Liquid Deposition and 3D printing

3D printing is a type of additive

manufacturing technology that
uses liquid to craft objects. This 3D
printing type is also known as vat photo
polymerization: the process uses short
wavelength light to solidify liquid into 3D
pieces

It works by exposing a layer of

photosensitive liquid resin to a UV-laser
beam; the resin then hardens in the
desired pattern, and the object is built
layer by layer until it is complete. This 3d printing of pancakes with an orange dipping liquid
allows you to print a model with
extremely fine detail.
Flow, Form, Field.
The crowd was conceptualized as a swarm of particles moving within
the site. A self-organizing particle swarm algorithm was employed,
utilizing a cluster multi-agent system to simulate the motion lines of
the particles. This algorithm helps in organizing the movement of the
crowd and generating motion lines that guide their behavior.
The motion lines, representing the movement patterns of the crowd,
were then transformed into vector elements. This transformation
allows for the representation of the crowd behavior as a complex
random vector field across the entire square. This vector field provides
insights into the dynamics and interactions of the crowd within the
site.
In addition to the crowd behavior, the environment of the site
includes several fields. These fields include a vector direction field,
which indicates the direction of movement; a vortex field, which
represents swirling or rotational motion; a point field, which identifies
specific points of interest or attraction; a repulsive force field, which
discourages the crowd from certain areas; and a centripetal force field,
which draws the crowd towards a central point.
By incorporating these various fields and the self-organizing particle
swarm algorithm, the design aims to create a harmonious and efficient
flow of people within the site. This approach considers the complex
dynamics of crowd behavior and aims to optimize the design to
accommodate different groups of users and minimize crowd flow
interference.
Design Process

Locating the
Marking mixed Creating pattern
Crowd as swarm motion lines of
vector fields. vector
swarm

Structural form Support structure

3D printed panels Base Mesh
finding of the core space
Form Finding
Structural Details
3D Printing
Of Panels
3D Printing
Of Panels
Color Gradient
LDM wasp extruder

pump sends the

LDM wasp extruder Pneumatic system paste ceramic
materials

a collection of interconnected components

using compressed air to do work for automated
equipment.
 Advantages of LDM

• It can reach a level of precision which is very close to that of plastic polymer extruders

• It has the combination of a screw extruder and a pressure extruder.

• With this technology, it is possible to accurately control the flow of material.

• It allows the use of retraction to interrupt deposition.

• Innovations also include a system that eliminates air bubbles in the mixture and an outward
pressure multiplier up to 40 bar in the screw extruder.

• It allows the use of functional materials like ceramics, porcelain, clay, alumine, zirconium, and
advanced ceramics.

• By launching this new product the group aims to promote the print of fluid-dense materials and
advanced ceramics in the world.
 3d printing of wood

Specimens were printed using different paste-like suspensions made from

ground beech sawdust and methylcellulose dissolved in water.

The Process
involves selective activation of thin layers of wooden
particles as bulk material and gypsum, methylcellulose,
sodium silicate and cement as binding agents

Methyl Cellulose:
MC is a cellulose derivative and made from renewable raw
materials.
It is widely used in the production of adhesives, cosmetics,
food, paints and pharmaceuticals, for example, as binding,
emulsifying and thickening agent
 Materials and methods

Air-dry sawdust from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) was ground by a centrifugal
mill (Type ZM 1000, Retsch, Germany) and stored at 22 °C and 55% RH

The mixtures were made from fractions of the ground sawdust with two
different particle size distributions.

Fraction A contained particles, which passed through a sieve with a mesh

size of 0.25 mm.
Fraction B contained fraction A particles mixed at a ratio of 1:1 with
particles passing the 0.4 mm but not the 0.25 mm sieve.

Methylcellulose was used as an additional ingredient, which served both as

lubricant and binding agent

The MC powder was added to water (ratio of 1:20 or 1:30). After dissolving
and swelling, the gel-like mass was mixed with the ground sawdust.
 Materials and methods

The paste extruder consists of :

cylindrical plastic cartridge with an internal diameter of 27 mm
an outlet an 8 mm nozzle with a length of 51 mm
A NEMA 17 linear stepper motor which moves a piston towards the outlet by
means of a lead screw.
Printing was carried out with a traverse speed of 1 mm/s.
 Conclusions

One of the fundamental challenges with regard to printing of wood is to

combine the transportability of the material during printing process with
stability after printing is finished. Fused Deposition Modeling with wood-
filled thermoplastics solves this problem by changing the aggregate state from
a melted transportable liquid to stable solid.

Using the Liquid Deposition Modeling for printing of wood one has to
prepare a paste-like suspension, whereby the granular wood material acts as
the solid dispersed phase in a liquid dispersion medium, for example
dissolved methylcellulose. The resulting paste has a load-dependent behavior:
the substance flows like a viscous liquid at high stress and behaves as a rigid
body without mechanical load. After this load-dependent liquid/solid state
drying transforms the printed object into a load-independent solid state. A
possible remoistening, for example, for reasons of recycling, returns the paste
into the initial state (if methylcellulose is used as binding agent).
 Conclusions

A maximum wood content in the wood paste of almost 90% could be achieved.
Since the wood based binding agent methylcellulose was chosen, one could say that the 3D printed
mixture consists to 100% of the renewable resource wood.
Furthermore, the material is easy and cost-effective to manufacture.