EXAMINER: DR ALI AL-ATABY

ELEC209
DEPARTMENT: EE&E Telephone: 0151-7948045

FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS 2022/23

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & POWER SYSTEMS

TIME ALLOWED: Three Hours

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

The numbers in the right hand margin represent an approximate guide to the marks available for that
question (or part of a question). Total marks available are 100.

Answer ALL Questions.

The Use of a calculator IS allowed.

Additional Information:
Formula Table

PAPER CODE ........ELEC209............ PAGE .. ..... 1.............. OF ....6..........................CONTINUED

1. a) At 𝑡 = 0 , the switch in the circuit shown in Figure Q1-1 moves
instantaneously from position a to position b.

t=0 6Ω
a
+
b
6.4 A vo 10 Ω 0.32 H 4Ω

Figure Q1 - 1
i) Determine the time constant of the circuit for 𝑡 ≥ 0. 3

ii) Find the mathematical expression for the voltage 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡) for 𝑡 ≥ 0. 6

iii) What percentage of the initial energy stored in the inductor has been 4
dissipated in the 4 Ω resistor at 5 ms after the switch has been moved to
position b?

b) Two ideal transformers with turn rations 3:1 and 1:2 are connected together
(cascaded). The two transformers are powered by a 260 V ac supply (with a
source resistance value of 5 Ω) connected to the primary winding of the first
transformer, and a load with 8 Ω is connected across the secondary winding of
the second transformer.

i) Find the current in the primary loop of the first transformer. 5

ii) Find the input power to the first transformer and the power delivered to 5
the load.
iii) What value of the load resistance would satisfy maximum power 2
transfer from the voltage source to the load?

Total
25

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2. a) A balanced three-phase Y-connected generator has an internal impedance of
0.2 + j0.5 Ω per phase and an internal voltage of 120 V per phase. The
generator feeds a balanced three-phase load having an impedance of
39 + j28 Ω per phase. The impedance of the line connecting the generator to
the load is 0.8 + j1.5 Ω per phase. Assume the system is a four-wire system
with positive phase sequence.

i) Calculate the three line currents. 3

ii) Calculate the three phase voltages at the load. 3

ii) Calculate the three line voltages at the load terminals. 3

iv) Calculate active and reactive power delivered to the load. 4

v) Calculate the efficiency of the given three-phase system. 3

b) A balanced three-phase load requires 480 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8.

The load is fed from a line having an impedance of 0.005 + j0.025 Ω per
phase. The line voltage at the terminal of the load is 600 V.

i) Calculate the magnitude of the line current. 2

ii) Calculate the magnitude of the line voltage at the sending end of the 3
line.

iii) Calculate the power factor at the sending end of the line. 2

c) Explain the effect of the power factor value on the magnitude of current in a 2
circuit or power system. Hence, explain the effect of the power factor on the
losses in electrical grids.

Total
25

PAPER CODE ........ELEC209........ PAGE ...........3............... OF ................6..............CONTINUED

3. a) A short three-phase transmission line with the following specifications:
400 kV, 200 MVA, 50 Hz, is 200 km long. The characteristic parameters
of the transmission line are: resistance = 0.03 Ω/km,
reactance = 0.5 Ω/km. The line supplies rated voltage and apparent power
at power factor 0.8 leading. The voltage at the receiving end of the
transmission line is 390 kV.
i) Find the power at the receiving end. 3

ii) Find the sending end voltage. 4

iii) Recalculate the power at the receiving end if the power factor is 2
now 0.8 lagging.
b) Part of a power system is shown in Figure Q3 below. Draw a simpler 12
representation (i.e. equivalent circuit) for this system using the per unit
concept. Show all the necessary steps (Note: Use 5000 VA and common
system base voltage of 250 V for G1).

Figure Q3

c) The reactance of a generator is given as 10% based on the generator 4

nameplate rating of 15 kV, 400 MVA. The generator is connected to a
new system with 30 kV and 100 MVA. Find the reactance of the
generator in per unit in the new system.

Total
25

PAPER CODE ........ELEC209........ PAGE ...........4............... OF ................6..............CONTINUED

4. a) A three-phase, four-pole induction machine, with rated frequency of 50 Hz and
rated voltage of 415 V, has the following parameters: 𝑅1 = 0.5 Ω, 𝑅2′ = 0.25
Ω, 𝑥1 = 0.4 Ω and 𝑥2′ = 0.4 Ω. (Assume the rated speed is 1425 rpm).

i) Determine the machine’s mode of operation. 2

ii) Calculate the ratio of the starting current to the rated current. 4
iii) Calculate the input power and the power factor of the machine under 2
rated condition.
b) A three-phase, four-pole, 30 kV, 200 MVA, star-connected synchronous
generator has a per phase reactance of 140% with a lagging power factor of 0.6
to the load.

i) Calculate the synchronous reactance in Ω. 2

ii) Calculate the rated current and the terminal phase voltage. 3

iii) Draw the equivalent circuit for the machine and its phasor diagram. 2

iv) Calculate the excitation voltage and the power angle (δ). 4

c) Compare induction machines with synchronous generators in terms of speed of 4

rotation, applications, method of excitation and efficiency.

d) Explain why fossil fuel or nuclear power stations use synchronous generators 2
while wind farms use induction generators.

Total
25

PAPER CODE ........ELEC209........ PAGE ...........5............... OF ................6..............CONTINUED

 Formula Table

Φ = BA   0 it = e − t ( Ae  t + Be −  t )
 =  2 − 02
v = L di/dt  = 0 it = e − t ( A + Bt )

λ = NΦ = Li
 I1  Y11 Y12   V1 
λ1 = N1 Φ1 = N1 Φ11 + N1 Φ12  I  = Y  
 2   21 Y22   V2 
L1 i1 = N1 Φ11 V1  Z11 Z12   I1 
 V  = Z  I 
N1 Φ12 = M12 i2  2   21 Z 22   2

N2 Φ21 = M21 i1 V1  T11 T12   V2 

 I  = T  
V1 = j L1 I1  j MI 2  1   21 T22  − I 2 
V2 = j L2 I 2  j MI1 Energy = Heat Value × Mass

21 12 Mass = no. of litres × relative density of petrol

k= =
11 22 n = 120 f/p
k= M C=
20
F/m
L1L2 d −r 
ln  
 r 
Voltage Ratio: V1/V2 = N1/N2   (d − r ) 
L = 0 1 + 4 ln H/m.
4  r 
Current Ratio: I1/I2 = N2/N1
Z pu1 S B1 Z pu1 SB1 VB2 2
Impedance Ratio: Z1/Z2 = (N1/N2)2 = = 
Z pu 2 SB2 Z pu 2 SB2 VB12
vC = Vf + (Vi - Vf) e-t/τ , where τ = RC Volume = A×v
iL = If + (Ii - If) e-t/τ , where τ = L/R 1 3
P= v
R
−( )t
2
i = I m sin(t +  −  ) − I m sin( −  )e L
 s −  ns − n 
Vg = I 2 Z sc + VT
s= =
R 1 s ns 
= 0 = = I 2 ( Rsc + jX sc ) + VT
2L LC
 Reff + jX sc R2
it = Ae( − +  ) t + Be( − −  ) t = e − t ( Ae  t + Be −  t ) I2 = VT Reff = − R1
( Reff + X sc )
2 2
s

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END