ASSIGNMENT - 01

NAME : Abdullah Ibna Siddiquie

ID : 21301591
COURSE : CSE320
SECTION : 07
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI):
Open Systems Interconnection or the OSI model is used to understand and standardize
the functions of a telecommunication. It divides data communication into seven layers
and each is responsible for specific tasks.The OSI model was originally developed to
facilitate interoperability between vendors and to define clear standards for network
communication. There are seven layer of this model.

Layer 1: Physical Layer

The lowest layer of the OSI model is the Physical Layer. It deals with the actual
hardware, transmission, and reception of raw binary data over a physical medium. It
defines the physical characteristics of the network, such as cables, connectors, and the
transmission rate. This layer is concerned with bit-level transmission, It defines a range
of aspects, including:
1. Different types of Topologies such as Bus, Star, Ring, and Mesh.
2. Data transmission performance, such as Bit Rate and Bit Synchronization.
3. Common protocols including Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and others
4. Networking devices such as antennas, cables, modem, and intermediate devices
such as repeaters and hubs.
5. Communication modes such as Simplex, Half Duplex, and Full Duplex
6. Ensuring that data can be physically transmitted and received without errors.

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

The second layer of the OSI model is The Data Link Layer. It is responsible for creating
a reliable link between two directly connected nodes. It takes the raw stream of bits from
the Physical Layer and organizes them. It defines a range of aspects, including;

1. It handles error detection and correction,

2. Ensure error-free and accurate data transmission between the network nodes.
3. Ensuring data integrity during transmission.
4. Manages access to the physical medium .
5. Performs MAC (Media Access Control) addressing.
6. Expects acknowledgement for the encapsulated raw data sent between the nodes.

Layer 3: Network Layer

The third layer of the OSI model is the Network Layer . It is concerned with the logical
addressing of devices and the efficient routing of data. It defines a range of aspects,
including:
1. Protocols such as Internet (IPv4) Protocol version 4 and Internet Protocol version
6 (IPv6).
2. The network layer implements logical addressing for data packets between the
source and destination ..
3. Routers operate at this layer.
4. End-to-end communication across multiple networks.

Layer 4: Transport Layer

The fourth layer of the OSI model is the Transport Layer. It manages end-to-end
communication and ensures the reliable delivery of data between devices. It defines a
range of aspects, including:

1. Error detection, flow control, and retransmission of lost or corrupted data.

2. It involves the service-point addressing function to ensure that the packet is sent in
response to a specific process (via a port address).
3. This layer establishes, maintains, and terminates connections.
4. Also Offering both connection-oriented (TCP) and connectionless (UDP) services.

Layer 5: Session Layer

The fifth layer of the OSI model is the Session Layer. It establishes, maintains, and
terminates communication sessions between applications. It defines a range of aspects,
including:

1. It manages the dialogue control between different processes.

2. Allow exchange of data and coordinate their communication.
3. Ensuring that data is properly organized into manageable chunks.
4. Include HTTPS sessions that allow users to visit and browse websites.

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

The sixth layer of the OSI model is the Presentation Layer. It is responsible for
translating, encrypting, or compressing data . It defines a range of aspects, including:

1. Ensure that it can be properly understood by the application layer.

2. It deals with data format conversions, character encoding, and
encryption/decryption.
3. This layer enhances interoperability between different systems with varying data
formats.

Layer 7: Application Layer

The seven layer of the OSI model is the Application Layer. It is the topmost layer and
interacts directly with end-users and application software.It defines a range of aspects,
including:
1. It provides network services directly to end-users and applications
2. offer a platform-independent interface.
3. This layer includes protocols for tasks such as email, file transfer, and remote
access.

Network administrators and engineers must comprehend the OSI model in order to
diagnose problems, create effective networks, and guarantee system interoperability.
Every layer contributes to the smooth transfer of data across various networks and is
essential to the entire communication process.