UCSPOL REVIEWER

- Group
a collection of people whose members interact with each other in accordance with the position they
occupy and the roles they are expected to perform.

- Social group
a unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles and statuses existing among them.

GROUPS according to SOCIAL TIES

PRIMARY GROUP
- This is the kind of group where the members have intimate, personal, ―face-to-face relationship. It is
usually characterized by bonds of tenderness, sympathy, mutuality of interest and a ―well feeling.

* Family – is a group of people united by ties of blood (consanguinity), or adoption which provides for the
rearing of the child and supplying his needs.
* Neighborhood - is a geographically localized community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area.
* Peer Group – is a group of two or more members who are more or less of the same age with a loosely
organized structure; often called gang, barkada or tropa.

SECONDARY GROUP
- is a group which the individual comes in contact with later in life. It is characterized by impersonal,
business-like, contractual, formal, and casual relationships.
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY GROUPS
1. Employer-Employee Relationships
2. Vendor-to-Client Relationships
3. Doctor to Patient Relationships
4. Mechanic to Client Relationships
5. Accountant Office
6. A Drugstore
7. A University Class
8. Athletic team
9. Workers in an Office

SOCIAL GROUPS according to SELF- IDENTIFICATION

IN-GROUP
- is a group in which an individual identifies himself and is given a sense of belongingness. It can be as small
as the family or as big as the nation. It is in this group that the individual learns to use “my” and “we”.

OUT-GROUP
- Feeling of indifference, avoidance, strangeness, dislike, out of place..

SOCIAL GROUPS according to PURPOSE

TASK GROUP
- is a group of persons formed to accomplish jobs, tasks or obligation.

RELATIONSHIP GROUP
- is a group of persons formed to fulfill the feeling of companionship. It is similar to a barkada or peer group

INFLUENCE GROUP
- is a group of persons formed to support a particular cause or ideology. Examples are political parties or
campaign groups.

SOCIAL GROUPS according to SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

GEMEINSCHAFT GROUP
- is a social system in which most relationships are personal or traditional and often both. It is composed of
many primary groups. Its structure is referred to as “community”.
GESSELSCHAFT GROUP
- is a society of bargaining and contract. Relationships are individualistic, impersonal, formal, contractual and
realistic. This is also referred to as “society”.

REFERENCE GROUPS
- is a group to which the individual refers and with whom he identifies either consciously or unconsciously. It
serves as a model to which the individual patterns his lifestyle.
- Most reference groups are informal reference groups, which mean that they are based on the group
members' shared interests and goals. Informal groups are not structured with a specific goal in mind.

FORMAL REFERENCE GROUPS

have a specific goal or mission. They also have a specific structure and positions of authority

SOCIAL NETWORK
- is a social structure that exists between actors—individuals or organizations.
- people and organizations are connected through various social familiarities, ranging from casual
acquaintance to close familial bonds.

Node
- The person or organization participating in the network

Ties
- are the various types of connections between these nodes. Ties are assessed in terms of strength. Loose
connections, like mere acquaintances, are called weak ties. Strong ties, like family bonds are called strong
ties.

SOCIAL NETWORK THEORY

-is the study of how people, organizations or groups interact with others inside their network.

Ego-centric networks
- are connected with a single node or individual. For example, you, the node, connected to all your close
friends.

SOCIO-CENTRIC
- are closed networks by default. Two commonly-used examples of this type of network are children in a
classroom or workers inside an organization.

OPEN-SYSTEM NETWORKS
- the boundary lines are not clearly defined.
A few examples in this type of network are America's elite class, connections between corporations, or the
chain of influencers of a particular decision.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
- the arrangement of any social group or society into a hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to
power, property, social evaluation, and/or psychic gratification.
- a particular form of social inequality
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
1. SOCIAL CLASS - the level or category where persons have more or less the same socio-economic
privileges in society.
2. SOCIAL STATUS - the position of an individual or group within a social structure
3. SOCIAL ROLE - the behavior expected of a person who occupies a particular status
BASES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
* POWER OR AUTHORITY - the ability to secure one‘s ends in life, even against opposition
-the degree to which one directs, manages, or dominates others
* PROPERTY OR WEALTH - refers to the rights over goods and services.
* Prestige or Social Evaluation - implies social judgment that a status or position is more
prestigious and honorable than others.

CONFLICT VIEW OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

- In his Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx insisted that private property is the main cause of social inequality.
- Division of labor -a significant cause in the formation of classes, which had led to social inequality.
- Abolition of private property - the ultimate goal of Socialism
-History - a record of class struggles; a history of class antagonism. Karl Marx called this ―Historical
Materialism.

SOCIAL MOBILITY
- the movement of persons from one position to another in the stratification system.

TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

* HORIZONTAL SOCIAL MOBILITY
- Individuals or groups may move from one position to another in the society which does not involve a shift
into a higher or lower stratum.
* VERTICAL SOCIAL MOBILITY
- the movement of individuals or persons into either a higher or lower stratum.
* CAREER MOBILITY
– this is when persons experience change in their social position over the course of their lifetime.
* INTERGENERATIONAL SOCIAL MOBILITY
- type of social mobility in which a person acquires his position from the parents‘ social stratification level.

FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL MOBILITY

1. Sex
2. Race
3. Mental Ability
4. Ambition
5. Education
6. Status of Parents
7. Physical Appearance

TWO GENERAL SYSTEMS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

- CLOSED SYSTEM
-stratification based on ascribed statuses or statuses assigned to people because of either innate
traits or social characteristics of parents.
* The Slave System
- a closed stratification system wherein some individuals are considered property from the time of birth.
Estate System- a closed stratification system based on the ownership of land.
Caste System - a closed stratification system wherein the stratum is arranged in the order of superiority
to inferiority.

- OPEN SYSTEM (class system)

-classes exist but they are not institutionalized
-class boundaries are unclear
-people do not show excessive class consciousness.
-Status is achieved and social mobility is possible.
-status of an individual or group is based on achievements rather than ascribed.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY
- occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that
engender specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.

FORMS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY

* GENDER INEQUALITY
SEXISM
- Sex and gender-based prejudice and discrimination.
-deepening division in the roles assigned to men and women
-Women are underrepresented in political activities and decision making processes.

* RACIAL OR ETHNIC INEQUALITY

-the result of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society
* GLOBAL INEQUALITY
-refers to economic differences between countries
-Countries are classified as First World Countries, Developed Countries, Industrialized Countries, Developing
Countries and Third World Countries

ETHNICITY
-is a term that describes shared culture—the practices, values, and beliefs of a group.

ETHNICITY OR MINORITY GROUP

refers to any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from
the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment

a. LGBT COMMUNITY
A sexual minority is a group whose sexual identity, orientation or practices differ from the majority of the
surrounding society.

b. PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (PWDs)

Around 10 per cent of the world‘s population, or 650 million people, live with a disability. They are the world‘s
largest minority.

SOCIAL CHANGE
In sociology, is the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in
cultural symbols, rules of behavior, social organizations, or value systems

UNI-LINEAR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

- views the development of society from a simple to complex form of organization

MULTI-LINEAR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

- views the occurrence of change from multiple lines that do not lead to a single result.

CONFLICT THEORY
- It views the inevitability of social change as a result of conflict among members of society caused by
struggle over property

FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
- Functionalism views society as a social system of interconnected parts, a bit like a human body with each
part of the body depending on the other to function

ASSIMILATION
- is the process by which a person or a group‘s language and/or culture become similar to another culture or
language.

ACCULTURATION
- is the exchange of cultural features that results when different groups come into continuous first hand
contact