MEDICAL

PHYSIOLOGY &
BIOPHYSICS
Group F - FMUI 2022
TABLE OF CONTENT
01. MODELING OF THE SPECIAL SENSES ORGANS
PASCO Human Eye Model
Audiometry
Cochlear Simulation

02. REFRACTION ABNORMALITIES, VISUAL FIELD AND OTHER

VISUAL PROCESSES
Refraction Abnormalities
Visual Field and Other Visual Processes

03. TASTE AND SMELL, BODY EQUILIBRIUM AND BALANCE, HEARING

Taste
Body equilibrium, balance, and hearing
PHYSIOLOGY 3 Taste
Body equilibrium, balance, and hearing
TASTE.
PROCEDURES
1. The subject is not allowed to know what solution is being placed on his/her tongue.
2. Make an agreement with the subject about the signal he/she will use if he/she can sense the taste on the
cotton bud (e.g. raise his/her hand if he/she can sense the taste), and what taste he/she senses (e.g. raise 1
finger for sweet, 2 fingers for sour, 3 fingers for salty, 4 fingers for bitter). During the experiment the subject is
not allowed to talk or touch his/her tongue to his/her palate.
3. Dip the cotton swab into the sweet solution and press out the excess liquid against the cup or on a paper
towel.
4. Instruct the subject to stick out his/her tongue and place the cotton bud against all taste areas of the
tongue (see Figure PII-1.).
5. After each application, ask the subject if he/she can sense any taste from the solution and what taste
he/she sensed.
6. Write down the result on the diagram of tongue in the provided results form.
7. Instruct the subject to rinse his/her mouth with water.
8. Discard the cotton bud that was used.
9. Repeat steps number 3-8 for the sour solution.
10. Repeat steps number 3-8 for the salty solution.
11. Repeat steps number 3-8 for the bitter solution.
TASTE.
PROCEDURES Explain how the sensation of taste from chemicals
on the tongue can become perceptions in the
brain.
The taste sensation from chemicals on the tongue
becomes perceptions in the brain through taste
buds that detect specific chemicals. These taste
buds send signals through cranial nerves to the
gustatory cortex, where the brain processes and
integrates taste information with smell and texture.

Does the subject's tongue respond to the four

taste sensations in more than one area? Please
explain.
There is some overlap in sensitivity, meaning that
certain taste buds can respond to multiple taste
qualities. This is especially true in transitional zones
between different taste regions.
SEMICIRCULAR THEORY
Explain what happens to the fluid in the semicircular canal model when the semicircular
canal model is just starting to rotate, rotates at a constant speed, and stops suddenly.

This semicircular canal model is actually part of the vestibular system in

the human inner ear. The semicircular canals contain a fluid called
endolymph, and its function is to detect changes in head movement.

When this model just starts to rotate, the endolymph inside it will
experience inertia. This causes pressure on certain parts of the canal,
and this is what signals to the brain that there is a change in movement.

As the semicircular canal model continues to rotate at a constant

speed, the endolymph will begin to move along with the movement of
the model. This creates balance within the canal, and signals to the brain
become more stable. The brain can use this information to maintain
body balance.
SEMICIRCULAR THEORY
When the model is suddenly stopped, the endolymph in the canal will
still have inertia, but now its direction changes with the sudden stop of
the model. This creates additional signals that tell the brain that there is
a rapid change in movement and induces sensations such as dizziness
or a feeling of imbalance.
SEMICIRCULAR THEORY
What is the analogy of the fluid in the semicircular canal model of the human vestibular
system? Explain how the movement of this fluid can cause sensations in the vestibular
system.

An analogy often used to explain fluid in the semicircular canal model is

to use a range of motion such as the movement of water in a bottle or
bowl after we stop suddenly.

Imagine you are carrying a bottle or bowl filled with water and moving
around. The water inside follows your movements. When you suddenly
stop, the water in the bottle or bowl will continue to move for a moment
before finally responding to the change in movement. This sensation can
be felt by your hand holding the container. This analogy reflects the
concept of inertia in fluids.
SEMICIRCULAR THEORY
In the semicircular canals, endolymph acts like water in the bottle or
bowl. When the head moves, the endolymph in the semicircular canals
follows the movement due to inertia. When the head suddenly stops, the
endolymph is still moving for a moment before finally responding to the
change in movement. These changes trigger receptors in the
semicircular canals, which send signals to the brain about changes in
head movement.

The resulting sensations may include feelings of dizziness or imbalance.

This is because the brain tries to interpret information from the vestibular
system to understand body position and movement. Therefore, changes
in the movement of fluid (endolymph) in the semicircular canals
contribute to the sensation and perception of balance and body
movement.
SEMICIRCULAR THEORY
Apart from the semicircular canals, what other structures make up the vestibular system?
Explain the process by which sensation arises in these structures..

1. Otoliths (Macula Utriculi and Macula Saccule): the utricular otolith

and saccule otolith. These two otoliths contain hair cells and calcium
crystals attached to them. When the head moves, the otoliths
respond to gravitational forces and linear acceleration, causing
crystal shifts and providing signals to the brain about the body's
orientation in space.

Sensation Generation Process: When we move or change position,

changes in the position of calcium crystals in the otoliths stimulate the
hair cells. It generates nerve impulses that are sent to the brain,
providing information about the position of our head and body in space.
SEMICIRCULAR THEORY
2. Vestibular Nervous System: This is a group of nerves that carries
information from the hair cells in the semicircular canals and otoliths to
the brain.

Sensation Generation Process: Signals from these hair cells are

interpreted by the brain to form the perception of body movement,
orientation and balance.

3. Vestibular Nucleus: This is the part of the brainstem involved in

processing vestibular information.

Process of Generating Sensation: The vestibular nucleus helps

coordinate the body's response to changes in position and movement,
as well as maintaining balance.
SEMICIRCULAR THEORY
4. Middle Labyrinth (Ductus Cochlea's): Although primarily involved in
hearing, the middle labyrinth also has a vestibular function as it shares
fluids and structures with the rest of the vestibular region.

Sensation Generation Process: Changes in fluid and pressure in the

central labyrinth can provide the brain with additional information about
body movements.

5. Vestibulospinal System: This is a nerve pathway that connects the

vestibular system with skeletal muscles, helping to regulate posture and
body movement.

Sensation Generation Process: Information from the vestibular system is

sent to the skeletal muscles via the vestibulospinal pathway to maintain
balance and coordinate body movements.
SEMICIRCULAR CANAL WALKING TEST

QUESTIONS
Explain how other sensory systems
influence maintaining body balance?
These sensory systems work in through the
integration in the brainstem and cerebellum.
The brain processes inputs from the visual,
proprioceptive, and vestibular systems to
generate appropriate motor responses. For
instance, if there is a conflict between visual
and vestibular signals, the brain might
prioritize one system over the other to
maintain balance. This multisensory
integration is crucial for adapting to a variety
of environmental conditions and ensuring
effective motor responses for postural
control.
KURSI BARANY.
NYSTAGMUS
1. Ask the subject to sit on the Barany’s chair with both hands holding the armchairs tightly.
2. Close both subject eyes and bend the head 30 degree to the front.
3. Rotate the chair 10 times to the right in 20 seconds orderly and smoothly without jerky movement.
4. Stop the movement of the chairs instantly.
5. Ask the subject to look far across a distance.
6. Observe nystagmus on the subject. Determine the direction of fast and slow component of the nystagmus.

PAST POINTING TEST

1. Stand right in front of the subject and extend your left arm.
2. Ask the subject to extend his right arm to the front until he can touch the examiner’s finger.
3. Ask the subject to lift his right arm up and quickly lower it and touch the examiner’s finger.
4. Rotate the chair 10 times to the right in 20 seconds, orderly and smoothly
5. Stop the chair instantly, and ask the subject to straight up his head and to do past pointing test as above.
6. Observe whether there is a past pointing and determine the direction.
KURSI BARANY.
FALL TEST
1. Close both eyes and bend the head and body to the front until the position of the head is 120o to the
vertical line.
2. Rotate the chairs 10 times to the right in 20 seconds orderly and smoothly
3. Right after the rotation, stop the chair instantly. Ask the subject to straighten up his head and body.
4. Observe the direction of his falling and ask the subject what sensation he feels during his falling.

SENSATION
1. Rotate the chair to the right with accelerating speed.
2. Ask the subject the direction of rotation that he senses:
a. during acceleration of rotation
b. during constant speed of rotation
c. during deceleration of rotation
d. immediately after the rotation is stopped
3. Explain the mechanism of the rotation sensation on the subject.
KURSI BARANY: RESULTS
Percobaan OP Kejadian

When sitting on the Barany chair and then spinning it 10x in 20 seconds to the right (clockwise) with his head
Nistagmus Azka
at an angle of 30 degree. When it stop, the eye is shaking uncontrollably to the left and right

Tes Penyimpangan When sitting on the Barany chair and then spinning it 10x in 20 seconds to the right (clockwise) with his head
Azka
Penunjukan at an angle of 30 degree. After it stopped, he failed to reach out to the target for some time.

120 degree - When sitting on the Barany chair and then spinning it 10x in 20 seconds to the right (clockwise).
Akmal When it stop, there is the sensation of falling to the opposite side of the spinning, causing the operator to
maintain position by reaching for the other side.

90 degree - When sitting on the Barany chair and then spinning it 10x in 20 seconds to the right (clockwise).
Tes Jatuh Gio When it stops, there is the sensation of falling forward, so that the subject makes an effort to maintain
position by keeping the body backwards.

60 degree - When sitting on the Barany chair and then spinning it 10x in 20 seconds to the right (clockwise).
Michele When it stops, there is the sensation of falling backward, so that the subject makes an effort to maintain
position by keeping the body forward.

Kesan (Sensasi) Gaby Felt moving to the right, stopped, and to the opposite direction
KURSI BARANY.
DISCUSSION
Nystagmus is a condition where the eye will move horizontally in a fast rhyme.
When the crista ampullae gives the signal wave to the brain. In response, the motoric abducens nerve
will be activated.
Responsible for doing lateral movement of the eye through innervating the lateral rectus muscle.
There are also a set of neuron that innervated the medial rectus muscle, causing the movement of the
eye to the medial as well.
When the operator is put in a condition where he’s spun in a chair for some time, the process of these
neuron activation will occur in a fast phase.

The semicircular canal is made up of 3 type, posterior, superior, and horizontal.

Responsible for human to understand the angular acceleration of the head.
In a fall test, the operator is told to bend 120 degree - the posterior semicircular canal will be positioned
horizontally
Operator will feel as if he’s falling the left side (when he was spun to the right direction).
If the chair is positioned at 90 degree - the semicircular canal anterior will be put on the horizontal line.
The operator to have a falling to the front sensation after the chair stop spinning.
KURSI BARANY.

DISCUSSION
At the start of the spinning, the operator will feel as if they spin to the right (she was spun to the right
direction as well).
But, after some time, she felt that the chair stopped moving. This was because initially the endolymph
had inertia, causing it to stay behind when the canal started moving.
After some time, the endolymph followed with the flow, since the sensation is caused by the
bending of hair cells by the endolymph, since the endolymphed was following along, the hair cell
didnt actually bend. Since the hair cell isnt bending, the operator perceive this sensation as not
moving.
Then, the chair was suddenly stopped. However, the endolymph fluid was still moving along, causing
the hair cells to bend to the other way. This resulted in the operator feeling that the chair was being
spun to the other direction.
KURSI BARANY.

DISCUSSION
At the start of the spinning, the operator will feel as if they spin to the right (she was spun to the right
direction as well).
But, after some time, she felt that the chair stopped moving. This was because initially the endolymph
had inertia, causing it to stay behind when the canal started moving.
After some time, the endolymph followed with the flow, since the sensation is caused by the
bending of hair cells by the endolymph, since the endolymphed was following along, the hair cell
didnt actually bend. Since the hair cell isnt bending, the operator perceive this sensation as not
moving.
Then, the chair was suddenly stopped. However, the endolymph fluid was still moving along, causing
the hair cells to bend to the other way. This resulted in the operator feeling that the chair was being
spun to the other direction.
TUNING FORK.
PROCEDURE
1. In a non-soundproof room, use a 128 Hz tuning fork for the following steps.
2. Vibrate the tuning fork by tapping it against your palm.
3. Press the tuning fork's base on the subject's mastoid; the examiner's hand shouldn't touch the fork's fingers.
4. Ask the subject to raise their index finger when hearing a humming sound; lower it when the sound stops.
5. Record Rinne examination result:
- Rinne Positive (+): Subject hears humming through aerotympanal conduction.
- Rinne Negative (−): Subject can't hear humming through aerotympanal conduction.
6. For Schwabach test:
- If examiner hears after subject stops (Shortened Schwabach), examiner's hearing is normal.
- If examiner can't hear, do the following:
- Press tuning fork on own mastoid until sound stops.
- Immediately press on subject's mastoid.
- If subject hears, it's Prolonged Schwabach; if not, it's Normal Schwabach.
TUNING FORK.
PROCEDURE Hasil Pemeriksaan

Nama OP Interpretasi
Rinne Weber Schwabach

Dira (+) (C) Normal Normal Hearing

Akmal (+) (C) Normal Normal Hearing

Allexie (+) (C) Prolonged Normal Hearing

Safina (+) (C) Normal Normal Hearing

Michele (+) (C) Normal Normal Hearing

TUNING FORK.
QUESTIONS
How can airwaves from a vibrating tuning
fork be perceived as sound?
The airwaves from a tuning fork can be
perceived as sound through the process of
transduction, where the vibrations from the
tuning fork propagate through the air,
causing molecular vibrations. These
vibrations are then captured by the human
ear and transformed into electrical signals,
which are further interpreted by the brain
as sound.
In a tuning fork experiment, the examination
assesses sound conduction through bone and air.
Explain how this examination can be used to
diagnose types of hearing disorders.
Conductive Hearing Loss: Impaired air conduction
suggests outer/middle ear issues.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Reduced air and
bone conduction indicates inner ear/nerve
damage.
Mixed Hearing Loss: Combo of conductive and
sensorineural elements.
Shortened Schwabach: Examiner hearing longer
suggests conductive loss.
Normal/Prolonged Schwabach: Similar or longer
duration indicates sensorineural loss.
THANK
YOU