ALL-4-Academics

1|Page

Phone: +265 888 093 409

tijoylowore@gmail.com
 ALL-4-Academics

DECLAIMER:
The edition of the booklet started in 2013 and the contents were sourced from various
sources which have been well acknowledged.

The booklet is not to be sold, it is a free study material to help learners, students and higher
college/university students pursuing various programs. The material is worth to prepare
someone intending to take any competitive tests, entrance exams, schools or national exams.

About the Author:

Tijoy: Started primary school in 1992 at Kasungu LEA. The Head-boy and founder of Physical
Science at Boma Comm. Day Sec School. Professionally trained at Lilongwe Technical College,
LUANAR and Stellenbosch University. Teaching is my hobby (since 2008).

Contacts: tijoylowore@gmail.com, or all4academic@gmail.com,

+265 888 093 409

2|Page
 ALL-4-Academics

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Reverence to the following people; Mrs. Moleni-Senior Primary Teacher of Chankhanga Primary School In
Kasungu, Mrs. Sawala- Senior Primary Teacher of Tsabango Primary School (Lilongwe), Mrs. Machilika
Director of El-elyon School (Area 23), Mr. W. Phiri-Head Teacher of Falls Baptist, Mr. K. Msiska-
Mechanical Supervisor (Plant Section) of Lilongwe P.V.H.O, Prince Abdul-Bachelor of Agri-Business
Management at LUANAR, Mrs. Eunice Nyirenda-Principal of Nutrition in the Ministry of Agriculture and
Food Security-Kasungu ADD, Pastor Shagala of Calvary Family Church in Kasungu, Mrs. Paulosi Dzimbili
of Jehovas’ Witness and President of JW Mr. Kalima for all your support to my endeavours.

3|Page
 ALL-4-Academics
A. ANIMALS
1. ______ is a white and black stripped
horse.
A) zebra B) donkey C) horse D) tiger
2. ______ is a male cow.
A) sheep B) bull C) hippopotamus D)
cow
3. ______ is a very large grey animal
which has big ears and a trunk.
A) whale B) giraffe C) elephant D)
horse
4. ______ is the only mammal which
can fly.
A) eagle B) butterfly C) owl D) bat
5. The best animal friend of human is
known to be ______.
A) dog B) shark C) zebra D) panda
6. The young horse is called ______.
A) zebra B) foal C) donkey D) calf
7. A ______ has long ears, long teeth,
lives in a ground and like to eat carrot.
A) mouse B) rabbit C) dog D) sheep
4|Page
8. The young cow is called ______.
A) lamb B) foal C) calf D) kitten
9. The young sheep is called ______.
A) kitten B) calf C) foal D) lamb
10. The young dog is called ______.
A) puppy B) lamb C) kitten D) calf
11. The young cat is called ______.
A) puppy B) lamb C) kitten D) calf
12. The young of kangaroo grows up
in its mother’s ______.
A) sack B) bag C) pocket D) pouch
13. Camel has ______ on his back.
A) trunk B) horn C) pouch D) lump
14. ______ is a kind of bear which lives
in cold places and has a white skin.
A) deer B) polar C) gorilla D) panda
15. ______ is a very tall animal that has
long neck.
A) giraffe B) elephant C) horse D) cow
 ALL-4-Academics

TEST ONE PRACTICE

In each of the following questions choose the word (A, B, C or D) that best completes
the sentence

1. Zigzgla is attending ______ the D. from

patient
6. The teacher told me to cut____ the
A. for picture from the news paper
B. to
C. over A. out
D. with B. off
C. down
2. After a long delay the plan finally D. on
took_____
7. ______ of the rain, Mr Kima enjoyed
A. off his holiday
B. after
C. up A. despite
D. away B. in spite
C. unless
3. The HRDC speaker was winding ___ D. in case
his speech at the meeting
8. The trouble some pupils were
A. with dismissed ____ school
B. out
C. a way A. at
D. up B. from
C. over
4. Watipaso ran ____ of petrol on the D. by
motorway
9. By September, 2015, Mr. Munthali
A. off ________ for ten years
B. after
C. out A. will have taught
D. into B. will teach
C. had taught
5. All Msundwe learners are asked to D. has taught
abide ___ school rules and
regulations 10. Sophie _______ her teeth every
morning in those days
A. for
B. by A. brushed
C. into B. brushes

5|Page
 ALL-4-Academics
C. is brushing D. pronoun
D. had brushed
16. Thocco has received an invitation to
11. It would be better if your father the function
___to see the head teacher himself
A. Noun
A. go B. Adverb
B. will go C. adjective
C. went D. Conjunction
D. would go
17. Japan is one of the developed
12. Peter saw a ________ of cattle countries
coming down the hill
A. Conjunction
A. swarm B. Adverb
B. flock C. verb
C. crowd D. adjective
D. herd
18. It is my sincerely hope that you will
13. Patricia will write to her mother pass the examination
tonight if she ___________
A. Adjective
A. will remember B. Conjunction
B. is remembering C. noun
C. would remember D. pronoun
D. remembers
19. After he had finished his breakfast,
Questions 27-39 he went to school

In each of the following question, choose the A. Adverb

correct part of speech (A, B, C or D) for each B. Preposition
of the underlined words C. conjunction
D. Noun
14. Do you want these or those?
20. All learners were asked to contribute
A. Adjective towards Mock examinations
B. Pronoun
C. adverb A. Adverb
D. preposition B. Adjective
C. Pronoun
15. My father sometimes works at night D. Preposition

A. Verb 21. Mr. Tippex Madando will book the

B. Adjective room for him
C. adverb

6|Page
 ALL-4-Academics
A. Verb
B. Noun 27. I am a standard 8 learner,
C. article _____________?
D. adjective
A. am i
22. The workers who were on leave B. amn’t i
went back to their work C. are i
D. aren’t I
A. Verb
B. Noun 28. The can hardly play football,
C. Adverb __________?
D. Conjunction
A. do they
23. The goods will be here in a few days B. don’t they
C. can’t
A. pronoun D. can they
B. adverb
C. Adjective 29. Philip told us to stay at
D. Preposition home,___________?

24. We shall eat where the food is good A. didn’t he

B. does he
A. Preposition C. don’t he
B. Conjunction D. do he
C. Adverb
D. Pronoun 30. My watch rarely works
perfectly,_________?
25. The shop keeper ties up the parcel
A. doesn’t it
A. Verb B. does he
B. Preposition C. do it
C. adverb D. don’t
D. Conjunction
31. Close the window,_______?
26. Tijoy gave herself a difficult exercise
A. won’t
A. Adverb B. will you
B. Adjective C. shall we
C. noun D. don’t you
D. preposition

Question 40-44 Questions 45 and 46

In each of the following questions, In each of the following questions,
choose the correct question tag (A, choose the word (A, B, C or D) that
B, C or D) for the statement. best completes the smile.

7|Page
 ALL-4-Academics

32. Jane is as _______as tortoise 36. She said she would come

A. fast A. Adverb clause, modifying ‘said’

B. slow B. Noun clause, object of ‘said’
C. shy C. Noun clause, subject of ‘said’
D. coward D. Adverb clause, modifying
‘would come’
33. Mr. Auriginol is as faithful as
___________ 37. The message that Marthar won the
competition made her happy
A. dog
B. tortoise A. Noun clause, in apposition to
C. pig ‘message
D. sheep B. Adjective clause ,qualifying
‘message’
Questions 47 and 48 C. Adverb clause, modifying ‘made’
D. Noun clause, object of ‘made’
In each of the following questions,
choose the word (A, B, C, or D) that 38. We will not go unless you give us the
best completes the proverb money

34. Hit the nail while it is still A. Adverb clause, modifying ‘give
__________ us’
B. Adverb clause, modifying ‘will
A. hot not go’
B. rigid C. Noun clause, object of ‘will not
C. strong go’
D. new D. Adjective clause, qualifying
‘money’
35. Don’t count your chickens before
they are___________ 39. The woman wearing the green dress
is my aunt
A. laid
B. bought A. Adverb clause, modifying ‘is’
C. killed B. Noun clause, complement of ‘is’
D. hatched C. Noun clause, in apposition to
‘woman’
Questions 49 to 53 D. Adjective clause, qualifying
‘woman’
In each of the following questions,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) that 40. I have seen the cave where he keeps
gives the correct type of clause and his stolen items
its function. The clause has been
underlined

8|Page
 ALL-4-Academics
A. Noun clause, object of ‘have B. Noun clause, in apposition to
seen’ ‘cave’
C. Adverb clause, modifying
‘have see’
D. Adjective clause, qualifying
‘are’

NO ANSWERS PROVIDED

9|Page
 ALL-4-Academics

There are mainly three types of tenses namely; Past Tense, Present Tense and Future
Tense.

A. THE PAST TENSE

1. The Past Simple Tense
This tense is used to express actions which took place in the past.
For example:
1) I bought this shirt last year.
2) I leaved here long time ago.
3) I was born in 1970.

It is used in polite requests and to express wishes.

For example:
1) I wish I knew where he is.
2) I wanted to speak to you.
3) Did you want to see him?

It may also be used in conditional clauses (unlikely conditions).

For example:
1) If I wrote my father today, he would receive the letter tomorrow.
2) I would write to him if I knew his address.
3) If he came he would find out the truth of the story.

2. The Past Continuous Tense

This tense is used to show that an activity was happening at a time when another
activity occurred.
For example:
1) When I was going to school, I met Mr. Gama.
2) Was it raining when the accident occurred?
3) She ran after me as I was crossing the street.

It may also be used to indicate that a number of activities were taking place at the
same time.
For example:

10 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
1) James was sewing while Jane was cutting the grass.
2) Jimmy was cleaning the window and James was cutting the grass.
3) While Jacqueline was ploughing, Jane was milking the cows.

3. The Past Perfect Tense

This tense is used to show that out of two activities which took place in the past, one
happened before the other.
For example:
1) He had already left when I arrived.
2) At six o’clock, he had finished writing letters.
3) We came to Malawi because we had heard so much about it

It is also used to indicate the continuation of an activity up to a certain time in the

past.
For example:
1) I had been in the teaching service for sixteen years by the time Mr.
Phiri retired.
2) In 1999 Mr. Banda had been in marriage for ten years
3) When I first met him, he had lived in Malawi for two years.

4. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

This tense is used to indicate that a continuous activity had not been complete before
another activity took place at some later period
For example:
1) When I came to the school in 2009, Mr. Shawa had been teaching
for five years.
2) When I first met him, he had been studying for a degree.
3) When it started raining, she had been preparing the last bed.

Exercise
Join each pair of sentences to make one sentence. Use a verb in the past continuous
tense in the first part of the sentence, followed by a verb in the simple past tense in
the second part of the sentence.
For example: He wrote a letter. I saw him.
He was writing a letter when I saw him.
1) I worked in the garden. The telephone rang
2) The man ran for the bus. He fell down.
3) We had supper. He arrived.
4) I went to the stadium. I met him.
5) The fire burned. I passed the house.

11 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics

B. THE PRESENT TENSE

1. Simple Present Tense

This tense is used to express the habitual actions.
For example
1) They live in Mchinji.
2) The girl goes to school at 7:00 a.m.
3) John always walks to school.
It is also used to express general truths.
For example:
1) The sun rises in the east.
2) Water boils at 100o Celsius.
3) Oil floats on water.

It may also be used to express a present activity immediately completed.

For example:
1) I pronounce you man and wife.
2) I declare the meeting open.
3) I name this road Chilambula Higway.

It is also used to express future actions which have been decided upon.
For Example:
1) School starts on Monday.
2) He leaves for London next month.
3) Frank goes to Lusaka tomorrow.

2. The Present Continuous Tense

The continuous tense indicates duration. This indicates that the activity is still going
on at the time of speaking
For example:
1) I am going to school.
2) They are singing and dancing.
3) The man is working in the garden.

It is also used to express an action which is happening in the near future.

For example:
1) I am going home this afternoon.
2) What are you waiting for here?
3) Where are you spending your next holidays?

12 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics

3. The Present Perfect Tense

This tense may be used to express an action that has just been completed but which
still has current relevance.
For example:
1) I have written a letter to my sister.
2) I have finished my work.
3) He has cut his finger.

4. The Present Perfect Progressive Tense

This tense may be used to indicate the duration of an activity which is still considered
incomplete.
For example:
1) I have been studying this book for two weeks
2) We have been studying French for two years
3) She has been waiting to see you for some time.

It may also be used to indicate an activity which is regarded as only recently

completed.
For example:
1) I have been spending a few days at home.
2) These teachers have been attending a refresher course.
3) The team has been training hard for the competition.

Exercise
Complete the following sentences by using the present perfect tense form of the
verb in brackets.

a. I (wear) this shirt for two days and I am wearing it now.

b. The children (be) a sleep for eight hours and they are still sleeping.
c. John’s shoes are very tidy. He (not clean) them for a week.
d. The thief is in prison. He (be) in prison for five months.
e. I (eat) nothing for six hours, but I am still not hungry.
f. The doctor is very busy, and he (not have) a holiday for two years.

Change the following sentences into the present continuous tense.

a. James walks to school.

b. It rains.

13 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
c. I write on the chalk board.
d. They speak to the farmer
e. The shopkeeper ties up the parcel.

C. THE FUTURE TENSE

1. The Simple Future Tense

This tense is used to indicate future activities.
For example:
1) I shall be forty tomorrow.
2) The goods will be here in few days.
The simple future tense is also used in the main clause of a conditional sentence
(open condition)
For example:
1) If you go out in the rain, you will get wet.
2) I am sure they will come if you ask them.
3) He will lend it to you if you ask him.

2. The Future Continuous Tense

This tense is used to express an activity which will begin before and continue after a
given period of time in the future.
For example:
1) His friends will be waiting at the bus stop to welcome him.
2) We shall be travelling all night.
3) After the rain we shall be enjoying the beautiful sunshine.
4) They will be expecting us home soon.

3. The Future Perfect tense

It is used to express an activity which will have been completed by a certain time in
the future.
For example:
1) In 2014, Malawi will have been independent for fifty years.
2) I shall have finished this work by four O’clock.
3) My brother will have come by the time you arrive.
4) By this time next year, Jane will have taken her University Degree.

4. The Future Perfect Progressive Tense

It is used to refer to an activity which extends from the past, through the present into
the future.
For example:

14 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
1) By the time we arrive he will have been waiting for many hours.
2) When Jacqueline gets her degree, she will have been studying at
Chancellor College for four years

Exercise
Change the following sentences to the future continuous tense.
1) I am walking to school.
2) He is feeling excited.
3) They are having dinner.
4) I am thinking about you.

15 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
B. BATHROOM
1. ______ is a piece of cloth used for drying
something.
A) tie B) flannel C) toilet paper D) towel
2. ______ is a piece of cloth you use in
bathroom to wash yourself.
A) toilet paper B) towel C) flannel D) scales
3. My friend weighs 120 kilograms, and he has
______ which help him
to know how much he weighs.
A) comb B) scales C) razor D) watch
4. ______ is a substance that you use to wash
yourself with.
A) soap B) towel C) flannel D) tile
5. ______ is a brush for cleaning your teeth.
A) toothbrush B) hairbrush C) paintbrush D)
toothpaste
6. ______ is a sharp instrument for removing
hair, especially from a
man’s face.
A) scissors B) razor C) comb D) shaving-
foam
7. ______ is liquid soap used for washing your
hair.
A) cream B) shaving-foam C) shampoo D)
soap
8. ______ is a thing that you stand under
to wash your whole body.
16 | P a g e
A) toilet B) sink C) bathtub D) shower
9. ______ is a bar that you use to hang
things on.
A) towel-rail B) sink C) bathtub D) laundry
basket
10. ______ is a piece of plastic or metal
that you use to make your hair tidy.
A) comb B) razor C) razor-blade D) scissors
11. ______ is a long large container that
you fill with water to sit in and wash
yourself.
A) laundry basket B) bathtub C) sink D)
toilet
12. ______ is a room where you can have a
shower.
A) dining-room B) bathroom C) bedroom
D) kitchen
13. ______ is the thing in a bathroom or
kitchen, where you wash you hands, face
etc.
A) refrigerator B) bathtub C) sink D) toilet
14. The floor and walls of bathroom is
covered by ______.
A) papers B) carpets C) tiles D) towels
15. ______ is a brush that is used for
cleaning your nails.
 ALL-4-Academics
A) hairbrush B) nail cleaner C) toothbrush
D) nail brush

Number in verbs refers to the form of a verb which indicates whether its subject is singular
or plural.

1. A subject in the singular is followed by a verb in singular.

For example:
a) She was present.
b) Jane has gone.

2. A subject in the plural is followed by a verb in the plural.

For example:
a) They were present.
b) The girls have gone.
3. A verb must agree with its subject in person and number.
For example:
a) He always works hard.
(Third person singular subject and third person singular
verb)

4. When two or more subjects are connected by “and,” the verb is plural.
For example:
a) John and Jane are pupils.
b) Joseph and Jessie have already eaten.

5. When two singular nouns are connected by “and” form a unit, or are considered
as one thing, the singular verb is used.
For example:
a) Bread and butter is eaten at most meals.
b) Cassava and egg is a popular breakfast.

17 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
6. The words “every,” “either,” “neither” “each” are singular and are followed by
singular verb.
For example:
a) Has either of the girls gone?
b) Neither of the girls has gone.
c) Each of the pupils was given a book.
d) Every member of the team is fit.

7. When the word pairs either or neither – nor is used in a sentence the verb agrees
with the nearest subject.
For example:
a) Either you or he is expected to assist.
b) Either Jacqueline or you are likely to be chosen.
c) Neither James nor I am eligible for this post.
d) Neither Joshua nor you have been invited.

8. If two subjects connected by or or nor differ in number and person, the verb
agrees with the nearer subject.
For example:
a) Either a laboratory or classrooms are to be built.
b) Either classrooms or a laboratory is to be built.
c) Either the pupils or the teacher is responsible for the
damage.
d) Neither Jonathan nor his classmates have succeeded in
solving the problem.

9. If two subjects joined by “and” are preceded by the word “every,” the verb is
singular.
For example:
a) Every desk, drawer and bookshelf was searched.
b) Every classroom and lecture theatre is occupied.

10. When the subjects are connected by with, as well as, in addition to, the verb takes
the number and person of the subject which stands first.
For example:
a) He with his brothers is responsible for that.
b) I as well as you am included in this invitation.
c) The players in addition to their captain were involved in the
fight.

18 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics

11. The word “none’ is generally plural: ‘no one’ is singular.

For example:
a) No one was ready.
b) None of them was ready.
c) None of them has been lost since you last counted them.
d) No one is likely to be absent from the examination.

12. Words denoting sums of money or quantities such as lengths, weights and so on,
are considered as units and take singular verbs.
For example:
a) Twenty kwacha was all I had.
b) Ten months is a long time to wait.
c) Ninety kilometers is a long distance.

13. In a compound subject (a subject which contains two or more nouns or pronouns
as subjects of a verb), if one subject is in the affirmative and the other is in the
negative, the verb agrees with the subject which is in the affirmative.
For example:
a) She not I is at fault.
b) Mkomanyama, not Mchizanda or Mwayi, deserves to be
congratulated for this work.

Exercise
A. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct word from the
alternatives given in brackets.
1. The cabinet (has, have) agreed on its decision.
2. Neither cadets nor her HRDC (is, are) fond of sweets.
3. Each of the men (is, are) carrying an axe.
4. (Has, have) either of the pupils turned up?
5. None (has, have) yet replied to my invitation.
6. The majority of the people in the audience (was, were) whistling and stamping
their feet.
7. A few (is, are) here.
8. Neither (is, are) looking at me.
9. The hat and the coat (is, are) mine.

B. Choose the action linking word which agrees with performer or subject in each of
the following sentences.

19 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
1. Not only the husband (but also/also/when) the wife was sick.
2. My friend and school mate, Mr. Edwin, (are/is/being) going with me.
3. Nothing (makes/make/making) me happier than writing.
4. Everyone (are/is/have) here today.
5. I don’t have (nothing/anything/something).
6. I am hungry, but there isn’t (any/some/no) food left.
7. She has (not/no/have) power.
8. Knowledge (is/are/have) power.
9. Physics (are/is/have) the science of facts.
10. The children in the kitchen (is/are) hatching.
11. There are four (sheeps/sheep/sheep’s) in the field.
12. I am (use/be used/used to) cold weather in Mzuzu.
13. The sun (raises/rise/rises/rose) in the east.
14. I’m in the reading room, (aren’t/am/are) I?
15. You won’t come here, (will/would/will not) she?
16. She rarely drinks coffee, (did/does/doesn’t) she?
17. You’ve had your dinner, (haven’t/had/have/hadn’t) you?
18. They didn’t see me, (did/do/don’t/are) they?
19. A number of them (are/have/is) black people.
20. Anyone (are/is) responsible for his/her own action.
21. All of the books (have/has/are) been stored somewhere.
22. A man (is/are) in the waiting room.
23. Many men (are/is) in the waiting room.

20 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
1. The __________ reported that the
house had no taps.
A. plumber C. architect
B. surveyor D. glazier
2. Each Member of Parliament received a
copy of ________ so that he or she
should know exactly what has been
said in parliament.
A. bills C. statue book
B. hansard D. amendments
3. Before the school closes for
Christmas, we shall sing Christmas
______.
A. psalms C. chorus
B. hymns D. carols
4. The prefects ________ their powers
by making a small boy clean their
room.
A. violated C. abused
B. misused D. mishandled
21 | P a g e
5. The driver _________ the brakes when
he saw the dog cross the road.
A. pulled C. engaged
B. applied D. pushed
6. My sister’s _____ is reading novels.
A. sport C. job
B. hobby D. game
7. He bought a ____ from the bookshop
on how to repair his car.
A. thesis C. brochure
B. manuscript D. manual
8. They caught one of the thieves who
broke into the shop, but his
___________ got away.
A. friend C. ally
B. teammate D. accomplice
9. He shook hands with his
____________ before the match.
A. opposition C. contestant
B. opponent D. competitor
 ALL-4-Academics
10. I got a _______ for taking the wallet I
found to the owner.
A. bribe C. prize
B. reward D. compensation
11. Our school has its own ________ for
producing electricity.
A. turbine C. converter
B. generator D. circuit
12. The preacher’s ________was so
moving that most people cried in the
church.
A. sermon C. lecture
B. speech D. talk
13. The chief executive was dismissed
from his post for ___________ the
company’s funds.
A. donating C. misappropriating
B. receiving D. borrowing
14. The whole ___________ was quiet
while the choir was singing at St Paul’s
Church.
A. congregation C. group
B. audience D. public
15. The man from the insurance company
came to _____________ the value of
the house
which had burnt down.
A. assess C. evaluate
B. levy D. examine
16. He broke his leg at work, so he
claimed __________ from the
company.
A. reimbursement C. compensation
22 | P a g e
B. gratuity D. pension
17. It is always wise to call in a qualified
__________ to design new buildings.
A. agent C. architect
B. builder D. mechanic
18. My uncle will be ______________ as a
priest next month.
A. consecrated C. baptized
B. ordained D. christened
19. When travelling abroad it is wise to be
___________ against small pox.
A. immunized C. sterilised
B. vaccinated D. injected
20. Everybody watched as the plane
touched down and __________ along
the runway.
A. coasted C. taxied
B. glided D. drove
21. The nurse dabbed the wound gently
with __________ to prevent infection.
A. injection C. anaesthetic
B. medicine D. antiseptic
22. He was crying in his sleep; he could
have been having a _____________.
A. nightmare C. fantasy
B. fight D. nightdream
23. The ship had to be _________ at
Nkhata Bay harbour to allow the
storm to abate.
A. stopped C. sheltered
B. anchored D. stationed
 ALL-4-Academics
24. Since he was not a good swimmer, he
had to ________.
A. sink C. drown
B. immerse D. suffocate
25. When the doctor gives you medicine,
make sure that you do not exceed the
__________dose.
A. presided C. proceeded
B. prescribed D. precedented
26. Knowing that they did not have
children of their own, they decided to
_________ two
orphans.
A. adopt C. adore
B. adapt D. admit
27. After his cousin died, the _______ was
taken to the mortuary.
A. core C. corpse
B. corps D. copse
28. In Malawi it is ________ to keep
foreign currency unless you declare it.
A. illegal C. criminal
B. uncivil D. untruthful
29. The terrorists were caught at the
airport when they were about to
_________ the plane.
A. embark C. ride
B. board D. climb
30. I got a letter from a good friend of
mine asking me to ____________ him
my shirt for a
party.
A. borrow C. rent
B. hire D. lend
23 | P a g e
31. Malaria is a difficult disease to
______________.
A. terminate C. diminish
B. extinguish D. eradicate
32. The railway track is laid out on firm soil
covered by a bed of loose stone
called________.
A. sleepers C. wagons
B. ballast D. racks
33. In order to have a news bulletin on the
radio there must be a lot of people,
one of them is a
________ to write the news item.
A. radio journalist C. sub-editor
B. studio manager D. radio engineer
34. If one builds a house, the owner of the
house can _________ it against the
risk of fire.
A. insulate C. insure
B. assure D. secure
35. If you have a bank account, you can
pay a bill or give someone a present by
writing a
______________.
A. receipt C. bill
B. check D. cheque
36. An author may send in a __________
to be considered for publication.
A. paper C. document
B. manuscript D. script
37. The stamp on the envelope must be
prevented from being used again by
 ALL-4-Academics
_____________ it.
A. frankling C. damaging
B. punching D. postmarking
38. The forestry officer was supervising
some men who were ____________
trees when he was
killed.
A. falling C. felling
B. felled D. fallen
39. The man bought his car through hire
purchase. He was paying monthly
______ of
K500, 000.00
A. premiums C. deposits
B. instalments D. payments
40. The actor waited for his _______
before resuming his part in the play.
A. cue C. sign
B. word D. gesture
41. His attack of appendicitis was so
severe that the doctor __________
him immediately.
A. incisioned on C. operated
B. operated on D. bisected
42. The fog will soon _________ the hill.
A. envelop C. shed
B. shade D. envelope
43. I cannot accept you to read my
_________.
A. dairy C. daily
B. diary D. gaily
24 | P a g e
44. Ibula‟s mother has never been
married, so it must be true that he is
an ________ child.
A. illegitimate C. illegal
B. illiterate D. illogical
45. He was stabbed by his wife, and the
_________ was so great that he cried
loudly for help.
A. pane C. pan
B. pen D. pain
46. In the court of law, the ______ of
“guilty” or “not guilty” is decided by a
judge or jury.
A. judgement C. decision
B. conclusion D. verdict
47. Sometimes the doctor might listen to
your heart with his or her
_______________.
A. microscope C. loudspeaker
B. stethoscope D. telescope
48. We are ____________ they will come.
A. confidence C. confident
B. confidential D. confidant
49. The man ________ having been at the
scene of the robbery.
A. refused C. rejected
B. opposed D. denied
50. In order to convict someone, a judge
needs concrete _________ and not
mere speculation
and gossip.
A. evidence C. facts
B. suggestion D. clues
 ALL-4-Academics
A. character C. reputation
51. His ____ has been spoiled because of B. reference D. biography
his involvement in the theft.

CHECK ANSWERS TO THE APPENDIX 1.0

THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Voice is the grammatical term that shows the doer and the
TOPIC3 receiver of the action of the verb. A sentence can be
changed from one voice to another. The following points
should be followed when changing a sentence from active
to passive voice:

1. The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
For example:
Active Voice : John kicked the ball.
Passive Voice : The ball was kicked by John.
2. The subject of the active verb becomes the object of “by” (the agent)
For example:
Active Voice : Mr. Kaphaizi teaches English.
Passive Voice : English is taught by Mr. Kaphaizi.

3. If the doer in the active voice is not specified, the passive form omits the
preposition phrase (i.e. by + object).
For example:
Active Voice : Someone likes bananas.
Passive Voice : Bananas are liked.
4. The form of the verb is changed by using the same tense of the verb ‘to be’ with
the past participle verb.

For Example:
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

25 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
1. The boy gives his sister some oranges. Some oranges are given to
the sister by the boy.
2. Someone takes the food. The food is taken

B. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1. Mr. Mpulula has taught English English has been taught by
Mr. Mpulula.
2. Have the students eaten the food? Has the food been
eaten by the students?

C. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. The teacher is teaching English. English is being taught by
the teacher.
2. The doctor is treating the patient. The patient is being
treated by the doctor.
3. Is Jane watching a movie? Is a movie being
watched by Jane?

D. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1. John called them regularly. They were regularly
called by John.
2. Did Mwayi eat the apple? Was the apple eaten
by Mwayi?

E. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. James was calling the child. The child was being
called by James.
2. Were all students writing the test? Was the test being
written by all students?

F. PAST PERFECT TENSE

1. Jacqueline has passed the examinations. The examinations
had been passed by Jacqueline.
2. Had the candidates written the exams? Had the exams been written
by the candidates?

G. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

1. He will write the letters. The letters will be written
by him.

26 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
2. Will the driver pick her up at 10 o’clock? Will she be picked by the
driver at 10 o’clock?

H. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

1. She will have taught the class. The class will have been
taught by her.
2. Will Barkhita have eaten the orange? Will the orange have been
eaten by Barkhita?

Exercise
Change the following sentences into the passive voice
1. Emily ate the bread.
2. The minister will open the conference.
3. He was watching the match.
4. Did the teacher teach the subject?
5. She has occupied my office.
6. They will have written the examinations.
7. They had seen the president.
8. The court had declared the law unconditional.

27 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
C. CLOTHES
1. ______ is something that you wear to
cover your feet.
A) shoe B) sweater C) cap D) t-shirt
2. ______ is a soft hat with a curved part
sticking out at the front.
A) cap B) umbrella C) scarf D) boot
3. ______ is a cotton shirt with short
sleeves and no collar.
A) blazer B) shirt C) jacket D) t-shirt
4. ______ is a piece of warm woolen
clothing for the top half of your body.
A) glove B) scarf C) coat D) sweater
5. ______ is a piece of clothing worn on
your hand, with separate parts for the
thumb and each finger.
A) skirt B) jeans C) glove D) scarf
6. ______ is a narrow piece of cloth that
you wear around your neck Mwith a skirt.
A) blazer B) tie C) trousers D) blouse
7. ______ is a piece of clothing for girls
and women that fits around the waist and
hangs down like a dress.
A) skirt B) trousers C) blouse D) jacket
28 | P a g e
8. ______ is a piece of material that you
wear around your neck, head, or
shoulders, especially when it is cold.
A) shirt B) tie C) scarf D) glove
9. ______ is a shirt for women.
A) skirt B) t-shirt C) blouse D) blazer
10. ______ is a short coat.
A) blazer B) jacket C) suit D) blouse
11. ______ is a kind of shoe that covers
your whole foot and the lower part of
your leg, especially worn in winter.
A) shoe B) socks C) slippers D) boot
12. ______ is a piece of clothing that you
wear on your foot inside your shoe.
A) socks B) pants C) boot D) sleeve
13. ______ are light trousers and a shirt
that you wear in bed.
A) pajamas B) swimsuit C) suit D) blouse
14. ______ is the part of a piece of clothing
that covers your arm.
A) collar B) sleeve C) cuff D) pocket
15. ______ is a piece of clothing that
covers the lower part of your body, with a
separate part covering each leg.
A) trousers B) skirt C) blouse D) boot
 ALL-4-Academics

1. Look ______________________! You will hurt yourself if you are not careful.
A. up
B. at
C. out
D. over

2. I was amazed ________________ the way he scored the goal.

A. at
B. with
C. by
D. in

3. We went to class _________________ time to secure better seats.

A. before
B. on
C. .in
D. with

4. There was a very big bend ____________________ the road.

A. on
B. in.
C. at
D. over

5. There are so many exceptions __________________ that rule.

A. In
B. To
C. far
D. of

6. If one club patron had taken the students to Chintheche, they __________
themselves.
A. could have enjoyed
B. would have enjoyed

29 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics

C. should have enjoyed

D. might have enjoyed

7. The teacher said she would not meet the students unless they ___________ making
noise.
A. stopped
B. should stop
C. stop
D. had stopped

8. Once she goes to college, (she)? ___________ was less often.

A. visits
B. would visit
C. will visit
D. visited

9. Mtendere noticed how cold it was when she ________________ the plane.
A. got off
B. went off
C. took off
D. came off

10. After everything, there was a big dance to _______________ the days’ festival.
A. round up
B. round out
C. round off
D. round in

11. His dog was _________________ by a speeding vehicle.

A. run over
B. trapped up
C. knocked out
D. fallen down

12. The fainted footballer ___________ after some first aid.

A. came around
B. came back

30 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics

C. Came again
D. came out

13. This room is in a very bad shape, but we must _____________ as there isn’t any other.
A. put up it
B. put with it
C. put up with it
D. put it up

14. Daniel will be ___________ for the loss of his finger.

A. rewardee
B. compensated
C. awarded
D. remunerated

15. The robbers were charged with ___________ because they obtained money by
threats.
A. extortion
B. fraud
C. bribery
D. . burglary

16. If you buy a house, don’t forget to ____________ it against fire.

A. insure
B. guard
C. protect
D. secure

17. I have a monthly bank ____________ sent to me as evidence so that I know how
much money there is in my account.
A. verdict
B. evidence
C. judgement
D. sentence

18. The Jury came back into court and gave their _________________
A. verdict
B. evidence

31 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics

C. judgement
sentence

Questions 19 to 22
In each of the following questions, choose the part of speech (A, B, C or D) that best
describes each underlined words

19. Japan is one of the developed countries.

A. Verb
B. Conjunction
C. adjective
D. preposition

20. Don’t ring me when I am in the hospital.

A. Verb
B. conjunction
C. adverb
D. pronoun

21. Before you start answering any question read the instructions carefully.
A. conjunction
B. adverb
C. preposition
D. adjective

22. No sooner had we arrived than it began raining.

A. conjunction B. interjection C. pronoun D. adjective

In each of the following questions, choose the order of adjectives (A, B, C. or D)

23. The old man was tracked by a ________________ doctor.

A. young sympathetic Malawian medical
B. sympathetic young Malawian medical
C. Malawian young sympathetic medical
D. sympathetic Malawian young medical

24. My sister has a _________________ belt.

32 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
A. brown new leather
B. new brown leather
C. leather brown new
D. new leather brown

25. Everybody admired his ___________ suit

A. modern western beautiful
B. beautiful modern western
C. western modern beautiful
D. beautiful western modern

Questions 26 to 30
In each of the following questions, choose the options ( A, B, C or D) that best describes and
gives the function of the underlined phrases or clauses.

26. The house by the lake belongs to chief Mapiri.

A. noun phrase, object of house
B. beautiful modern western
C. western modern beautiful
D. beautiful western modern

27. How the candidate passed the examinations is a miracle.

A. noun clause, subject of the verb is
B. adverbial clause, modifying is
C. adjectival clause, qualifying miracle
D. noun clause, complement of the verb is

28. Some people eat in order that they may live.

A. adverbial clause, modifying eat
B. noun clause, object of the verb eat
C. noun phrase, object of the verb eat
D. adverbial phrase, modifying eat

29. I will take the direction which he has taken

A. adverb phrase modifying will take
B. noun phrase object of will take
C. adjective clause, qualifying direction
D. adverb clause modifying will take

33 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
30. The gossip that our school will start using the new hall is totally untrue.
A. noun clause, subject of is totally untrue
B. noun clause in apposition to gossip
C. noun clause in apposition to gossip
D. adjective clause qualifying noun gossip

QUESTION TAGS AND SHORT RESPONSES

These are questions which are asked not because we need information but

T4
confirmation of what we already know. We want the person addressed to
agree with us.

For example:

a) Expecting the answer ‘yes’

They like tea don’t they?
b) Expecting the answer ‘no’
They don’t like tea, do they?

So, Question tags are grammatical phrases in form of questions which are added to
statements.

RULES WHICH ARE FOLLOWED WHEN FORMING QUESTION TAGS

1. When a statement is positive (affirmative), the question tag must be negative.
For example:
a) Mrs. Brown is a doctor, isn’t she?
b) You can speak French, can’t you?
c) Your friends will come, won’t they?

2. When the statement is negative, the question tag must be positive

For example:
a) Mr. Mayani isn’t a doctor, is he?
b) You can’t speak Latin, can you?
c) Goats don’t speak, do they?

NOTE: All auxiliary verbs in the statements are repeated in the question tags, except:
a) Need and dare used positively in the statement are not repeated in the tag.
For example:
34 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
a. We need to buy a new radio, don’t we?
b. He dared to stroke the lion, didn’t he?

b) “Used to” is treated as a full verb rather than an auxiliary.

For example:
a. He used to own a house, didn’t he?
b. Jane used to borrow my pen, didn’t she?

c) There is no form ‘amnt I?’ instead we say aren’t I?

For example:
a. I am interested in your performance, aren’t I?
b. I am better at tennis than he is, aren’t I?

3. When the statements contain main verbs, the question tags take a ‘do’ ‘does’ or ‘did’
depending on the tense of the verb in the given statement.

(a) When the statement contains a present tense singular main verb, the question tag takes
‘does’ for the third person singular.
For example:
a. Jane likes soft drinks, doesn’t she?
b. She passes every examination, doesn’t she?

(b) When the statement contains a past tense main verb, the question tag takes ‘do’
For example:
a. Jane and James like music, don’t they?
b. The three girls pass every examination, didn’t they?

(c) When the statement contains a past tense main verb, the question tag takes ‘do’
For example:
a. Jane liked soft drinks, didn’t she?
b. The three girls passed every examination, didn’t they?

4. Statements which contain such words as ‘scarcely’, ‘no’, ‘never’, ‘seldom’, ‘barely’,
‘nothing’, ‘no one’ are treated as negatives and therefore take positive question tag.
For example:
a. Nothing was said, was it?
b. No man is an island, is he?
c. I have never watched television, have I?
d. I seldom go there, do I?
35 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
e. He rarely comes here, does he?
f. They barely escape from a lion, did they?
g. He has seen no one, has he?

5. An imperative can be made into less of a command and more of a request by the addition
of affirmative tag in the future tense. All statements which show either a command or
more of a request take the future tense marker ‘will’ and the personal pronoun ‘you’ in
the question tag. This is because a command sounds negative (forcing matters)
For example:
a. Pass me sugar, will you?
b. Open the window, will you?
c. Go out, will you?

6. All statements which start with ‘lets’ take the future tense marker ‘shall’ and the personal
pronoun ‘we’ in the question tag.
For example;
1. Let’s pray, shall we?
2. Let’s go home, shall we?
3. Let’s talk about AIDS, shall we?

Exercise
Form question tags from the following statements.
1. Pick up those writing materials, _______________________?
2. It seems James wants to go, __________________________?
3. I am sending all my love to you, ______________________?
4. No girl can accept Tybalt’s proposal, ___________________?
5. Mercutio never goes to the university, __________________?
6. I need your love and care, ___________________________?
7. Switch off the light, ________________________________?
8. He mustn’t come with us, ____________________________?
9. The head teacher was student at this school, ______________?

Short Responses
A. Short responses to questions ending with question tags. It is normal to answer those
questions briefly with a yes or no + subject + auxiliary verb. The short response echoes
the question tag i.e. the auxiliary verb is repeated in the same tense.

1. A positive statement with a negative question tag normally expects Yes (Positive) answer.
For example:

36 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
(a) Juliet has accepted my proposal, hasn’t she? Yes, she has.
(b) Romeo did come, didn’t he? Yes, he did.
(c) The Prince will pass the verdict, won’t he? Yes, he will.

2. A negative statement with a positive question tag normally expects a No (Negative)

answer.
For example:
(a) You won’t come, will you? No, I won’t.
(b) Romeo couldn’t come, could he? No, he couldn’t.
(c) You haven’t money, have you? No, I haven’t.

Exercise
Form question tags from the following statements and add expected answers to them.
1. Rosaline has come, _______________________________? _______________________
2. Tybalt and Benvolio rarely chart, ____________________? _______________________
3. Mercutio is very provocative, _______________________? _______________________
4. I have never been to Mantua, ________________________? _______________________
5. I am early, _______________________________________? _______________________

Additions to statements
There are two types of additions to statements, namely:
1. Positive agreement.
2. Negative agreement.

1. POSITIVE AGREEMENT
Its pattern is So + Positive Auxiliary + Subject.
For example:
(a) He likes coffee. So do I.
(b) I have been studying hard. So has Ntolo.
(c) Catherine can produce good results. So can Thoko.
(d) Chola tried very hard to bring a change. So did Mchere.

2. NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
The pattern for negative agreement is ‘Neither + Positive Auxiliary + Subject.’
For example:
(a) I have no money. Neither has Bota.
(b) Nambe doesn’t like Mchere’s behavior. Neither does Biti.
(c) The party Secretary General could not do that. Neither could Dambo.

37 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
Exercise:
Form additives to the following statements.
1. Agness dislike watching Nigerian movies. __________________________ Malamulo.
2. Macdonald will pass easily._______________________________________ Julliea.
3. Thokozani rarely misses classes. ___________________________________ Jane.
4. Ephina hardly ever studied for the tests. ______________________________ he.
5. Blessings will go to the storeroom. __________________________________ Elizabeth.

DINING ROOM

1. When I looked at the ______ I saw A) fork B) spoon C) knife D) plate

myself in it.
A) glass B) mirror C) window D) clock
2. Yesterday we didn’t have electricity,
but we had some ______. We lit them to
produce light.
A) batteries B) candles C) papers D) fires
6. There were about 0,5 liter coffee in the
______.
A) spoon B) vase C) plate D) coffee pot
7. The table was covered by table ______.
A) rug B) mat C) carpet D) cloth

3. ______ heats the room and consists of
hollow metal container that fills up with
hot water.
A) radiator B) fire place C) bathtub D)
sink
4. I cut some bread with a ______.
A) spoon B) fork C) knife D) plate
5. ______ is a small tool used for picking
up food, with handle and three or four
points.
8. He looked at the ______ and realized
that it was 3:00 AM.
A) clock B) water C) fire D) window
9. Famous ______ “Mono Lisa” was
painted by Leonardo Da Vinci
A) picture B) painting C) photo D) plate
10. ______ is a cloth material that is used
for cleaning your lips after
meal.
A) napkin B) table-cloth C) tie D) socks

38 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
11. We drink soup meals from a ______ .
A) knife B) fork C) bowl D) lampshade
12. ______ is something that is used to
take the food from dish to mouth,
shaped like a small bowl with a long
handle.
A) fork B) knife C) spoon D) mini-bowl
13. My brother put all flowers in the
______.
A) bowl B) pot C) vase D) glass
14. There were some money, our
documents and phone bills in the
______.
A) drawer B) refrigerator C) air-
conditioner D) sofa
15. I drank orange juice from ______.
A) glass B) pot C) spoon D) plate

THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

T5 Determiner
When we have a chain of adjectives qualifying one noun, the following table
shows the pattern in which the adjectives should be ordered.

Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Origin/Nationality Material Use or purpose Noun
D O S A S C O M U N

From the table given above, it shows that given a noun with a chain of adjectives qualifying it:
a. The adjectives which should come immediately before the noun is a purpose (use or
classifying) adjective.
This is an adjective which singles out one particular thing out of many of the same.
For example, in hunting knife, ‘hunting’ is a classifying adjective because it singles one
particular knife out of many knives like kitchen or eating knife.
b. The adjective to come before the ‘use’ should be a noun adjective or adjective from
materials.
For example, Chicken feed, Silk cloth, Pine tree, Golden ring.
c. Then before these adjectives are those of origin.
These are adjectives like Malawian lady, Japanese car and American radio.
d. Before adjectives of origin are those of colour.
Examples include red carpet, blue shirt, brown sugar.
e. Before adjectives of colour come those of shape.
These are adjectives like circular, oval, square, rectangle among others.
f. Before adjectives of shape come adjectives of age.
These include old, new, ancient and modern.

39 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
g. Before this set of adjectives come adjectives of size.
These include big, small, tiny and huge.
Adjectives of weight also fall under the adjectives of size.
For example, heavy and light.
h. Determiners come before adjectives of opinion.
These include the, some, a and an.
Examples in Sentences
1. She has given us an oval brown Chinese wooden box.
2. The boy has a beautiful modern small red Asian silk travelling bag.

Exercise
Complete the following sentences by arranging the given adjectives in a correct order.
1. I like my __________________________________________________ car (American, large,
grey)
2. We have received a _____________________________________teacher. (young, fat,
Mathematics)
3. Richard has carried __________________________________ box. (an old, brown, square,
wooden)
4. Lonely has ________________________________________ dress. (new some, Asian,
green cotton)
5. My brother in law wants ________________________ spear. (an ancient, ceremonial,
heavy, Ngoni)
6. This is a(n) ____________________________________________ horse. (big, old, white,
Arab, race)
7. I wish you a _______________________________________________ holiday. (nice,
summer, long)
8. Our school has purchased a _____________________________ machine (duplicating,
modern, large)
9. Please wash this __________________________________ carpet. (beautiful,
multicolored, squared)
10. Eneless cooked a _________________________________________ soup. (hot, vegetable,
delicious)
11. Jacqueline has stolen a ______________________________ dress. (cheap, yellow, cotton,
Malawian)
12. Macdonald has worn a _____________________________ jacket. (brown, leather,
modern, Japanese)

40 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics

Choose the best word to fill the blank. 4. The hail ________ the cornfield until the
1. To get the promotion she wanted, Priya entire crop was lost.
________ that it was best to go back to a. belittled
school to get her master’s degree as soon b. pummeled
as she could. c. rebuked
a. anticipated d. commended
b. hindered
c. augmented 5. The Earth Day committee leader placed
d. resolved large garbage bins in the park to ________
Saturday’s cleanup.
2. The car rental company considered the a. confound
scratches on the driver’s door to be b. pacify
caused by a minor ________. c. integrate
a. mishap d. facilitate
b. coercion
c. infiltration 6. Her rapport with everyone in the office
d. quirk ________ the kind of interpersonal skills
that all of the employees appreciated.
3. Being a direct relative of the deceased, a. prevailed
her claim to the estate was ________. b. diverged
a. optional c. exemplified
b. vicious d. delegated
c. prominent
d. legitimate 7. When you discuss the characters
from the Catcher in the Rye, please be

41 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
sure to give a ________ description of the spoke to the crowd gathered in the
narrator. lecture hall.
a. principled a. toil
b. determined b. ado
c. comprehensive c. finesse
d. massive d. tedium

8. ________ elephants from the wild 13. ________, the skilled pediatric nurse
not only endangers the species but also fed the premature baby.
upsets the a. Carelessly
balance of nature. b. Precariously
a. Contriving c. Gingerly
b. Poaching d. Wantonly
c. Provoking
d. Hindering 14. For the first assignment of the fall
term, the students in Professor Norman’s
9. The two cats could be ________ English 101 class had to write a/an
only by the number of rings on their tails; ________ to summarize the short story
otherwise, they were exactly alike. they had read.
a. separated a. reconciliation
b. diversified b. acronym
c. disconnected c. précis
d. differentiated d. proclamation
10. Despite her ________ dress, she
was a simple girl at heart. 15. She pretended to be ________ about
a. sophisticated her upcoming performance, but secretly
b. casual she was very excited.
c. shoddy a. agitated
d. personable b. receptive
c. candid
11. The non-profit agency bought d. blasé
office supplies using a tax ________
number. 16. We were tired when we reached the
a. liability ________, but the spectacular view of the
b. exempt valley below was worth the hike.
c. information a. circumference
d. accountability b. summit
c. fulcrum
12. With great and admirable d. nadir
________, the renowned orator
17. The suit had a/an ________ odor, as if it

42 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
had been stored in a trunk for a long time. c. aloof
a. olfactory d. ingenious
b. illicit
c. musty 22. We knew everything about the newest
d. decrepit member of our group; she was very
________.
18. Since his workplace was so busy and a. expressive
noisy, he longed most of all for ________. b. brash
a. solitude c. reserved
b. ascension d. egotistical
c. loneliness
d. irreverence 23. I have always liked your positive
attitude; it has ________ affected our
19. The teacher put the crayons on the working relationship.
bottom shelf to make them ________ to a. adversely
the young children. b. woefully
a. accessible c. candidly
b. receptive d. favorably
c. eloquent
d. ambiguous 24. Dog-sitting for Buddy is easy; he is a
19. My computer was state-of-the-art ________ and obedient pet.
when I bought it three years ago, but now a. delectable
it is________. b. trite
a. flammable c. meddlesome
b. desolate d. docile
c. retroactive
d. outmoded 25. The directions to the new school were
________, and I had no trouble finding it in
20. Visiting all the coffee shops in the city, time for class.
they were on a/an ________ to find the a. provident
perfect cup of coffee. b. arduous
a. surge c. explicit
b. quest d. embodied
c. ultimatum
d. cadence 26. If your drinking water is not ________,
it could cause serious health problems.
21. George developed an ________ plan to a. valid
earn the extra money he needed to start b. quenchable
his own business. c. indignant
a. elitist d. potable
b. irrational

43 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
27. The new board member said she would 32. Brad fell asleep during the lecture
vote in favor of the proposed city because
ordinance because it ________ many of the speaker had such a/an ________ voice.
the points discussed earlier this year. a. monotonous
a. encompassed b. torrid
b. released c. ample
c. reminisced d. vital
d. dispersed
33. The narrator’s description was an
28. Rachel ________ a plan to become a accurate
millionaire by age thirty. ________ of a true southern family.
a. conformed a. portrayal
b. devised b. council
c. curtailed c. desolation
d. condoned d. degeneration

29. Wanting to make a good impression, 34. Due to slippery road conditions and
he found himself in a ________ about the the slope of the narrow, winding highway,
right tie to wear to the business meeting. the car ________ down the steep
a. prestige mountainous
b. redundancy road.
c. quandary a. dissented
d. deficit b. ventilated
c. careened
30. Since Jennifer needed an “A” in her d. agitated
economics class, she gave studying
________ over watching her favorite 35. The fire alarm ________ beckoned the
television show. volunteer fireman of the small community
a. precedence to come to action.
b. conformity a. indifferently
c. perplexity b. frightfully
d. contention c. symbolically
d. audibly
31. Hoping to win a prize for the best
costume, Mark dressed ________ with 36. After running an early 5K race, Simone
bright red suspenders and a purple tie. ________ devoured a hearty breakfast.
a. eminently a. dynamically
b. virtuously b. voraciously
c. conspicuously c. generously
d. obscurely d. contemptuously

44 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
37. The participants in the road rally ________ updates when new information
agreed to ________ near the village surfaced.
commons by five o’clock. a. subsequent
a. rendezvous b. personable
b. scatter c. rote
c. filibuster d. steadfast
d. disperse
43. The National Parks Service, in
38. The ________ data supports the belief ________ with its mission, preserves the
that there has been a population increase. great outdoors for all to enjoy.
a. nominal a. contention
b. demographic b. amnesty
c. pragmatic c. conflict
d. nocturnal d. accordance

39. The new congressman was considered 44. Although the freeway system
a ________ because he refused to follow continues to grow, it often cannot keep
his party’s platform on nearly every issue. pace with a ________ population.
a. mentor a. burgeoning
b. maverick b. beckoning
c. protagonist c. capitulating
d. visionary d. exasperating
40. The audience puzzled over the 45. She had a reputation as a ________
________ remark made by the mayoral hostess and could always be found in the
candidate. midst of a group telling a humorous story
a. obvious or joke.
b. cryptic a. jovial
c. shrewd b. maudlin
d. conniving c. predominant
d. tractable
41. Her ________ remarks were not taken
seriously by anyone on the nominating 46. Understanding the troubling world
committee. economic conditions, the recent
a. porous graduates spoke ________ about job
b. obsessive prospects for the future.
c. frivolous a. warily
d. durable b. luxuriously
c. coyly
42. A key reference book detailing d. narrowly
eyewitness accounts had to have
47. The ________ of sunshine and warm

45 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
weather were the perfect combination for b. reticent
a vacation by the seashore. c. animated
a. assumption d. conceited
b. confluence
c. seclusion 53. The darkening skies in the west were a
d. treatise ________ to the dangerous thunderstorm
that summer afternoon.
48. After the ________ of his license, he a. tedium
was forbidden to drive. b. precursor
a. institution c. bane
b. foundation d. momentum
c. revocation
d. preservation 54. The classified information discussed in
the board room was ________ to a
49. Allan ________ placed the bill in the reporter shortly after the meeting.
wrong folder, and it was not paid in a a. testified
timely manner, which adversely affected b. divulged
his credit rating, causing distress. c. developed
a. purposely d. rectified
b. inadvertently 55. After an hour of heavy rain, the heavy
c. voluntarily storm
d. deliberately ________, and we were able to continue
50. Do you have the ________ paperwork our golf game.
to register for your class? a. abated
a. punitive b. germinated
b. grandiose c. constricted
c. restorative d. evoked
d. requisite
56. After years of experience, Florin
51. Do not ________ yourself; you must became a ________ veterinarian who
pass the last exam of the semester to could treat and operate on many different
graduate. kinds of animals.
a. delude a. acute
b. depreciate b. superficial
c. relinquish c. consummate
d. prohibit d. ample
52. Although Hunter was too ________ to
reveal information to us when we first met 57. On each slick curve in the road, I was
him, he soon began to talk more than afraid we would ________ and have an
anyone. accident.
a. customary a. elongate

46 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
b. hydroplane d. clairvoyant
c. submerge
d. reconnoiter 59. One ________ shriek would be all it
would take to scare the Halloween trick-
58. My cousin claimed to be ________; or-treaters.
evidently she was right, because she a. unearthly
always seemed to know what would b. covert
happen in the future. c. alluring
a. transitory d. esoteric
b. comical
c. paramount

TOPIC:7 NOUN FORMATION

Many nouns ending with –ion or –ment are sometimes formed from verbs.
A. Form nouns ending in –ion, from the following:
Oppose Opposition Receive Reception
Recognise Recognition
Destroy Destruction Satisfy Satisfaction Attract
Attraction
Decide Decision Connect Connection Subtract
Subtraction
Expel Expulsion Add Addition

B. Form nouns ending in –ation from the following:

Expect Expectation Qualify Qualification Aspire
Aspiration
Hestate Hestation Apply Application Organise
Organisation
Admire Admiration Concentrate Concentration
Pronounce Pronunciation
Imagine Imagination

47 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
C. Form nouns ending in –ment from the following:
Employ Employment Excite Excitement Argue
Argument
Treat Treatment Replace Replacement Procure
Procurement
Agree Agreement State Statement Arrange
Arrangement
Advertise Advertisement Improve Improvement

Questions 1 to 18.
1. The young man did not approve C. up D. on
________________ old people who
misbehave. 5. He ______________ my idea of selling
A. of B. for raffle tickets.
C. on D. by A. bought
B. bought into
2. We managed to bring C. bought in
Upile______________ to our point of D. bought out
view.
A. up B. over 6. I am on ______________ for malaria.
C. round D. about A. medicine
B. medication
3. Our workshop is equipped C. medicinal
______________ all the latest D. medicated
machinery.
A. by B. in 7. The players were so far away that I
C. with D. from couldn’t ___________________ their
faces.
4. When he was taken to hospital, the A. see through
doctor suggested that he should be B. make out
operated __________. C. see over
A. out B. in D. make up

48 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
14. The deceased soldier who had saved
8. Can I have a look at your paper? I want the lives of his friends was given a
to ________________ with the news. __________ award.
A. keep on A. prenatal
B. look over B. posthumous
C. get along C. post-mortem
D. catch up D. predicted

9. Mavuto’s clothes were wet and he had 15. We throw plastic papers in bins to
to _________________. avoid _____________ our country.
A. dry them over A. dusting
B. dry them out B. destroying
C. dry them off C. littering D. tarnishing
D. dry them up
16. I don’t mind _________________
10. At the moment, the football club is at waiting for a few minutes.
the point of _______________. A. to be kept
A. scattering B. dissolving B. keeping
C. disbanding D. C. being kept
separating D. to be keeping

11. After a week of recovering well, the 17. The flowers in the _____________ are
patient suddenly had a well arranged.
serious_____________. A. mug B. bucket
A. shortcoming C. urn D. vase
B. inversion
C. downfall 18. The company was declared bankrupt
D. relapse when it had ______________ more
debts than it could repay.
12. The room was ____________ hot; that A. posted B. mounted C.
is why I opened the window. incurred D. evolved
A. quit B. quiet
C. quite D. quilt

13. He was charged with robbery with

violence but the jury ___________ him
of the charge.

A. dismissed B. expelled
C. forgave D. acquitted

49 | P a g e
 ALL-4-Academics
Questions 19 to 23: Choose the order of A. after B. for
adjectives (A, B, C or D) that best completes C. off D. down
the sentence.19. My sister owns a
________________ cottage at the lake. 25. By the end of this year, we
A. green grass-roofed _____________________ our work.
magnificent. A. will have finished
B. grass-roofed green magnificent B. will finish
C. magnificent green grass-roofed C. will be finishing
D. magnificent grass-roofed green D. will have to finish
Questions 26 to 30:
20. Many people came to watch the In each of the following questions, choose the
___________________ dances. option (A, B, C or D) that best describes and
A. modern colourful traditional gives the function of the underlined phrases or
B. colourful modern traditional clauses.
C. traditional colourful modern 26. Take this umbrella in case it rains.
D. colourful traditional modern A. adverb phrase, modifying
“take”
21. Her _____________ blouse has been B. adverb clause, modifying
stolen. “take”
A. Cheap small while cotton C. Noun clause, object of take
B. small cheap while cotton D. adjective clause, qualifying
C. cotton cheap small white “umbrella.”
D. small cheap cotton white
27. The board has announced when this
22. That vendor sold a ________________ year’s examinations will be
luggage to my mother. administered.
A. travelling fine Indian leather A. Noun clause, object of
B. Indian travelling leather fine announced.
C. fine leather Indian travelling B. adverb phrase, modifying
D. fine Indian leather travelling announced
C. adverb clause, modifying has
23. As we approached the boarder, we announced.
saw _______________ bridge lying in D. adjective clause qualifying has
the river. announced
A. an old broken wooden
B. a broken wooden old 28. Volunteers, boys or girls, are wanted.
C. a broken old wooden A. Noun clause in apposition to
D. an old wooden broken ‘volunteers.’
B. Noun clause, object of
24. If the bus doesn’t come, you can ‘volunteers’
always flag ______________ a taxi.
50 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
C. Noun phrase, in apposition to D. Adverb phrase, modifying verb
“volunteers.” “is”
D. Noun phrase, object of
‘volunteers’. 30. The coach allowed them to participate
since there were no other athletes
29. This is the farm I would like to buy. A. adverb clause modifying ‘to
A. adjective clause, qualifying participate’
“farm” B. noun clause, object of
B. noun clause, in apposition to “allowed”
“farm” C. adjective phrase, qualifying
C. noun phrase, object of ‘farm’ ‘coach’
D. adverb phrase, modifying

51 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

T8 Direct speech means the actual words of the speaker.

For example:
(a) “I am learning English,” he said.
(b) “Have you ever seen a plane crush?” he asked. “No,” I replied.
(c) “I study English every morning,” she said.
(d) Couldn’t she hear Jane say, “Under the table!”
Indirect speech is a report off what has been said. It is said by someone not the speaker
him/herself.

Changes which are involved when changing sentences from direct to indirect speech

A. VERBS
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present Simple Past Simple Future Tense Future in the
Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous (Shall & Will) (Should and
Would)
Present Perfect Past Perfect Conditional Perfect
Conditional
Past Simple Past Perfect

For example:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

She said that:
1. “I write home every week.” She wrote home every week.
2. “I am watching television.” She was watching television.
3. “I have played the game.” She had played the game.
4. “I shall meet him in Blantyre.” She would meet him in Blantyre.
5. “I have been playing netball.” She had been playing netball.
6. “I wrote a letter to Jimmy.” She had written a letter to Jimmy.
7. “I may be able to go.” She might be able to go.
8. “If I had my book, I could find the answer.” If she had her book, she could have
found the answer.

If the verb in the principle clause is in the present tense, present continuous tense, present
perfect tense or future tense, the verb in the reported sentence will not change.
52 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
For example:
Direct speech : “This work is too difficult.”
Indirect speech : He says (that) this work is too difficult.
He is saying (that) this work is too difficult.
He has said (that) this work is too difficult.
He will say (that) this work is too difficult.

When the sentence expresses a fact that is supposed to be universally true and not merely
applicable to the time when statement was made, the present tense may be used in reported
speech.

For example:
Direct speech : “Fools rush in where angels fear to tread,” Pope said.
Indirect speech : Pope said that fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
Direct speech : “The sun is 92 million miles away.”
Indirect speech : She said that the sun is 92 million miles away.

The present tense may be used also with a statement expressing a reported or habitual
action.
Direct speech : “I get up at seven O’clock every morning.”
Indirect speech : He said that he gets up at seven O’clock every morning.
Direct speech : “My wife always drinks coffee for breakfast.”

B. Change in Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

These generally change as follows:
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct
Indirect
I, Me He/She My His/Her Ours
Theirs
We They Mine His/Her Your Their
Us Them Our Their Yours Theirs

C. Demonstrative Adjective Changes

Direct Indirect
This That
These Those
For example:
Direct speech : “I borrowed this pen from my brother,” John said.
Indirect speech : John said that he borrowed that pen from his brother.
John said that he borrowed the pen from his brother.
53 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

Exercise
1. “Life begins at forty,” Mrs Banda said.
Mrs Banda said that life begins at forty.
2. “This class is always good,” the teacher says.
The teacher says that this class is always good.
3. “If I had money, I could buy this pen,” she said.
She said that if she had money she could have bought that pen.

D. Adverb Changes
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
Here There Today That day
Now Then Tomorrow The next day
Ago Before Yesterday The previous
day/The day before
Yesterday morning The morning before/ Yesterday afternoon The afternoon
before/

The previous morning The previous afternoon

For example:
(a) “I am going home today,” said Jane.
Jane said that she was going home that day.
(b) “I saw the boy here in this room today,” said Jenipher.
Jenipher said that she had seen the boy there, in that room that day.
(c) “I will see these boys now.”
He said he would see those boys then.

E. Commands and Requests

Indirect commands and requests take the introductory verbs like “commanded,” “told”,
“asked” or “requested.”
The verb in the direct speech becomes an infinitive with “to”
For example:
1. “Take the books to the office,” the clerk said to me.
The clerk told me to take the books to the office.
2. “Go away!”
He ordered him to go away.
3. “Do write to me as soon as you arrive.”
She asked him to write to her as soon as he arrived.
4. “Play the piano, please.”
54 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
He asked me to play the piano.

F. Exclamations
Exclamations take the introductory verb exclaimed. In order to express an exclamation in
indirect speech, it is necessary to use an expression which will give the idea of the original.
For example:
1. “God gracious! I have never heard of such a thing,” he said.
He was very surprised and said had never heard of such a thing.
2. “What a beautiful house this is!” Exclaimed Luke.
Luke exclaimed what a beautiful house it was.
Luke exclaimed that the house was beautiful.
3. “How hot this day is!” Exclaimed the weatherman.
The weatherman lamented how hot that day was.
The weatherman exclaimed that it was a hot day.

G. Questions
Questions without interrogative pronouns take ‘if’ or ‘whether’ in their indirect form.
For example:
Direct “Why have you locked the door?” The teacher asked me.
Indirect The teacher asked me why I had locked the door.
Direct “Is Henry really working hard?”
Indirect He asked (wondered) if Henry was really working hard.
Direct “Do you know me?” He asked the boy.
Indirect He asked the boy if he knew him.
Direct “How did you do it?” He asked her.
Indirect He asked her how she had done it.

Exercise
Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.
1. “Please drive more carefully,” she said to the driver.
2. “I am happy now,” she said.
3. “What do you think you are doing?” The man asked.

55 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

Test5
In questions 1- 12, fill in each of the gaps with the best
option that completes the
sentence.

1. They asked me if I ______________ go with them.

A can
B Could
C May
D Shall

3. If I were tired like you, I _____________ not come to school.

A Will
would
B
have
C will have
D Would

4. What he said was ____________ of substance and he could not be trusted with
the task of managing the company.

A made
B void
C avoided
D short

5. Noah was so _________ at packing boxes that no one could match him.

A fractious
B adept
C diligent
D intelligent

7. James __________ study medicine if he went to Britain.

A will

56 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
B would
C must
D may

3
8. If Margaret had gone to London she ______________ a computer.

A would have bought

B was to buy
C could have bought
D would buy

12. She a ______________________ figure.

A slim middle-aged little beautiful dark-complexioned Yao

B beautiful slim little middle-aged dark-complexioned Yao
C slim beautiful middle-aged little dark-complexioned Yao
D beautiful middle-aged Yao dark-complexioned little

In questions 28-30, choose the option that gives the meaning of the underlined word
or words.
14. The discussion became vibrant when Peter chipped in.

A came in
B joined
C arrived
D walked in

15. I will go for the idea of selling the old car.

A choose
B look for
C search
D ask for

17. The administrators are cracking heads to go over the problem.

A finding it hard to solve the problem.

57 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
B having disagreements to solve the problem.
C lacking ideas to solve the problem.
scratching their heads before solving the
D
problem

19. The house to let.

A The house is for sale.

B The house needs to be vacated.
C The house is for rent.
D The house is to be opened.

In questions 20-22, choose the letter that has a statement that is written correctly.

20.
A The gentleman had put on a modern red Indian nylon shirt.
B The gentleman had put on a red modern Indian nylon shirt.
C The gentleman had put on a modern red nylon Indian shirt.
D The gentleman had put on a modern nylon red Indian shirt.

21.
A Onani Angoni – is an interesting book.
B ‘Onani Angoni’ is an interesting book.
C Onani Angoni, is an interesting book.
D Onani Angoni is an interesting book.

22.
A We shouldn’t, however, agree with everything he says.
B We shouldn’t however, agree with everything he says.
C We, shouldn’t however, agree with everything he says.
D We, shouldnt, however agree with everything he says.

In questions 23- 30, fill the gaps with the best option that completes the sentence.

23. Some plants are considered ___________ because they live for only two years.

58 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
A Biannual
B Restrained
C Biennial
D Frail

24. His speech was _________; all his examples clearly supported his main idea.

A Undaunted
B Coherent
C Powerful
D Indulgent

25. Everybody else was sure that the plan would succeed, but I remained _________.

A Sceptical
B Restrictive
C Exclusive
D Repugnant

26. We met her __________________ the chief justice.

A Lordship
B Worship
C Excellency
D Grace

27. The captain of the team _______________________.

A quivered with excitement

B trembled with excitement
C quivered with fear
D trembled with fear

28. Marriage is legally _______________ the moment it is accepted by the

government, or society or the church.

A Compulsory
B Binding
C Mandatory
D Obligatory
59 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

29. A sheep _________.

A Bells
B Barks
C Bays
D Bleats

30. A frog _________ every morning.

A croaks
B grunts
C gibbers
D lows

CHECK ANSWERS TO APPENDIX 2.0

60 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

TOPIC 9: THE ARTICLES

1. Indefinite articles i.e. ‘a’ and ‘an’

2. Definite articles i.e. ‘the’

The Indefinite Articles

These are used only before singular countable nouns. The indefinite article is used
1. With the meaning one, any
For example:
a. I have a sister and two brothers.
b. The animals came in two at a time.
2. In certain expressions of measurement
For example;
a. He drove the car at ninety kilometers an hour.
b. We have lessons three times a week.
3. Before unit, hundred, thousand, million.
For example:
a. There is a unit of eggs here.
b. A hundred sheep were in the field.
4. Before singular predicative nouns denoting a profession, trade, religion, class etc.
For example:
a. George wants to be an engineer.
b. Mary’s father is an officer.
c. You ought to call him a fool.
d. He was a Muslim not a Christian.
5. It is used to refer to a person known only as a name.
For example:
a. A Mr Gondwe called to see you when you were out.
The ‘A’ means you have no idea who he is, but he said his name is Mr
Gondwe.
6. With the meaning same in proverbs and certain fixed expressions.
For example:
a. Birds of a feather flock together. (same feather)
b. They were much of a size. (of the same size)
7. Before a noun in apposition when the thing or person is assumed to be unfamiliar.
61 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
For example:
a. Mzuzu a small city in Malawi is an Mzimba.
b. Romeo and Juliet, a play by Shakespeare is very interesting.
8. In exclamatory sentences introduced by ‘what’ where countable or uncountable. The
definite article is used.
For example:
a. What a day!
b. What a pretty girl!
c. What a foolish thing to do!

The Definite Articles

This is used before singular or plural nouns whether countable or uncountable. The definite
article is used:
1. Before a noun that is to be particularized by a defining relative clause.
For example;
a. This is the book that I promised to lend you.
2. Meaning ‘the only one’
For example:
a. The Bible, the Lord.
b. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
3. Meaning the one we have just spoke about.
For example:
Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in a cottage. The
cottage was in the country and the boy had lived there all his life.
4. Before a noun which is followed by defining prepositional phrase.
For example:
a. The road to Lilongwe
b. The fourteenth of April
c. The house with green shutters.
5. Before ordinals in titles.
For example:
Queen Elizabeth II (Queen Elizabeth the Second)
6. Before a common noun followed by a proper noun which identifies it.
For example:
The planet Mercury, the poet Jackson, the Play ‘Romeo and Juliet’
Nouns expressing trades or professions often follow the proper noun; they are preceded
by ‘the’
For example”
Jackson the butcher, Mr Kaphaizi,the General Manager, Jane the doctor.
62 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
7. Before name of the country that is a union of smaller entities.
For example:
The United Kingdom, The USSR
Before the name of the country that is plural in form
For example:
The Netherlands, The United States of America
8. Before groups of Islands
For example:
The West Indies, The Hebrides, The Bahamas
9. Before the names of rivers, chains of mountains and oceans.
For example:
The Nile River, The Andes Mountains, The Atlantic Ocean
10. Before superlatives used attributively (to describe it)
For example:
This is the oldest building in Lilongwe
Sometimes before superlatives are used adverbially.
For example:
I like Shakespeare but it is modern drama that is interesting me the most.
11. Before adjectives used as nouns denoting a whole class.
For example:
The rich should help the poor.

63 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

TOPIC 10: THE CONDITIONAL TENSE AND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

The distinction between should and would in the conditional tense is disappearing. Most
people now use ‘would’ for all persons, although in pure English ‘should’ goes with ‘I’ and ‘we’
The chief use of the conditional tense is in a main clause when a condition is made in a
dependent clause or an infinitive phrase.
For example:
1. We would be able to start the game, if my brother came.
The first part is the main clause while the second one is a conditional clause
2. To leave school now is a mistake.
Infinitive phrase : “To leave school now.”
Conditional clause : “Would be a mistake.”

Sometimes the condition is understood and not expressed. A very common instance of this
can be: “I would like to introduce our speaker.” Here the words ‘If I have your permission,’ or
‘If you allow me to,’ are understood although they would never be expressed.

I would like, I should like and I would like are polite ways of saying I wish and can never be
shortened to I like.

THE THREE KINDS OF CONDITIONS

a. Open or Likely Condition.

For example: If Dzozi goes to London, she will study law.
This implies that it is quite possible that Dzozi will go to London. This type uses the present
tense in the conditional clause and future tense in the main clause
For example: He will come, if you wait.

b. Unlikely Condition
This uses the past simple tense in conditional tense in the main clause
For example:
1. He would come if you waited.
2. If Mwayi went to London, she would study.
This implies that Mwayi is unlikely to go London.

64 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

c. Unfulfilled or Rejected Condition

Contains past perfect tense in conditional clause and present conditional tense in the main
clause
If Dzozi had gone to London, she would have studied
It implies that Dzozi did not go to London and did not study law.
This is purely hypothetical (bases on situations that have not yet happened, not
on facts)
For example:
He would have come, if you had waited.

In the table below a description has been made on these tenses.

Kind of Condition Tense in Conditional Tense in Main
Clause Clause

Open Present Future

Unlikely Past Simple Conditional

Rejected Past Perfect Perfect Conditional

A singular subject of a conditional clause can take ‘were’

For example:
If he were ill, who would take his place?
Exercise
Change the infinitives in brackets to the most suitable tenses.
1. He (visit) the dentist if he had toothache.
2. If he gets married this year, he (need) a higher salary.
3. If the rains came early next year, there (be) a good harvest.
4. If the weather had been finer, the match _____________ (take place)

65 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

T11
THE PHRASE

A phrase is a group of related words which does not include a finite

verb.
Examples:

1. My books are in the house.

2. The clothes hanging on the line are mine.
3. We have been friends since our youth.
4. Teachers are teaching large classes.
A phrase functions as a single part of speech in a sentence. However, each word within the
phrase has a specific function in a sentence.

Types of Phrases
Phrases are identified according to the functions they perform in sentences. Although some
phrases start with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun (Prepositional phrases) they
are usually identified as either adjective, adverb or noun phrases depending on the function
they perform in a sentence.
For example:

1. The hat with a hole in it was thrown away. (With a hole is Qualifying noun
‘hat’)
2. The bus will arrive in the afternoon. (In the afternoon is modifying verb ‘will
arrive’)

A. Adjectival Phrase
These do the work of an adjective by qualifying nouns in sentences.
For example:
1. The woman with golden hair is my aunt.
2. The girl running down the steps seems to be in a hurry.
3. They ate at the restaurant near the gorge.
4. The guest brought by Mr. Gondwe was rude.
5. The books on the shelves should be given away.

B. Adverb Phrase
Adverbial phrases do the work of adverbs by modifying verbs in sentences.
66 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
For example:
1. There is a river near the near the school.
2. They talked in a lovely manner.
3. He left the place in a hurry.
4. We waited for him before his arrival.
5. We have been friends since our youth.

C. Noun Phrase
A noun phrase does the work of a noun in a sentence. Although this group of related
words may contain a participle or an infinitive, it is classified as a noun phrase according to
the function they perform in a sentence.
For example:
1. Reading newspapers is one of John’s hobbies.
Function: Subject of the verb is
2. To dance with you will be exciting.
Function: Subject of the verb “will be’
3. To come with you would be a pleasure.
Function: Subject of the verb ‘would be’
4. Catching grasshoppers is fun for children
Function: Subject of the verb ‘is’

D. Prepositional Phrase
A group of words which begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun, but
which does not include a finite verb
For example:
1. The girl ran into the house.
2. I received a letter from my brother.
3. The uniform for the dance was bought in Blantyre.
It is called an adjective phrase when it does the work of an adjective and an adverb phrase
when it does it does the work of an adverb.

E. Verbal Phrases
A verbal phrase is a group of related words that contains a participle, a gerund, or an
infinitive.
For example:
1. Writing poems is my hobby. (Gerund Phrase)
2. We saw something floating in the water. (Participle Phrase)
3. I need something to wear to the dance. (An infinitive Phrase)

67 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
A verbal phrase is not a verb phrase. A verb phrase contains a main verb and one or more
auxiliary verbs.

A. Infinitive Phrases
These can be used as noun phrases, adjective phrases or adverb phrases. Infinitive phrases
as noun phrases in subject positions.
For example:
1. To remain free is our goal.
2. To succeed in life is his ambition.
3. To come with you would be a pleasure.

Infinitive phrases used as noun phrases in object positions

For example:
1. I would like to know the truth.
2. Malamulo wants to be a doctor.
3. The student wants to become a teacher.

Infinitive phrases used as noun phrases in apposition to a noun.

For example:
1. Your desire to help James is a good thing.
2. Her request to serve the country was granted.
3. His ambition to become a doctor will soon be realized.
Here the infinitive phrases, functioning as noun phrases, refer to the same thing as the
nouns beside which they have been placed. They are in apposition to the nouns which
precede them.

Infinitive phrases used as adjectives.

For example:
1. This is the way to draw a picture.
2. He gave me money to spend freely.
3. His ability to play a fast game was limited.

Infinitive phrases used as adverbs

For example:
1. They came to have a talk with you.
2. Mac Donald went to Canada to study law.
3. Agness was very eager to please everyone.
4. Richard went to Mitundu to visit his brother.

68 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
B. Participle Phrases
A participle phrase is a group of related words that contains a participle. Participle phrases
can be used as adjectival phrases.
For example:
1. The student smiling at us is my friend.
2. The guest brought by Mr Mwandira was rude.
3. The man announcing the results is the chairman.
4. Singing happily, the boys marched along the road.

C. Gerund Phrases
A gerund phrase is a group of related words that contains a gerund. A gerund phrase can
be used as a noun and as an adjective.
For example:
1. Boys enjoy playing volleyball.
Function: Object of the verb ‘enjoy’
2. Catching grasshoppers is fun for children.
Function: Subject of the verb ‘is’
3. Caution in driving a car is essential for safety.
Function: Qualifying the noun ‘caution’
4. Whipping students has been abolished in schools
Function: Subject of the verb ‘is’

Exercise
A. Underline infinitive, participle and gerund phrases in the following sentences and state
their functions.
1. He tried to run away.
2. Careful reading is required.
3. Fishing for Chambo is his hobby.
4. To win a prize is an important thing.
5. I enjoyed spending holiday with my parents.
6. Running to her mother, the little girl began to cry.

B. State the type and Function of the underlined phrases

1. I want to become a teacher.
2. The dog without a tail is mine.
3. We read books about the west.
4. We will meet you later in the day.

69 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

T12
SENTENCES AND CLAUSES
A sentence is a group of words which includes a finite verb and expresses
a complete thought.
For example:
1. Go home now.
2. Our dog barked throughout the night.

TYPES OF SENTENCES
A. Simple Sentences
A simple sentence is a group of words which includes one finite verb and expresses a
complete thought. This thought can be a statement, a question, a command or an
exclamation.
For example:
1. Take all your clothes. (command)
2. How I wish I could go with you. (exclamation)

B. Compound Sentences
A compound sentence is one which contains two main clauses (Sentences)
For example:
3. The tea was cold but he enjoyed drinking it.
4. She collected her books and put on her coat.
5. You must pay the fare or you can not travel by this bus.

C. Multiple Sentences
A multiple sentence is a compound sentence which contains three or more main clauses.
For example:
1. I picked up my suitcase, put on my hat and walked away.
2. The pupils got their books, locked the desks and ran to the laboratory.
3. John swept the floor and Jane washed the plates but Joseph just sat there.
4. The secretary put away the files, locked the filing cabinet and left the office.
NB: A multiple sentence is a type of compound sentence.

D. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is the one which has one main clause and one or more subordinate
clauses. A subordinate clause is the one that cannot stand alone. It depends on the rest of
the sentence for its meaning.
For example:
1. This is the man whom you met yesterday.
2. The news that he had drowned shocked everyone.
70 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
3. Although he was ill, he decided to keep his appointment.
4. I shall spend this evening with you unless you have made arrangements to
go out.

Exercise
Identify the types of clauses in each of the following sentences.
1. Did you like the house which I built?
2. Blantyre is a city which fascinates me.
3. The runner whose shoe came off finished last.
4. I eventually found the purse where I had hidden it.
5. Since they have all left, let us complete the work ourselves.

TYPES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

There are three types of subordinate clauses namely:
a. Adjective clause
b. Noun Clause
c. Adverbial Clause

1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
This is a group of words which does the work of an adjective by qualifying a noun in a
sentence. The noun being qualified is called an antecedent. An adjective clause is normally
introduced by a relative pronoun such as who, whom, which, why, where, when and that.
It answers the question Which?
For example:
1. The shirt that you bought is torn.
2. The book which you lent me was interesting.
3. Thank you for the help that you have given me.
NOTE: Sometimes the relative pronouns can be omitted but the subordinate adjective
clauses can still be understood. This is when the relative pronoun stands in place of an
object.
For example:
1. The book I want is on the table.
Function: It qualifies noun ‘book’
2. The man you sent to me has run away.
Function: It qualifies noun ‘man’
3. The man you spoke to is my brother.
Function: It qualifies noun ‘man’

71 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

TYPES OF SUBORDINATE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

1. Defining Adjective Clauses
2. Non-defining Adjective Clauses
A. The Defining Adjective Clause
It is the one which tells precisely who or what the noun is. This is a clause which when
removed from the sentence; the sentence does not make perfect sense.
For example:
1. I have read the book which he wrote.
2. The boy who is in the house is a thief.
3. This is the girl who has come out with a distinction.

B. The Non-Defining Adjective Clause

These are clauses that are not very important to the words they qualify. They merely give
additional information or a mere remark. They are normally separated from the rest of the
sentence by the use of commas.
For example:
1. My father, who came last week, is a great man.
2. The book, which I bought last week, has proved to be useless.
3. Mr. Kaphaizi, who was here a few hours ago, was once a driver.
Even if this clause is removed, the sentence still has definite meaning and makes a
complete sense.

2. NOUN CLAUSES
A Noun Clause is the one which does the work of a noun. It answers the question what? It
performs a number of functions in sentences. There are five functions which a noun clause
performs in a sentence. A noun clause may be:

a. Subject of a Verb
A noun clause functions as a subject of a verb when it occurs before a principal clause. It
always precedes its main clause.
For example;
1. What he said bored everybody.
2. What you are doing seems very difficult.
3. That he will refuse the offer is very unlikely.
4. Whoever answered that question should have been intelligent.

b. Object of the Verb

72 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
A noun clause functions as the object of a verb when it occurs after the principal clause.
The verb in the main clause is an action verb. Noun clause which is object of a verb may be:
(a) A statement direct or indirect
For example:
1. He said “where do you live?”
2. He told me that the debt had been paid.
(b) A question, direct or indirect
For example:
1. He asked me where I lived.
2. He said, “Where do you leave?”
3. Can you tell me what the time is?

c. The object of the Preposition

A noun clause functions as the object of a preposition governed by a preposition when it
occurs immediately after the preposition.
For example:
1. You can have this for what I paid for it.
2. The head teacher was pleased with what he said.
3. They will be very thankful for whatever you can give them.
4. The student always pays attention to whatever the teacher is saying.
d. The Complement of a Verb
A noun clause functions as a complement of a verb if it completes the meaning to the state
or linking verb. The verb does not make complete sense without the clause.
For example:
a. This is what I want.
Function: Complement of the verb ‘is’
b. It appears it will rain.
Function: Complement of the verb ‘appears’
c. The fact is that he doesn’t really try.
Function: complement of the verb ‘is’
d. It seems that Juliet has never been in love before.
Function: Complement of the verb ‘seems’
e. The winner will be whoever scores highest points.
Function: Complement of the verb ‘will be’
f. In apposition to a noun
A noun clause performs this function when it explains more about a noun to give further
information. Usually the noun appositioned is an abstract noun.
For example:

73 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
a. The rumour that she had passed pleased us.
Function: In apposition to noun ‘rumour’
b. The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone.
Function: In apposition to noun ‘fact’
c. The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
Function: In apposition to noun ‘news’
d. The idea that you can do this work without thinking is quite wrong.
Function: In apposition to noun ‘rumour’
Exercise
Underline subordinate noun clauses in the following sentences and state their function.
(a) This is what I like.
(b) What you know is not true.
(c) She knew what the time was.
(d) I know he escaped from prison.
(e) I now realise that he cheated me.
(f) James laughed at what Peter said.
(g) It seems that he had gone already.
(h) Why he came late is a mystery to us.
(i) That Thoko and Agness are sisters is obvious.
(j) The news that Khanyizira school lack teachers is false.

4. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Adverbial clauses do the work of adverbs in sentences. They modify verbs, adjectives or
other adverbs. They are introduced by such words such as when, where, while, as, after,
before, until, if, unless, because, since, so, that, although, than, provided that, supposing
that and as if. There are nine types of adverbial clauses and these are:
a. Adverbial Clause of Time.
These modify verbs in sentences. They tell when an action was done and are introduced by
words such as when, until, after, before, since, as, while, and as soon as.
For example:
1. We met once since he arrived from Mzuzu.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘met’
2. I learned a lot of French while I was in Paris.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘learned’
3. When it rains I usually go to the office by bus.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘go’s
4. The thief was arrested as he was leaving the bank.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘was arrested’

74 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

b. Adverbial Clause of Manner

Adverbial clauses of manner modify verbs in sentences. They tell how an action was done
and are introduced by words such as ‘as’, ‘as though’ and ‘as if’. They indicate the manner
in which something is done. They answer the question how?
For example:
1. He ran as if he was chased.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘ran’
2. They spoke as though they were mad.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘spoke’
3. I shall do the exercise as I have been told.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘shall do’
4. When I get the money, I shall spend it as I like.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘shall spend’

c. Adverbial Clause of Place

Adverbial clauses of place modify verbs in sentences. They tell where an action was done
and are introduced by words such as where and wherever.
For example:
1. I will follow you wherever you go.
Function: It modifies ‘are going’
2. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘rush’
3. They are sleeping quietly where I slept yesterday.
Function: It modifies ‘are sleeping’
4. The house stood where the Chilambula road meets the Kamuzu procession
road.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘stood’

d. Adverbial Clause of Reason oor Cause

Adverbial clause of reason modifies verbs on sentences. They tell why an action was done
and are introduced by such words as because, since, as and for.
For example:
1. They sent him back for he had no fees.
Function: it modifies the verb ‘sent’
2. The teacher punished us because we were late.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘punished’
3. Since the bus has already left, let us return home.

75 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Function: It modifies the verb ‘return’
4. He repeated every class as he was a slow learner.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘repeated’

e. Adverbial Clause of Concession

Adverbial clauses of concession modify verbs in sentences. They show contrast and are
introduced by words such as though, although, even though, occasionally by even, if
wherever, whenever, however, whether, or not, no matter, whether or not.
For example:
1. Though he was late, he came at last.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘came’
2. Even if you try hard, you won’t succeed.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘won’t succeed’
3. Whatever you may say, I still think I did the right thing.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘think’
4. No matter whether you agree or not, I shall pay him the price he asks.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘shall pay’
5. Whether he works hard or not, I don’t think he will pass the coming
examination
Function: It modifies the verb ‘think’

f. Adverbial Clause of Condition

Adverbial clauses of condition modify verbs in sentences. They indicate conditions under
which an action can be done (indicate on what condition a thing happens, happened or
will happen). They are introduced by if, unless, provided that, supposing that whether, as
long as, or that (after supposing, provided, on condition)
For example:
1. If you go I shall follow you.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘will follow’
2. I shan’t go unless he asks me.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘shan’t go’
3. Supposing that he asks you, will you go?
Function: It modifies the verb ‘will go’
4. I shall go as long as/provided that/on condition that he asks me.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘shall go’
g. Adverbial Clause of Purpose
Adverbial clause of purpose modifies verbs in sentences. They tell a purpose for doing a
certain action. They are introduced by so that, in order that, for fear that, lest

76 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
For example:
1. Some people eat so that they may live.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘eat’
2. Others seem to eat in order that they may eat.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘live’
3. I am telling you this lest you should make a mistake.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘am telling’
4. We worked hard so that we could pass the examinations.
Function: It modifies the verb ‘worked’

h. Adverbial Clause of Comparison

Adverbial clause of comparison modifies adjectives in sentences. They compare two
actions and are introduced by ‘than’ and ‘as’
For example:
1. She likes beer more than I do.
Function: It modifies an adjective ‘more’
2. This work is not easy as you think.
Function: It modifies adjectives ‘easy’
3. That question is easier than I thought.
Function: It modifies an adjective ‘easier’
4. Rose has done better than she did last year.
Function: It modifies an adjective ‘better’

i. Adverbial Clause of Result

Adverbial clauses of result modify adjectives and adverbs in sentences. They tell the result
of an action and are introduced by so … that.
For example:
1. The sun was so hot that we sat in the shade.
Function: It modifies an adverb ‘so’
2. Gift was so intelligent that he passed every examination.
Function: It modifies an adverb ‘so’
3. He was speaking so quietly, that it was difficult to hear what he said.
Function: It modifies an adverb ‘so’
NOTE: An adverb clause of result associated with degree is introduced by so … that, such …..
that, or so … as to.
For example:
1. He ran so fast that I could not catch him.
Function: It modifies an adjective ‘fast’

77 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
2. It was such a warm day that I took off my jacket.
Function: It modifies an adjective ‘warm’
3. Would you be so kind as to carry this?
Function: It modifies an adjective ‘kind’

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A CLAUSE AND A PHRASE

A clause is related to a phrase in the sense that both are groups of words. The only
difference between the two is that a clause includes a finite verb whereas a phrase does
not include a finite verb.
The Relationship between an Adjective Clause and a Phrase
ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

A group of related words which qualifies a A group of related words which

noun and includes a finite verb.
For example:
1. The man who is near the river is mad.
2. The girl who is in red is Miss Malawi.
3. The pictures which are hanging on the
wall are mine.
4. The lady who was announcing the
results was my aunt.
qualifies noun but does not include a
finite verb.
For example:
1. The man near the river is mad.
2. The girl in red is Miss Malawi.
3. The pictures hanging on the wall
are mine.
4. The lady announcing the results
was my aunt.

The relationship between an Adverb Clause and Phrase

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE ADVERBIAL PHRASE

A group of words which modifies a A group of words which modifies a

verb, an adjective or an adverb and verb. An adjective or an adverb but it
includes a finite verb. does not include a finite verb.
For example: For example:
1. We waited for him before he 1. We waited for him before his
arrived. arrival.
2. He was cheated because he was 2. He was cheated because of his
ignorant. ignorance.
3. We have been friends since we 3. We have been friends since our
were young. youth.
4. Jeremiah was chosen to be a 4. Jeremiah was chosen to be a
prophet before he was born. prophet before his birth.

78 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Exercise
Underline subordinate clauses, state their types and functions.
1. Tell me where you went.
2. I am going where you went.
3. I shall go, whether he likes it or not.
4. I know the reason why he was so angry.
5. I am going to the house where you went.
6. He ran as though his life depended on it.
7. He worked hard so that he might win the prize.
8. As my secretary is away at present, I have a great many extra letters to answer.

79 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

Questions 1-12, fill in each of the gaps with the best option that completes the
sentence.

1. Peter _____________study at Domasi College of Education if he passes the

entrance examinations.

A can
B would
C will
D may

2. Lessons begin at 3:30 p.m. and John came at 3:30 p.m. He arrived _______ time
for the lesson.

A in
B on
C within
D about

4. No sooner had we arrived___________ the match started.

A when
B than
C as
D and

4. The doctor dissuaded him ______________ traveling.

A against
B from
C into
D for

5. She made good impression ________her teachers last year.

80 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

A into
B to
C over
D on

6. She said that she _______ their goods even if the whole world crumbled before
her.

A would rather die poor than rob others of

B had better die poor than rob others of
C would rather die poor than steal people of
D had better die than steal people from

7. You would have asked him if you had been around, wouldn’t you? ________.

A Yes, I wouldn’t
B Yes, I would have
C Yes, I had
D Yes, I would
8. The inhabitants of the island were often _________ the main land by the weather.

A cut off from

B cut out from
C closed in from
D closed up from

9. The fainted athlete ___________ after some first aid.

A came around
B came back
C came again
D came out

10. As blind as a ____________.

A bat
B dear
C lamb
D snail
81 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

11. As proud as a ___________.

A hare
B peacock
C rat
D owl

12. Peter’s many offers of employment force him to _____________ with the
decision of which job to accept.

A interact
B grapple
C gratify
D delay

In questions 13-15, choose the option that means the same as the underlined word or
words.

13. That’s a blue joke. I can’t withstand it.

A a lie
B that makes all laugh
C truth
D an insult

14. I can’t figure out what he is saying. The underlined words mean

A understand.
B draw.
C see.
D hear.

15. I greeted her twice but she didn’t respond. She might have been wool gathering.

A day dreaming
B rude
C dumb
D sleeping

82 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
In questions 16- 20, choose the letter that represents the statement that is written
correctly.

16.
A It was a new white Japanese sports car.
B It was a new Japanese white sports car.
C It was a new sports white Japanese car.
D It was a new white sports Japanese car.

17.

A We saw a beautiful young Malawian lady.

B We saw a young beautiful Malawian lady.
C We saw a Malawian young beautiful lady.
D We saw a beautiful Malawian young lady.

18.
A Domasi College is a famous new Malawian education college.
B Domasi College is a Malawian famous new education college.
C Domasi College is a new education Malawian famous college.
D Domasi College is a new education famous Malawian college.

19.

A “What is the matter”? Said Tadala.

B “What is the matter?” Said Tadala.
C “What is the matter” said Tadala?
D “What is the matter? Said Tadala.”

20.
A Her father -in-laws’ name is Norman.
B Her father in law’s name is Norman.
C Her father-in-law’s name is Norman.
D Her father’s-in-law name is Norman.

21. “I study French every evening,” he said.

A He said that he studied French every evening.

B He said that had studied French every evening.
C He said that I studied French every evening.
D He said that I was studying French every evening
83 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

For questions 21 - 27, fill each of the gaps with the best option that completes the
sentence.

22. She ______ her daughter who was the army captain for two weeks.

A grieved
B bereaved
C mourned
D deceased
23. The ________ the foreign pathologists made on Abacha’s body showed he had
died of natural causes.

A examination
B test
C post-morten
D diagnosis

24. The first-aider advised us to put some _____ in the wound before bandaging the
leg.

A sling
B splint
C suture
D lint

25. The _______ of cholera was reported but the inhabitant and not take proper
measures and so, it later spread and killed a lot of people.

A outbreak
B epidemic
C plague
D pestilence

26. A bee _________.

A hums
B growls
C drones
D purrs
84 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

27. A rabbit ________.

A howls
B chatter
C squeals
D hoots

28. A hyena ______ in the night.

A screams
B pipes
C caws
D fackles

29. I saw ________________ the Queen of England.

A Her Excellency
B Her Majesty
C the First Lady
D the Honourable lady

30. The _________________ has served the university for four years now.

A lecturer
B tutor
C rector
D teacher

ANSWERS APPENDIX 3.0

85 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

TOPIC 13: MEANING OF SENTENCES

This is not a guessing game. There are certain clues which are followed:
a. Using double negatives.
b. Using contextual clues.
c. Using sentence patterns (conditional and concessions)

A. Interpreting Sentences Using Double Meanings

If a sentence has two negatives, it implies a positive idea.
Examples:

1. She did not say, she did not do it. This means that:
a. She said she did it. c. She said nothing but did it.
b. She said something but did not do it. d. She said nothing but did it.

2. Never did John say that he did not take the money. This means that:
a. John said nothing but he did it . c. John said that he did not
take the money
b. John never said that he took the money. d. John said that he took the
money.

3. At no time has Joseph mistrusted Jane. This means that:

a. Joseph trusts Jane c. Joseph’s mistrust for Jane has no
time
b. Jane wins Joseph’s trust d. Joseph always trust Jane.
4. The candidates did not make uncommon mistakes. This means that:
a. The candidates made uncommon mistakes c. The candidates made common
mistakes
b. The candidates were not uncommon to such a mistake d. The candidates
commonly made a mistake

B. Interpreting Sentences Using Sentence Patterns

This involves the conditionals (if and unless) and concessions (although, in spite of,
despite, though) and subject-auxiliary inversion.
For example:
1. Had you come, this would have worked for you. This means that:

86 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
a. Nothing happened because of your failure to come c. You did not come but
things worked for you
b. You came because things did not work for you d. Nothing happened because
of your coming

2. Despite her good looks, hardly any man goes for her. This means that:
a. She is proposed because of her good looks c. Any man goes for her good
looks
b. No man likes good look for a woman d. No man proposes to her although
she is beautiful

3. If I were you, I would marry a nurse. This means that:

a. I would marry a nurse like you c. I advise you to marry a nurse
b. I will marry a nurse like you d. I think you need to marry a nurse

4. It was doubtful that James would have married Julie had it not been for his parents. This
means:
a. James doubted his marrying Julie c. James had another lover
apart from Julie
b. James’s parents were happy with his marrying Julie d James’s parents influenced
him marry Julie.

5. It would have been contrary to our expectations if he had not passed the examination.
This means that:
a. He passed examination, which we had not expected. c. He passed the examination
as we expected
b. He failed the examination, which we did not expect. d. \He failed the examination
which we expected.

C. Interpreting Sentences Using Contextual Clues

This usually the case when a sentence contains a figure of speech. The contextual clue is
the part with the plain words.
For example:

1. Five thousand kwacha is too much for this ordinary cloth. You must have paid through
your nose. ‘Paid through your nose’ means?
a. You happily paid for it c. You spent too much on it
b. You worriedly paid for it d. You spent less on it.

87 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

2. They decided to bury the hatchet and try to be friends again. Bury the hatchet means?
a. Forget worried c. Stop friction
b. Bury the old enmity d. forget the past conflict

3. Due to his heavy handedness many of his workers run away within a short time. Heavy
handedness means?
a. Compassion B. Pity C. Harshness D. Arrogance.

Exercise
Circle the answer A, B, C or D which gives the nearest meaning to the given sentences.
1. It was a pity that I had to stop playing in the school team. This means that:
a. I felt pity I stopped c. They felt pity that I stopped
b. It was regrettable that I stopped d. I stopped pitifully

2. If Richard is to be believed, then the head teacher is dead. This implies that:
a. Richard is a close relative of the head teacher c. The head teacher was not
expected to die
b. The only evidence about the head teacher’s death is Richard d. d. Richard does not
usually tell the truth

3. Not once did MacDonald leave the door unlocked. This means that:
a. MacDonald left the door unlocked twice c. MacDonald always locked
the door
b. The door was unlocked once d. MacDonald sometimes
locked the door’

4. Contrary to our expectation, Esther won the race, beating the famous Thokozani. This
mean that:
a. We expected Esther to win the race c. We did not expect Esther to
win the race
b. Esther won the race because of our expectation d. our expectation made
Esther win the race.

5. USA is not uncivilized country. This mean that:

a. USA is a civilized country c. USA is not a civilized country
b. USA is an underdeveloped country d. USA is not a developed country

88 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
6. Joana used to be a skillful player but now has run out of steam. This means:
a. Joana used to play very well c. Joana only play skilful when there
is no steam
b. Joana is no longer a skillful player d. Joana plays very well when she is
not smoking

7. It would have been wiser to have left untampered with. This means that:
a. It was not foolish he had tampered with it
b. He tampered with it which was unfoolish
c. He tampered with it which was unwise
d. If you had left it untampered with, it would have been unwise

8. My grandmother joined the world of ancestors after being sick for a long time. The
underlined words means?
a. My grandmother died c. My grandmother was still
suffering
b. My grandmother became one of the ancestors d. My grandmother became
an adult

9. Had it not been for Janet, Grace could not have passed the examinations. This means that:
a. Grace failed the examination because of Janet c. Grace failed the
examination together with Janet
b. Grace passed the examination because of Janet d. Janet made Grace to fail
the examinations

10 Mkomanyama mistook Mr Kachipapa for a doctor. This means that Mkomanyama:

a. Thought Mr. Kachipapa was a doctor c. Realised that Mr Kachipapa
was not a teacher.
b. Took Mr Kachipapa to see one of his doctors d. Wrongly thought that Mr
Kachipapa was a doctor

EQUIVALENCE IN MEANING
89 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Here the concern is with a set of grammatical forms in relation to their meanings, ways of
expressing differently the same situation. Choose the correct answer which has the same
meaning to the given statement.

1. In my high school years, I enjoyed playing volleyball.

a. I hardly enjoyed volleyball c. I am enjoying volleyball
b. I used to enjoyed volley ball d. None of the above

2. My watch works perfectly. This means:

a. My watch is generally reliable one c. My watch is working perfectly
b. My watch rarely works d. None of the above

3. Nsomba is suffering from influenza. This means:

a. Nsomba used to suffer from influenza c. Nsomba is ill with influenza
b. Influenza was suffered by Nsomba d. Nsomba hardly suffers from
influenza

4. He is a fool.
a. He can’t help it-it’s his nature c. He is not unwise
b. He is acting foolishly d. he is unwise

5. The bus is stationery.

a. The bus is hardly moving c. The bus is parked
b. The bus is standing still d. The bus is near the stationary

6. Her brother was an invalid all his life.

a. He is dead b. He is still alive c. He is injured d. He did nothing in his life

90 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

T15 sentence.
WORD DISTINCTION (COLLOCATION)
Word distinction is a very important component in multiple choice
questions. It looks at sets of sister words which have a common basic
meaning but are distinct in the way they are used in a particular

1. Borrow, Lend, Loan and Lease

All these words mean either giving or receiving something.
Borrow : Means to receive something from someone.
Lend : Means to give something to someone.
Loan : Means to lend someone something especially money.
Lease : Means to pay to use someone’s property for long period instead of
buying it e.g Land.

Exercise
a) Can you __________________ me your pen?
b) I would like to __________________ your suit for the party.
c) Since you cannot have land of your own, you have to ________________ it.

2. Steal, Rob, Plunder, Loot and Burgle

All these words mean taking someone’s property without his/her authority. They only
differ in the way they are used in sentences.
Burgle: To break into a building and steal.
Steal: Is followed by the things stolen when used in a sentence. In other words, one steals
things.
Loot: To steal things especially from shops or buildings that has been damaged during war
or riot.
Rob: Is followed by a person or place when used in a sentence. In other words, one robs a
person or place and not things.
Exercise
a) Our house has been ________________ twice.
b) After the strike, the vendors __________________ the shops of Indians.
c) The angry soldiers _____________ the whole village using dangerous weapons.

3. Kill, Murder, Manslaughter, Massacre, Assassinate, Execute, Electrocute.

All these words mean to make someone die.
Execute: To kill

91 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Kill: To make someone die.
Murder: To kill intentionally.
Massacre: To kill in large numbers.
Electrocute: To kill by electric power.
Manslaughter: To kill unintentionally.

Exercise
a) Jews were _____________________ in concentration camps by Hitler.
b) Peter was ______________________ after touching the live electric wires.
c) President Lawrent Kabira was ___________________ by his own bodyguard.
d) Having been charged with murder, he was _______________ the following day.

4. Suicide, Parricide, Matricide, Homicide, Genocide, Arson

All these words are connected with crimes
Suicide: The killing of oneself
Patricide: The crime of killing one’s own father.
Matricide: The crime of killing one’s own mother.
Parricide: The crime of killing one’s own parents or blood relatives.
Genocide: The murder of a national race
The crime of killing the whole generation
Homicide: The illegal killing of one person by another.
The crime where one person kills another
Arson: The crime of deliberately setting fire on something
The crime of setting fire to a building on purpose

Exercise
a) Peter committed _________________ by killing his own sister.
b) Tawina was charged with ___________________ for setting the church ablaze.
c) Adolf Hitler committed _____________________ when he wiped out the whole Jewish
race.

5. Deport, Repatriate, Evacuate, Expatriate, Banish

All these words involve being moved from one place to another
Repatriate: To send one to one’s country.
Evacuate: To move from a dangerous to a safe place.
Expatriate: To force one to leave one’s own country for another country because he has
broken the law.

92 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Deport: To make one without legal right and who is not a citizen of a particular country to
leave that country.
Banish: To send someone away permanently from one’s own country or home areas
especially as an official punishment.

Exercise:
a) The illegal immigrants were _______________ last week.
b) The prisoners were __________________ at the end of the war.
c) People in lower Shire were __________________ due to the floods
d) The rebels were ____________________ for rising against the government.

6. Cheer, Boo, Jeer, Applaud.

Applaud: Clapping hands to show that you have enjoyed the performance.
Boo: To shout to show that one does not like the performance or the person.
Cheer: To shout as a way of showing happiness, praise, approval or support.
Jeer: To laugh unkindly at someone to show that one strongly disapproves of him/her.

Exercise
1) The spectators’ _________________ the loosing team.
2) The audience ___________________ her for the good performance.
3) The spectators’ __________________ as their striker was dribbling the ball.
4) The audience ___________________ the actor off the stage because of because of his low
voice.
5) The supporters’ _________________________ at their team for losing the game by ten
goals to nil.

7. Coax, Compel, Flatter, Provoke

Al these words mean to make something do something.
Compel: To force someone to do something.
Provoke: To try to make someone angry by saying something annoying.
Flatter: To praise someone in an insincere way in order to please him/her or get something
from him/her.
Coax: To persuade someone to do something that he/she doesn’t want to do by talking to
him/her in a kind, patient and gentle way.

Exercise
1. The man spoke softly to _______________________ the timid boy to go with him.

93 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
2. Paul praised the ugly girl for her looks to ______________________ her so that he can be
her lover.

8. Constitute, Consist of, Composed of and Comprise

All these words are used to express the whole in terms of its parts.
Constitute: Is used when mentioning the parts first and the whole later
For example:
1. A fridge, bed, radio and chairs constitute my property.
2. The head teacher, deputy head teacher and the teachers constitute our
teaching staff.
Consist of: Takes ‘of’ when used in a sentence. It is used in active voice and is used when
mentioning the whole first and the parts later.
For example:
1. My property consists of fridge, radio, bed and chairs.
2. Our teaching staff consist of the head teacher, deputy head teacher and the
teachers
Composed: Takes ‘of’ when used in a sentence. It is used in passive voice. It is used when
mentioning the whole first and the parts later.
For example:
1. My property is composed of fridge, radio, bed and chairs.
2. Our teaching staff is composed of the head teacher, deputy head teacher
and teachers.
Comprise: Does not take ‘of’. It is used in active voice. It is used when mentioning the
whole first and parts later.
For example:
1. My property comprises a fridge, radio, bed and chairs.
2. Our teaching staff comprises the head teacher, deputy head teacher and
teachers.

Exercise
1. This exercise ______________________ multiple choice questions.
2. The community _____________________ Yao, Ngoni and Lomwe tribes.

9. Prize, Reward, Gift, Compensation, Damages, Bonus, Incentive

All these words indicate something given to someone.
Gift: Something that is given freely especially on a special occasion.
Reward: Something that one receives because he has done something good.
Bonus: Money added to someone’s wages especially as a reward for good work.

94 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Incentive: Something that is given to someone to encourage him/her to work harder.
Prize: Something that you give someone who is successful in a competition, race and
game.
Compensation: Money that one pays someone because he has harmed or hurt him/her in
some way.
Damage: Monetary compensation that is awarded by a court to an individual who has
been injured in the act.

Exercise
1) The company gave him K1000.00 as __________________ for his lost limb.
2) Free housing, electricity and water were given to Mr Phiri as a (n) __________________.
3) The management is offering K50, 000 as ________________ to whoever finds the lost
documents.
4) Lucy was given a car as a (n) __________________ for emerging a winner in the essay
competition.
5) The court charged him K200, 000 as _____________________ for impregnating the
pastor’s daughter.

10. Audience, Spectators, Viewers, Congregation

All these words stand for groups of people listening to someone speaking on public.
Viewers: A group of people watching television.
Spectators: A group of people watching a sporting event.
Audience: A group of people listening to someone speaking in public.
Congregation: A group of people who gather together for a religious ceremony.

Exercise
1. The preacher caught the attention of the whole ____________________.
2. The angry ________________ shouted at the actor with a low voice on the stage.
3. The _________________ cheered as their striker dribbled the ball towards the goal area.

11. Illegal, Illegible, Illegitimate, Indelible, Inaudible

All these words mean that something is not possible or desirable. They convey negative
sense.
Inaudible: Too low to be heard.
Indelible: Impossible to remove or forget.
Illegitimate: Born to parents who are not married.
Illegible: Difficult or impossible to read e.g. Illegible Handwriting.
Illegal: Not allowed by law. E.g. Chamba trade is an illegal business,

95 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Illegal immigrant: Someone who comes to live in another country without official
permission.

Exercise
1. The _____________ immigrants were deported last week.
2. I could not make out what was written because the handwriting was _______________.
3. Lucy is an __________________ child because she was born while her mother was at
school.
4. Chikondi’s voice was so _____________________ that we could not hear what she was
saying.

12. Refugee, Hostage, Captive, Immigrant, Detainee

Detainee: One who is kept under guard
Captive: One who is kept a prisoner (Animal – Kept in a cage, zoo etc)
Refugee: One who is forced to leave his/her country especially during war
Immigrant: One who comes from abroad to live permanently in another country
Hostage: One who is kept as prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the
enemy demands

Exercise
1. All Rwandan __________________ were repatriated at the end of the war.
2. The man was taken __________ by the enemy camp to demand the withdrawal of their
troops from the territory

13. Journey, Stroll, Errand, Trip, Voyage, Expedition

All these words mean moving from one place to another.
Stroll: A short leisurely walk.
Voyage: A long journey in a ship.
Trip: A journey to a place and back again
Errand: A short journey in order to do something for someone
Journey: Movement from one place to another especially over long distances.
Expedition: A long journey by a group of people to a dangerous place or one that has
never been visited before

Exercise
1. We had a __________________ on Lake Malawi.
2. Mwayi took a _________________ to the flower garden.
3. They had a football __________________ to Blantyre yesterday.
4. Ten people had a (n) __________________ to the highest peak of Mulanje mountain.
96 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

14. Ambassador, Diplomat, Envoy, Delegate

All these words stand for a representative.
Delegate: One who is given power or authority to represent others.
Envoy: Any person sent to represent a ruler or government for diplomatic purposes.
Ambassador/Diplomat: An important official who represents his/her country in a foreign
country.

Exercise
1. Agness was chosen as Malawi’s _______________ to this year’s International Conference.
2. The American _________________ has been in the country for a week and had an audience
with the president.

15. Abdicate, Ambush, Hijack, Kidnap, Impeach, Usurp

Usurp: To take leadership by force
Abdicate: To give up positions of leadership
Ambush: To attack someone from a hiding place
Impeach: To charge a public official with a serious crime.
Hijack: To take control of an aircraft using threat or force in order to make political
demands.
Kidnap: To take someone away illegally and usually by force in order to demand something
especially money for his or her safe return.

Exercise
1. Julius Ceaser ______________ the throne by killing king Duncan.
2. The rebels _________________ the Italian Army Plane in order to have their leader
released.
3. Many citizens rejected the motion to __________________ their reader because they had
no basis for it.

16. Minutes, Agenda, Proceedings, Motion

Agenda: A list of items (topics) to be discussed at a meeting
Minutes: The official written records of what is said and decided at a meeting.
Motion: A proposal that is made formally at a meeting and then decided on by voting.
Proceedings: Official records in meetings or actions taken in a law court or in a legal case.

Exercise
1. The secretary was asked to __________________ of the previous meeting.

97 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
2. The first item on the _____________________ at the meeting was the opening prayer.

17. Glance, Glare, Glimpse, Gleam

All these words mean looking at something or the way something looks
Gleam: To shine with a pale clear light.
Glance: To look quickly at something or somebody.
E.g. To steal a glance at something means to look secretly at something or someone
Glimpse: To look at something /someone for a very short time without seeing it or him/her
completely.
Glare: To look at something/somebody in an angry way or to shine with a very bright and
unpleasant light.

Exercise
1. The moonlight ____________________ on the water.
2. She stole a _________________ at the man she admired the most.
3. Peter caught a __________________ of the car as it veered around the corner.

18. Confiscate, Forfeit, Seize, Snatch

All these words mean taking something from someone.
Snatch: To take something from a person or place especially by force.
Seize: To take control of a place or a situation suddenly by using force.
Confiscate: To officially take something away from somebody especially as a punishment.
Forfeit: To lose something or to have something taken away from you because you have
done something wrong.

Exercise
1. The thief ________________ the woman’s bag and ran away.
2. The enemy soldiers’ __________________ the village after the war.
3. Mr. Mpulula’s property has been ____________ for failing to pay back the government
loan.
4. The invigilators __________________ the cell phones of the candidates together with
other reference materials during the examination.

19. Intervene, Interfere, Interrupt, Inconvenience

Inconvenience: To cause trouble or difficult for somebody
Intervene: To be involved in a situation in order to improve or help it.
Interrupt: To say or do something that makes one stop what they are saying or doing.

98 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Interfere: To get involved in and try to influence a situation that does not concern you in
any way.

Exercise
1. She would have died if the neighbours had not ________________.
2. I wish my parents could stop _______________ and let me make my own decision.
3. ESCOM is apologizing to its valued customers for the _______________________ that the
blackout will cause.

20. Litter, Refuse, Rubbish, Garbage

All these words mean wastes or useless things
Refuse: Waste material that has been thrown away.
Litter: Small pieces of rubbish left lying in a public place.
Rubbish: Something that is thrown away because it is no longer needed or wanted.
Garbage: Waste food or paper that is thrown away or in containers where wastes are kept.

Exercise
1. James has dug a very deep __________________ pit.
2. Our class was assigned the work for picking up _______________ around the school
blocks.

21. Entice, Incite, Tantalise, Inspire

Tantalise: To make a person want something that he cannot have or do.
Inspire: To give someone desire, confidence or enthusiasm to do something well.
Entice: To persuade one to do something usually by offering him/her something.
Incite: To encourage one to do something violent, illegal or unpleasant especially by
making them angry or excited

Exercise
1. Peter _________________ his fellow students to go on strike.
2. They were accused of __________________ the crowd to violence.
3. They tried to _______________ the child to eat by offering him his favourite food.
4. Miss Chikoti’s style of teaching _____________ Mkomanyama to pursue a teaching career.

22. Opaque, Obscure, Impervious, Blurred

Blurred: Not clear
Opaque: Not clear enough to see something through it.
Obscure: To make it difficult to see, hear or understand.

99 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Impervious: Not allowing liquids or gas to pass through.
For example:
1. I found her lecture very obscure.
2. She suffered from dizziness and blurred vision.
3. He was born around 1545 but his origins remains obscure.
Exercise
1. A photograph taken out of focus is _____________________.
2. All ____________________ objects do not allow light pass through them.
3. We should not let the minor details ___________________ the main issue.

23. Optimistic, Pessimist, Utopian, Idealist

Optimist: A person who always expects good to happen or be successful.
Utopian: A person who imagines of a place or state where everything is perfect.
Pessimist: A person who always expects bad things to happen or things not to be
successful.
Idealist: A person who has a strong belief in perfect standards and tries to achieve them
even when this is not realistic.

Exercise
1. Mr. Malamulo _________________ because he always expects to excel in business.
2. Jacqueline should be a (n) __________ because she always expects to fail whenever she
sits for an examination.

100 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics

T16 LEGISLATURE
Legislature: A group of people who have the power to make and change laws.
Member of Parliament: Honourable person representing a constituency in Parliament
Constituency: An area represented by a Member of Parliament in Parliament.
Constitution: The system of laws and basic principles that a state, country or organization is
governed by.
Election: An occasion on which people officially choose a political representative or government
by voting.
Vote: An occasion on which a group of people are voted for e.g. they took a vote on who should
go first
Poll: The process of voting in an election
Referendum: An occasion on which a group of people are asked in an informal way to give their
opinion.
Ballot: The system of voting by marking an election paper, especially in secret, an occasion on
which a vote is held.
Straw Poll: An occasion which a number of people are asked in an informal way to give their
opinion on something
Show of Hands: An occasion on which a group of people vote on something by raising their
hands.
Motion: A formal proposal that is discussed and voted at a meeting e.g. the motion was adopted
by six votes to one
Point of order: A question about whether the rules of behavior in a formal discussion/meeting
are followed correctly
Speaker: A title of a person whose job is to control the discussion in parliament/who gives talks
or makes a speech.

101 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Bye-law: A law that is made by a local authority and applies only to that area. A law or rule of a
club or company
Bye-election: An election of a new member of Parliament to replace somebody who has died or
left Parliament.
Quorum: The smallest number of people who must be at a meeting before it can begin or
decisions can be made.
Act: A law that has been passed by Parliament
Electorate: The people in a country or an area who have the right to vote.
Nationalist: A person who wants their country become independent or a person who has a
felling that their country is better than any other.
Democrat: A person who believes in or supports democracy.
Socialism: A set of political and economical theories based on the belief that everyone has an
equal right to share of a country’s wealth and that the government should own and control the
wealth.
Running mate: A person who is chosen by the candidate in an election, especially that for a
president to support them and to have the next highest political position if they win.
Reactionary: A person who is opposed to political or social change.
Enact: To pass a law

Exercise
1. The Member of Parliament for our ______________ participates quite a lot in the chamber.
2. Dr Mchizanda is our next president after beating all the candidates in the
_________________.
3. The meeting has been called off after the members who were present failed to reach a
____________.
4. The __________ of Lilongwe City Assembly says that no resident should keep more than one
at a time.
5. There will be a _____________ in Mwatha South following the death of Honourable
Mkomanyama last year.

REGISTER OF COMMERCE
Retailer: a person or company who sells goods in a shop
Overheads: Money that a company must spend on things like salaries, heat, light, rent etc
Hire Purchase/Deferred Items: The buying of things through installments
Delivery Note: A document that accompanies the goods to the buyer.
Cheque: A piece of paper printed by a bank that you can fill in, sign and use to pay for things.

102 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Invoice: An official paper that contain the list of goods or services that you have received and
say how much you must pay for them.
Credit: The system of buying goods or services and not paying for them until later.
Debt: A sum of money that you owe somebody e.g. he borrowed a lot of money and he is still
paying off the debt.
Bankrupt: Not having enough money to pay your debts
Bankruptcy: The state when a person or an organization is bankrupt.
Liquidate: To close down business because it has no money left.
Liabilities: Debts of all kinds
Invest: To put money in a bank or use it to buy property or shares in business
Premium: an amount of money that you pay regularly to a company for insurance
Insurance: A contract in which, in return for regular payment a company or the state agrees to
pay a sum of money if something happens
Discount: Reduction on the price of goods
Insolvent: An ever-increasing debt balance that one even fails to pay.

Exercise:
1. Expensive goods are sometimes bought on________________________.
2. Their company has sold some vehicles in order to meet their ______________________.
3. Wholesalers often offer a special ___________________ in return for a large order or early
payment.
4. The company was declared ______________________ after failing to pay Zathu
Manufacturing Company.

REGISTER OF ELECTRICITY
These are the words that pertain to electricity
Electrical Installation: Electrical equipment that is fixed into the house and is not moved from
place to place
Serviceable Cables: Brings the mains supply in the house
Meter: Keeps records of the amount of electricity that is used by the house.
Fuse: A special safety device which prevents fire arising in an electrical installation.
Sockets: Power points into which one puts a plug.
Mains: A chief wire carrying electricity into a building from outside.

103 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Electrical appliances: All machines that use electricity. E.g. Record players, Cookers, Iron, Kettles
etc
Watt: A word used for measuring the amount of electrical power consumed e.g. a 50 watt bulb.
Insulation: The covering of electric wires so that they cannot be touched directly.
Power Cut: A situation when there is no electricity available because ESCOM has switched off
the supply.
Flex: Lead (Wire), which is attached to an electrical appliance and allows one to move the
appliance about while it is still plugged into the socket.
Electrocuted: Killed by electric current
Volt: A unit for measuring the force of an electric current
Load: An amount of electric power
Voltage: Electrical force measured in volts.
Voltmeter: An instrument for measuring voltage
Disconnection: To remove the supply of power from a building.
Black Out: A period of darkness caused by a failure of the electricity supply
Adaptor: A special type of plug that helps to connect more than one piece of equipment to the
electricity supply Load shedding: The deliberate switching off of electricity to control the
amount of supply due to inadequate electrical power.

Exercise:
1. He bought a _______________ bulb.
2. The company has bought a _______________ transformer.
3. Do not step on live electrical wires for fear of being _________________.
4. The wires are electrically shocking because they are not ________________.
5. The electrical equipment has been ____________________ in the orphanage
6. ESCOM is carrying out a ______________ campaign to those who have outstanding bills.
7. The frequent ________________ are due to maintenance work at Tedzani Hydro-Electric
Power Station.
8. I am unable to listen to the radio because the ___________________ where the plug is put
is out of order.
9. The _______________ prevent fire in an electrical installation when there was a short circuit
in the building
10. ESCOM will be carrying out maintenance work on their transformer and is requesting all
their customers to switch off their electrical _________________.

REGISTER OF KILLING DEATH AND BURIAL

These are words that are concerned with killing, death and burial.

104 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
1. Suicide: The act of killing oneself
Infanticide: Murder of new born child
Homicide: The act of killing a human being
Fratricide: Murder of a brother
Sororicide: The murder of a sister
Matricide: The murder of a mother
Patricide: The murder of a father
Parricide: The murder of a parent
Regicide: The murder of a king
Genocide: Murder of the whole generation or race
2. Corpse: Dead body of a person
Deceased: Someone who has just died
Late: Someone who has just died
3. Mourn: To feel very sad because someone you love has died
Bereaved: Having lost a close friend or relative
Grieved: To feel extremely sad because someone you love has died
Condole: To express sympathy when someone has died
4. Widow: A woman whose husband has died and has not married again
Widower: A man whose wife has died and has not married again
Orphan: A child whose parents have both died
5. Pall: A large piece of cloth spread over a coffin
Coffin/Casket: A large box in which a dead person is put
Shroud: A cloth that is wrapped around a dead person’s body before it is buried
6. Vault: A room where people from the same family are buried
Mausoleum: A large stone building containing many graves
Crematorium: A building in which the bodies of dead people are burnt at a funeral ceremony.
7. Autopsy/Postmortem: An examination of a dead body to examine the cause of the death
Cremate: To burn the body of a dead person at a funeral ceremony
Embalm: To treat the body with chemicals/oils to prevent it from decaying
Mummify: To prevent a dead body from decaying by putting some oils on it and wrapping
with a cloth
8. Grave: The place in the ground where the dead body is buried
Graveyard: An area or ground where dead people are buried often next to church
Cemetery: A piece of land usually not belonging to a church where dead people are buried
Tomb: A grave especially a large one above the ground
Obituary: An account in the newspaper about the life of someone who has just died
9. Miscarry: To give birth to a baby too early for it to live
Still Birth: A birth in which the baby is born already dead.

105 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Abort: To deliberately cause a baby to be born too soon so that it cannot live
Lying in State: The time during which people can come and see the body of someone such
as king or president who has died to show their last respect

Exercise
1. He committed _______________ by killing his own sister.
2. They _______________ for their children who died in the war.
3. Members of the Banda family are buried in this ________________.
4. His dead body stayed for 100 years before it was _________________.
5. When she died her _______________ were buried in the United Kingdom.
6. Members of the clergy sent their ______________ cards to the bereaved family.
7. The ______________ on the tombstone showed that he died at the age of eighty.
8. After being impregnated she did not want to have the child, so she _______________.
9. Mr. Manda was so poor that his body was buried in without a _______________ when he
died.
10. When the doctor carried a (n) _______________ he discovered that the man died of food
poisoning.

REGISTERS OF HEALTH AND HOSPITAL

These are terms which have to do with health and hospital. The list of such words is divided
into four categories namely: Specialists, Departments, Rooms and Disease conditions.

A. SPECIALISTS
Dentist: Specialised in teeth
Casuist: Specialised in casualty
Surgeon: Specialised in operation
Psychiatrist: Specialises in mental illness
Obstetrician: Assists women at childbirth
Dermatologist: Specialised in skin diseases
Oculist: Specialised in treating eye diseases
Gynecologist: Specialised in women diseases
Pediatrician: Specialised in children’s diseases
Pathologist: Specialised in analyzing specimen
Radiographer: Specialised in X-ray photograph
Pharmacist: Specilised in administration of drugs
Orthopedist: Specialised in bone/muscle diseases
Optician: Specialised in testing eyes and selling glasses

106 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics

B. DEPARTMENT
Surgery: For X-rays
Radiography: For X-rays
Pediatric: Deals with Children
Maternity: Deals with pregnancies
Casualty: Deals with hurt or injured people or those who suddenly fall ill.

C. ROOMS
Intensive Care: For critical illnesses
Theatre: Where operations are carried out
Laboratory: Where specimens are analysed
Wards: A room with beds for admitted patients
Mortuary: A room where dead bodies are kept before they are buried
Morgue: A room where bodies of people found dead are placed for identification

D. DESEASE CONDITION
Course: A series of medical treatments
A doctor prescribes medicines
A person admitted to hospital
People are injured in accident and wounded in a war
One eradicates a disease i.e. to destroy completely
Dose: Measured amount of medicine e.g. a dose of quinine.
Dosage: The amount of medicine taken at one time
‘A disease may be:’
Fatal: If it causes death
Chronic: If it cannot be cured
Endemic: If it is confined to a particular place
Contagious: If it can be spread through contact
Pandemic: If it affects the population of a large area
Sporadic: If it affects widely scattered group of people
Epidemic: If it affects many people at the same place and time
Infectious: If can pass from one person to another either by air or by water.

Exercise
1. Malaria is a difficult disease to __________________.
2. All sick children were sent to the ___________________.
3. AIDS is a ________________ disease since it has no cure.

107 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
4. My sick father is admitted __________________ this hospital.
5. After sustaining a fracture, Angella was sent for _____________.
6. This disease is ____________________ to the Northern Asia only.
7. Many people were _________________ during the First World War.
8. Please go and see the __________________ for your mental problems.
9. John is on the __________________ of tuberculosis drug for six months.
10. Mkomanyama has been put in the ________________ for he is critically ill.
11. It is better to follow the doctor’s ___________________ if one is to be cured.
12. Mary had to consult the ____________________ for her afterbirth complexities.
13. The ___________________ had a long list of operations that he had to skip lunch.
14. Ellah sent her blood specimen to the _______________ to find out if she has malaria.
15. The bodies of all the people who died in the car crash were put in the ________________.

REGISTER OF LAW AND THE COURTS

These are words that pertain to law and the courts
Customary Law: A law which grows up by custom.
Decrees: Laws made by a king or military ruler.
Revealed Laws (Sharia): Law ordained by God
Criminal Courts: Hear criminal cases i.e. those that affect both the victim and the public e.g.
Theft, murder etc
Civil Courts: Hear cases in order to settle private wrongs between two parties (a party is one
side in a dispute)
Civil cases deal with such matters as contracts, divorce and damage to property etc.
Magistrate Court: These are lower courts which hear minor offenses
High Court: Courts which are of higher level than ordinary courts
Supreme Courts: The top most important courts of Law
Warrant of arrest: A written permission from a court of law allowing the police to arrest a
person
Remanded: Kept in prison
Remanded on Bail: Granted bail
Trial: A legal process in which a court of law examines a case to decide whether someone is
guilty of a crime
One is charged with a crime
Charge: An official statement made by the police saying that someone is guilty of a crime
One is charged with a crime
Prosecution: The process of bringing a charge against someone for a crime
At trial, prosecution is conducted by Police, Attorney General or Director of Public
Prosecution

108 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Prosecutor: A lawyer, who represents the person bringing a criminal charge against someone
in the court of law
Barrister/Advocates: Lawyers who appear in court to present a case.
Pleads Guilty or not Guilty: When the accused has been charged with a crime he/she can
accept or denies the charge
Witness: Those people who give evidence intended to established the facts
Cross-Examine: Put further searching questions.
Proceedings: Actions taken in the court of law
Judge/Magistrate: One who presides over court proceedings
Jury: A group usually twelve people chosen to hear all the details of a case and give their
decision on it
Verdict: An official decision made by the jury in a court of law about whether someone is guilty
or not.
Sentence: An order given by the judge which fixes a punishment for a criminal declared to be
guilty in court
The judge pronounces sentence, death penalty, a fine, a prison sentence (in years or months)
To serve a sentence is to spend time in prison as a punishment.
Acquittal: An official statement in court of law that someone is not guilty.
If a person is found not guilty he/she gets acquitted and allowed to go free.
Conviction: A decision in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime
Convict: A person who has been found guilty of a crime and is sent to prison especially for a
long time
Appeal: To ask a higher law court to change the decision of a lower court
Plaintiff: The party that brings a case to court
Defendant: The party that has to answer a case
Sue: To bring a party to court
Lawsuit: The process of bringing a party to court.
Damage: A certain sum of money that the defendant is requested by the judge in a court of
law to pay the injured party as a way of putting right the wrong done
Summary hearing: The trial of a minor case conducted by a magistrate in a lower court
Criminal proceedings: Preliminary hearing to decide whether or not a person will be
committed for trial
Coroner: An official who presides over an inquest
Inquest: An investigation into a suspicious death
Tribunal: A special court set up to investigate a specific matter or to deal with a certain type of
case
Deposition: Evidence taken down in writing
Writ: An order to appeal before a judge or court
Indictment: Formal legal accusation (To indict is to charge a person formally with a crime)
Commit Perjury: To commit a crime of telling a lie in a court of law
Injunction: An order given by a court which forbids someone to do something
109 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics

Exercise
1. Mr. Phiri is ______________ of murder.
2. The jury passed the _____________ of not guilty.
3. On what __________________ was Owen arrested?
4. The judge presides over the ____________ in a court of law.
5. The notorious thief is serving a five year prison _______________.
6. When Mr Phiri was found guilty of the crime, he was ______________.
7. John received a _______________ to appear in court for beating his wife.
8. His case of armed robbery was _______________ at Zomba Magistrate Court.
9. The judge read out the ________________ given by the witness at the first hearing.
10. The court has issued a (n) _________________ forbidding the teachers to strike again.
11. A (n) __________________ will be held into a suspicion death of the popular musician.
12. Kambewa was sentenced to six years _______________ with hard labour for armed
robbery.
13. The _________________ who brought a case of assault against her brother decided to
withdrawal it.
14. When the case would not be handled in the Magistrate court, it was referred to the
_________________.
15. The judge ordered the man to pay K50,000 as ______________ to the injured party for
defamation of character.

REGISTER OF PUBLIC PRESS

These are the words that pertain to publishing and the press.
Author: The one who writes a book.
Edition: The form in which the book appears.
Bookseller: One who sells books to the public.
Back Numbers: Older issues of the newspaper.
Publication: Any piece of writing that has been published.
News Items: Give facts about crime, meeting, corruption etc.
Printer: Prints the book according to the publisher’s instruction.
Feature Articles: Are about something that is of general interest.
Press: People who write reports for newspapers, radio or television.
Editor: One who is responsible for the day to day running of the paper.
News-stand: A place on the street, at a station etc where you can buy newspapers.
Reporter: A person employed by newspaper, radio or television to collect news for them
Journalist: Someone who writes news or reports for newspapers, magazines, television or
radio.

110 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Mass Media: All forms of communication with the public on large scale e.g. television, radio
and the press
Editorials: Leading articles in which the editor makes his/her comments on social, political or
other matters
News Agency: Collects news and sells it to any newspaper that wants to make use of its
reports. E.g. Reuter
News Flash: A short item or important news that is broadcast on radio or television often
interrupting a programme
Impression: A fixed number of copies of any edition of a book that the publisher instructs the
printer to print.
Communiqué: A message or announcement made by statesmen after they have held an
important meeting in secret.
Newspaper: A set of large printed sheets of paper containing news, articles, advertisements
etc and published everyday or every week.
Publisher: One who prepares the authors text for printing to print the book, decides a price
for the book, advertises it and arranges for it to be sent to booksellers
Press Release: An announcement issued by any organization or a government department as
a way of informing the general through the newspaper about some new development.
Correspondent: A reporter who collects news of certain kind for example sports or who lives
in a particular place and be responsible for sending news to the office of the newspaper from
the place where they live.

Exercise
1. Dede Chikoti is the _________________ of the book “Truth shall Prevail.”
2. The BBC ___________________ who based in Rwanda was killed by attackers.
3. There are three __________________ of the same book published within five years.
4. The _______________ decided that the price of the book should be one thousand Kwacha.
5. James asked to see ____________ of the Malawi News for August and September in the
school library.
6. The first lot of 10, 000 copies which the publisher instructed the printer to print
constitution the first _________
7. The ________ in today’s issue of the Daily Times Newspaper comments on the decline of
discipline in schools.
8. The management of the company decided to _____________ the existing vacancies in the
National Newspaper.
9. The Prime Minister invited the __________ to the conference which was held at the airport
after his arrival form Canada.
10. ESCOM issued a _____________ in the Saturday Nation Newspaper comments on the on
the decline of discipline in schools.

111 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics

REGISTER OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Blurred: Being unclear
Over-exposed: Too light
Under-exposed: Too dark
Snap: To take a quick photograph
Photograph: To take a photograph
Out of focus: Not properly focused
Photographer: A person who takes photographs
To load a Camera: To feed a camera with a firm
Photography: The skill or process of taking photographs
Reel or firm: A round object that a firm is wound around
Double exposure: Two separate pictures on one photograph
Negative: A piece of firm from which we can make a photograph
Spool: A round object which a firm is wound around it when you buy

Exercise
1. He loaded a _____________ into a camera.
2. He _______________ the dancers using his camera.
3. She explained to us how to ______________ photographs.
4. The photographer has _________________ a camera with a firm.
5. If you give me the ________________ I can have another print made.

REGISTER OF DRAMA
These are words pertaining to drama or any theatrical performance.
Playwright: One who writes plays
Prologue: An introduction to a play
Actor: A male performer in a play/film.
Actress: A female performer in a play/film
Audience: People who watch a public performance
Villain: The main bad character in a play, film or story.
Curtain Raiser: A short play acted before the main play.
Opera: A musical play in which all the words are sung.
Cast: Al the people who take part in the a play or film
Mime: To act using actions without language to show meaning
Stage: The raised floor in a theatre on which plays are performed
Typecast: To always give an actor the same type of character to play.
Heroine: The most important female character in a play, film or story
Theatre: A building or a place with a stage where plays are performed

112 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Auditorium: Part of the theatre where people sit when watching a play
Sketch: A short humorous scene on stage that is part of the large show
Epilogue: A piece of writing added to the end of the book, play or film
Costume: clothes that actors and actresses wear when performing a play
Impromptu: Done without preparation or planning e.g. an impromptu play
Acrobat: Someone who entertain people by doing difficult physical actions.
Protagonist/Hero: The most important male character in a play, film or story
Tragedy: A serious play that ends sadly especially with death of the main actor
Prompter: Someone who tells actors/actresses in a play the words to say when they forget
Scene: Part of the play often within an act during which there is no change of place or time
Comedy: An entertaining play/film that is intended to make people laugh, having a happy
ending
Curtain Call: The time at the end of a performance when the actors come out to receive
applause.
Juggler: One who keeps several things in the air at the same time by throwing them quickly
and catching them again
Audition: A short performance by an actor/actress that helps someone to judge and decide if
he/she is good enough to act a play
➢ One booes actors/actresses after a poor performance
➢ One applauds actors/actresses after a good performance

Exercise
1. The actor _______________ the movements of a chameleon.
2. Our play was just a ______________________ to the main play.
3. The ______________________ applauded as the play progressed.
4. Thoko’s jokes were so bad that he got _________________ off stage.
5. The people who came to watch the play sat in the _________________.
6. Agness received a prize for being the best __________________________.
7. Our drama group lost in the competition because they wore poor ______________.
8. The play was a ___________________ because people kept on laughing throughout the
play.
9. Stella failed the __________________ for the part of the Princess in the play “The Ruthless
King”
10. When the actor forgot his lines during the performance of the play, the _______________
reminded him.

REGISTER OF BUILDING
These are words pertaining to building
Painter: One who paints houses
113 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Joints: Timbers that support a floor or ceiling
Architect: A person who designs/invests thee house
Plan: A map of very small area such as a building site
Site: A particular area of ground where a building is being erected
Brick Layer: The person who places each brick or block in position
Foundation: Part of a house that is built below the level of the ground
Electrician: The person who installs all the electrical fittings in the house
Rubble: The broken bricks and blocks when a building is demolished (Pulled Down)
Plasterer: The person who covers the bricks or blocks on the inside walls with plaster.
Glazier: One who cuts glass needed for all the windows and puts it into the window frames.
Surveyor: Measures the land/building and draws plans or maps of what he/she has measured.
Joiner: A carpenter who does woodwork for a building e.g. Door Flames, Window Flames and
Roof Timbers etc
Plumber: The person who does all the work connected with water in the house. I.e. Sink unit,
toilets and water pipes
Scaffolding: A structure of poles (which may be wooden or metal) which is erected on the
inside of a building so that women can make a platform from which they can continue the
work of a building high above the ground
Contractor: Anyone (or a firm or Company) who undertakes to do a job. In the context of a
building, it refers to the person who undertakes to build the house
Foreman: A person in charge of the building who is employed by the contractor and directs
the work of all the workmen on the site.

Exercise:
1. The building is going to be _______________ at this site.
2. He employed a (n) _________________ to rewrite his house.
3. They sent for the _________________ to put in the roof timbers.
4. The _______________ who designed this house was a very good one
5. The __________________ cannot start work while the plaster is still wet
6. We need the _________________ to fix windows into the window flames.
7. The contractor arranged for a ________________ to install the water system in the house.
8. When the angry mob demolished the building the _________________ lay scattered all
over.
9. Since none of the workmen on the site have been working properly, the contractor
appointed a new __________
10. The _____________________ has not done his work properly because the course of the
blocks is most uneven.

REGISTERS OF CHURCH AND RELIGION

114 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
These are words that pertain to church and religion
Jihad: Muslim holy war
Quaran: Muslim holy book
Mosque: Muslim prayer house
Monotheist: Believer in one God
Dean: The head of the Cathedral
Polytheist: Believer in many Gods
Pilgrimage: Muslim journey to a holy place
Sacrilege: Violating/Profaning religious things
Cathedral: The principal church in the diocese
Sheik: The leader of an Arab village or family
Hypocrite: Pretender who poses to be what he is not
Ordain: To make someone a priest or religious leader
To consult oracle: To ask it for advice or information
Consecrate: To declare as holy in a special ceremony
Diocese: The district under the jurisdiction of a Bishop
Pastor: A Christian minister in some protestant churches
Shrine: The main place of worship in traditional religion
Presbytery/Manse: The residence of the priest or minister
Ordination: The ceremony at which one becomes a priest
Oracle: A shrine where a God or spirit speaks out to priest
Atheist: One who does not believe in the existence of God
Lectern: A reading desk from which the scriptures are read
Proselyte: One who is converted from one religion to another
Blasphemy: To say profane language against God or anything holy
Offertory: The money given by the congregation at a church service
Clergy: The body of ministers ordained for the work in the Christian church
Congregation: A religion gathering, a group of people gathered together in a church
Reverend: A title of respect used before the name of a minister of a Christian church
Deacon: A religious official in some Christian churches who is just below the rank of a priest
Ramadan: The ninth month of Muslim year during which no food nor drink is taken between
sunrise and sunset
Cult: An extreme religious group that follows a system of worship that is different from an
established religion
Synod: A council of clergymen. An important meeting of church members to make decision
concerning the church
➢ Rites are carried out
➢ Rituals are observed
➢ Sacrifices are offered
➢ Ceremonies are performed

115 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Exercise
1. Muslims go for prayers at the _____________ on Friday.
2. My uncle will be _______________ as a pastor next week.
3. The worshippers of Nsinja Cult offered ______________ at the shrine.
4. The Bible is to the Christians as the ________________ is to the Muslims.
5. The Greeks were ________________ because they believed in many Gods.
6. He was suspended from the church for embezzling_____________________.
7. Our pastor hides in bars where he drinks beer. He must be a _________________.
8. It is required of every Muslim to go on a _________________ to Mecca once in a while.
9. She consulted the ___________________ to find out what precautions to take before the
journey.
10. The pastor’s preaching was so touching that it attracted the attention of the
whole_________________.

REGISTER OF MARRIAGE
These are words pertaining to marriage
Polygamist: One who has many wives
Misogynist: A man who hates marriage
Misogyny: The practice of hating marriage
Polygamy: The practice of having many wives
Celibate: One vowed to single or unmarried life
Fiancé: The man whom a woman is going to marry
Fiancée: The woman whom a man is going to marry
Bride: A woman about to be married or just married
Bridegroom: A man about to be married or just married
Betrothal: An agreement that two people will get married
Monogamist: One who has only one wife or husband at a time
Elope: To run away with a lover in order to get married secretly
Polyandrist: A woman who has more than one husband at a time
Monogamy: The practice of having one husband or wife at a time
Polyandry: The practice of having more than one husband at a time
Veil: A piece of material worn by women to cover their faces at weddings
Bridesmaid: An unmarried girl who attends the bride at a wedding ceremony
Dowry: Property and money that a new wife brings to his/ her former partner.
Engagement: An agreement to marry someone. (One breaks off an engagement)
Best Man: An unmarried man who attends the bridegroom at a wedding ceremony
Bigamist: One who marries a second wife or husband while the legal spouse is alive.
Bigamy: The practice of marrying a second wife or husband while the legal spouse is alive

116 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Exercise
1. Jacqueline is my ___________________.
2. The man is a ___________________ because he has four wives.
3. Most Christians are __________________ because they do not marry many wives.
4. Although he is not a celibate he is still single because he is a ____________________.
5. When their marriage differences could not be resolved they decided to get a
______________.
6. James and Mwayi will exchange _________________ vows at Bunda CCAP Church next
Sunday.
7. Joseph decide to __________________ his engagement to Jane when he discovered her
true character.
8. This man cannot marry because he is a father in the Catholic church and therefore
underwent _______________
9. ___________ is not common in Malawian culture because no woman is allowed to have
more than one husband
10. When Romeo and Juliet realised that their love affair was disapproved by both parents
they decided to _____________________ to Mantua.

REGISTERS OF MILITARY
These are the words that pertain to the military
Infantry: Foot soldiers
Calvary: Horse soldiers
Captain: A rank in the Army
Corporal: A low rank in the army
Armistice: An agreement to stop fighting
Brigadier: A high military rank in the army
Sergeant: A military rank next to the lowest
Invade: To enter into a country as an enemy
Recruit: A soldier recently enlisted for service
Division: Part of the army larger than a brigade
Contigent: Any medium sized body of soldiers
Bayonet: A knife fixed on to the end of the gun
Constription: Compulsory enrollment as a soldier
Cannon: A large gun on an aircraft. It fires a shell
Artillerymen/Gunners: Soldiers who fight in tanks
Major: An officer of very middle rank in the army
General: An officer of a very high rank in the army
Ammunition: Bullets or shells that are fired from guns

117 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Troop: A group of soldiers usually on horses or in tanks
Unit: A small group of soldiers working together as a team
Regiment: A large military group commanded by a colonel
Squad: A small group of soldiers working together as a unit
Constript: A person who is forced by law to become a soldier
Besiege: To surround a place with the intention of capturing it
Detachment: Any group of soldiers working together as a team
Formation: All the soldiers who are moving together as one group
Rocket: A bomb or missile that is driven by gases burning inside it
Squadron:A military force consisting of a group of aircraft of ships
Colonel: A high rank in the army who usually command a battalion
Pistol/Revolver: Short guns with barrels used for firing at close ranges
Brigade: A large group of soldiers usually 5000. Forming part of an army
Commander in Chief: The most senior officer in the military forces of a country
Battalion: A large group usually 500-1000 soldiers which consist of more companies
Company: A group usually about 12o soldiers, usually part of a battalion or regiment
Rifle: A gun with along barrel of the infantry soldiers which is fired from the shoulder
Mortar: A weapon used for firing at soldiers who are nearby but hidden. It fires a shell
Armory/Arsenal: A place where naval or dangerous military weapons are made or stored
Platoon: A small group of soldiers which is part of a company commanded by a lieutenant
Commanding Officer: The officer in-charge of a fairly large group of soldiers e.g. a company
Grenade: A small bomb out of which a pin is pulled out and thrown, exposed and kills people
Mine: An explosive that is placed just under the ground that explodes when a weight is placed
on it
Capitulate: To surrender to an enemy on agreed terms. (To accept defeat by your enemies in a
war)
Garrison: A body of soldiers stationed in fortress to defeat it. (A fortified place defended by
soldiers)

Exercise
1. A rifle is a suitable gun for the _______________ soldier.
2. The enemy soldier’s _______________ the capital city of the country.
3. Most of the ordinary people died when they stepped on _________________.
4. This soldier is a ___________________ because he is a week old in military camp.
5. This group should be ________________ because there are about 120 soldiers in it.
6. The president is usually the ___________________ of all military forces of a country
7. Sergeant Mchizanda is going to be promoted to a ________________ in a few days to
come.
8. Although the soldier was alone he managed to kill many people because he used a
________________.

118 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
9. The battalion which came to protect our politicians was commanded by
_____________________ Chikoti.
10. The rebel army was forced to surrender because their _________________ was destroyed
by the enemy camp and had all their stored weapons seized.

T17 purpose
PHRASAL VERBS

Allow for: (a) To make sure that you have enough of something for a particular

E.g. How much time would you allow for the trip?
(b) To include something/somebody when calculating something
Allow of: To make something possible.
E.g. The facts allow only for one explanation
Appeal against: To make formal request to a court of law for a judgement or decision to
be changed
E.g. He decided to appeal against his conviction.
Appeal to/for: To make a serious and urgent request
E.g. Malawi Congress Party leaders appealed for calm
Organisers of the strike appealed to the crowd not to panic
Appeal to: To try to persuade somebody to do something by suggesting that it is fair,
reasonable or honest thing to do.
Ask about: To put a question to somebody in order to find out some information
E.g. Did you ask Agness about the bike?
Ask for: (a) To ask that somebody gives you something or does something for you
E.g. She sat down at the table and asked for a cup of coffee.
(b) Ask to speak to somebody
E.g. Ring this number and ask for Richard.
(c) To say the price that you want for a thing
E.g. They are asking K200,000 for their car.
Ask to: To invite
E.g. They asked six friends to dinner
Ask of: To expect or demand something
E.g. You are asking too much of him

119 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Ask after: To say that you would like to know how somebody is, what they are doing.
E.g. He always asks after you in his letters
Ask around: To speak to a number of different people in order to try and get some
information
E.g. I don’t know of any vacancies in the company but I’ll ask around.
Ask back: To invite somebody to come back.
E.g. I hope he wouldn’t ask me back
Ask out: To invite somebody to go out with you, especially as a way of starting a
romantic relationship
E.g. He is too shy to ask her out

Exercise
Fill the gaps with correct prepositions
1. All the factors must be allowed ___________________.
2. Our headteacher allows _______________ one attempt only
3. Richard came to our house to ask _________________ Jenipher.
4. He asked Mr Mchizanda _________________ to his private school.
5. In our group we aim to appeal ________________ people’s generosity.
6. The team decided to appeal _____________________ the referee’s decision.
7. I am writing to ask _______________________ some information about courses.
8. The journey should take about two hours allowing __________________ heavy traffic.
9. The opinion of including me on next week’s trip doesn’t appeal ___________________ me.

Back away: (a) To retreat from (Move backwards to allow space in fear)
E.g. The crowd backed away to let the wounded man pass through
(b) To be unwilling to consider an idea
E.g. I could see she was backing away from the idea.
Back down: (a) To go down backwards
E.g. You’ll have to back down carefully, the ladder is not steady.
(b) To stop insisting that you are right
E.g. The speaker’s forceful words persuaded his opponents to back
down
Back into: (a) To enter facing backwards
E.g. Be careful how you back into the garage, the doorway is very
narrow
(b) To hit something when driving backwards
E.g. I backed into another car as I was coming out of the car park
Back off: To move backwards to allow space, in fear etc
E.g The crowd backed off in terror as the soldiers charged.

120 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Back onto: To have the back lying opposite to a place
E.g. We chose this house because the garden back onto the tennis
courts
Back out: (a) To move out backwards
E.g. The opening is too narrow to turn round, you’ll have back out
(b) To fail to fulfill something such as a promise.
E.g. If you back out from your contract, you will have to pay money to
the firm.
Back up: (a) To go backwards
E.g. If you can’t go up the hill forward, you’ll have to back up.
(b) To support something or someone
E.g. We need further facts to back up our statement
(c) To block
E.g. The flood water from the storm backed up the pipes for the dirty
water
(d) To inform a mass through delay
E.g. Many ships are still backed up at the entrance to the harbor.

Exercise
Use prepositions to fill the following gaps
1. Many of the colleges back __________________ the river.
2. He began to back slowly ___________________ from a snake.
3. You promised you would come with me. You can’t back ______________.
4. Her success is partly due to the back _______________ she gets from her team
5. I think you are right to demand an apology. Don’t back __________________ now.

Bar from: To forbid someone from something or from doing something

E.g. After the member was caught cheating, he was barred from the
club
Bar in: To prevent someone or an animal from leaving, by fastening a bar in the way
E.g. The horses died in the fire because they were barred in the hut
Bar up: To close with a bar
E.g. When the family left the house for the winter, they barred the
windows up
Bark at: (a) To make a noise (of a dog)
E.g. Our dog always barks at the postman
(b) To speak suddenly and loudly to someone
E.g. I don’t like the way that teacher barks at children
Bark out: To shout suddenly

121 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
E.g. The policeman barked out a warning as the gunmen appeared
Bark up: To have a completely wrong idea about something
E.g. If you think I wrote that letter, you’re barking up the wrong tree
Battle against: (a) To fight an enemy
E.g. The soldiers battled against the opposing army all day
(b) To oppose; Try to defeat something
E.g. The mountain climbers had to battle against great difficulties
Battle for: To fight for or struggle to win something
E.g. Our team and their opponents battled for the prize in the football
match
Battle on: To continue to fight or struggle
E.g. The opposing armies battled on until night
Battle out: To fight to a finish
E.g. When I left, the two brothers were still battling it out behind the
garage
Battle over: To fight about someone or something
E.g. People whose marriage has ended often battle over the children
Battle with: (a) Too struggle against an enemy
E.g. Tomorrow we shall battle with our old enemies and defeat them
(b) To struggle against someone or something
E.g. Scientists are still battling with many diseases

Exercise
1. Political enemies have to battle it _______________ in public
2. Women must battle _______________ until they have gained equality
3. Some rare wild animals are battling __________________ the existence
4. I’ve been battling _________________ my conscience for seven days and now I know I
have to write to you.

Break away: (a) To come apart

E.g. The wing of the plane broke away in mid-air and the plane
crashed
(b) To escape from someone
E.g. The criminal broke away from the policemen who were holding
him
(c) To end one’s connection with or loyalty to (a group)
E.g. Part of the country broke away to form a new nation
Break down: (a) To destroy something (To reduce to pieces)
E.g. The police broke the door down

122 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
(b) To be defeated
E.g. The police tried to breakdown the prisoner’s opposition.
(c) To fail to work (To stop working)
E.g. The washing machine seems to have broken down again
(d) To fail
E.g. Peace talks have broken down in the Middle East
(e) To suffer poor health; suffer a nervous illness for some time
E.g. You will break down if you work too hard
(f) To lose control of one’s feelings
E.g. Peter broke down and wept and when he saw the deer that he
had shot
(g) To have a chemical change
E.g. Chemicals in the body break down our food into useful
substances
(h) To separate into different kinds
E.g. The figures must be broken down into several lists
Break even: To show neither profit nor loss
E.g. We need to take K5000 each performance just to break even
Break in: (a) To break something inwards
E.g. The firemen could enter the burning house only by breaking in
the door
(b) To enter by force, usually unlawfully
E.g. The thieves waited until it was dark enough to break in
(c) To interrupt or disturb
E.g. She longed to break in on their conversation but didn’t want to
appear rude
(d) To control’ Train to obey
E.g. When horses are about six months old, they have to be broken in
(e) To wear something especially new shoes, until they become comfortable
E.g. I’m wearing my new boots around the house to break them in
Break into: (a) To divide into smaller parts
E.g. Mary broke the chocolate into pieces, one for each person
(b) To enter by force
E.g. The thieves waited until it was dark enough to break into the
house
(c) To interrupt something
E.g. The children broke into the conversation with demands for
attention
(d) To begin suddenly to give voice to
E.g. The singers broke into songs
(e) To begin suddenly
123 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
E.g. The men broke into a run
(f) To use part of (sth) unwillingly
E.g. I shall have to break into my savings to pay for the holiday
Break loose: (a) To escape
E.g. Three prisoners broke loose as they were being taken to another
prison this morning
(b) To become active or Out of control
E.g. Violence broke loose in the city last night
Break of: To cure someone of a bad habit etc
E.g. Doctors keep trying to break him of his dependence in the drug
Break off: (a) To come apart
E.g. The wing of the plane broke off in mid-air and the plane crashed
(b) To end
E.g. Iran broke off relations with Britain

Exercise
Fill the gaps
1. Mary broke __________________ laughter
2. “I didn’t do it” She broke ____________________.
3. Your health will break _______________ if you work too hard.
4. The old cars were broken __________________ for their metal and parts.
5. Our food breaks ___________________ in the body into useful substances.
6. You’ll have to break ______________ the branches away to get through the thick forest.

Call at: Visit for a short time

E.g. I called at June’s place on my way to town
Call for: (a) To visit a place to collect a person or thing
E.g. I am going to town with James and he is calling for me at 6O’clock
(b) Require or demand
E.g. The teacher called for all exercise books
Call in: To send for a person to come to the house to perform some service
E.g. It was too late to call in an electrician
Call on: To ask someone to do something or to help
E.g. The head teacher called on all members of staff to work hard
Call off: Cancel
E.g. The teacher called off the make-up class due to poor turn up
Call out: (a) To announce names
E.g. Mr Phiri called out names of the successful candidates
(b) To summon someone to leave his house to deal with a situation outside

124 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
E.g. The police couldn’t control the mob so the troops were called
out.
Call up: (a) Telephone
E.g. I called up Jane and invited her for dinner
(b) Summon for military services
E.g. In Malawi, the army calls up men and women at the age of 18 for
training
Clear way: (a) Remove things usually in order to make space
E.g. Could you clear away these cartons of exercised books?
(b) Dispense
E.g. The clouds soon cleared away and it became quite warm.
Clear off: (From an open space) Go away or run away
E.g. He cleared off when he heard the police siren
Clear out: (a) (A room, Building) To leave a place quickly
E.g. Clear out! If I find you in this building again, I shall report you to
police
(b) Empty it usually to make room for something else
E.g. I will clear out this drawer and you can put your things in it
Clear up: (a) Make tidy and clean
E.g. Clear up this mess
(b) Finish (some work which remains to be done)
E.g. I have some letters which I must clear up before I leave tonight
(c) Solve (a mystery)
E.g. When we were puzzled as to how the prisoners escaped, the
warder came along and up the mystery
Come across: Find or discover by chance
E.g. When Jane was looking for her English exercise book, she came
across a pen
Come on/along: Accompany or come with (This is said to someone who is hesitating or
delaying)
E.g. Come on or we may be late
Come along or we may be late
Come in/into: Enter
E.g. I will show you when you come into my house
Come off: (a) Take place
E.g. When is the next outing coming off?
(b) Succeed
E.g. They had wanted it to be a surprise but the plan didn’t come off.
Come out: (a) Be revealed
E.g. The secret came out after one of the thieves was deceived
(b) Be published of (Books)
125 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
E.g. The latest edition of her book will be coming out soon
(c) Disappear (of strains)
E.g. Tomato strains don’t usually come out with soap alone
Care of: Used when writing to someone at another person’s address
E.g. Write to him care of his lawyer.
Care for: To look after somebody who is sick, very old very young
E.g. She moved back home to care for her elderly parents
Carry a torch for sb: To be in love with somebody especially somebody who does not love
you in turn
E.g. James has been carrying a torch for Jane despite what she says
about him
Carry back: To make somebody remember a time in the past
E.g. The smallness of the sea carried her back to her childhood
Carry forward/over: To move a total amount from one column or page to the next
E.g. The total amount has been carried forward to the new book
Carry off: To win something
E.g. He carried off most of the prizes
Carry on: To continue moving
E.g. Carry on until you get to the junction, then turn left
Carry out: Take away
E.g. Lets get a take away.
Catch up: To reach somebody who is ahead of you
E.g. Jackie was walking very fast and I had to walk very fast to catch
up with him
Come around: (a) Finally accept previous opposed suggestions
E.g. She at first refused the proposal but came around in the end
(b) Come to one’s house
E.g. I shall come around to give you the money you asked for
(c) Recover consciousness
E.g. She had fainted but came around after a while and was soon
alright
Come up: (a) Ascend (rise to the surface)
E.g. He asked John to come up to his bedroom to see him
(b) Be mentioned
E.g. The question of the rise in salaries came up at the meeting

Exercise
Fill the following gaps with appropriate prepositions
1. I will call ________________ you when it’s time to go.
2. I really must clear _______________ the kitchen cupboards.
126 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
3. He called me ___________________ to tell me the good news.
4. Make sure you clear ________________ properly before you leave.
5. The police were called _________________ to tell me the good news.
6. “Clear __________________,” Shouted the farmer, “you’re on my land.”
7. The opposition is calling __________________ an early general elections
8. The football match was called ________________ because of the bad weather

Defend against: To take action to guard oneself or someone against someone or

something bad
E.g. What can we do to defend ourselves against continuously rising
prices?
Defend from: To protect someone or something bad
E.g. Lord, defend us from the terrors and dangers of this night
Defend with: To protect oneself, someone or something with a means of defense
E.g. The fighter defended his body with some clever blows to his
opponent
Demand from: To ask firmly/ command something from someone
E.g. Thieves demanded money from the passengers
Demand of: To expect something from someone or something
E.g. hard work will demanded of students in this course
Die away: Fade away, fade out (especially of a sound, wind, light) /To become weaker or
fainter until it ceases
E.g. The sound of the music died away
Die back/down: To die but remain alive at the roots
E.g. The bushes have died back in this cold autumn but they will grow
again next spring
Die by: Die by means of something
E.g. Those who killed by the sword shall die by the sword.
Die for: To be prepared to die to support an idea or to serve someone
E.g. Many religious people would die for their beliefs
Die from/by/for: To die following something except illness or feeling
E.g. In severe winter, wild animals can die from lack of food
Die in someone’s bed: To die peacefully
E.g. I am glad that my uncle died in his bed
Die off: To die one by one
E.g. The trees have been dying off during the severe winter and there
are a few left
Die out: To cease to exist, disappear
E.g. If too many of these rare animals are killed, their kind will die out

127 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
Die with: (a) To die having something or someone
E.g. He died with his family all around him and with his soul at peace
(b) To be lost at the death of someone
E.g. His secret died with him, and now we shall never know the truth
Differ about/on: To have different opinions concerning a subject
E.g. The committee differed on the question off appointing the next
chairperson
Differ from: To be different from something or someone
E.g. She differs from her sister in the colour of her eyes
Differ in: To be different with regard to (a certain part)
E.g. Materials differ in the way the threads are woven together
Declare against: (a) To declare one’s opposition to someone or something or doing
something
E.g. The electors declared against their former member of parliament
(b) Declare war against- To state that one’s nation is now at war with another
nation
E.g. To declare war against a small island state looks like the action of a
cowardly nation
(c) Declare war against- To state that one will make every effort to stop or
destroy something bad
E.g. The police chief has again declared war against violent crimes
Declare for: To state one’s support of something, someone or doing something
E.g. The electors declared for their present member of parliament
Declare off: To state that something will not take place
E.g. The public meeting has been declared off.
Declare to: (a) To make a public or firm statement about (something) to someone
E.g. The politician declared his views to a group of reporters from the
media
(b) To admit possession of goods to customs officer
E.g. You’d better declare diamond to the officials
Decrease from: To become less than an amount or since a time
E.g. The new unemployment figures have decreased from last
month’s
Decrease in: To become less as regards (a part)
E.g. The newspaper has decreased in size, but not in quality

Exercise
Fill the gaps using correct prepositions
1. The two sides declared the agreement _________________.
2. I declare ____________________ you that I have lied about the affair
3. The City Assembly has declared _________________ building the new road.
128 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
4. The City Assembly has declared __________________ improving the public bus system
5. The average house price has not decreased _______________ the high level of a few years
ago.

Fade away: (a) To become gradually fainter

E.g. The music faded away
(b) To disappear slowly or secretly, leave quietly
E.g. When the police arrived the crowd faded away
(c) To lose one’s strength, health etc
E.g. During his illness he faded away to nothing
Fade out: (a) To become gradually weaker
E.g. The music faded out
(b) To cause sound or picture to disappear slowly by gradually reducing its
loudness, brightness etc become fainter
E.g. Fade out the last scene at the end
(c) To disappear slowly or secretly; leave quietly
E.g. Having done my job in starting the job, I decided that it was time I
faded out and left the work to younger members
Fall about: To move awkwardly, as when ill or drunk
E.g. There’s a man falling about in the street; he seems to be suffering
from shock
Fall about/around: To fall suddenly
E.g. All our careful plans fell about our ears when the government
changed the tax laws
Fall apart: (a) To break in pieces without force being used
E.g. This cup just fell apart in my hands
(b) To end in failure
E.g. With all these increasing costs, the business could fall apart
(c) To separate in a relationship
E.g. We used to be good friends but fell apart a year ago.
Fall at: (Someone’s feet) To kneel or lie down quickly in front of someone as with
respect or worship
E.g. ‘I fell at his feet to worship him.’
Fall away: (a) Break off – To come away from something by falling
E.g. Be careful on this part of the slope, bits of rock have fallen away
(b) To be suddenly much lower; take a downward direction
E.g. The cliff fell away at his feet
(c) To become less or fewer
E.g. Student numbers have been falling away recently
129 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
(d) To become worse
E.g. The standard of your work has been falling away recently
(e) To disappear
E.g. The wind fell away and all was calm
(f) To take away one’s support
E.g. Some of our former loyal members have fallen away
(g) To grow thin
E.g. Her face has fallen away since she lost weight
Gear down: To reduce the level or force of something
E.g. The courses have been geared down to the lower ability of
students in these special classes
Gear to: To arrange something so as to make it suitable for something or
someone
E.g. Education should be geared to the children’s needs and abilities
Gear up: To prepare something or someone for an action
E.g. Are the players geared up for the game?
Get about: (a) To move freely; Travel
E.g. It’s easy in this city to get about by bus
(b) To be able to move again after illness
E.g. My mother is much better now, thank you, she’s able to get
about a bit more
(c) To spread i.e. News
E.g. Stories have been getting about concerning the government’s
secret intentions.
(d) To be able to move or travel around a place
E.g. The quickest way to get about the city is by underground train
Get above: To think too highly of oneself
E.g. She’s been getting above herself since she won the singing
competition
Get abroad: (a) To be able to travel to a foreign country or countries
E.g. We didn’t get abroad for our holiday as usual; we couldn’t afford
it this year.
(b) To spread; become widely known
E.g. How did the news of his appointment get abroad before it was
made official?
Get across: (a) To cross a road, water etc
E.g. It’s so much safer to get across the road at the traffic rights
(b) To become understood or accepted
E.g. Did your speech get across to the crowd?
(c) To annoy or offend someone

130 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
E.g. His mother at last got across me, making rude remarks in my own
home
Get after: To chase someone or an animal
E.g. Get after that dog, it has stolen the meat
Get ahead: (a) To lead or be in front
E.g. The horse we were hoping would win began to get ahead half
way through the race
(b) To advance; Be in front; Succeed
E.g. Jane used to be slow in class, but now she is getting ahead
Get along: (a) To go forward
E.g. The car could hardly get along on the icy surface
(b) To send or take something or someone
E.g. I’ll get your clothes along to you as soon as you have fixed
address
(c) To continue to live, often in spite of difficulties
E.g. We’ll get along somehow, don’t worry.
(d) To advance; Go well
E.g. How is your work getting along? It’s getting along nicely thank
you.
(e) To form or have a friendly relationship with someone
E.g. How are you and your new neighbor getting along?
Get at: (a) To be able to reach someone or something
E.g. I can’t get at the top branches, can you bring the ladder?
(b) To reach and discover something
E.g. It is always difficult to get at the truth
(c) To be able to work at something or doing something, as after delay, difficult
etc
E.g. I’ll go into the office early tomorrow so as to have time to get at
that pile of work that’s been waiting for me
(d) To do something wrong to someone
E.g. Someone has been getting at my drink, it tastes strange
Get away: (a) To leave, often with some difficulty
E.g. I’m sorry I’m late but the telephone rang as I was about to leave and
couldn’t get away
(b) To have a holiday
E.g. I couldn’t get away at all last year, I was too busy
(c) To start and move away, as in a race
E.g. This new car gets away faster than any of our former models
(d) To take something or someone away
E.g. I couldn’t get the children away fast enough, that school is a
terrible place
131 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Get back: (a) To move backward or away
E.g. Get back! The roof is falling. (Move back)
(b) To return especially home
E.g. When did your neighbours get back from their holiday?
(c) To return to a former condition
E.g. Let’s get back to what we were saying before we were
interrupted
(d) To receive something in return, regain something
E.g. I lent him K500, but I never got it back
(e) To return or replace something
E.g. I’ve to get these books back to the library before it closes
Get below: To become less than (an amount)
E.g. If temperature gets below freezing point, we should take the
plants indoors
Get between: (a) To take a position between two things or people
E.g. The cat tried to get between the chair and the wall
(b) To try to separate people or animals
E.g. Never get between husband and wife
(c) To prevent someone from doing something
E.g. The true artist lets nothing separate him and his work
Get beyond: (a) To a position behind or further than something such as a place
E.g. On a clear day, you can see ships far out to sea, until they get
beyond the horizon
(b) To advance further than a stage
E.g. Hasn’t this class got beyond lesson thee?
(c) To be too difficult for someone to do or understand
E.g. I enjoyed the book as far as part two; after that, it got a bit
beyond me
Get by: (a) To be able to move past someone or something
E.g. I don’t think that the ship will get by the enemies guns
(b) To be passed or accepted by someone or something
E.g. What makes you think that such careless work will get by me?
Get in: (a) To enter a space
E.g. I’ll hold the car door open for you while you get in
(b) (Of something unwanted) to enter into all parts of something
E.g. We must mend the root, the rain is getting in
(c) To collect something or things
E.g. The farmers are getting the crops in now for they are ripe
Give away: (a) To give someone a present or prize of something (To give something free of
charge)
E.g. I think I will give this furniture away, it’s worthless
132 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
(b) To tell a secret intentionally or unintentionally
E.g. Don’t give away the ending of the story, it’ll spoil it
(c) To inform against (Someone)
E.g. The thief gave his companions away to the police, hoping to
escape punishment
(d) To show an easy answer to a question
E.g. If you read carefully, you will see that the examiners have given
question three away: all the facts you need are hidden in the
wording of the question
Give back: (a) To return or repay something to its owner or someone who formerly had it
E.g. Give back the book to Agness when you have finished reading it.
(b) To give again to someone
E.g. Even if you punish the murderer, that can’t give me back my dead
son
Give for: (a) To pay a sum of money to obtain something
E.g. What would you give for this car?
(b) To offer or give something in exchange for something
E.g. What wouldn’t I give for a cool drink?
(c) To lose or yield something such as one’s life for something or someone
E.g. Many Christians have their lives for their faith
Given in: (a) To deliver something to someone, often who may demand it
E.g. Give in your examination papers to the teachers when you have
finished
(b) To offer a name
E.g. Give in your name if you are willing to help
(c) To yield
E.g. The argument went on for hours as neither side would give in
Give out: (a) To send out something such as sound or light
E.g. The ship gave out radio signals for help until she sank
(b) To give something or things to each of several people
E.g. Give out question papers ten minutes before the examination
(c) To make something known publicly
E.g. The date of election will be given out soon
(d) To come to an end
E.g. A good teacher’s patience never gives out
Give round: To pass something round to be shared
E.g. Give the food round to everyone at the table
Give to: (a) To make a present of something to someone (Had something to
someone)
E.g. The city gave the park to the people

133 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
(b) To supply, provide, or pass something to someone (Spend time on
something)
E.g. She was given the best part of her life to her art
Hand back: (a) To return something to someone by hand
E.g. Examinations papers will be handled back after marks have been
officially recorded
(b) To enable someone to have something again
E.g. Having gained power by force and ended the rule of the cruel
king, the military leaders then handed back the government to
the people
Hand down: (a) To give something to the people who are younger or come later
E.g. This custom has been handed down since the 18th Century
(b) Make a public statement about something; make something known officially
E.g. The City Council will hand down the budget on Monday
Hand in: (a) To give something to someone in charge, by hand
E.g. Hand this letter in as you pass my office, will you?
(b) To offer: Give something no longer wanted
E.g. Visitors to the camp must hand in any weapon at the main gate
Hand on: (a) To pass something to someone by hand
E.g. The precious flame representing the spirit of games is handed on
from runner to runner all the way from the original fire on the
ancient mountain to the place where the games are being held on
this occasion.
(b) To give or leave something such as knowledge to people who are younger
or come later
E.g. Their custom has been handed on to us by our great grandfathers
(c) To give control of something to someone else (Hand over)
E.g. The time has come for me to hand on the chairmanship to a
younger person
Hand out: (a) To hand something or things to each of several people
E.g. Handout the question papers as the candidates enter the
examination room.
(b) To offer; Give something freely
E.g. The government hands out payment to people out of work
Hand over: (a) To give something to someone else by hand
E.g. Hand over that bag at once, it’s mine
(b) To give control of something to someone else
E.g. I should like to get rid of the responsibility for this job, but there
doesn’t seem to be anyone fit to hand over to
Help off: To help someone to leave something
E.g. This wall is too high for me to jump from, will you help me off?
134 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Help on: To encourage someone or something
E.g. A few drinks should help the conversation
Help out: To help someone with a need or difficulty especially for a short time.
E.g. Can you help me out with my English homework?
Help over: To help someone to deal with a difficulty
E.g. Thank you for helping me over that difficult matter
Help up: To help someone to carry something to a higher level
E.g. Help me up with this heavy case, would you?
Insure against: (a) To pay money to make something safe against loss of money caused
by danger
E.g. How much will it cost to insure the building against fire?
(b) To be protected against something bad
E.g. The director will take steps to insure against possible failure
Insure for: (a) To make a contract with an insurance company to protect something or
someone’s life against loss, up to limit of a certain sum of money
E.g. The robbery does not mean a total loss, the furniture was insured
for
Invite in: To ask someone politely to enter (ask in)
E.g. Don’t keep your aunt standing on the door step, invite her in!
Invite out: To ask someone to share a meal or other social occasion (ask out)
E.g. This is the second time that nice young man has invited me out
Invite to: To ask someone to be one’s guest at an event (ask to)
E.g. We have been invited to her birthday
Keep after: To continue chasing someone or an animal
E.g. The police kept after the criminals until they last caught them
Keep ahead: To remain in advance, as in a competition
E.g. If you want to keep ahead in your job, you should ensure that
your good work is noticed by those in power
Keep at: (a) To delay someone at a place
E.g. I’m sorry I’m late, I was kept at the office
(b) To continue working at something
E.g. If you keep heard at your work, you’ll soon have the job finished
Keep by: (a) To have something at hand
E.g. I always keep a new tin of coffee by in case we suddenly need
some more
(b) To remain close to something or someone (Cling to, Cling onto, Stick with,
Stick to)
E.g. Keep close by the leader and then you won’t lose your way
Keep down: (a) To control a feeling such as anger
E.g. It was all I could do to keep my temper down when I saw the
boys treating the dog badly
135 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
(b) To control, reduce something especially by killing
E.g. Chemicals are used to keep the insects down
Keep for: To save something or oneself for someone
E.g. The library will keep the book for you till the weekend
Keep of: To remain in control of something or someone
E.g. The director kept control of most the share, but another man was
appointed to run the business
Keep off: (a)To stay away from something
E.g. Can’t you keep your dog off the road?
(b) To avoid, cease having food, a habit etc
E.g. The doctor advised Jim to keep off fattening foods
(c) To avoid mentioning in a subject
E.g. I suggest that you keep off religion while the priest is here
Keep on: (a) To remain in position on top of something or someone
E.g. She kept her hat on her head with a long pin
(b) To continue travelling in a certain direction
E.g. If we keep on our way for another hour we should reach the
village
Keep out: (a) To stay outside; not enter something
E.g. This notice should keep unwanted visitors out of the building
(b) To stay away from something such as trouble
E.g. I always try to keep out of other people’s affairs when they don’t
concern me
Look at: (a) To see’ watch; direct one’s eyes towards something or someone
E.g. The children spend too much time looking at television
(b) To regard; judge; consider; take point of view about something or someone
E.g. Happiness depends on how you look at life
(c) To consider something as acceptable
E.g. I would look at such a poor offer
Look after: (a) To watch someone or something usually from the back as they move away;
follow the movement of someone with one’s sight
E.g. Sadly we looked after the last bus as it disappeared round the
corner
(b) To take care of; To take the responsibility for someone or something
E.g. Who will look after the children while you go out to work?
Look away: (Look aside) To turn one’s eyes away from something or someone
E.g. I hate to see accidents so I looked away as we passed the scene
of the crash
Look back: To remember: Think about the past
E.g. It’s easy to make judgements looking back at the past
Look beyond: To consider; know; imagine something further, after or greater than something
136 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
E.g. Many young performers fail to look beyond the first stage of their
training
Look down on: To have a poor opinion of someone; belittle; think they are inferior
E.g. Women are tired of being looked down on by employers
Look for: (a) To try to find something or someone often that is lost
E.g. The police and the villagers are out in the woods looking for the
missing child
(b) To hope to get something
E.g. What results are you looking for?
Look in: To direct one’s eyes inside; try to see in something
E.g. If you don’t know her phone number, why don’t you look in the
book?
Look into: (a) To direct one’s eyes into; try to see in something
E.g. She looked into my eyes for a long time without speaking
(b) To try to find information in something
E.g. I made it a rule never to look into a newspaper
(c) To examine something quickly or not deeply
E.g. I usually look into a book before deciding whether to read it
(d) Try to find the truth about something’ examine the meaning or the causes
E.g. The government will look into how to reduce unemployment
Look on/upon: To regard; consider; have a point of view about someone or something
E.g. She is looked upon as a very promising young singer
Look over: (a) To examine something carefully
E.g. I wonder if you would be so kind to look over my book before I
send it to the printer?
(b) To consider something
E.g. I’ve looked over your suggestion, and have decided not to accept
it.
Look through:(a) To look quickly in something, often written or printed
E.g. I’ll look through my notes but I don’t think I have a record of his
name
(b) To examine or study carefully something written or printed
E.g. Look through your examination paper for any small mistakes,
before you hand in.
(c) To know the truth about; not be deceived by something or someone
E.g. Every time I try to fool him, he looks through my tricks
Look to: (a) To direct one’s eyes towards something (look towards)
E.g. We always look to the mountains to see what kind of weather we
shall have next, as it always comes from that direction
(b) To depend on someone to do something
E.g. The nation looks to its army as its chief means of defense
137 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Look towards: (Look to) To consider; think carefully about the future
E.g. We have to look towards the future, for the good of our children
Look up: (a) To direct one’s eyes upwards
E.g. I was buried in my book, when I looked up he had gone.
(2) To search for a word or other information in a book of facts, usually in
alphabetical order
E.g. If you don’t know the meaning of a word, look up in a good
dictionary
(3) To find and visit someone when in the same place
E.g. While you are in Blantyre, look up our old teacher, he will be
pleased to see you
(4) To respect; admire someone
E.g. Every child needs someone to look up to and copy
Make after: To chase someone or an animal
E.g. The policeman made after the suspect, but failed to catch them
Make against: To an action; to avoid or prevent something bad (To deal with danger or time of
danger in advance)
E.g. Steps can be taken to make provision against severe winter
Make at: (a) To gain an income from a profession or an activity
E.g. How much does Thokozani make at her Job?
(b) To start or threaten to attack someone (Came after)
E.g.. The prisoner made at the guard with a knife
Make away: (Make off) To leave in haste as to escape
E.g. I tried to speak to him, but he made away in hurry
Make for: (a) To produce; Cause something to exist especially for someone or something
E.g. It’s time I made some new curtains for the living room
(b) To move quickly, in the direction of something
E.g. After the dance, the crowd made for the nearest door
Make from: Fashion from, form from, make of, make out of, produce from
(To produce; shape; form; cause; sometimes to exist by using an existing object)
E.g. Mother can make a wonderful meal from beats of food left over
from the day before
Make into: (a) To shape materials into a finished object
E.g. Waste products from factories can be made into finished objects
(b) To change something or someone into something else or a kind of person
E.g. School has made a boy into coward
Make of: (a) To form; shape; produce something from a material
E.g. Are these shoes made of leather?
(b) To understand anything/little/much/nothing/something by something
E.g. I don’t know what to make of the boy’s behavior
(c) To train someone as; cause someone develop into a kind of person
138 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
E.g. You will never make a musician of that boy
Make on: To form; shape; produce something on top of something
E.g. Those birds have made their nest on the chimney!
Make out: (a) To write; complete something such as a paper
E.g. Cheques should be made out to Brpther’s Contractors Limited
(b) To reach an answer
E.g. How do you make that out?
Make with: To form; Shape; produce something by using something or together with
something or someone
E.g. The cake is made with six eggs, which give it a rich taste
Pull along: To make something or someone follow by pulling
E.g. Why does she pull the child along like that?
Pull apart: To separate usually with force
E.g. I saw the two boys fighting and pulled the apart before it was too
late
Pull away: (a) To remove something or someone, or oneself by pulling
E.g. The mother pulled the child away from the fire just in time
(b) To move away
E.g. The bus moved away before the conductor closed the door
(c) To separate something from something
E.g. The upper shoe has pulled away from the sole
Pull at: To try to draw something such as a rope towards one by pulling
E.g. Pull at that bell rope and a servant will come
Pull back: (a) To move something or someone back by pulling
E.g. He pulled the curtain back and looked down into the street
(b) To move backwards or away
E.g. The crowd pulled back in terror as the cat produced a strange
sound
(c) To be unwilling to fulfill a promise; pause; reduce one’s demands
E.g. The firm pulled back from its agreement and wanted to talk
about a new contract
(d) To take soldiers away; move an army back from a battle
E.g. We decided to pull back our forces and try to advance again
tomorrow
Pull by: To seize someone or animal by pulling part of the body
E.g. That teacher has a nasty habit of pulling the children by the ears
Pull down: (a) To lower something by pulling; make someone fall
E.g. He pulled his hat down firmly over his eyes
(b) To destroy something such as a building
E.g. Its such a pity that those fine old houses had to be pulled down to
make way for the new road
139 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
(c) To weaken someone in health
E.g. My recent cold has pulled me down
Pull in: (a) To gather; bring something or someone by pulling
E.g. The fishermen pulled in their nets full of fish
(b) To arrive
E.g. The train pulled in and all the passengers got off
(c) To move to one side
E.g. I pulled in at the filling station for petrol
(d) To attract a large number of people
E.g. Lower prices at Shoprite in Lilongwe pull in a lot of shoppers from
the city
Pull into: To help or force something or someone to enter something such as a place
E.g. You will have to pull the dog into the car, he doesn’t want to go
Pull off: (a) To remove something or someone by force
E.g. Let me pull that price of thread off your skirt
(b) To remove clothing from part of the body
E.g. I can’t pull these boots off my feet, they are so tight
(c) To turn a vehicle off the road into a parking area/space
E.g. We are not allowed to pull off the road for a rest until we reach a
special place
Pull on: (a) To try to draw something such as a rope towards one by pulling
E.g. Pull on that bell rope, and a servant will come
(b) To put on clothing by pulling
E.g. Help me to pull on these boots, they are very tight
Pull over: To move or force something into a position covering or passing over something
or someone
E.g. Pull the sheet over the dead body
Pull round: (a) To become conscious again after you have been made unconscious
E.g. She has been sick for four weeks but she is becoming to pull
round
(b) To make something or someone face the opposite way
E.g. A sudden shout pulled me round
Pull through: (a) To make something or someone pass through something such as space by
pulling
E.g. I can’t pull the thread through the eye of this needle, it’s too
small
(b) To succeed
E.g. She managed to pull through her examinations
Pull up: (a) To come to stop
E..g. The driver pulled the bus up only just in time to avoid hitting the
child
140 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
(b) To move forward
E.g. Pull up the chair and join the conversation
(c) To remove with force by pulling something which is fixed towards you
E.g. They have started pulling up the wooden tiles from the floor
(d) To correct; improve something such as one’s knowledge
E.g. You will have to pull up your English to a higher standard if you
want to pass the examination
Push ahead: To make progress with something
E.g. They have pushed ahead with that optimistic development
strategy
Push around: Not allowing someone to stay in one place or one position or not allowing one
to stick to one’s decision or idea
E.g. She is unable to make independent decisions because he keeps
pushing her around
Push through: To succeed through with difficulty
E.g. Many people were against the bill, but Mr Kaphaizi managed to
push it through
Run around (Round): To visit several people or places in order to obtain information or
to achieve something, often for someone else
E.g. He ran around to have the cheque signed
Run across: To meet someone unexpectedly
E.g. I keep running across my former students
Run after: Chase in order to catch them
E.g. The vendors run after the thief
Run away: Suddenly and secretly leave a place or a person, often because you are unhappy
E.g. He ran away from home
Run into: (a) Unexpectedly begin to experience something
E.g. Please, avoid talking too much, you will run into trouble
(b) Meet an old friend or someone whom you knew unexpectedly
E.g. I ran into my former wife today in town, you may run into her one
of these days
Run off: Leave a place quickly and unexpectedly, often because they have done
something wrong
E.g. I knew he would run off, he was such a shrewd fellow
Run out: To have no more of something
E.g. I have run out of sugar
Run over: Hit; knock down by a moving thing
E.g. The mourners were run over by a fast moving car
Run through: (a) Spread quickly
E.g. The sad news ran through the village

141 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
(b) Go through something thick e.g. a forest, bush or crowded in an attempt to
escape or chase something
E.g. The thief run through the crowd without being caught
Run down: Being completely exhausted
E.g. Since you have been working day in and out for two months now,
you are probably run down and you need a holiday
Take back: Being surprised or shocked
E.g. I was taken aback when I saw him taking off his shirt.
Take after: (a) Resemble a member of a family in appearance and deeds
E.g. Mary is talkative, she took after her mother.
(b) To swallow something after a point in time
E.g. Take this medicine after meals
(c) To begin to chase someone
E.g. The police dropped his load and took after the criminal, but failed
to catch him
Take apart: (a) Separate
E.g. Those boys are fighting please take them apart before they hurt
each other
(b) To take someone on one side, as for private conversation
E.g. I saw that he was taking members of his family apart and giving
them instructions
(c) To find severe fault with someone’s work
E.g. John’s latest book has been taken apart by the newspaper
Take away: (a) To remove
E.g. Take all these rubbish away from here
(b) To lead someone to another place
E.g. I would like to take you away for a holiday, but I don’t know when
we shall be able to afford it
(c) To cause something such as a feeling to cease
E.g. This drug should help to take the pain away
Take at: To aim an action in the direction of something or someone
E.g. I took a shot at the passing bird, but missed
Take back: (a) Return to bring back
E.g. These clothes are not mine, take them back, please
(b) To lead to carry someone on a return journey
E.g. Will you carry the children back to school this afternoon, or shall
I?
(c) To accept something in return
E.g. The shop has promised to take back any unsatisfactory goods
(d) To allow someone to return to marriage

142 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

 ALL-4-Academics
E.g. It’s very sad; after a year’s separation, Mary decided to return to
James, but he refused to take her back
(e) To admit that one was wrong in something he said
E.g. I take back my unkind remarks; I see that they were not justified
Take down: (a) To record something in writing
E.g. Please, take down notes as I talk
(b) To move something to a lower level; remove something from a higher
position
E.g. Please take these envelopes down to the office on the floor
down
Take in: (a) Allow someone to stay
E.g. You may not take in anybody you meet in the streets, they will kill
you
(b) To lead someone or carry something indoors or into a room
E.g. Please take the children in, it’s getting cold out here!
Take off: (a) Leave the ground
E.g. Please hurry up, the plane will take off in an hour’s time
(b) To remove something or someone from something
E.g. Let me take that piece of thread off your skirt
Take on: (a) Accept a responsibility, a job
E.g. When will you take on the job?
(b) Play against another team
E.g. Silver Strikers will take on MTL Wanderers at Silver Stadium
(c) To rent a house
E.g. We have taken on a house in Lilongwe
(d) To lead someone to carry something on board on a ship, plane etc
E.g. Each passenger is allowed to take on one small suitcase to fit
under the plane seat
Take up: (a) Accept a job: Report for duties
E.g. She has gone to take up the appointment
(b) To lift or raise something or someone
E.g. Take care not to take up the hot coals with your bare hands
Turn about: Change one’s mind or opinion, especially of a couple
E.g. After two days of a wedding life, the girl turned about
Turn down: (a) Refuse an offer/request
E.g. Why have you turned down the offer of appointment at Chipiku
Stories?
(b) To fold something in downwards or backwards direction
E.g. Please don’t turn down the corners of the pages
(c) To reduce flame, a sound etc, usually by moving a switch or other control
E.g. Please turn the radio down, I’m trying to sleep
143 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
Turn in: Go to bed
E.g. When do you turn in after supper
Turn off: (a) Switch off
E.g. Please turn off the light
(b) To stop having a characteristic or an expression on one’s face
E.g. Suddenly he turned off his false smile and showed his true nature
Turn on: (a) Switch on
E.g. Please turn on the lights
(b) To direct something on to someone
E.g. The fishermen were called to turn the water on the crowd to
make them leave
(c) To attack someone or something
E.g. The dog went mad and turned on his own master
(d) To depend on something
E.g. The case turns on the judge’s opinion of the prisoner’s character
Turn out: (a) Happen that way
E.g. It turned out to be him
(b) To get lead of something unwanted
E.g. Isn’t it time we turned out all those old newspapers?
(c) To make someone leave home
E.g. James was turned out after twenty years because the owner
wanted to pull the building down.
Turn up: (a) Arrive somewhere, come to attend
E.g. On my wedding day, my uncle did not turn up.
(b) To shorten clothing such as a skirt or trousers by folding or cutting the
bottom end
E.g. Can you turn my skirt up for me?
(c) To increase the flame or sound
E.g. Please turn the radio up, I’d like to hear the news.

THE END OF THE FIRST COPY

144 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]
 ALL-4-Academics
APPENDIX 1.0
1. A 18. B 36. B
2. B 19. B 37. D
3. D 20. C 38. C
4. C 21. D 39. B
5. B 22. A 40. A
6. B 23. B 41. B
7. D 24. C 42. A
8. D 25. B 43. B
9. D 26. A 44. A
10. B 27. C 45. D
11. B 28. A 46. D
12. A 29. B 47. B
13. C 30. D 48. C
14. A 31. D 49. D
15. A 32. B 50. A
16. C 33. A 51. C
55 34. C
17. C 35. D

APPENDIX 2.0
1B 18 C
2B 19 C
3D 20 A
4B 21 D
5B 22 A
6A 23 A
7B 24 B
8A 25 A
9C 26 A
10 B 27 A
11 C 28 B
12 B 29 D
13 B 30 A
14 B
15 A
16 C
17 A

145 | P a g Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]

APPENDIX 3.0
1C 16 A
2B 17 A
3B 18 A
4B 19 B
5D 20 C
6A 21 A
7D 22 C
8A 23 C
9A 24 D
10 A 25 A
11 B 26 A
12 B 27 C
13 A 28 A
14 A 29 B
15 A 30 A
 ALL-4-Academics

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Banda, M.A. (1979). English Grammar for Schools. Blantyre: Dzuka Publishing Company.

Choy, P. & Clark, D.G.(2011). Basic Grammar and Usage. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.

Edriss, A.K. (1995). English Grammar Information Book: The BESC1 Series: CanadiaFund
Malawi.

Eckersley, C.E. & Eckersley, J.M. (1960). A Comprehensive English Grammar for Foreign
Students. London: Longman.

Forest, R. (1985). Revision English New Edition. Blantyre: Dzuka Publishing Company.

Grant, N.J.H. (1991). Secondary English Students’ Book 4. Blantyre: Longman.

Kuiper, K. & Allan, W.S. (2010). An Introduction to English Language Word, Sound and
Sentence. Algarve: MacMillan

Best, W.D, The Student Companion, Essex, Longman, 1992

Chimombo Moira and Kholowa Foster, Senior Secondary Intergrated English, Student
Book 4, Macmillan, 2002

Chinodya Simmer, Step Ahead, New Secondary English Book 3, Longman, Zimbabwe,
1999 Eckersley, C.E and Eckersley, J.M, A Comprehensive English Grammar

Jika Kingsley, MSCE and GSCE Grammar, Chancellor College Publications, Malawi, 2000

Oxford Student’s Dictionary for Learners Using English to Study Other Subjects Ronald
Forest, Revision English

Ogundipe P.A and Tregidgo, Practical English 4, Longman, London, 1976

1|Pag Tijoy Lowore [ M S c . F o o d S c i e n c e ]