Komar University Of Science and Technology

Spring 2024

Lab: 4 – Blood Grouping

MLS Dept.
Diyari Othman Karim – M.Sc. B.Sc. Dip. in MLS
diyari.othman@komar.edu.iq
 Medical Parasitology
Diyari O. Karim

Blood Group

Blood group: Is the classification of human blood are due to the

presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and
antibodies also can be present. The antigens are located on the
surface of the RBCs. While, the antibodies are in the blood plasma.

Blood group type is the most

important for:
• Transfusion practices
• During pregnancy.

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Blood Group Systems

There are more than 44 genetically

determined blood group systems known
today.

The ABO and Rhesus (Rh) systems are

the most important ones used for blood
transfusions.

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ABO System

ABO system: the system depend on the presence of A, and/or B antigens on the surface of RBCs. These
antigens are carbohydrates antigen.
According to the ABO blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or O

Blood group type Antigen on RBC Antibody in plasma

A A Anti - B
B B Anti - A
AB A&B None
O None Anti – A & Anti - B

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ABO Blood Group Types

Blood group A
• If you belong to the blood group A, you have A
antigens on the surface of your RBCs and B
antibodies in your blood plasma.
• Receives from A, O
• Donate to A Blood group A

Blood group AB
• If you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B
antigens on the surface of your RBCs and no A or B antibodies
at all in your blood plasma.
• Receives from A,B,O
• Donates to AB only

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 Medical Parasitology
Diyari O. Karim

ABO Blood Group Types

Blood group B
• If you belong to the blood group B, you have B
antigens on the surface of your RBCs and A
antibodies in your blood plasma.
• Receives from B and O
• Donate to B only

Blood group O
•If you belong to the blood group O , you have
neither A or B antigens on the surface of your RBCs
but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood
plasma.
•Receives from O only
•Donate to A, B, AB, O

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 Medical Parasitology
Diyari O. Karim

Rhesus System (Rh)

RH system: the system depend on the presence of D antigen on the surface of RBCs. The
antigen is a proteins antigen.

• RBCs that are "Rh positive" express the antigen designated D. If it is present, the blood is Rh-D positive, if
not it's Rh-D negative.

• 85% of the population is RhD positive, the other 15% of the population is running around with
RhD negative blood.

Note: They are named for the rhesus monkey in which they were first discovered

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Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN): is a condition where a baby's red blood
cells are destroyed by antibodies produced by the mother's immune system,
usually as a result of Rh or ABO blood group incompatibility between the
mother and the baby. This condition can lead to anemia and jaundice in the
newborn.

HDN is the most common problem with Rh incompatibility.

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Development of HDN in Newborn

• HDN occurs If a woman with Rh- become pregnant with a baby that has Rh+ blood group.
• A small quantity of fetal blood leaks across the placenta into the maternal blood stream.

• The mother’s immune system begins to produce anti-Rh antibodies.

• The mother’s antibodies cross the placenta during the subsequent pregnancy into the fetal
blood.

• If the second fetus is Rh+, the antigen-antibody reaction causes hemolysis of fetal RBCs and
it results in HDN.

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Development of HDN in Newborn

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HDN Treatment

• If a woman has Rh- and gives birth to a child, or

if she has a miscarriage or abortion, she is given
an injection of anti-Rh antibodies called anti-Rh
gamma globulin or RhoGAM to prevent HDN.

• The antibodies bind to the fetal Rh antigens and

inactivates them if they crossed the placenta
during birth, and the mother’s immune system
does not respond by producing antibodies.

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Materials

1. Toothpicks

2. Blood sample

3. Alcohol pad

4. Lancet

5. Clean glass slide

6. Monoclonal Antibodies (Anti-‐A, B, and D)

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Procedure

1. Take a clean glass slide and draw three circles on it.

2. Unpack the Monoclonal Antibodies (MAB) kit. In the first circle add Anti-‐A, to the second circle
add Anti-‐B and to the third circle add Anti-‐D with the help of a dropper.
3. Keep the slide aside safely without disturbing.
4. Now wipe the ring finger with the alcohol swabs and rub gently near the fingertip, where the
blood sample will be collected.
5. Prick the ring fingertip with the lancet and wipe off the first drop of the blood.
6. As blood starts oozing out, allow it to fall on the three circles of the glass slide by gently pressing
the fingertip.
7. Apply pressure on the site where it was pricked and to stop blood flow. Use the cotton ball if
required.
8. Mix the blood sample gently with the help of a toothpick and wait for a minute to observe the
result.
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Possible Result

➢ If the blood cells agglutinate when mixed with anti-A

serum, it is indicate that the blood type is A blood
group.

➢ If the blood cells agglutinate when mixed with anti-B

serum, it is indicate that the blood type is B blood
group.

➢ If the blood cells agglutinate when mixed with both

serums, it is indicate that the blood type is AB blood
group.

➢ If the blood cells not agglutinate when mixed with A

and B serums, it is indicate that the blood type is O
blood group.

➢ If the blood cells agglutinate when mixed with anti-D

serum, it is indicate that the blood type is positive blood group.

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Possible Result

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Blood Transfusion

● Universal donor: an
individual who can
donate his blood to any
blood group. Recipient
• Universal Recipient: an
individual who can AB A B O
receive the blood of
any blood group. AB

Donor
A
B
O

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Cross Match

Cross match

The cross match used to test the compatibility between two different blood samples
(donor & recipient).

Procedure
• Prepare serum from the recipient blood.
• Put a drop of fresh whole blood on a slide and mix it with a drop of recipient serum.
• Examine the mixed sample under the microscope and look for agglutination.

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Result

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