material medium is
there to carry sound from one room to the other.
6.6. PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSIONS AND RAREFACTIONS NEARA SOURCE OF SOUND
As said earlier, a source of sound puts the particles of the medium into vibratory motion. Though the
medium does not bodily move from the source to the listener, there occur changes in its density and pressure
as sound propagates through it. Air is the most common medium through which sound travels and it does
SO with the help of intervening layers of air. Let us consider a vibrating tuning fork as a source of sound and
confine our attention to its right hand prong only. R
() When the right hand prong moves from
left extreme (L) towards the right extreme (R), it
compresses the layer of air in front of it. As a result (a)
of this, the pressure (as well as density) of this Compression (C)
layer increases. This layer (or region) of
compressed air is called a compression. Now, this
R
compression compresses the layers next to it and
thus a pulse of compression travels towards right
as shown in Fig. 6.4 (a).
(ii) When the prong moves from its right
extreme (R) to the left extreme (L), the air in front Rarefaction (R) Compression (C)
of the prong expands (i.e., gets rarefied). As a result (b)
of this, pressure (as well as density) of this layer
Sound Wave
decreases. This region of rarefied air is calleda
rarefaction. It follows the earlier compression,
which by that time has moved forward as shown in R R C R
Fig. 6.4 (b). Thus, in one complete vibration of (c)
the prong (i.e., from L to R and back from R to L),
one compression and one rarefaction are formed. FIGURE 6.4
(iti) As long as the prong continues to vibrate, compressions and
rarefactions are sent out in regular
succession. These compressions and rarefactions travelling towards right and altemating with each other,
constitute a sound wave as shown in Fig. 6.4 (c).
(iv) The left hand prong sends a sound wave towards the left in a similar way in
and rarefactions.
the form of compressions
SOUND
327
(o) Acompression formed due to an increase in pressure and consequentily an increase in density of
the medium. Conversely, ararefaction is formed due to a decrease in pressure and consequcntly a decrease
indensity. Weknow that a sound wave propagates as a series of compressions and rarefactions.
Thus, asound wave can be considered as propagation of pressure or density variations in the
medium.
SOUND WAVES ARE
6.7. LONGITUDINAL
In order to understand the nature of
WAVES
longitudinal waves, let us take a slinky B
AB (a
slinky is a toy in the form of along flexible
A

spring which can be very casily extended or

000000000000000000000O00
(a)
compressed) and arrange it in the horizontal C R
position with its end B fixed.
A R D
Initially, when 0000000000o 0000O0000
theslinkyis neither compressed nor stretched,
thereis a fixed distance between its loops as Longitudinal wave
shown in Fig. 6.5 (a).
(b
FIGURE 6.5
(i) When the free end A of the slinky is pushed foward slichtly. a few
This region where the loops of the slinky are closer to each other than theloops neardistance
normal it are compresseu
is called a
compression, The compression (C) so formed travels along the slinky till it reaches B.
() F the tree end of slinky is pulled outwards, afew loons near it are pulled away from each oher.
This region where the loops of the slinky are farther apart than the normal distance is called ararefaction.
The rarefaction (*) so formed also travels along the slinky and follows the compression produced earnel.
(Gü) Fthe tree end of the slinky is pushed and puled at regular intervals, aseries of compressions and
rarefactions are set upP in the slinky which follow each other at regular intervals as shown in Fig. 6.5 (b).
(iv) If a dot (D) is marked on the slinky, it is found to move back and forth.
Thus, we conclude that the loops of the slinky move back and forth in the same direction in which
a wave comprising of compressions and rarefactions travels. This type of wave is called a longitudinal
Wave.

Hence, a sound wave which propagatesas a series of compressionsand rarefactions is a longitudinal

wave. In general,
Awave motion is said to be longitudinal if the particles of the medium through which the
wave propagates vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave.
6.8.TRANSVERSE WAVE MOTION Up

Apart from longitudinal wave motion, there is another Direction

type of wave motion, called the transverse wave motion. In a of wave
transverse wave motion, the particles oscillate up and down Particle
propagation
about their mean positions along the direction of propagation T
of the wave as shown in Fig. 6.6. Thus,
A wave-motion is said to transverse if the particles
of the medium through which the wave propagates Down
vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction FIGURE6.6.
of propagation of the wave.
Unlike longitudinal waves, there is no pzessure (or density) variation in case of transverse waves. In
fact, transverse waves involve changes in the shape of the medium.
 Pradeep's sCIENCE
328

A transverse wave is propagated in the form of crests (C) and troughs

(7). PHYSICS (1X)
(a) Crest. The hump or elevation in a medium through which atransverse wave is passing is
(b) Trough. The hollow or depression in a medium hrough which atransverse wave is calleisd acrest.
trough.
passing called a
The distance between the centres of two consecutive crests or troughs is called the wavelength (.).

A few examples of transverse wave motion are

() Waves produced when a string stretched between two points is plucked at thewherecentre The
of the string where the displacement is positive are called crests and the portions
negatporiiveoarens
it is
called troughs.
(ii) Light waves, heat waves, radio waves. These waves do not need a medium for their
these are not mechanical waves. propagation as
You willleam in Class XII that these waves, are in fact, clectromagnetic waves.
On 1. Sound is mechanical energy which produces sensation of hearing.
Your 2. Sound is produced due to vibration of different objects.
Tips 3. Amaterial medium is essential for the propagation of sound as it cannot travel in vacumm
4. Aregion of compressed air (increased density or pressure) is called a compression and that of
rarelied air (decreased density or pressure) is called a rarefaction.
5. A wave motion is a form of disturbance (a mode of momentum and energy transfer) which :
due to repeated vibrations of the particles about their mean positions and the motion is transfered
from one particle to the other without any net movement of the medium. A wave motion is of
two types: () Longitudinal (i) Transverse.
6. Sound wave propagates as compressions and rarefections (i.e., as variations in
in the medium.
density or pressure)
I. As sound propagates, it is the sound energy that travels in the medium and not the mediurm
itself.

b. Sound waves are longitudinal waves. Light waves, on the other hand, are transverse waves

6.9. VARIATION IN PRESSURE AND DENSITY OF MEDIUM DUE TO SOUND WAVE

As said earlier, a sound wave is a longitudinal wave which travels inthe form of compressions and
rarefactions which are defined as follows.

Compression. Aportion ofthe medium where a temporary reduction in volume and consequenthy
an increase in density (and pressure) takes place when a sound wave passes through the medium is
called a compression or a condensation.
In a compression, the particles of the medium lie closer to each other than they normally are.
Rarefaction. A portion of the medium where a temporary increase in volume and consequentlya
decrease in density takes place when a sound wave passes through the medium is called a rarefaction.
In a rarefaction, the particles of the medium lie farther apart than the normal distance between them.
The variation in pressure and density when a sound wave travels in a medium is shown in the graph
of Fig. 6.7. A few important terms connected with a sound wave follow from this graph.
(a) Acompression is represented by apeak and ararefaction by a valley (i.e., the lower portion of the
curve). A peak is called the crest and a valley is called the trough of the wave.
sOUND
329
) Thepoints of maximum density (or pressure) and minimum density (or pressure) are also called
crss
and
troughs respectively.
(c)Amplitude (A). The magnitude of the mnaximum disturbance in the medium on cither side of
ohemeanpositionis called the amplitude of the wave. It is usually represented by the letter A.
sound, the unit of Ais
In case of the same as that of density or
pressure.
(d) Oscillation. As is clear from the graph, the density (or pressure) of the medium oscillates betwcen
value and a minimum value. The change in density (or pressure) from maximum value to
minimum value and again tothe maximum value is called an
(e) Frequency (v). Frequency enables us to know as to how many oscillation.
times does a particular event occur
given time. If you count your pulse, you may find
ina that it throbs around 72 times per minute. This is
espressed by sayingthat the frequency of the pulse is 72 time per minute. Similarly, the frequency of a
goundwaveic defined as the number of complete oscillations in density (or, pressure of the medium) per
second. It is denoted by the symbol v(Greek letter, nu).
Unit of frequency is cycle per second (cps) ors or hertz (Hz) which is named after Heinrich Hertz
((857-1894).
Ricger units of requency are kilohertz (kHz, 10°Hz) and megahertz (MHz, 10° Hz).

Density
(Pressure)

Maximum R R R
density (or
Pressure)
Average
density (or
Pressure) Crest Crest Distance
Minimum
density (or
Pressure) Trough Trough
Trough
FLGURE 6.7

() Time Period (T). The time taken for one complete oscillation in density (or pressure) of the
medium is called the time period of the wave.
Time period of the wave is also defined as the time taken by its two consecutive compressions or
rarefactions to cross a fixed point.
(g) Wavelength (). The distance between two consecutive compressions or two consecutive
rarefactions is called the wavelength of the wave. It is denoted by the symbol 2 (Greek letter, lambda).
Wavelength of a sound wave is also equal to the distance travelled by t in its periodic time (T).
Unit of wavelength is metre (m).
6.10. RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND TIME PERIOD
If the frequency of the wave is v, then from the definition of frequency,
time taken for completing v oscillations = l second
and time taken for completing 1 oscillation = second
But time taken for completing 1 oscillation is the time period () of the wave.
 Pradeeps sCIENGE :PHYSICS (X)
330
or
vT=1 .(1)
or
Thus,
SPEED OF SOUND, FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
6.11. RELATIONBETWEEN
wave per unit time. It is denoted by and
Speed of sound is the distance travelled by the sound
metrelsecond (m/s).
is measured in
6.8].
From the definition of wavelength, [Fig.periodic Denslty (or Pressuro)
distance travelled by sound wave in a
thesound wave.
time ()= wavelength (À) of
distance (2)
Clearly. speed of sound, o= time taken (T)

Time
or

1
But =V
FIGURE 6.8
where v is the frequency of the sound wave.
Thus, ...(1)
If two of the three quantities (v, v and ) are known, the third quantity can be obtained from egn. ()
Thus, to describe a sound wave, we need to know its :) sped (i) frequeney (or wavelength) and
(iii) amplitude. These are known as the characteristics ofa sound wave.
6.12. SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIA
It is a matter of common experience that when we strike an object with a hammer, the sound of
hammering is heard a short while after the actual impact. Similarly, the sound of cracker is heard only after
it has exploded. These simple observations reveal that sound travels with a finite speed. Further, the flash
of lightning is seen first and thunder is heard later on. The lapse of time between the lightning and the
thunder is sometimes a few tens of a second. From this, we can easily conclude that sound travels with a
speed which is much less than the speed of light.
Thus, the speed of sound is finite and is much less than the speed of light.
The speed of sound depend upon :
1. the properties (elasticity and density) of the medium through
which it propagates, and Gas Liquid Solld
2. temperature of the medium.
Sound (in general) has greatest speed in case of solids and least in
case of gases. For liquids, the speed of sound is intermediate between Speed of sound lIncreases
from left to rlght
these two extremes as shown in Fig. 6.9.
In general., speed of soundin solids > speed of sound in liquids > FIGURE 6.9
speed of sound in gases.
However, in certain solids, the speed (v) of sound is much less than that even in gases as v (for
vulcanised rubber) = 54 m/s and v (for hydrogen)= 1284 m/s. The speed of sound in lead (a solid) = 1332
m/s and in sea water (a liquid) = 1531 m/s. The speed of sound in methyl alcohol (a liquid) = 1103 m/s and
in hydrogen (a gas), its value = 1284 m/s.
The speed of sound increases with increase in temperature of the medium. The speed of sound in air
at 0°C is 331 m/s. In air, it increases roughly by 0-6 m/s with rise of 1°Cin temperature. Thus, a good
approximation of the speed of sound in air of a particular temperature is given by
V= (33l+0-6 ) m/s where t is the air temperature in degree celsius.
 Pradeep's
332 SCIENCE : PHYSICs
On maximum disturbance in the medium on either side of
3. The magn1tude of the
positon 1s called the amplitude. the mean
Your 4. The change in density (or pressure) from the
maximum value to the
again to the maximum value is called an oscillation. minimum value
Tips and
5. The number of complete oscillations per second is called the frequency (v) of
wave. The unit of frequency is called hertz (Hz). the sound
6. The time taken for one complete oscillation in density (or pressure) of the
the time period (T) of the wave. medium is called
The d1stance between two consecutive compressions (or crests) or two
rarefactions (or troughs) is called the wavelength.
8. The distance travelled by a sound wave in its periodic time is also called
consecutive
the wave. wavelength () of
9. The relation between frequency (v) and time period (T) is v=T!
T or v T=|
10. The speed of sound depends mainly on its nature and the temperature of the med:.
through which its propagates.
11. The relation between speed of the sound wave (v), its frequency (v) and
t=và wavelength () y:.
12. The sound wave is described by : () its speed, (i) its
frequency (or wavelength) and
(üi) its amplitude. These are called the characteristics of a sound wave.
13. In general, speed of sound in solids > speed of sound in liquids > speed of sound in gases
However, this relation is not always valid.
14. Sources that move faster than the speed of sound are said to have supersonic
speeds
Bullets, jet aircrafts etc. travel at supersonic speeds.
15. A shock wave is produced when sound producing source moves with a speed higher than
the speed of sound.
16. It is not necessary for an object to be avibrating source of sound to produce ashock wave
17. A shock wave carries a large amount of energy.
18. The ratio of the speed of the source to the speed of sound is called the Mach Number
Shock waves are produced when Mach number is greater than one.
19. Shock waves are also called Mach waves.
20. Sonic boom is a very sharp and loud sound produced by pressure variation associated with
a shock wave.

SOLVED PROBLEMS
FORMULAE AND UNITS
PROBLEMS
BASED 1
1. or
ON
or vT=1
FREQUENCY,
TIME PERI0D, where v is the frequency and T is the time period. v is measured in hertz (Hz)
and T is measured in second (s).
i WAVELENGTH 2. v=v2
AND VELOCITy where v is the speed of sound, vis its frequency and is its wavelength. is
OF SOUND WAVES measured in m/s if vis in Hz and is in metre (m).
SOUND
333
Problem 1. Find the frequency of a wave whose
time perlod is 0-002 second.
Solution. Here, time period of the wave, T = 0-002 s
Frequency of the wave, V= - 500 Ilz
0-002
Problem 2. Find the time period of a wave whose frequency is 400 Hz.
Solution. Here, frequency of the wave, v =400 Hz
Time period of the wave, T= = 0-0025s
400
Problem 3. Asource of wave produces 20 crests and 20 troughs in 0-2 s. Find the frequency of
the wave.
Solution. Since a wave consists of a crest and atrough, 20 crests and 20 troughs constitute 20 waves.

0-2s = 0-01s
As 20 waves are produced in 0-2 s, time period of the wave, T=
20
1 0 =100 Hz
Frequency of the wave, V= T =

0-01
Problem 4. The wavelength of the vibrations nroduced on the surface of water is 2 cm. Ir the
wave velocityis 16 ms, calculate(a)the number of waves produced in 1s(b) time required
to produce
1wave.
Solution. Here, wavelength of the wave, h=2 cm = 0-02 m
wave velocity, v = 16 m/s
16 = 800 Hz
(a) number of waves produced in l s, iLe., v = 0-02

-s =.0-00125 s
() time required to produce 1 wave. ie T== 800

Problem 5. Fig. 6.11 shows a snap Amplitude

shot of a wave-form of frequency 50 Hz. (cm)
For this wave motion, find (a) wavelength 4
(b) amplitude (c) velocity.
2
Solution. Here, v=50 Hz \30 35 40
10 15 bo 25 Distance
(a) Wavelength = distance betvween two
consecutive crests
(cm)

=h=25 cm -5 cm = 20 cm
(b) Amplitude = 4 cm
(c) Wave velocity, v= vh= 50 x20
= 1000 cm/s = 10 m/s FIGURE 6.11,
Problem 6.A sound wave has a frequency 1000 Hz and wavelength 34 cm. How long will it
take to move through 1 km ?
Solution. Here,frequency of the wave, v= 1000 Hz
wavelength of the wave, . = 34 cm = 0-34 m
Speed of sound wave, v = v = 1000 x 0-34 = 340 m/s
 334 Pradeep's SCIENcL YSIC
ue taken by the wvave to move through I km (i.e., 1000 mn), ie
1000 m
distancc/speed 2-94s
340 m/s

Problemn 7. Atuning fork having frequency 256 Hz emits a wave

1-45 m. Find the speed of sound in air.
Solution. Here. frequency of the tuning fork, v= 256 Hz
which has a
wavelength of the wave emitted, = 1:35 m
Speed of sound in air, v =v=256 x 1:35 =
Poblem 8. The speed of soundin sea water is 1530 m/s.
through the sea is 0-02 m. Find its frequency.
The
345-6
wavelength
m/s
of a
wavel ngh
Solution. Here, speed of sound in sea water, v = 1530 m/s wave
wavelength of the wave transmitted, A = 0-02 m
If v is the frequency of wave transmitted, then
1530
ransmltea
V= = 76500 Hz = 76:5 kHz
0-02

Problem 9. The audible range of a human ear is 20 Hz to 20

kHz.is
corresponding wavelength range. The speed of sound at ordinary temperature
Solution. Here, speed of sound in air, v = 340 m/s 340Convert
m/s. th is Ini
lowest frequency, v,= 20 Hz
highest frequency, v, = 20 kHz = 20 x 10 Hz
340
Clearly. upper limit of wavelength, i.e., 2, = 20
= 17m
V
340
and lower limit of wavelength, i.e., y = 20 x 103 =0-017m

Thus, the audible wavelength range is 0017 m to 17 m.

Doubl
Problem 10. A stone is dropped into a well 45 m deep. The sound of the splash is
after the stone is dropped. Find the speed of sound in air. Take g = 10 ms2.
heard 313
Solution. Here, depth of the well, h= 45 m
initial velocity of the stone, u = 0, g = 10 m/s
time taken by the sound of splash to be heard, t, = 3-13 s
If t, is the time taken by the stone to reach water level in the well, then from
1
45 =
2 x 10x 1
or
or I, =3s
Clearly, time taken by sound to reach the top of the well, i.e., t= t - h=3-13 -3s=0.13
distance (h) travelled by sound
Speed of sound =
time taken (t)
45
i.e.,
= = 346 m/s
0-13
SOUND 335

PROBLEMS FOR PRAGTTCE

1. A boat anchor is rocked by waves whose consecutive crests are 100 m apart. If the wave specd o
moving cests is 20 in/s, calculate the frequency at which the boat rocks. [Ans. 02 Hz)
2. Caleulate the wavelengh of asound wave having afrequency 300 Hand specd 330 m/s. (Ans. 1-1ml
3. The sonic boom of an aircraft has a time period of 0-00005 s. Calculatc the frequency of he sound
produced. |Ans. 2000 Hz]

4. Aperiodic longitudinal wave is sent on aslinky. The wave proceeds at aspeed of 48 m/s and each particle
oscillates at a frequency of 12 Hz. Calculate the minimum separation between the positions(Ans,
where4 cm]
the
slinky is most compressed.
5. Asource produces 15 crests and 1Stroughs in 3 seconds, When the second crest is produced, the first is 2
cm away from the source. Calculate (a) freauencv (b) wavelength (c) spced of the wave.
[Ans. (a) 5 Hz (b) 2 cm (c) 10 cm/s)
6. Alongitudinal wave is produced on aslinky. The frequency of the wave is 25 Hz and it ravels at aspeeo
of 20 cm/s. Find the separation between consccutive positions f nax1murm compressions.
|Ans. 0-8 cm

7. Asound wave has a frequency of 2kHz and wavelengt 35 cm. How long willit take to travel I km
[Ans. 2-1 s]
8. A hoSpital uses an ultrasonic scanner to locate tumours in a tissue. What is the wavelength of sound in a
tissue in which the speed of sound is 1-7 kms ?The operating frequency of the scanner[Ans.
is 4-24 x MI10 m]
wavelengtn
9. An observer standing at the sea coast observes 54 waves reaching the coast per minute. If the(Ans. 9 m/s]
of a wave is 10 m, find the wave velocity.
? Speed or
10. How far does sound travel in air when a tuning fork of freauencv 560 Hz makes 30 vibrations[Ans. 18 m)
sound in air = 336 m/s.
air. Ifthis sound meets a water surface, what is the
1 hbat emits UltrasonicC sound of frequency 100 kHz in
wavelength of (a) the reflected sound wave (b) the transmitted sound wave ?
3-4 x 10 m (b) 1-486 x 10 m
GTVen speed of sound in air= 340 m/s and in water = 1486 m/s, (Ans, (a)
at a speed of 300 m/s. Will it be audible "?
1k A Wave of wavelength 0-60 cm is produced in air and it travels [Ans. 5 x 10 Hz. No]
[Ans. 1-2 x 10 Hz]
13. Radio Ceylon broadcasts at 25 m. What is the frequency of the station ?
metre Chandigarh station would be tuned in
14. Chandigarh radio station broadcasts at 1200 kHz. At what [Ans. 250 m]
your transistor ?

COONTS/sOLUTIONS
20 m/s = 0"2Hz
1. Here, A= 100 m, v = 20 m/s, v: 100 m

330 m/s =
2. Here, v= 300 Hz, v = 330 m/s. 2== 11m
300/s
1 1 = 20000 Hz
3. Here, T= 0-00005 Hz, v= T 0-00005s
48 cm/s
4. Here, V= 48 cm/s, v = 12 Hz. A == 4 cm
12/s
 CUNTS/SOLUTIONS
Pradeep's SCIENCE .PISirS
2cm, e=v = (5 x 2)
cm/s = 10 cmls
K, Hen,
15 SHz, A
20cnys = 0-8 em
S Hz, - 20 cmm/s, A = 25/s
6. Hen,
Hz, à = 35 cm, v=vA= 2000 x
35 = 700 me
Hen, 2kHz 2000
15 km 1500 m
= 2"1s
t= 700 m/s
ime taken to travel 1-5 km, i.e., 700 m/s
MHz = 42 x 106 Hz
8. Hen, r= 17 km/s, = 4-2
1-7 kmys 1700 m/s = 4x 10 m
4-2 x 106/s 4-2 x 106/s
54
54
9. Here, i= 60 Hz, À = 10 m,
y=vd = x 10= 9 m/s
60
336 m/s 0-60 m
10. Here, v= S60 Hz, v= 336 m/s, À = 560/s
Distance covered by sound during 30 vibrations 30 A = 30 x 0-6 = 18 m

lL. Here. v= 100 kHz = 100 × 10 Hz = 100000 Hz, Vair = 340 m/s , vwater = l486 mle
speed of sound in air (v,i,) 340
(a) Wavelength of reflected wave = 100000 = 3"4 X 10-3
speed of sound in water (.
(6) Wavelength of transmitted wave through water = water )
1486
= 1"486 × 10-2 m
100000
(frequency of ultrasound does not change with change of medium)
12. Here, À = 0-60 cm; v= 300 m/s
300 m/s 300 x 10 cm/s
V=
=5× 10 Hz
Thus. 0-60 cm 0-60 cmn

This frequency lies in the ultrasonic zone and hence is inaudible.

13. Here, h= 25 ; speed of radio waves, v = 3 x 10° m/s (speed of light in vacuum)
3x108 = 12x 10 Hz
Thus, 25
14. Here, v = 1200 kHz = 1200 × 10 Hz = 12 x 10 Hz
speed of radio waves, v =3× 10 m/s (speed of light in vacuumn)
3x108
Thus, = 250 mn
12 x 10s
 PradeepS

B44
6.17. PITCH ORFREOUENCY tha s rziaed to
Pich is another
psychologcal prupety
errgted by a
f sound
source s cais pc Jast
te frequey ia fac
of sund
iiterprets the frequencymeasured by meats of itstru djerentiating
qüantity and cannot be
Pitch is that characteristic
of soundvhich help in between ashr
Jrom a grave (flat or dull), sound
ae caled treble
High and ow ptched ounds the wvdorms
and bass respectuvely Fig 615 hows
ptched sound The
of a low pitched sound and a h1gh frequency and vce
pitch increases with the increase in
loud. there
versa Unless the sound is extrenely pitch and
one-to-0ne correspondence betweet
that of a
Irequency The voice of a lady is shnller thar
frequency ot
man It is because of the fact that the men The
ladies' voice is usually higher than that of around 80
VOICC 155
frequency of a woman's ordinary
Hz and that of a man's is around 140 Hz
subjective in
Pitch is a sensation and is
NOT! nature. Frequency, on the other hand, is
objective in nature and can accuralely be Hig pitced sourc
measured like any other physical quantity.
Further, pitch should not be confused with FJGURE 6.15
loudness, The buzzing of a moquito is a
sound of higher pitch though quite faint. But Wieve disttanca
the roaring ol alion is a suund of lower pítch
though of arger loodnes
6.18. QUALITY OR TIMBRE
The characteristic of a sound which distinguishes
ufrom another of the same püch and loudness is
called quality or timbre.
a)
The quality of sound is determined by its wave-íom
Sounds of different voices and musical instruments h2ve
different quality and as such have different wave-íorms. Carnet

Fig. 6.16 (a) represents the waveforn of the sound emitted

by atuning fork which comprises of asingle frequency.A sOund
of single frequency is called a tone.
Fig. 6.16 (b) represents the wave-forms of the sounds
produced by aclarinet, apiano and aviolin. These waveforms
are due to a mixture of several frequencies. Pano
A
sound which is produced due to a mirture of several
frequencies is called anote.
Since sound produced by a tuning fork is of single
frequency, it is also called a pure note.
Ay Violin

FIGURE 6.16
 sOUND
345
6.19.
MUSIC AND NOISE
What makes a man close his eyes in
unimaginable anger on
hearing shouts and cries ?
admiration
and joy
This is on
while listening to a beautiful song and his
divided two
into categories. account of the fact that all sounds can be
) Musical sound or Music
i) Noise.
1. Musical sound or Music has a pleasant
instruments, singing of songs and the effect on the
note produced by a tuninglistener. musical
Sounds produced by playing onsound.
fork are afew examples of musical
2. Noise has an unpleasant (disagreeable,
soUnd
produced when ashot is
fired from a gun,boring jarring)
or effect on the listener. Rustling of leaves,
;are
some the examples of noise. murmuring students in the class and thumping of atable
of
These definitions of musical sound and
various types of
sound. The
noise are based on the psychological response of the ear and
brain to pleasant or unpleasant effect of
make-upand attitude of the listener
towards a any sound depends upon the mental
music,
classical Indian music
may appear to be particular sound. To most ofthe foreigners and lovers of pop
music may not wish to give an ear to
film something
or pop music.
close to a noise, whereas lovers of classical
parents, whereas to an Further, the cries of a newly borm baby are perhaps
musical sound to the
the most
unconcerned
and hence noise. Thus, no clear line of demarcation can be drawnindividual,
between athese may be
criessound
musical andannoying
a noise
onthe basisof sensation these produce on the ear of
the
The physical difference between a musical sound and alistener.
noise is
Fig. 6.17 (a) is regular and has a definite amplitude. It represents represented in Fig. Hence,
a musical sound. 6. 15. Theacurve ol
musical
sound consists of. a series of sound impulses following each other at regular intervals of time without
sudden changes in amplitude (i.e., loudness). Such sounds are
The curve of Fig. 6.17 (b)represents a noise. usually of high frequency.
The curve is irregular and has no definite
amplitude. Therefore, a noise consists ofa series
af sound impulses following each other at
imegular intervals of time and there are sudden
changes in amplitude (loudness). Noise is (a) (b)
usualy of low frequency. FIGURE 6.17
Difference between musical sound and noise
Musical Sound Noise

1. Ithas a pleasant effect on the ear.
2. It consists of a series of sound impulses which
follow one another regularly.
3. The frequency of musical sound is high.
4. There are no sudden changes in amplitude (loudness)
of the waves constituting a musical sound.
1. Ithas an unpleasant effect on the ear.
2. The sound impulses do not follow one another
regularly.
3. The frequency of a noise is low.
4. There are usually sudden changes in amplitude
(loudness) of the waves forming a noise.

On 1. Loudness (or intensity), pitch (or frequency) and quality (or timbre) are the three
Your characteristics of sound which distinguish one sound from another sound.
2. The intensity of sound at any point is defined as the amount of energy passing per unit
Tips time per unit area in a direction perpendicular to the area. Its unit is W/m?.
3. The physiological response of the ear to the intensity of sound is called loudness and is
determined basically by the amplitude of the wave.
4. Pitch is the physiological sensation which helps in distinguishing between a shrill sound
from a grave (dull or flat) sound. Pitch of a sound is determined by its frequency.
 Pradeep's
SCIENCE
350
SOLUED PROBLENS
FORMULAEAND UNITS
R:PHYSCA
d=t2 sound
PROBLEMS distance betweenthe source of and the
BASED
ON
where dis the
timetakenby
sound in goingtothe
obstacle and
coming backobstacle.
speedofsOund, second
ECHOES metre, v in m/s and r in
d is measured in
distant hill
an echo of his own voice from a after 1 s.
Problem 1.A boy hears hill from the boy ? The spe t
the distance of the
sound is 340 m/s, What is
=340 m/s
Soution. Here, speed of sound,y
ls
time taken for hearing the ccho, t= travelled by the
between the hill and the boy, total distance sound in
II dis the distance
coming back = 2 d gong and
speed of sound x time,
Asdistance travelled by sound =
340 x 1 = 170m
2d=vt or d= 2
2

distance of 85 mproduces 2,
Problem 2. Aboy standing in front of wall at a
echo. The echo is heard
claps per second,
He notices that the sound of his clapping coincides withthe only once when
clapping is stopped. Calculate the speed of sound.
Solution. Here, distance of the boy from the wall, d = 85 m
05s
time taken by the echo to be heard, t =s=
andon:
If dis distance between the bov and the wall, total distance travelled by sound in going
back = 2d
As distance travelled by sound = speed of sound x time,
2d 2x85
2d=vt V= = 340 m/s
t 0-5

Problem 3. Aman stationed between twoparallel clifis fires A

a gun. He hears the first echo after 15 s and the next after 2-5 s.
What is the distance between the cliffs and when does he hear the
third echo? Take the speed of sound in air as 340 m/s.
Solution. Here, velocity of sound in air, = 340 m/s
time after which first echo is heard, t, = 15 s
time after which second echo is heard, t, = 2:5 s
Let A and Brepresent two parallel cliffs and 0 be the position of
the man stationed between these cliffs as shown in Fig. 6.23. Let d, and
d, be the distances of the man from these cliffs Aand Brespectively.
FIGURE 6.23
SOUND 351

Reflection from cdif A

Time (t,) afer which the first echo is heard =time taken by ound to trzvel from 0to Aand back to
i.e., a distance 2
0again,
As distance travelled by sound = speed of vundz túme,
ti 34z 15 = 255 m
2 d,=vt, d=2 2
Reflection from ciff B
Time () after which the second echo is heard =túne taken by sOund to trzvel fron 0to Band back
0again, ie., a distance 2 d,

340 2-5 =425 m

Clearly, 2 d, =0h 2 2
Distance between the two cliffs, d=d, +d= 255 m +425 m=6 m
The third echo is heard when sound after reflection from clf A2oes to cliff Band hen ater re1
from it reaches O.
Time taken for the third echo to be heard, t =t, +h= 15s+ 25 s=45
Problem 4. Aman fires ashot and hears an echo from aciff afer 2s He walks 83 mtoa
the cliff and the echo of a second shot is now heard after 1-4 s. What i[ the velocity of sound and how
far was the man from the cliff when he first heard the echo ?
Solution. Let the man stationed at A at a distance d from
the cliff fire a shot. If the cliff is denoted by C, then AC =d as
shown in Fig. 6.24.
The echo of the first shot will be heard if the sound goes
from Ato Cand comes back to A. In the process, it travels a
distance 2 d. K5m*(e5m
Since a time of 2s is taken by the first echo to be heard.
2d=vt= Vx2=2v (o is the speed of sound)
FLGURE 6.24.
d=v ...E)
(d-85) m. For the echo of the second shot to be
After walking 85 m, the man comes to B where BC=
at B. L.e.. it has to travel a distance 2 BC
heard, sound has to go from B to Cand back to the man
shot is heard afer a time of 1-5s.
=2 (d-85) m = (2 d- 170) m. Since echo of the second
30 ..i)
(2 d-170) =VXl5=
From eqns. (i) and (iü),
3d
2d-170=
2
d=340 m
Speed of sound, D=d= 340 m/s

PROBLEMS FOR PRAGTIcE

is the distznce of the cliff from
1. A person clapped his hands near a cliff and heard the echo after 5 s. What [Ans. 865 m]
the person if the speed of the sound, o is taken as 346 m/s?
352 Pradeep's SCIENCE:P PI YSICS
cracker is produced.
2. Achild hears an echo from a cliff 4s after the sound ofapwerful
clif from he child ?(Take speed of sound in air as 340 m/s)
3. An observer standing between Iwo cliffs fires agun. He hears onc ccho after |-5 S
How ar way
If the syer of sound is 340 m/s, find (a) the distance of the observer from the and
first cliffanotandher
between the cliffs.
4. Aboy stands 60 min front of atall wall and claps. The boy continues to clap
IAns. (a) 255 m
Another boy finds that the time betwecn the first (1st) and the fifty first every time an (b
(S1st) clap is 18 s.
seed of sound.
echois heA
S. ApersOn standing between two vertical cliffs and 680 maway from the
nearest IAns. 333 mahe
the first ccho after 4 s and the sccond echo 3 s later. Calculate (a) the speed ofcliff, shouted
sound He
Calcate
[Ans. 340 mls heat
distance between the two clifls.
(a)
6. A man standing at 51 mfrom a wall fires a gun. Calculate the time after which an
echo is (b) 1870
of soundis 340 m/s.
heard. The spe d
7. A man fircs a gun towards a hilland hears its echo after 5 s. He then moves
340 m
towards the hll and
tires his gun again. This time he hears thec echo after 3s. Calculate the speed of
sound.
|Ans. 03
8. An engine is approaching abillat constant speed. When it is at adistance of 0-9 km, it
whose echo is heard by the driver after 5s. If the speed of sound is 340 m/s, blows a
340 mis IAns.
engine. calculate the speed whofisle.
CHINTS/SOLUTIONS |Ans. 20 mlsthe
1. Here. 346 x 5 = 865 m
I=5 s, v=346 m/s, d==d= 2

2. Here, 340 x 4
(=4s, V=340 m/s, d= = = 680 m
2
3. Here, t,= 15s,,=35 s)u= 340 m/s
(a) 340 x 1:5 340 x 3-5
d, = = 255 m (6) d, =
2 2 2
= 595 m
2
distance between the two cliffs, d=d, +d,= 255 m+595 m= 850 m
4. Here, t= 18 2x60
50
s: d=60 m. As d=2 , v== (18/50) 333"3 m/s
5. Here, t, =4 s and t, =3 s,d, =680 m
2d 2x680 = 340 m/s (b) As d, = v( +4) 340(4 +3)
(a) As d, 2
V=
2 -= 1190 m
Distance between two cliffs, d=d, + d, = 680 + 1190 = 1870 m
6. Here, d=51 m, v = 340 m/s.

As d= 2d 2x51 =0:3s
340
7. Here, ,=5s,, =3s.
2d
As d= =
In the first case,
2d 2d
V= ..)

In the second case, 2(d-340) 2(d-340)

V= ..()
3
 353
SOUND

Pes tHNTS/sOLUTION3
2d 2(d-340) d= 850 m
From eqns. () and (i), 3
3 d=5 d- 1700

n- 2x 850
From eqn. (), 5
= 340 m/s

8. Let v, be the speed of the engine.

istance covered by the engine in 5 s = 5v,
istance covered by sound in reaching the hill and coming back to the moving driver
= (900 x 2 -5 v) (0.9 km = 900 m)
= 1800 -5 v,

ACcording to the given conditions, t =

(1800 - 5v,)

As t=5s and v (speed of sound) = 340 m/s,

1800 - 5, 1700 = 1800- 5 v,
5= or
340
or
V,= 20 m/s

6.24. RANGE OF FREQUENCIES

of frequenCies.
are three categories of longitudinal mechanical waves which cover different ranges
There which lie between 20 Hz to
These waves have freauencies
1. Sound waves or Audible waves. sensitive. This range of frequencies is called the
auo
to which human ear is
20 kHz It is this range musical instruments,
range). These waves are generated in a yarjety of ways such as up male
(a.1.
frequency range
and loudspeakers., The freaguency of sound waves emitted by a grown
human vOcal cords, insects
whereas that for children, it varies from 200 Hz to450 Hz. The frequency of
varies from 100Hz to 250 Hz Hz and that of
honey bee is about 440 Hz. that of a mosquito around 500 Hz to 600
sound waves given by a
an ordinary housefly is around 350 Hz. longitudinal waves whose frequencies are below 20
Hz
Infrasound. Those
2. Infrasonic waves or example. During earthquakes, low frequency
infrasound
infrasonics. Earthquake waves are an infrasound of
are called
main shock waves, alerts the animals. Rhinoceroses communicate using The
produced before the infrasonic range.
as 5 Hz whereas whales and elephants also produce sound in the instances,
frequency as low process of investigation. In fact, in some
of infrasound are still in the initial certain organs
useful applications that at very low frequencies of 5 Hz to 10 Hz,
infrasound has proved dangerous. It is found leads to
leading to vibration-induced illness. This resonating of one organ
of the body tend to resonate,
noticeable ill effects.
rubbing against another, thereby producing longitudinal waves whose frequencies lie above 20
kHz
3.Ultrasonic waves or Ultrasound. Those these waves,
ultrasounds. Though human ear cannot detect
are called ultrasonic waves ultrasonics or response to these frequencies. For example, a
such as mosquito, fish, dog and bat show
certain creatures whistle (called Galton
dog can hear sounds of frequency uptofrequency 38 kHz and as such responds to the dog 30 kHz to 50 kHz.
of note produced by a bat varies from
Whistle) that humans cannot hear. The
kHz. Porpoises (blunt-nosed sea-mammals like
Dolphins emit ultrasound in the frequency range of 100
dolphins) and rats also produce ultrasound.
6.25. APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND
kHz). Contrary to audible
As said earlier, ultrasounds have very high frequencies (greater than 20 narrow beam which can
form of a
sounds (which have lower frequencies), ultrasound can be obtained in the
 355
SOUND
628.SONAR
Itis an acronym which means SOund Navigation And Ranging.
a device which measures the distance, direction and speed of objects lying under
is
Asonar
water using ultrasonic waves.
which is installed in a ship or a boat, receiver. Thc
Asonar, consists of (i) a transmittcr and (ii) a object on
ultrasonic
waves produced by the transmitter travel through by the
water. After getting reflected ultrasonic wavcs
seabed,these waves are picked up by the receiver. The receiver converts the reflected
the electricalsignals which are
properly recorded.
into ultrasound waves,
= time interval between the transmission and
Let reception of the reflected
= speed of sound through sea water,
d= distance of the object that reflected the ultrasound, [Fig. 6.26].
Clearly, total distance travelled by the ultrasound = 2 d
As distance = speed x time,
2d=vt
d =
2 Transmitter Receiver

The above method of finding the distance of Ship

an object is called echo-ranging as it is based on
echo principle. The sonar technique is used to
(i) determine depth of the sea, called echo
depth ranging. When used for this purpose, it is -Incident Wave
Reflected Wave
called a fathometer as it directly fathoms the depth
of the sea.

(iü) locate underwater hills, valleys, icebergs,

submarines and sunken ships. Seabed Object

(it) to locate the position of other ships or FIGURE 6.26

submarines.
adyantage of using ultrasonic waves
(iv) Ship-t0-ship communication also uses ultrasonic waves. The
is that these waves cannot be heard without the aid of special instruments.

SOLUED PROBLEMS
FORMULAE AND UNITS

PROBLEMS d=
BASED
ON where d is the distance of the object that reflects ultrasound,
is the speed of ultrasound, t is the time interval between
transmission and
SONAR V
reception of reflected ultrasound.
If vis in m/s and t is in second, d is m metre.

Problem 1. It takes 2-4 s to record the echo of a sonar. If the speed of sound in water is
1450 m/s, find the depth of the ocean floor.
 1450m/h 1. The ouler car
hrouyh unsts
pe 1450x2 4 1740 m
A56 te24s, ransmitted
he of pinna
and
cloed vibrdingcanalvith(eata auduory
auditory
2
like a
catal) candl, The
Solutlon. Here.
canalis 57
mfrom the pipe uch s ahvAgnna
floor, dlstanceof 2900 speed seabed. drurm of ympanum, 21 cm ets the Ound waves which te
Depth of the ocean
statlonary, s at a
s. Pindthe of sound In 2. The middle Car freqqescy d kng
abn 320 H Thee and 91 waves fall on the ea
mm thick The cat

odunsts
whlch s ls heard 4 the dthre wnnd
Iroblem 2. Aship thescabedandits echo
sends an
ultrasound slenalto
|e4s, de
2900 n 2x 2900
1450 m/s
walkr. that describe
drurm to an
oval
shape lme
thee bones bne (ncces, caled the
Window nece o thererniner arkabilyear well) wch wasmit thehamner,vibrations
anvl ad stirup, rartes
Solution. Here. 4 3. The inner ear
2d OnsIsts
looking like a snail shell, is
of
cochlea, (oscicles the Smallest bones in from
are he vibrating

Specd of sound in
waler, filled with basilr membraneatd
th human body)
PROBLEMS FOR PRACGTITCE window. The
oressure varialios
in
fud whach may be sd hree semicircular canal. The cocthlea.
into
incident sOund waves on the eat te vitralsons
of the
vibrats
flysd ate ahut 9 by thelarzer
vibrtions of the oval
andis detected
after 3426 If the spccd of uncoiled), is divided along its árurm The ochlea asoiral of irnes than those f he
from the seabcd
ulrasoundthat returns what is the distance of
the scabed from the ship ?
the
endings. Itis here that the lengh try the bailat about 25 turns (abut 35 cm long if it were
J, Asbip aenda out
ulrasound through sea
waletis I53I ms,
rellection from Its
(Ans. 2618 km nerve impulses for
sound energy is
inlerprelalion. convertedmenbrane,
into wiich COnneced
electrical
Is to abt )0) nerve
enerty and convyed to the brain as
detected after at abotlom
walct which are detection of the pulse s 2 6, find the specddepth
emits pulses on the
surlace of
emisson and of 1. The senicírcular
canals do not play a
2. AsOnar
of 1531n If the
time interva between the (Ans. 1531 m/s) MOTE one's balance. vital part in hearinz but are ssential for keeping
2. In case of
sOund in water.
CLKTS/SOLUTTOKS middle-ear
instead by bone conduction.deafnes, ordinary sound channes are bltcked and sound travels

2618 m2618 km On
1. The
Your audible range of heanng for
to 20 kHz Children under the average haman beings 5in the freqaency rar ge of 20 Hz
becorne less sesitive to higher age fve can heat upto 25 kHz whereas aged penpt
f
)4 2(I53Im)1531 m/s
Tips
InfraMund (or Infrasonic) has frequencies
2.
2% 2.
a frequency belorw 20
3. Hz
UltrasMound (or ultrasonic) has a frequency above 20 kHz
ASPECT ONLY)
6.29. STRUCTURE OFHUMAN EAR (AUDITORY 4. Ultasound finds applications in (i industry () medical sCIence and
When sound waves impinge on an car, certain nerves which are very sensitive to pressure variations (SONAR), cotamunscatiot
In sound waves leadto sensation of hearing. The human car is a very sensitive device and the faintest sound 5. In Industry, ultrasound is used in (û clean1ng
instruments and electronic cquipmet
(corresponding to an amplitude of .t () plastic welding (ui) detecing flaws and cracks in metal blocks used
detccted by it has a pressure varnation of about 2 x 10 N/m parts : structures.
in constructing bE
10m). The human car, [Fig. 6.271, may be divided into three
(ill) The inner car. 6. In medical science, ultrasound is used in () echo-card1ography (ii)
i) The outer car (i) The middle car (ii) surgery (iv) therapeutics oltrasonogtaphy
Outer Ear Middle Ear Innor Ear 7. SONAR is Sound Navigation And Rangpng and is used to mezsure distance, direction atd
speed of objects lying under sea It s also used in ship-to-ship communication
Hammer, anvil
Tectorial 8. The human ear can be d1vided into three pars :() the outer ear which collects soJDa
and sirrup
Membrane waves and transmits these to the car drum (i) the middle ear which anplifies these soun
waves about 60 times and (u) the inner ear shch converts the amplified sound nergy
into electrical energy and conveys to the brain as nerve impulses for interprelation.
Pinna Nerve Tips
Auditory Nerve
Cochlea
|Auditory Nerve Basilar Membrane
Round Window
Cross-soction of Cochlea
Eustachean Tube
Ear Drum

Auditory Canal
FIGURE 6.27.