Unit 5: Agricultural Patterns + Processes, CED Guided Notes

Unit 5 Big 1. How do a people’s culture and the resources available to them influence how they
Ideas grow food?

2. How does what people produce and consume vary in different locations?

3. What kind of cultural changes and technological advances have impacted the way
people grow and consume food?

Topic 5.1 Introduction to Agriculture

Commercial vs
Subsistence Commercial Subsistence
Agriculture
Goal

Scale

Intention

Extensive vs EXTENSIVE = ______________________

Intensive
Agriculture Fewer inputs of capital + paid labor relative to the space being used -a lot of land compared to
the invested capital and labor
Ex:
❏ _____________________
❏ _____________________
❏ _____________________

INTENSIVE = ______________________

Greater inputs of capital + paid labor relative to the space being used - a lot of capital and labor
compared to the amount of land
Ex:
❏ _____________________
❏ _____________________
❏ _____________________

I. Influences Agricultural practices are based on the ______________________,

on Agricultural ________________________, and established
Practices _____________________________.

Physical Features New Technology Consequences

______________ Irrigation ______________

Soil type ______________ Pollution
Soil nutrient levels Deforestation ______________
______________ Draining of wetlands Loss of biodiversity
Landforms ______________
____________ + ______________ = _____________
______________ _____________
_____________

Agricultural Climate Locations Intensive or Extensive

Practice

Pastoral Drylands, Arid, SW, C, + E Asia, N Extensive

_________ Semiarid Africa

Key Facts:

_________ Latin America

Cultivation Sub-Saharan
Africa, SE Asia

Key Facts: cycle of clearing land and overusing soil

_________ Tropical,
Subtropical

Key Facts: large, commercial farm growing luxury crops

Mixed ____/ Midwestern US, Extensive + Intensive

_________ Canada, Central
Europe

Key Facts:

_________ Extensive

Key Facts: US is 4th in wheat production

Spring Wheat -

Winter Wheat -
 Commercial Warm SE United States,
_________ Mid-Latitude SE Australia

Key Facts: AKA Truck Farming

_________ NE United States,

SE Canada, NW
Europe

Key Facts: Traditionally, fairy farms were local. Refrigeration

expanded the milk shed.

Mediterranean Crop farming - intensive

Herding - extensive

Key Facts: Crops include figs, dates, olives, grapes, etc.

Transhumance - the seasonal herding of animals from higher to lower

altitudes to keep livestock comfortable.

Livestock Drylands, Arid, Extensive

_________ Semiarid

Key Facts:

_________ Warm S, SE, + E Asia

Subsistence Mid-Latitude

Key Facts:

5.1 Check for 1. Compare and contrast commercial and subsistence agriculture.
Understanding

2. Compare and contrast extensive and intensive agriculture.

3. Explain how the physical environment impacts agricultural practices.

 Topic 5.2 Settlement Patterns + Survey Methods

I. Agricultural How do the following modifications impact the landscape?

Practices Shape
the Landscape Terracing: __________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Irrigation: __________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Deforestation: ________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Slash + Burn: _________________________________________

_________________________________________________

II. Rural
Settlement
_______________
Patterns
❏ ____________
villages/hamlets
❏ People live near each
other - walking distance
to fields, school, church
❏ Strong sense of
____________
_______________ _______________
❏ ____________ ❏ ________ settlements
farms ❏ Correlates with the
❏ Many farm properties French Long-Lot System
over 100 acres ❏ In a “________”
❏ ____________ along rivers or bodies of
____________ water
were rare because farms
were so spread out

III. Rural _________ + __________

Survey ❏ England before ____________
Methods ❏ Used to describe plot boundaries
❏ _________ - _______ distances
❏ Ex: “here to the oak tree”, “100 yards north to the corner of the barn”
❏ _________ - _________ areas, based on larger physical features like streams or
roads
❏ English colonists in America also used this system until…

_________ + _________
❏ ______________________________________ of 1785
❏ Used to standardize organization of landscape
❏ Townships = ____ mi. X ____ mi.
❏ Sections = ______ acres (each square mile)
❏ Ranges - a measure of the distance east or west in units of 6 miles
❏ First seen in the US in the Midwest
 ___________________________
❏ _________ + _________ settlements in North America
❏ Farms were long thin sections of land, perpendicular to river
❏ Many farmers could have ___________________ property
❏ Great for water transport of goods
❏ In North America - Quebec + Louisiana

5.2 Check for 1. How do agricultural practices alter the landscape?

Understanding

2. Compare and contrast clustered, dispersed, and linear settlements.

3. Compare and contrast methods of surveying land including metes + bounds, township +
range, and long-lot survey system.

Topic 5.3 Agricultural Origins + Diffusions

I. Early Hearths Agricultural hearths were established____________________ at various times and

of locations. The first hearths were likely regions of _____________
Domestication _______________ on the edge of forests.

______________ Domestication
❏ Raising and caring for animals by humans for protection of food
❏ Probably began with __________________
❏ Later, goats and sheep

______________ Domestication
❏ Began after animal domestication
❏ 1st domesticated plants were vegetative - parts of ___________or __________
of existing plants
❏ Next - domestication of _______

II. Patterns of _______________ Agricultural Revolution

Diffusion
❏ Nomadic _____________________ to ____________ agricultural
settlements
❏ Agricultural hearths become first complex _________________
❏ Civilizations lead to…
❏ Increased _________
❏ Large ________
❏ Conquest + expansion
❏ Improved agricultural techniques lead to…
❏ Decreased need for farmers
❏ New occupations = specialized work

Increased trade and expansion led to __________________ of crops + animals.

________ Empire
❏ Trade in wheat and other agricultural products from England to Africa + SW Asia
❏ Diffusion through Mediterranean + Trans-Saharan Trade routes
_________ Roads
❏ Trade in silk, rice, and other goods (like porcelain)
❏ Silk Road was a trade route connecting Rome with China
❏ Often traveled by horse and camel
 _______________________________________
❏ Global movement of plants, animals, + diseases between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
❏ Began with _______________ arrival in the ______________
❏ Europeans BROUGHT plants + animals to the Americas and TOOK plants + animals back to
the East

List plants, animals, + diseases native to civilizations in either the “Old” World or the “New” World.
Afro-Eurasia Americas

Plants

Animals

Diseases

5.3 Check for 1. Define plant and animal domestication.

Understanding

2. Choose one crop and describe its hearth’s location, date of domestication, method of
diffusion and extent of diffusion.

3. Explain how plants and animals diffused through the expansion of the Roman Empire,
the development of the Silk Road, and the Columbian Exchange.

Topic 5.4 The Second Agricultural Revolution

I. Advances of Before the Second Agricultural Revolution…

the Second Vast majority of families were ______________
Agricultural ❏ Production of textiles, tools, other goods was done in the home by hand
Revolution ❏ Most people spent their entire lives within their
________________________
❏ Communities were self-sufficient and _____________ from one another

Start of the Second Agricultural Revolution…

❏ 1700s (18th century) in _________________
❏ Second Ag. Revolution aligns with the _____________________________
❏ Mechanized agricultural production drastically changed daily life and led to increased
crop yields and urbanization

II. Impact of 1. Mechanized agriculture reduces need for

the Second ___________________________
Agricultural ❏ Fewer, larger, more productive farms with fewer owners + laborers
Revolution ❏ Many farmers + workers now unemployed and looking for work in
__________
2. Increase in more __________________________ improves quality of life
❏ Better diets
 ❏ Longer life expectancies
❏ Reliable food surplus leads to dramatic increase in population
3. ___________________ leads to changes in agricultural practices
❏ Mass production of goods, like textiles, creates greater demand for more raw
materials (high demand fuels colonization efforts)
❏ Cheaper prices for goods leads to rise in _________________________

5.4 Check for 1. Describe life in Great Britain prior to the Second Agricultural Revolution.
Understanding
2. Describe the advances in technology that emerged during the Second Agricultural
Revolution.

3. Describe the impact of the Second Agricultural Revolution on quality of life,

urbanization, and agricultural practices.

Topic 5.5 The Green Revolution

I. The Green The Green Revolution, also known as the

Revolution ________________________________, started in the mid-20th century
(1960s).

Advances in technology are based in biology (science) and include more efficient farming
practices:
❏ Seed Hybridization
❏ GMOs
❏ Fertilizers
❏ Pesticides + Herbicides
❏ Advanced machinery + irrigation systems

_______ ❏ The cross breeding of two seeds, each with a particular desirable trait,
_______ to produce a single seed with both desirable traits
❏ Hybridization has been practiced for hundreds of years
❏ Most hybrids are grains - a focus on rice in the 1960s

GMOs ❏ Biological engineering to change the DNA of a seed

(Genetically ❏ New seed allows for increased yield and resistance to _________
Modified ________________________________________
Organisms) ❏ Controversial
❏ Research surrounding long-term consumption of GMOs not yet
available (although most biologists agree there is little to no risk)
❏ Farmers who rely on GMO seeds are required to purchase seeds
every season due to use of heritage seeds

Fertilizers ❏ Add necessary _______________________________

❏ Fertilizers benefit regions that have been overused and become
depleted of nutrients AND makes it possible to grow plants where it
was previously _____________________________.
❏ Fertilizer use has increased in developing countries in Asia + the
Americas.
❏ Dependence on fertilizer to grow crops is a negative consequence of the
introduction of _____________________________.

Pesticides + ❏ Agricultural chemicals used for _________________ and

Herbicides ____________ harmful to cultivated plants and/or animals
❏ Pesticide/Herbicide use has increased in ____________ countries
in Asia + Africa
❏ Similar to fertilizers, farmers are becoming dependent on expensive
 pesticides and herbicides
Advanced machinery + irrigation:
❏ Tractors
❏ Tillers
❏ Broadcast seeders
❏ Grain carts
❏ Harvesters

II.
Consequences __________________
of the Green
Revolution Higher __________________
❏ Prevents ________
❏ By the 2010s, 80% of the developing
world has an adequate diet
❏ Wheat - 208% increase
Corn - 157% increase
Rice - 109% increase
Potatoes - 78% increase
_________ for research and business
❏ High rates of investment in public +
private sectors for research and
development
____________ in food _________
❏ Higher yields leads to falling food prices
❏ Eases economic stress in developing
countries
__________________________
❏ GMOs, hybridization, and agricultural
chemicals support longer growing
periods and healthier plants
__________________
_________________ damage
❏ Chemical runoff ruins freshwater
sources
❏ Commercial agriculture leads to
persistent
__________________
________________________
❏ Draining of wetlands disrupts
ecosystems + leads to loss of
______________
❏ Deforestation > Desertification
__________________
❏ Mechanized agricultural replaces need
for human labor
❏ Large scale unemployment in farming
Dependence on agricultural chemicals
❏ Farmers become dependent on
fertilizers, pesticides/herbicides to grow
viable crops
__________________
❏ Food surplus leads to rapid population
growth, particularly in less developed
regions

III. The Green The Green Revolution was ____________________ in Africa.

Revolution + 1) Climate + soil diversity - much of Africa would have needed to use expensive fertilizers in
Africa order to grow successful crop yields.

2) ____________________ in some regions (insects, viral strains, desert climates,

etc) are challenging for technologies to adapt to and for researchers to collect data.

3) Sub-Saharan Africa is lacking sufficient ____________________________ =

research + development requires even more capital investment

4) Staple crops native to Africa (sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, peanuts) were not always
included in research.

5.5 Check for 1. Describe 3 advancements in agricultural technology introduced during the Green
Understanding Revolution.

2. Identify positive consequences of the Green Revolution.

3. Identify negative consequences of the Green Revolution.

4. Why was the Green Revolution least successful in Sub-Saharan Africa?

 Topic 5.6 Agricultural Production Regions

I. Subsistence Define subsistence agriculture: ____________________________________

vs Commercial _______________________________________________________

Define commercial agriculture: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Regions utilizing subsistence or commercial agriculture differ in terms of

_______________________________, _________________,
_______________.

Subsistence Commercial

Found in which MDC / LDC MDC / LDC

type of region?
____ % of the labor force works ____ % of the labor force works
in agriculture. in agriculture.

Use of machinery _______ farmers per square _______ farmers per square
unit of arable land. unit of arable land.

Farm work done by Farm work done by

__________. __________.

Farm size BIG / SMALL BIG / SMALL

Average farm size in China - Average farm size in the US -

_______ acres ________ acres

Define monocropping: _________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

____________ commercial farms are replacing __________ commercial and

subsistence farms.

Most small-scale farmers are now working for an ______________________.

__________________ describe a farm in which labor is performed by farmers who

live nearby the farm rather than ON the farm.

II. Intensive vs Agriculture is influenced by ________ economic factors - the costs of ___________,
Extensive ___________, ____________.

Extensive Intensive

Definition: ___________________ Definition: ___________________

__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________

If land is ___________ and costs If land is ___________ and costs

_________, the land is used extensively. _________, the land is used intensively.

Ex: Ex:
 Draw an image to illustrate intercropping:

Draw an image to illustrate double cropping:

The ________________ refers to the use of concentric rings of different activities

surrounding a city (or market area) in order to indicate the starting position for each
____________ use relative to the market.
❏ Each line = farmers’ willingness to pay ____ in land rent ______ to market than
farther away
❏ In a free market economy, the land will go to the farmer who is willing to
_______________
❏ Intersection of lines = ___________________________

5.6 Check for 1. Compare and contrast subsistence and commercial agriculture in terms of farm size,
Understanding use of machinery, and percentage of human labor required.

2. Compare and contrast intercropping and double cropping. Why are these practices
utilized in intensive agriculture?

3. How does the bid rent theory relate to agricultural practices?

Topic 5.7 Spatial Organization of Agriculture

I. Agribusiness Agribusiness - a set of economic and political relationships that organizes

_______________________________________________________.

❏ Agribusiness is ALWAYS _____________ agriculture

❏ Some crops are __________ (cattle ranching)
❏ Some crops are __________ (market gardening)

Consolidation - taking a bunch of __________ things and making them into one,
__________ thing.

❏ Developing countries are still predominantly __________ but __________

of these farms marks the beginning of the agribusiness process.
❏ Plantations are being bought out by _____________ and transformed into both
an intensive AND extensive process (using larger land areas)
❏ Agribusinesses take advantage of ___________________ (greater
production results in saving in costs).
 Elements of agribusiness…

❏ _________________ - increased connections between distant places allows

for international corporations to be involved in all steps of the production process
❏ ____________________ - a system of resources, producer transportation,
communication, information, and consumers involved in different steps in
developing a product.
❏ ____________________ - when a company owns several smaller businesses
involved in different steps in developing a product.

II. Complex Complete the commodity chain for corn:

Commodity
Chains

III. Impact of
Technology
Technology includes… Positive Consequences Negative Consequences

____________, Increase in Environmental

herbicides, + __________ ______________.
____________
Increase in the land’s Loss of
_______ + Complex ______________ ____________.
Seed Hybridization
Decrease in _______ Threatened
______________ ________. ____________.

Decrease in global Uneven distribution of

______________. ____________.

5.7 Check for 1. How does globalization contribute to the growth of agribusiness?
Understanding

2. Compare and contrast family owned farming and agribusiness.

3. Explain the relationship between agribusiness, commodity chains, and vertical integration.
 Topic 5.8 Von Thunen’s Model

I. Von Thunen
_____________: Johann von Thunen→ farm owner in ___________
Model
The model illustrates a pattern of locations of _____________________ in relation
to the closest __________.
Decisions about _________ to locate an agricultural practice are based on…
❏ ________________ cost (weight of product)
❏ Cost of __________ (bid rent theory)
❏ Whether the agricultural practice is __________ or __________

Label Von Thunen’s Model:

Horticulture Forests Grains Livestock

Extensive or
Intensive?

Perishable?

Cost of
Transportation
 Assumptions vs Reality of Von Thunen’s Model:

Assumptions Reality

❏ Market is always in a ________ ❏ Coastlines and other physical features

location.
❏ There is only _________ market.
❏ Landscape is ____________.
❏ Transportation technology is
___________.
❏ Agricultural practices are _______
regardless of region.
may result in __________ markets
or markets located in a _______
location.
❏ Physical features like rivers, lakes, +
mountains _________ the rings.
❏ New technology like trains, planes, and
cool chains __________ the
distance from market.
❏ Some regions ________ in certain
agricultural practices.

5.8 Check for 1. Who is Von Thunen and what is the purpose of his model?
Understanding

2. Identify the agricultural practice located in each of the 4 rings included in Von Thunen’s
model.

3. What assumptions does Von Thunen make in his model? How do these assumptions
compare to reality?

Topic 5.9 The Global System of Agriculture

I. Global Supply _____________ + ____________ + ___________ = INTERDEPENDENCE

Chain
Interdependence- the ______________ of two or more things (____________)
on _______________.

Regional interdependence is a result of…

_________________________ __________________________

Luxury crops are grown in least developed Tropical regions export coffee, tea, bananas,
countries and sent to developing countries pineapples to temperate + subtropical
to be manufactured. regions.

Manufactured goods are sent to developed Temperate + subtropical regions export

countries to be sold. grains like wheat and rice to tropical regions.
II. Dependence Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities.
on Export
Commodities
Causes Effects

❏ ______________ practices were ❏ ____________ are unable to afford

established during European the crops they’re harvesting for export
________________________ ❏ Decrease in supply of necessary crops (not
of less developed regions growing crops needed for
❏ Many ____________________ _____________because land is
grow well in ___________climates being used for cash crops)
❏ In order to maintain profit, countries ❏ ________________________,
will allocate most of the available farm drought, disease, etc. leads to a low crop
land to produce the ____________ yield - entire economy is affected
_____________ export

III. Global Food Global food distribution networks are affected by political relationships, infrastructure, and
Distribution patterns of world trade.

Political Relationships
❏ ______________________relationships are _____________ on
______________________ relationships
❏ Global or regional ________will ______trade networks, impacting every economy

Infrastructure
❏ Transportation networks allow for quick and efficient _____________________
_____________________ + finished product.
❏ A _______________of infrastructure inhibits your ability to participate in the
_____________________ network
❏ Developed countries have subsidized the development of transportation networks for the
export of goods

Patterns of World Trade

❏ Today’s ____________________ relationships are rooted in ___________+
_______________
❏ More ______________countries continue to __________workers in
________________countries who lack labor laws to protect workers and
guarantee _________________.

5.9 Check for 1. Describe the concept of a “global supply chain”. How does a global supply chain result
Understanding in “interdependence”?

2. How do countries become dependent on a single export commodity? What are the
effects of this dependence?

3. Describe how political relationships, infrastructure, and trade patterns impact the
global distribution of food?
 Topic 5.10 Consequences of Agricultural Practices

I. Agricultural practices cause both short and long-term environmental damage, including…
Environmental
Effects of Pollution:
Agriculture ❏ agricultural technology that runs on petroleum/gas emit CO2 emissions
❏ ________________ and single-use plastic packaging contributes to land pollution
❏ use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers can lead to water pollution of nearby
_____________________sources

_____________________:
❏ clearing of forests + vegetation, terracing, and monocropping permanently alter the
landscape
❏ this land cover change _________________ and alters the land’s ability to support
wild plants and animals

Desertification:
❏ _______________and ______________destroys complex
________systems that act as an anchor for topsoil
❏ without an anchor, the exposed ________can be __________or __________,
leading to desertification

Soil salinization:
❏ ____________________ results an increase in _________ deposited in
___________ (even freshwater has some salt content - after irrigation, water
evaporates from the topsoil, leaving salt behind)
❏ salinity leads to ___________soil fertility + ___________in crops

Conservation efforts aim to reverse and/or reduce environmental damage resulting from
agricultural practices. Conservation efforts are implemented at _________________.

Global Conservation Global Regional National Local Conservation

Conservation Conservation

❏ ___ Sustainable ❏ __________ ❏ ____ Fish + ❏ _______State

Development Conservation Wildlife Service Parks
Goals - Association ❏ National Park ❏ Georgia
affordable + ❏ The Foundation Conservancy
clean energy, __________ ❏ BirdLife ❏ Georgia
protection of Conservation ________ Department of
plant + animal Fund ❏ Wildlife Research Natural
life, climate ❏ Water Aid and Resources
action ❏ Wildlife Conservation ❏ Southeast
❏ UN Climate Conservation Trust Conservation
Change Society ❏ Pro Natura Corps
Conference, UK ❏ The Ocean ❏ Nature ❏ Sawnee
2021 Cleanup Conservancy of Mountain
_______ Preserve

II. Agricultural Agricultural practices can alter the landscape in permanent ways…
Practices Alter
the Landscape Deforestation refers to the mass clearing of trees. Trees take a very long time to grow and
mature. Therefore, the clearing of forests alters the landscape for a long period of time.
Deforestation is a common practice in order to _________________ off of lumber and
also clear land to be used for other ________________________________. →
 Slash + burn is a specific _________of clearing________________________
for the ____________________________. Trees are cleared and then a
controlled fire is set. In this instance, the lumber will not be used for profit. Additionally, the
burning of the vegetation results in ______that deposits ___________in the topsoil -
providing valuable nutrients for crops. →

Shifting Cultivation is an agricultural practice that _________________________

methods in order to clear land of natural vegetation. Once land is cleared, the land is used for
__________, for consecutive seasons, _____________________________
___________________. This damage alters the landscape's ability to support any
kind of vegetation and ultimately decreases the land’s_______________.

Irrigation is a method of bringing ______________ to an agricultural site from a

_________location. Inefficient or faulty irrigation systems cause enormous waste of
freshwater. Additionally, irrigation of too much freshwater can cause sources like _______
___________________ permanently, decreasing the freshwater supply for both
humans and animals. →

_____________can be a source of ____________. Therefore, irrigation can

include draining of those wetlands. Too much draining will result in the ____________
______________________ that relies on the water supply in the wetlands.

III. Societal Evolving agricultural practices effects society by ________________, impacting the
Effects of __________________ in agriculture, and altering ___________________.
Agriculture

Changing Diets Role of Women Economic Purpose

❏ The _______of the ❏ Women are often excluded ❏ Trade patterns and
average consumer from revolutions and production are impacted
changes as food technological advancement by both supply and
production changes ❏ Men in both MDCs and demand.
❏ New agricultural LDCs were the first to have ❏ Food _________is
methods lead to new access to training affected by ________
_____________ regarding new agricultural _______________,
and trends amongst techniques leading to changes in
consumers ❏ Although _________ what food is available to
❏ Ex: __________, provide the majority of consumers.
__________, __________on farms ❏ Additionally, food ____
Fair Trade, Free in ________, _______________,
Range, etc. ______still control altering which crops bring
agricultural practices as in the most _______.
______________

5.10 Check for 1. Identify and describe three examples of environmental damage caused by agricultural
Understanding practices.

2. Identify and describe three ways in which agricultural practices alter the landscape.

3. Explain how diets, gender equality, and economic activity are impacted by changes in
agricultural practices.
 Topic 5.11 Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture
I. Agricultural
Innovation
The Innovation
________________
refers to methods of
farming based on the
__________ of plants
and animals. Examples
include:
❏ Pesticides
❏ _____________
❏ Fertilizers
❏ ______________
❏ GMOs
The Innovation
Genetically Modified
Organisms are plants or
animals with ______that
has been intentionally
modified.
Examples of GMO crops
grown in the US include:
❏ ______________
❏ ______________
❏ ______________
❏ ______________
❏ ______________
The Innovation
______________
refers to the practice of
________________
and other forms of food that
live in water. The growth of
the aquaculture movement
is referred to as the _____
________________.
The Benefit
Biotechnology allows
farmers to harvest ______
_________________
and grow crops with higher
________________
_______________.
The increase in yield
__________ global
________________.
The Benefit
GMO seeds lead to ______
_________________
and crops with higher
________________.
The increase in yield
combats global
malnourishment.
The Benefit
Aquaculture has
dramatically increased the
availability of fish and fish
protein.
The Blue Revolution is
responsible for ____% of
the world’s seafood.
The Debate
Consumers are concerned
about the long-term
______________ of
consuming foods made of
crops that came in contact
with agricultural
______________.
Additionally, agricultural
chemicals have the potential
to ________________
sources located near farms.
The Debate
Consumers are concerned
about the long-term
consequences of consuming
GMO foods. Although the
majority of scientists find
them safe for humans.
Additionally, many farmers
are unable to purchase GMO
_________________,
causing debate over the
______________of
these seeds.
The Debate
Fish farms are criticized
because of their
❏ Use of ________
systems and high fish
density that contribute to
the spread of disease and
parasites
❏ Competition with
traditional fishing
❏ Possible exploitation of
labor
❏ And dangerously high
levels of organic matter
deposited in the ocean as a
result of fish waste
 The Innovation The Benefit The Debate

______________ Hydroponics and aquaponics Hydroponic and aquaponic

refers to an agricultural
method wherein crops are
grown in water rather than
soil.
______________ , a
variation of hydroponics,
uses waste from live fish to
provide nutrients for the
water in which crops are
grown.
farmers have more control systems are:
over the growing process.
❏ ______________
Advantages include: to set up
❏ An extended growing ❏ vulnerable to power
season ____________
❏ _________ water ❏ require constant
consumption ______________
❏ _________ pests + _____________
❏ Indoor growth is ❏ vulnerable to waterborne
possible __________
❏ _________ yield

II. Movements
Impact _____________
Production +
Consumption
growing or producing food
in a city or heavily populated
town in order to decrease the
prevalence of food deserts
and/or food insecurity.
_________________
_________________
members of a community
buy “shares” of a farm’s
harvest in advance and then
receive a portion of the crops
as they’re harvested.
_________________
_________________
an agricultural practice that
prioritizes environmental
sustainability and prohibits
the use of pesticides,
antibiotics, fertilizers,
GMOs, and growth
hormones.

_________________ ________________ _________________

_________________ _________________

a manufacturing process a movement designed to Eating local supports local,

that increases the value of
agricultural raw materials.
The final product may
appeal to a movement like
organic or non-GMO foods,
or might create something
new or “artisanal” like
cheese, wine, etc.
provide more money for
small farmers in less
developed countries. Fair
Trade products are branded,
and slightly more expensive,
but most consumers are
willing to pay the cost
because they understand the
profit benefits farmers
rather than corporations.
small-scale, and often
family-owned farms. Crops
transported from a local
farm to a local market use
significantly less fossil fuel
compared to large
commercial farms.

III. Challenges
of Feeding a _________________________
Global
Population Food insecurity refers to the lack of
certainty regarding ____________
_____________________ . Food
insecurity impacts impoverished individuals
all over the world, regardless of how
developed their home country may be.
Currently, ___ of the global population
experiences food insecurity.
_________________________
Urban areas often lack choices for
consumers to buy ____________,
__________, ____________.
Grocery stores choose not to locate within
large _________ due to the cost of
renting space. Many individuals and families
are forced to purchase their food supply
from corner stores or _________
 Political Issues Adverse Weather Loss of Arable Land

Internal and external conflict _________________ Country’s experience

can disrupt the flow of
imports and exports,
including agricultural
productions.
Wars and conflicts also
disrupt ___________
networks, or the further
construction of
transportation networks that
are vital to the efficient
__________of food
supply throughout a country.
such as hurricanes, tsunamis,
earthquakes, and mudslides
not only destroy communities
but they also destroy
significant amounts of land
used for agricultural
production.
Adverse weather may also
include severe drought and
unusually hot/cold
temperatures - both of which
can impact a season’s ____.
urbanization and
suburbanization as they
develop over time.
Urbanization and
suburbanization refer to the
________and ________
of urban and suburban
communities.
As urban areas and suburbs
continue to grow, potentially
_________land is lost to
the building of residential and
market areas.

5.11 Check for 1. Identify and explain the advantages and disadvantages of biotechnology, genetically
Understanding modified organisms, aquaculture, OR hydroponic farming.

2. Identify and explain TWO movements that are impacting the production and
consumption of food items.

3. Compare and contrast food insecurity and food deserts.

Topic 5.12 Women in Agriculture

Women in In ________________________ countries…

Agriculture ❏ Women have ______ involvement with field work due to modernized farming and
___________________
❏ In large-scale agribusiness, women are able to contribute at _____________
from crop and livestock management to distribution + research.
❏ However, few women are __________ of agribusinesses.
❏ Women have access to ________ and ________ that allows them to participate
in other economic sectors. (manufacturing, services, research, tech, etc.)

In ________________________ countries…
❏ Women make up ________ of the agricultural labor force in subsistence-heavy
areas.
❏ Women manage _______________ while men migrate to urban areas for work.
❏ Women provide labor but are unable to __________________ in many
regions.
❏ Lack of access to education and training excludes women from ______________
___________________________________________________

5.12 Check for 1. Describe the role of women in agriculture in more developed regions.
Understanding

2. Describe the role of women in agriculture in less developed regions.