Junior Maths-IA

MATHEMATICS - I A
FIRST YEAR
1
CONTENT
FUNCTIONS
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
MATRICES
ADDITION OF VECTORS
PRODUCT OF VECTORS
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
2
MATHEMATICS - I A
EXPECTED WIGHTAGE OF MARKS CHAPTERWISE
S.N VSAQ SAQ(4 LAQ TOTA

CHAPTER
O (2M) M) (7M) L
1 FUNCTIONS 2(2) 7(1) 11
2 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 7(1) 7
3 MATRICES 2(2) 4(1) 7(2) 22
4 ADDITION OF VECTORS 2(2) 4(1) 8
5 PRODUCT OF VECTORS 2(1) 4(1) 7(1) 13
6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 2(2) 4(1) 7(1) 15
7 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 4(1) 4
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
8 FUNCTIONS 4(1) 4
9 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 2(1) 2
10 PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES 4(1) 7(1) 11
20(10) 20(7) 35(7) 97
3
Chapter-I
FUNCTIONS
Weightage: (2+2+7)
Function:- A relation from A to B is said to be a function of each element of A is associated

with a unique element of B.
It is denoted by f :A  B
Composite Function:- If f :A  B, g : B  C are two functions then their composition is

gof: A  C such that
gof   a   g f  a ,  a  A
One-One Function:- A function f : A  B is said to be a one-one function if a1 ,a 2  A such
that
f  a1   f  a 2   a1  a 2
Onto Function:- A function f : A  B is said to be an onto function if  b  B  a  A such
that f(a) = b
Bijective Function:- A funtion which is both one - one and onto, is said to be a bijective
function.
Identity Function:- The identity function on A is defined as IA  a   a, a  A.
Hints to find the domains:-
i) If the function is of the form f  x  then its domain is f (x)  0
1
ii) If the function is of the form or log f(x) then its domain is f(x) > 0
f (x)
1
iii) If the function is of the form , then its domain is f (x)  0 or R  x / f (x)  0
f (x)
Note:-
4
1. If  x    x   0  x , 
2. If  x    x   0  x   ,  
3. If  x    x   0  x   ,    ,  

 
4. If  x    x   0  x   ,   ,  
5. If f.g are defined on their respective domains then
i) domain  f  g   domain of f  domain of g

ii) domain (fg) domain of f  domain of g
f 
iii) domain    domain of f  domain of g x : g(x)  0
 
g
iv) domain  f   domain of f x : f (x)  0
Level – 1
VSAQ (2 Marks)
1) If A  2,  1,0, 1,2 and f :A  B is a surjection defined by
f (x)  x 2  x  1 then find B
Given A  2,  1,0,1,2 and f (x)  x  x  1

2
Sol:
 f (2)  (2) 2  (2)  1  4  2  1  3
f (1)  (1) 2  (1)  1  1  1  1  1
f (0)  (0) 2  0  1  0  0  1  1
f (2)  (2) 2  (2)  1  4  2  1  7
f (1)  (1) 2  (1)  1  1  1  1  3

 B  f (A)  3,1,1,7,3  1,3,7
    
2) If A  0, , , ,  and f : A  B is a surjection defined by f (x)  Cos x
 6 4 3 2
then find B.
5
    
Sol: Given A  0, , , ,  and f (x)  Cos x
 6 4 3 2
 f (0)  Cos 00  1
  3
f    Cos  Cos300 
6 6 2
  1
f    Cos  Cos 450 
4 4 2
  1
f    Cos  Cos 600 
3 3 2
 
f    Cos  Cos900  0
2 2

 3 1 1  
 B  f  A   1, , , ,0 

 2 2 2  
If f : R  R, g : R  R are defined by f(x) = 3x-1 and g(x)  x  1, then find

2
3)
(fog) (2).
Sol: Given f(x) = 3x-1 and g(x) = x2+1 we know that  fog  (x)  f g(x)
  fog  (2)  f g(2)

 f 22  1
 f  5
 3  5  1
 15  1
 14
x+1
4) If f  x  = 2x-1, g  x   for all x  R , find
2
(i) (gof) (x) ii) (fog) (x)
x 1
Sol: Given f(x) = 2x-1, g(x) =
2
6
(gof) (x) = g f(x)
= g(2x-1)
i) (2x  1)  1
=
2
2x
=
2
=x
(fog) (x) = f g(x)

 x+1 
=f 
 2 
 x+1 
ii) = 2  1
 2 
= x+1-1
=x
5) Find the inverse of the real function f(x) = ax+b, a  0
Sol: Given f(x) = ax + b
Take f  x   y  x = f -1  y 
 ax+b = y
ax = y - b
y-b
x=
a
y-b
f -1  y  =
a
x-b
 Inverse of f(x) is f -1  x  
a
6) If f : Q  Q is defined by f(x) = 5x + 4, find
Sol: Given f(x) = 5x + 4
Take f  x  = y  x = f -1  y 
 5x + 4 = y
5x = y – 4
y-4
x=
5
7
y-4
f -1  y  =
5
x-4
 Inverse of f(x) is f -1  x  =
5
7) Find the inverse function of f  x  = 5x
Given f  x  = 5
Sol:
x
Take f  x  = y  x = f -1  y 
 5x = y
Log 5x = log y
x log 5 = log y
log y
x=
log 5
y
x = log5
f 1  y  = log5
y
 f -1  x  = log5x
8) Find the inverse function of f  x  = log 2x
Sol: Given f  x  = log x

2
 log 2x  y
y
x=2
f -1  y   2
y
 f -1  x   2x
9) If f = 1, 2 ,  2,  3 , 3,  1, then find i) 2 + f ii) f
Sol: Given that f = 1, 2 ,  2,  3, 3, 1

8
Domain of f = 1,2,3
i) (2+f) (1) = 2+f(1) = 2+2 = 4

(2+f) (2) = 2+f(2) = 2+(-3) = -1
(2+f) (3) = 2+f(3) = 2+(-1) = 1
 2+f = 1, 4 ,  2,  1 , 3,1
ii) f 1  f 1  2
f  2   f  2   3 (not valid)
f  3  f  3  1 (not valid)
 
f  1, 2  3, and 1 are not real
10) If f = 1, 2 ,  2,  3 , 3,  1, then find 2f, f 2
Sol: Given that f = 1, 2 ,  2,  3, 3, 1

Domain of f = 1,2,3
 
i) 2f 1 =2 f 1  2  2   4
2f  2 =2f  2   2  3   6
2f  3 =2f  3  2  1   2
 2f = 1, 4 ,  2,  6, 3,  2

  =  2 2 = 4
2
ii) f 1 = f 1
2
f 2  2 = f  2  =  -3 =9
2 2
f 2  3 = f  3 =  -1 =1
2 2
 f 2 1,4 ,  2,9  , 3,1
11) Find the domain of the real function 16  x 2
Sol: Given f(x) is defined when 16  x 2  0
9
 x 2 16  0
 x 2  42  0
  x+4  x- 4   0
 x  4,4
 Domain =  4,4
12) Find the domain of the real function x 2  25
Sol: Given function is defined when x 2  25  0

 x 2  52  0
 x+5 x-5  0
 x  ,  5  5,  
 Domain =  ,  5  5,  
13) Find the domain of x 2  3x  2
Let f  x   x  3x  2
2
Sol:
 f  x  is defined when x 2  3x  2  0
 x 2  2x  x+2  0
 x  x-2   1 x+2   0
  x-2  x-1  0
 x   ,1   2,  
Domain of f(x) is  ,1   2,  
14) Find the domain of the real function f(x) = 4x  x 2
Sol: 4x  x 2 is defined when 4x  x 2  0
 x 2  4x  0
 x  x - 4  0
  x - 0  x - 4  0
 x   0, 4
 Domain of f(x) is  0,4
10
1
15) Find the domain of the real function
x2  a2
Sol: Given function is defined when x 2  a 2  0
  x + a   x -a   0
 x   ,  a    a,  
 Domain  ,  a    a,  
1
1  x2
Sol: Given function is defined when 1  x 2  0

1
1  x2
x2 1  0
 x2 1  0
  x +1 x -1  0
 x   -1, 1
 Domain  1,1
1
 x2  1 x  3
Sol: Given function is defined when
 x2  12   x  3  0
  x 2  12   x  3  0
  x +1 x -1 x +3  0

 x  1, x  1, x  3
 Domain = R   1, 1,  3
2x 2 -5x +7
 x - 1 x - 2  x - 3
Sol: Given function is defined when  x - 1 x - 2  x - 3  0
11
 x  1,x  2,x  3
Domain is R-1, 2, 3.
19) Find the domain of the real function log  x 2  4x  3
Sol: Given function is defined when x 2  4x  3  0
x 2  3x  x+3> 0
x  x  3  1 x  3  0
 x  3 x  1  0
 x   , 1   3,  
Domain =  , 1   3,  
Level – 2
V.S.A Q (2 Marks)
1) If the function f is defined by 00 then find the values of exist, of f(4), f(2.5), f(-2)
f(-4), f(0), f(-7)
Sol: Note that the domain of f is   ,3   2,2   3, 
i) To find f(4), domain is x > 3

take f(x) = 3x – 2
f(4) = 3(4) – 2
= 10
ii) 2.5 does not belongs to given domain
 f(2.5) is not defined
iii) To find f(-2), domain is 2  x  2
take f  x   x  2
2
f  -2    -2   2
2
 42
2
iv) To find f(-4), domain is x < -3
take f(x) = 2x + 1
f(-4) = 2(-4) + 1
12
= -8 + 1
= -7
v) To find f(0), domain is 2  x  x
take f  x   x 2  2
f  0   0  2
2
 2
vi) To find f(-7), domain is x < -3
take f  x   2x  1
f  7   2  7   1
  14  1
  13
2x  2x
2) Find the domain of
x
Sol: The given function defined
2x 0
for _________ (1)
x  2
2x 0
and x   2 _________ (2)
x2
and x0 _________ (3)
from (1), (2) and (3)
domain is x   2, 2 0 or
x   2, 0    0, 2
x +1
3) If f  x   then find
x 1
i) (fofof) (x), ii) (fofofof) (x)
x +1
Sol: Given f  x  
x 1

i)  fofof  x   fof f  x  
13
 x +1 
  fof   
 x  1
  x +1  
 f f  
  x  1 
  x +1  
  x  1   1 
 f  

  x +1 
  1
  x  1  
 x +1+x  1 
 
 f  x 1 
x +1  x+1
 
 x 1 
 x +1+x  1 
f 
 x +1  x  1 
 2x 
f 
 2 
 f x
x+1

x 1
ii)  fofofof  x   f  fofof  x 

 x +1 
f  from i)
 x  1
x +1
1
 x  1
x +1
1
x 1
x +1+ x  1

 x  1
x +1  x+1
 x  1
x +1+ x  1

x +1 x  1
2x

2
4) x If
f = 4, 5 , 5, 6 ,  6,  4, g= 4,  4  ,  6, 5 , 8, 5 then find
14
i) f+g ii) 2f+4g iii) f iv) f v) f 2
Sol: i)  f+g  4 =  4, 5  4 ; f+g 6 =  6,  4  5 

 f+g =  4,1 ,  6,1
ii)  2f+4g  4 =  4, 2  5  4  4 ;  2f+4g 6 = 6,2  4  4  5 

 2f +4g =  4,  6  ,  6,12 
iii) f =  4, 5  , 5, 6 ,  6, 4 
=  4,5 ,  5,6 ,  6,4
iv)  4, 5  , 5, 6  ,  6, 4 
f =
=  4, 5  ,  5, 6  4 not real
2
v) f =  4,52 , 5,62 , 6,(4)2 
=  4,25 ,  5,36  ,  6,16 .
x2  4
5) Find the range of
x2
x2  4
Sol: Let f(x) =
x2
f(x) is not defined for x-2 = 0 x = 2
 Domain = R  2
Now f(x) =
 x+2  x  2   x  2
 x  2
F(2) = 2+2 = 4
The value of f(x) is never be 4
 Range = R  4
15
Level – 1
L.A Q (7 Marks)
1) If f : A  B, g : B  C are two bijective functions then prove that gof : A  C is
also a bijective function.
Sol: Given that f, g are bijective functions.
So f,g are both one.one and onto functions.
To prove gof : A  C is a bijection:
i) To prove that gof : A  C is one.one
1  
Let  gof  a   gof  a
2   for a ,a  A 
 1 2 
     
 g f a1  g f a 2
   
 f a1  f a 2 ( g is one.one)
 a1  a 2 ( f is one.one)
 gof : A  C is onto.
ii) prove that gof : A  C is one.one
Given f : A  B is onto, then f(a) = b ______ (1)
Given g : B  C is onto, then g(b) = c ______ (2)

Now  gof  a  =g f  a  
= g(b)
=c [from (1) and (2)]
 gof : A  C is onto
Hence we proved that gof : A  C is one.one and onto
Hence gof : A  C is bijective
2) If f :A  B, g : B  C are two bijective functions then prove that
1
 gof   f 1og 1
Sol: Given that f, g are bijective functions
16
i.e f :A  B, g : B  C are bijective, then
i)  gof :A  C is bijection
1
  gof  : C  A is also a bijection
ii) f 1:B  A and g 1: C  B are both bijections.
 
 f 1og 1 : C  A is also a bijection
1
So  fog  and f 1og1 both have same domain C.
Given f : A  B is bijection
then f(a) = b
 a =f 1  b  _______ (1)
g: B  C is bijection
then g(b) = c
 b=g 1  c  _______ (2)
gof : A  C is bijection
Then (gof) (a) = C
1
 a =  gof  c _______ (3)
Now f  1og1c  f 1 g1 c

=f 1  b 
= a _______ (4)
From (3) and (4)
 gof   c    f 10g1   c  c  C
1
Hence, are proved that

1
 gof   f 10g1
3) If f : A  B is a function and I A , I B are identity functions on A, B respectively

then prove that
Sol: i) prove that f 0I A = f
17
Part – 1: Given f :A  B is a function
We know IA :A  A
 foI A :A  B
So, f and f oI A both have same domain A

Part – 2: For a  A,  foIA  a   f IA  a 
= f(a)
 foI A  f
ii) prove that I Bof  f
Given f :A  B is a function
We know IB :B  B
 I Bof : A  B
So, f and I Bof both have same domain A

Part – 2 : For a  A,  IBof  a   IB f  a  
= f(a)
 IBof = f
From i) and ii)

foIA = f = I Bof
4) If f : A  B is a bijective function then prove that
i) fof-1 = IB ii) f-1of = IB

Part-1: Given f : A  B is a bijective function then f -1 : B  A is also a bijection
 Fof-1 : B  B
we know Io : B  B
so, fof-1 and IB, both have same domain B.
Part-2 for b  B, (fof-1) (b) = f{f-1(b)}
= f(a)
=b
= IB(b)
 fof-1 = IB
18
ii) To prove that f-1of = IA
Part-1 Given f:A  B is a bijective function then
f-1: B  A is also a bijection
 f-1of : A  A
We know IA : A  A
So, f-1of and IA, both have same domain A
Part-2: for a  A, (f-1of) (a) = f-1{f(a)}
= f-1 (b)
=IA (a)
 f-1of=IA
from i ) and ii)

f of-1 = IB , f-1of = IA
Level-2
LA Q (7 marks)
1) If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = { α, β, γ }, C = {p, q, r} and f : A  B, g: B  C are defined by f={(1,

α ), (2, γ ), (3, β ),}, g={( α , q ), ( β , r), ( γ , p} then show that f and g are bijective functions and
(gof)-1 = f-1og-1.
Sol: Given A = {1, 2, 3}, B = { α, β, γ }, C = {p, q, r} and g={( α , q ), ( β , r), ( γ , p}
f ={(1, α ),(2, γ ), (3, β )}  f-1={( α , 1), ( γ , 2), ( β , 3)}
g = { α , q}, ( β , r), ( γ , p)  g-1 {(q, α ), (r, β ), (p, γ )}
To prove (gof)-1 = f-1og-1
Take (gof) (1) = g{g(1)} = g( α ) = q
(gof) (2) = g{g(2)} = g( γ ) = q
(gof) (3) = g{g(3)} = g( β ) = r
 gof = {(1, q), (2, p), (3, r)}

 (gof)-1 = {(q, 1), (p, 2), (r, 3)} --- (1)
19
also (f-1og-1) (q) = f-1{(g-1 (q)} = f-1( α ) = 1
(f-1og-1) (p) = f-1{(g-1 (p)} = f-1( γ ) = 2
(f-1og-1) (r) = f-1{(g-1 (r)} = f-1( β ) = 3
 f-1og-1 = {(q, 1), (p, 2), (r, 3)} --- (2)
From (1) and (2)
(gof)-1 = f-1og-1
i.e., f, g are bijective
20
CHAPTER - 2
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
WEIGHTAGE (7 MARKS).
KEY POINTS :
1. Steps to prove the given statement using the principle of finite
Mathematical induction .
Let S (n) be the given statement for n ∈ N.
Step : 1 Show that S(1) is true.
Step : 2 Assume that S (k) is true for some k ∈ N.
Step : 3 Hence deduce that S(K+1) is true.
The given statement is true for n ∈ N.
Some useful Formulae:
𝑛(𝑛+1)
1. 1+2+3+………+ n =
2
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
2. 12 + 22 + 32 + ……… + n2 =
6
𝑛(𝑛+1) 2 𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2
3. 13 + 23 + 33 + ……… + n3 =[ ] =
2 4
4. 1+ 3 + 5 + ………. + (2n-1) = n2
5. 2 + 4 + 6+ …………….. + 2n = n(n+1)
6. In Arithmetic progression (A.P)
a, a+d ,a+2d ……
Then nth term of A.P is 𝑡𝑛 = a + (n-1) d.
𝑛
Sum of n terms of an A.P is 𝑆𝑛 = (2a + ( n-1)d).
2
7. In Geometric progression (G.P)

a , ar , ar2 …………..
Then nth term of a G.P is arn-1
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
Sum of n terms in a G.P is 𝑆𝑛 = if r > 1.
𝑟−1
21
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = if r < 1
1−𝑟
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS ( 7MARKS).

1. Using Mathematical induction prove that the statement is true for n∈ N
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
1+ 2 + 3 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + n =
𝟐
Solu : Let S(n) be the given statement .

𝑛(𝑛+1)
S(n) : 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . + n =
2
Step: 1 Let n = 1 .
𝑛(𝑛+1) 1(1+1)
L.H.S = 1 , R.H.S = = =1
2 2
L.H.S = R.H.S ⟹ S(1) is true.

Step : 2 Assume that S(k) is true ∀ k ∈ N
𝑘(𝑘+1)
S(k) = { 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . + k = } ------(1)
2
Step : 3 Now we have to show that S(k+1) is true .

( k+1) th term = k+1.
Adding (k+1) both sides in S(k)
𝑘(𝑘+1)
1 + 2 + 3 + . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . + k + ( k + 1) = + (k+1)
2
𝑘(𝑘+1) +2(𝑘+1)
=
2
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)
=
2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+1)
(𝑘+1)((𝑘+1)
=
2
S(k+1) is true .
By principle of finite mathematical induction the given statement
is true ∀ n ∈ N.
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
12+ 22 + 3 2+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + n2 =
𝟔
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
S(n) = {12 + 22 + 32 + . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . +n2 = }
6
Step: 1 Let n = 1 .
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 1(1+1)(2+1)
L.H.S = 12 = 1 , R.H.S = = =1
6 6
22
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)
12 + 22 + 32+ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . +k2 =
S(k) = { 6 } ---(1)

( k+1) th term = (k+1)2.
Adding (k+1)2 both sides in S(k)
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)
12 + 22 + 32 + . . . . . . . k2 + (k + 1)2 = + (k + 1)2
6
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1) 2
= + (k + 1)
6
𝑘(𝑘+1) (2𝑘+1) + 6 (𝑘+1)2 )
=
6
(𝑘+1)( 2𝑘 2 +𝑘 +6𝑘+6)
=
6
(𝑘+1)(2𝑘 2 +7𝑘+6) (𝑘+1)(2𝑘 2 +4𝑘+3𝑘+6)
= =
6 6
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2) ( 2𝑘+3)
=
6
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2) ( 2(𝑘+1) +1)
=
6
S(k+1) is true
By principle of finite mathematical induction the given statement is true ∀ n ∈ N.
𝒏𝟐 (𝒏+𝟏)𝟐
13+ 23 + 33+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + n3 =
𝟒

𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2
S(n) = {13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . +n3 = }
4
Step: 1 Let n = 1 .
𝑛2 ((𝑛+1)2 12 (1+1)2 1.4
L.H.S = 13 = 1 , R.H.S = = = =1
4 4 4

𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2
S(k) = {13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . +n3 = } ---(1)
4

( k+1) th term = (k+1)3 both sides in S(k)
𝑘 2 (𝑘+1)2
13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . . . .. k3 + (k + 1)3 = + (k + 1)3
4
𝑘 2 (𝑘+1)2
= + (k + 1)3
4
𝑘 2 (𝑘+1)2 + 4(𝑘+1)3
=
4
23
(𝑘+1)2 ( 𝑘 2 +4𝑘 + 4)
=
4
(𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2)2
=
4
S(k+1) is true
By principle of finite mathematical induction the given statement
is true ∀ n ∈ N.
4. Using Mathematical induction prove that

𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)(𝒏+𝟑)
1.2.3 + 2.3.4.+ 3.4.5 +……….. upto n terms =
𝟒
Solu : To find nth term

Consider the first terms 1.2.3.4……..which is an A.P
Here a =1 , d = 1 𝒕𝒏 = a+(n-1)d = 1 +(n-1)(1) = n
Now consider 2.3.4.5……. which is also an A.P
Here a = 2 , d = 1 𝒕𝒏 = a+(n-1)d = 2 +(n-1)(1) = n+1
Now consider 3.4.5.6……. which is also an A.P
Here a = 3 , d = 1 𝒕𝒏 = a+(n-1)d = 3 +(n-1)(1) = n+2
nth term of given series is n(n+1) (n+2)
Let S(n) be the given statement .
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
S(n) = {1.2.3 + 2.3.4.+ 3.4.5 +……….n(n+1) (n+2) = }
4
Step: 1 Let n = 1 .
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3) 1(1+1)(1+2)(1+3)
L.H.S = 1.2.3 = 6 , R.H.S = =
4 4
1(2)(3)(4)
= =6
4

𝑘(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)
S(k) = {1.2.3 + 2.3.4. + … … . k(k + 1) (k + 2) = } --(1)
4

( k+1) th term = (k+1)(k+2)(k+3).
24
Adding (k+1)(k+2)(k+3) both sides in S(k)
1.2.3 + 2.3.4. + … … . k(k + 1)(k + 2) + (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)

= + (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
4
𝑘
= (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)[ + 1]
4
𝑘+4
= (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)[ ]
4
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)(𝑘+4)
=
4
S(k+1) is true .
5. Using Mathematical induction prove that
𝒏(𝒏𝟐 +𝟔𝒏+𝟏𝟏)
2.3 + 3.4.+ 4.5 +……….. upto n terms =
𝟑

Consider the first terms 2.3.4.5……. which is an A.P
Here a = 2 , d = 1 𝑡𝑛 = a+(n-1)d = 2 +(n-1)(1) = n+1
Now consider 3.4.5.……. which is also an A.P
Here a = 3 , d = 1 𝑡𝑛 = a+(n-1)d = 3 +(n-1)(1) = n+2
nth term of given series is (n+1) (n+2)
Let S(n) be the given statement .
𝑛(𝑛2 +6𝑛+11)
S(n) = {2.3 + 3.4.+ 4.5 +……….(n+1) (n+2) = }
3
Step: 1 Let n = 1 .
𝑛(𝑛2 +6𝑛+11) 1(1+6+11) 18
L.H.S = 2.3 = 6 , R.H.S = = = =6
3 3 3

𝑘(𝑘 2 +6𝑘+11)
S(k) = {2.3 + 3.4. + … … . (k + 1) (k + 2) = } --(1)
3

( k+1) th term = (k+2)(k+3).
Adding (k+2)(k+3) both sides in S(k)
25
2.3 + 3.4. + … … . (k + 1)(k + 2) + (k + 2)(k + 3)
𝑘(𝑘 2 +6𝑘+11)
= + (k + 2)(k + 3)
3
𝑘(𝑘 2 +6𝑘+11) +3(𝑘 2 +5𝑘+6)
=
3
(𝑘 3 +6𝑘 2 +11𝑘+3𝑘 2 +15𝑘+18) (𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 +26𝑘+18)
= =
3 3
(𝑘 3 +8𝑘 2 +18𝑘+ 𝑘 2 +8𝑘+18) 𝑘(𝑘 2 +8𝑘+18) +(𝑘 2 +8𝑘+18)
= =
3 3
(𝑘+1)(𝑘 2 +8𝑘+18) (𝑘+1)(𝑘 2 +2𝑘+1 +6𝑘 +6 +11 )
= =
3 3
(𝑘+1)[(𝑘+1)2 +6(𝑘+1) +11)]
=
3
S(k+1) is true .
6. Using Mathematical induction show that
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
+ + ........+ =
𝟏.𝟑 𝟑.𝟓 𝟓.𝟕 (𝟐𝒏−𝟏).(𝟐𝒏+𝟏) (𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
1 1 1 1 𝑛
Solu : Let S(n) ={ + + ........+ = }
1.3 3.5 5.7 (2𝑛−1).(2𝑛+1) (2𝑛+1)
1 1 𝑛 1 1
Step : 1 Let n = 1 , L.H.S = = , R.H.S = = =
1.3 3 (2𝑛+1) (2.1+1) 3
L.H.S = R.H.S Hence S(1) is true.

Step : 2 Assume that S(k) is true ∀ k ∈N
1 1 1 1 𝑘
S(k) ={ + + ........+ = } ---(1)
1.3 3.5 5.7 (2𝑘−1).(2𝑘+1) (2𝑘+1)
Step : 3 Now we show that S( k+1) is true

1 1
(k+1)th term = =
(2[𝑘+1]−1).(2[𝑘+1] +1) (2𝑘+1).(2𝑘+3)
1
Adding on both sides of eqn-(1) we get
(2𝑘+1).(2𝑘+3)
1 1 1 1 1
+ + ........+ +
1.3 3.5 5.7 (2𝑘 − 1). (2𝑘 + 1) (2𝑘 + 1). (2𝑘 + 3)
𝑘 1
= +
(2𝑘+1) (2𝑘+1).(2𝑘+3)
𝑘(2𝑘+3) +1 2𝑘 2 +3𝑘+1
= =
(2𝑘+1).(2𝑘+3) (2𝑘+1).(2𝑘+3)
2𝑘 2 +2𝑘+𝑘 +1 2𝑘(𝑘+1) +(𝑘+1)

= =
(2𝑘+1).(2𝑘+3) (2𝑘+1).(2𝑘+3)
26
(2𝑘+1) (𝑘+1) 𝑘+1
= =
(2𝑘+1).(2𝑘+3) (2𝑘+3)
𝑘+1
=
[2(𝑘+1)+1]
S(k+1) is true
7. Using Mathematical induction show that
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
+ + . . . . . . . . + 𝒖𝒑𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝟏.𝟒 𝟒.𝟕 𝟕.𝟏𝟎 (𝟑𝒏+𝟏)

Consider 1.4.7.--------- is an A.P where a = 1 and d = 3
𝒕𝒏 = a + (n-1)d = 1 +(n-1)(3) =3n - 2
Now consider 4.7.10.……. which is also an A.P
Here a = 4 , d = 3 𝒕𝒏 = a+(n-1)d = 4 +(n-1)(3) =3 n+1
nth term of given series is (3n-2) (3n+1)
1 1 1 1 𝑛
Let S(n) ={ + + +. . . . . . . + = }
1.4 4.7 4.7 (3𝑛−2).(3𝑛+1) (3𝑛+1)
1 1 𝑛 1 1
Step : 1 Let n = 1 , L.H.S = = , R.H.S = = =
1.4 4 (3𝑛+1) (3.1+1) 4
L.H.S = R.H.S Hence S(1) is true.

1 1 1 1 𝑘
S(k) ={ + + +. . . . . . . + = } ---(1)
1.4 4.7 4.7 (3𝑘−2).(3𝑘+1) (3𝑘+1)

1 1
(k+1)th term = =
(3[𝑘+1]−2).(3[𝑘+1] +1) (3𝑘+1).(3𝑘+4)
1
(3𝑘+1).(3𝑘+4)
1 1 1 1 𝑘 1
+ + +. . . . . . . + = +
1.4 4.7 4.7 (3𝑘 − 2). (3𝑘 + 1) (3𝑘 + 1) (3𝑘 + 1). (3𝑘 + 4)
𝑘 1
= +
(3𝑘 + 1) (3𝑘 + 1). (3𝑘 + 4)
𝑘(3𝑘+4) +1 3𝑘 2 +4𝑘+1
= =
(3𝑘+1).(3𝑘+4) (3𝑘+1).(3𝑘+4)
3𝑘 2 +3𝑘+𝑘 +1 3𝑘(𝑘+1) +(𝑘+1)

= =
(3𝑘+1).(3𝑘+4) (3𝑘+1).(3𝑘+4)
27
(3𝑘+1) (𝑘+1) 𝑘+1
= =
(3𝑘+1).(3𝑘+4) (3𝑘+4)
𝑘+1
=
[3(𝑘+1)+1]
S(k+1) is true
8. Using mathematical induction prove that
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒏+𝟐)
12 + ( 12 +22) + (12 + 22 +32 ) +-------- upto n terms = ∀ n ∈ N.
𝟏𝟐
𝑛(𝑛+1) (2𝑛+1)
Solu : Here nth term is (12 + 22 +3 2 + ………n2 ) =
6
𝑛(𝑛+1) (2𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)2 (𝑛+2)
Let S(n) ={12 + (12 + 22 ) + . . . . . . . = }
6 12
1(1+1)2 (1+2) 1.4.3
Step :1 . let n = 1 L.H.S = 12 = 1, R.H.S = = =1
12 12
S(1) is true
𝑘(𝑘+1) (2𝑘+1) 𝑘(𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2)
S(k) ={12 + (12 + 22) + . . . . . . . = } ---(1)
6 12

(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2(𝑘+1)+1) (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3)
(k+1)th term = =
6 6
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3)
6
𝑘(𝑘 + 1) (2𝑘 + 1) (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘 + 3)

12 + (12 + 22 ) + . . . . . . . +
6 6
𝑘(𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2) (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3)
= +
12 6
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)
= [ k(k+1) +2(2k+3)]
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘 2 +𝑘 +4𝑘 +6)
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘 2 +5𝑘 +6) (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)
= =
12 12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)2 (𝑘+3) (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)2 [(𝑘+1)+2]
= =
12 12
S(k+1) is true
9. Show that 49n +16n - 1 is divisible by 64 ∀ n ∈ N.
28
Solu: Step : 1 Let n =1
491 + 16(1) - 1 = 49 + 16 - 1 = 64 which is divisible by 64 .
S(1) is true.
Step: 2 Assume thatS(k) is true ∀ k ∈ N.
49k +16k - 1 is divisible by 64 49k +16k - 1 = 64 m
49k = 64m -16k + 1 ------(1)
Step: 3 Now we show that S(k+1) is true
Consider 49k+1 +16(k+1) - 1 = 49k .49 +16k+16 - 1
= 49( 64m -16k + 1) +16k + 15 (Using- (1))
= 49.64m - 49.16k +49 +16k+15
= 49.64m - 16k( 49 - 1) +64
= 49.64m - 48.16k +64
= 49. 64m - 64.12 k +64
= 64( 49m-12k+1)
= 64( some integer)
49k+1 +16(k+1) - 1 is divisible by 64
S(k+1) is true
10. Show that 2.42n+1 + 33n+1 is divisible by 11 ∀ n ∈ N.
Solu: Step : 1 Let n =1
2.42(1)+1 + 33(1)+1 = 2.43 + 34 = 64 .2 + 81 = 209 = 11x19 which is divisible by 11 .
S(1) is true.
Step: 2 Assume that S(k) is true ∀ k ∈ N.
2.42k+1 + 33k+1 is divisible by 11 2.42k+1 + 33k+1 = 11m
2.42k+1 = 11m - 33k+1 ------(1)
Step: 3 Now we show that S(k+1) is true
Consider 2.42k+3 + 33k+4 = 2.42k+1.42 + 33k+1 .33
= 16(11m - 33k+1) + 27.33k+1 (Using- (1))
29
= 16.11m - 16.33k+1 +27. 33k+1
= 16.11m + 33k+1( 27 - 16)
= 16.11m + 11. 33k+1
= 11( 16+ 33k+1)
= 11( some integer)
2.42k+3 + 33k+4 is divisible by 11
S(k+1) is true
11. Using mathematical induction prove that

𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 +𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟑 +𝟐𝟑 +𝟑𝟑 𝒏
+ + + ------ upto n terms = [𝟐𝒏𝟐 + 𝟗𝒏 + 𝟏𝟑]
𝟏 𝟏+𝟑 𝟏+𝟑+𝟓 𝟐𝟒
𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2 𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2
13 +23 −−−+𝑛3 4 4
Solu: Here nth term is = ∑(2𝑛−1)
= 𝑛(𝑛+1)
1+3+5 + −−𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠) (2 2 − − 𝑛)
𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2
4 (𝑛+1)2
= =
𝑛2 +𝑛 − 𝑛 4
13 13 +23 13 +23 +33 (𝑛+1)2 𝑛
S ( n) : + + + ------ = [2𝑛2 + 9𝑛 + 13]
1 1+3 1+3+5 4 24
1 24
Step : 1 L.H.S = 1 R.H.S = [2(1)2 + 9(1) + 13] = =1
24 24
L. H.S = R.H.S hence S(1) is true

13 13 +23 13 +23 +33 (𝑘+1)2 𝑘
S(k) ={ + + + −−−−−− = [2𝑘 2 + 9𝑘 + 13]} ---(1)
1 1+3 1+3+5 4 24

(𝑘+2)2
(k+1)th term =
4
(𝑘+2)2
4
13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33 (𝑘 + 1)2 (𝑘 + 2)2
+ + + −−− +
1 1+3 1+3+5 4 4
𝑘 2
(𝑘 + 2)2
= [2𝑘 + 9𝑘 + 13] +
24 4
30
2𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 + 13𝑘 +6(𝑘+2)2
=
24
2𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 + 13𝑘 +6𝑘 2 +24𝑘 +24
= 24
2𝑘 3 +15𝑘 2 + 37𝑘 +24
=
24
2(𝑘+1)3 +9(𝑘+1)2 + 13(𝑘+1)

=
24
(𝑘+1)
= [2(𝑘 + 1)2 + 9(𝑘 + 1) + 13]
24
Since in R.H.S of S(K) if we substitute k+1 for k we get

(𝑘+1)
= [2(𝑘 + 1)2 + 9(𝑘 + 1) + 13]
24
2(𝑘+1)3 +9(𝑘+1)2 + 13(𝑘+1) 2𝑘 3 +15𝑘 2 + 37𝑘 +24
= =
24 24
S(k+1) is true
***
31
CHAPTER - 3
MATRICES
WEGHTAGE : (2+2+4+7+7)
VERY SHORT ANSWER ( 2 MARKS)

𝟐 𝟑−𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
1. If A = [ ] and B = [ ] then find A + B
𝟕 𝟖𝟓 𝟐 −𝟒 −𝟏
2 3 −1 1 0 1
Solu: A + B = [ ]+ [ ]
7 8 5 2 −4 −1
2+1 3 + 0 −1 + 1 3 3 0
= [ ] = [ ]
7+2 8− 4 5−1 9 4 4
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
2. If A = [ ] and B = [ ] then find 3B - 2A
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
3 2 1 1 2 3
Solu : 3B - 2A = 3 [ ] - 2 [ ]
1 2 3 3 2 1
9 6 3 2 4 6 9−2 6−4 3−6

= [ ] - [ ] =[ ]
3 6 9 6 4 2 3−6 6−4 9−2
7 2 −3
=[ ]
−3 2 7
𝒙−𝟑 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟖 𝟓 𝟐
3. If [ ] = [ ] then find x , y , z, and a
𝒛+𝟐 𝟔 −𝟐 𝒂− 𝟒
𝑥−3 2𝑦 − 8 5 2
Solu : Given [ ] = [ ]
𝑧+2 6 −2 𝑎− 4
32
X-3=5 ⟹ x = 8, 2y - 8 = 2 ⟹ 2y = 10 ⟹y = 5
Z + 2 = -2 ⟹z = - 4 a - 4 = 6 ⟹ a = 10
𝒙−𝟏 𝟐 𝟓−𝒚 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
4. Model problem : If [ 𝟎 𝒛−𝟏 𝟕 ] = [𝟎 𝟒 𝟕] then find x, y, z, and a
𝟏 𝟎 𝒂−𝟓 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
Solu : x = 2, y = 2 , z = 5 , a = 5
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟖
5. If A = [ ] and B = [ ] and 2X + A = B then find X.
𝟑 𝟒 𝟕 𝟐
Solu : 2X + A = B ⟹ 2X = B - A
3 8 1 2 2 6
⟹ 2X = [ ] - [ ] = [ ]
7 2 3 4 4 −2
1 3 1 3
⟹ 2X = 2 [ ] ⟹ X= [ ]
2 −1 2 −1
𝐢 𝟎
6. If A = [ ] then find A2 .
𝟎 𝐢
i 0 i 0 2 −1 0
Solu : A2 = A x A = [ ][ ] = [i + 0 0 + 02 ] = [ ] since i2 = -1
0 i 0 i 0+0 0+i 0 −1
1 0
Hence A2 = - [ ] = - I ( I is identity matrix of order 2)
0 1
𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎
7. If A = [ ] and A2 = [ ] then find the value of k.
−𝟏 𝐤 𝟎 𝟎
2 4
Solu: Given A = [ ]
−1 k
2 4 2 4 4−4 8 + 4k
A2 = A x A = [ ][ ] =[ ]
−1 k −1 k −2 − k −4 + k2
4−4 8 + 4k 0 0
Given [ 2] = [ ]
−2 − k −4 + k 0 0
8 + 4k = 0 ⟹ k = -2 Also k2 - 4 = 0 ⟹ k = ± 2
Hence k = -2 satisfies all corresponding elements.
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟓
8. Define Trace of a matrix and find the trace of the matrix [𝟐 −𝟏 𝟓]
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
33
Solu: The sum of elements in the principal diagonal of a square matrix is called trace
of a matrix.
1 3 −5
A = [2 −1 5 ] ⟹ Trace of A = Tr(A) = 1 -1 + 1 = 1
2 0 1
𝟐 −𝟒
9. If A = [ ] then find A + AT and A AT .
−𝟓 𝟑
2 −4 2 −5
Solu: Given A = [ ] then AT = [ ]
−5 3 −4 3
2 + 2 −4 − 5 4 −9
A + AT = [ ] = [ ]
−5 − 4 3 + 3 −9 6
2 −4 2 −5 4 + 16 −10 − 12
AAT = [ ][ ] = [ ]
−5 3 −4 3 −10 − 12 25 + 9
20 −22
=[ ]
−22 34
𝟏 −𝟐
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐
10. If A = [ ] and B = [−𝟑 𝟎 ] then verify (AB)T = BT AT .
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟒
𝟓 𝟒
1 −2
2 −1 2
Solu: Given A = [ ] and B = [−3 0 ]
1 3 −4
5 4
2 + 3 + 10 −4 + 0 + 8 15 4
AB =[ ] =[ ]
1 − 9 − 20 −2 + 0 − 16 −28 −18
15 −28
(AB)T = [ ]
4 −18
2 1
1 −3 5
Now A =[−1 3 ] BT = [
T ]
−2 0 4
2 −4
2 1
T T 1 −3 5 2 + 3 + 10 1 − 9 − 20
B A = [ ] [−1 3 ] = [ ]
−2 0 4 −4 + 0 + 8 −2 + 0 − 16
2 −4
15 −28
=[ ]
4 −18
Hence (AB)T = BT AT .
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
11. Define a symmetric matrix . If A = [ 𝟐 𝟓 𝟔] is a symmetric matrix find x.
𝟑 𝒙 𝟕
Solu: A square matrix A is said to be symmetric matrix if A T = A .
34
−1 2 3 −1 2 3
Given A = [ 2 T
5 6] A = [ 2 5 𝑥]
3 𝑥 7 3 6 7
A is symmetric ⟹ AT = A
−1 2 3 −1 2 3
[2 5 𝑥 ] = [ 2 5 6] ⟹x = 6 ( equating corresponding elements)
3 6 7 3 𝑥 7
𝟎 𝟐 𝟏
12. Define a skew symmetric mtrix . If A = [−𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐] is a skew symmetric matrix
−𝟏 𝒙 𝟎
then find the value of x .
Solu : A square matrix A is said to be skew symmetric matrix if A T = - A .
0 2 1 0 −2 −1
T
Given A = [−2 0 −2] A = [2 0 𝑥]
−1 𝑥 0 1 −2 0
A is skew symmetric ⟹ AT = - A
0 −2 −1 0 2 1
[2 0 𝑥 ] = - [−2 0 −2]
1 −2 0 −1 𝑥 0
0 −2 −1 0 −2 −1
⟹ [2 0 𝑥 ] = [2 0 2 ] ⟹x = 2 ( equating corresponding elements).
1 −2 0 1 −𝑥 0
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
13. If A = [𝟐 𝟑 𝟒] and detA = 45 then find x.
𝟓 −𝟔 𝒙
1 0 0
Solu: Given A = [2 3 4]
5 −6 𝑥
|A| = 45 ⟹1(3x+24) - 0 + 0 = 45
⟹ 3x + 24 = 45 ⟹ 3x = 21 ⟹x=7
35
1 2 𝑎 𝑏
14. Find the inverse of A = [ ]
3 −5 A= [ ] then |A| = ad-bc
𝑐 𝑑
1 2 1 𝑑 −𝑏
Solu: Given that A = [ ] ⟹ |A| = -5 - 6 = -11 A-1 = [ ]
3 −5 |𝐴| −𝑐 𝑎
−5 −2
AdjA = [ ]
−3 1
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴
A-1 =
|𝐴|
−1 −5 −2
A-1 = [ ]
11 −3 1
𝟐 −𝟑
15. Model problem: Find the adjoint and inverse of A = [ ]
𝟒 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
16. Find the rank of [𝟏 𝟏 𝟏]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1 1 1
Solu: Given A = [1 1 1] ⟹ |A| = 1(1-1) -1(1-1) + 1(1-1) = 0
1 1 1
Consider a matrix B of 2 x 2 submatrix of given matrix
1 1
Let B = [ ] ⟹ |B| = 1 - 1 = 0
1 1
Consider a matrix C of 1 x 1 submatrix of given matrix
Let C = [1] ⟹ |C| = 1 ≠ 0
Hence rank of A = 1.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
17. Find the rank of [𝟐 𝟑 𝟒]
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
1 2 3
Solu: Given A = [2 3 4] ⟹ |A| = 1(6-4) -2(4-0) + 3(2-0) = 2- 8 + 6 = 0
0 1 2
Consider a matrix B of 2 x 2 submatrix of given matrix
1 2
Let B = [ ] ⟹ |B| = 3 - 4 = -1 ≠ 0
2 3
Hence rank of A = 2. ( since |B| of order 2 x 2 is ≠ 0 ).
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (4 MARKS).
𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝑨
1. If A is a nonsingular matrix then prove that A-1 =
|𝑨|
36
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Solu: Let A = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2] We take cofactors of 𝑎1 , 𝑏1, 𝑐1 . . . . . . 𝐴1, 𝐵1 , 𝐶1……….
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1
Cofactor matrix of A = [𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2]
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
Adj A = [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ]
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
A . Adj A = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2] [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑎1 𝐴1 + 𝑏1 𝐵1 + 𝑐1𝐶1 𝑎1 𝐴2 + 𝑏1 𝐵2 + 𝑐1𝐶2 𝑎1 𝐴3 + 𝑏1 𝐵3 + 𝑐1𝐶3

= [𝑎2 𝐴1 + 𝑏2 𝐵1 + 𝑐2𝐶1 𝑎2 𝐴2 + 𝑏2 𝐵2 + 𝑐2𝐶2 𝑎2 𝐴3 + 𝑏2 𝐵3 + 𝑐2𝐶3]
𝑎3 𝐴1 + 𝑏3 𝐵1 + 𝑐3𝐶1 𝑎3 𝐴2 + 𝑏3 𝐵2 + 𝑐3𝐶2 𝑎3 𝐴3 + 𝑏3 𝐵3 + 𝑐3𝐶3
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 0
= [ 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 ] ( from properties of determinants.}
0 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
1 0 0
= detA [0 1 0] = detA ( I )
0 0 1
A ( AdjA) = detA . I Similarly (AdjA) A = detA .I
(adjA) (adjA)
A = A =I
|𝐴| |𝐴|
AB = I ⟹ A-1 = B
(adjA)
A-1 =
|𝐴|
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
2. Find the inverse of A = [𝟏 𝟎 𝟏]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
2 1 2
Solu: Given A = [1 0 1] detA = 2( 0 - 2) -1( 1 - 2) + 2( 2 - 0 ) = -4 +1 +4 = 1
2 2 1
A is non-singular.
37
0−2 −(1 − 2) 2−0 −2 1 2
Cofactor matrix = [−(1 − 4) 2−4 −(4 − 2)] = [ 3 −2 −2]
1−0 −(2 − 2) 0−1 1 0 −1
−2 3 1
Adj A = [ 1 −2 0] Adj A = ( cofactor matrix ) T
2 −2 −1
−2 3 1 −2 3 1
-1 (adjA) -1 1
A = ⟹A = [1 −2 0 ] = [ 1 −2 0 ]
|𝐴| 1
2 −2 −1 2 −2 −1
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐
3. If A = [𝟐 𝟐] then show that A2 - 4A - 5I = 0 .
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
Solu: Given A = [2 1 2] ⟹ A 2 = [2 1 2] [2 1 2]
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
1+4+4 2+2+4 2+4+2 9 8 8

2
A = [2 + 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 + 2 + 2] = [8 9 8]
2+4+2 4+2+2 4+4+1 8 8 9
1 2 2 4 8 8
4A = 4 [2 1 2] = [8 4 8]
2 2 1 8 8 4
1 0 0 5 0 0
5I = 5 [0 1 0] = [0 5 0]
0 0 1 0 0 5
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0
2
Hence A - 4A - 5I = [8 9 8] - [8 4 8] - [0 5 0]
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5
38
9−4−5 8−8−0 8−8−0 0 0 0
= [8 − 8 − 0 9 − 4 − 5 8 − 8 − 0] = [0 0 0] = 𝑂3𝑥3
8−8−0 8−8−0 9−4−5 0 0 0
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
4. If I = [ ] ,E= [ ] then show that ( aI + bE)3 = a3 I + 3a2b E .
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
1 0 0 1
Solu: Given I = [ ] ,E= [ ]
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 𝑎+0 0+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
a I + bE = a [ ] +b[ ] = [ ] = [ ]
0 1 0 0 0+0 𝑎+0 0 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑏
L.H.S = ( aI + bE)3 = [ ][ ][ ] = [𝑎 + 0 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
2 ][ ]
0 𝑎 0 𝑎 0 𝑎 0+0 0+𝑎 0 𝑎
3
= [𝑎
2
2𝑎𝑏 ] [𝑎 𝑏
] = [𝑎 + 0 𝑎2 𝑏 + 2𝑎2 𝑏]
0 𝑎2 0 𝑎 0+0 0 + 𝑎3
3
= [𝑎 3𝑎2 𝑏]
0 𝑎3
1 0 0 1
R. H.S = a3 I + 3a2b E = a3 [ ] + 3a2 b [ ]
0 1 0 0
3
= [𝑎 0 ] + [0 3𝑎2 𝑏] = [𝑎3 3𝑎2 𝑏]
0 𝑎3 0 0 0 𝑎3
L.H.S = R.H.S.
𝝅
5. If 𝛉 − ∅= then show that
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ∅ 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
[ 𝟐
] [ 𝟐
] =O
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
𝜋 𝜋
Solu: Given that θ − ∅= ⟹θ = + ∅
2 2
L.H.S = [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃] [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅
39
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( + ∅)
𝑐𝑜𝑠( + ∅)𝑠𝑖𝑛( + ∅) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
2 2 2
= [ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 ][ ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠( + ∅)𝑠𝑖𝑛( + ∅) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( + ∅) 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅
2 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅ −𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅

= [ ] [ ]
−𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅𝑐𝑜𝑠 2∅ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅𝑐𝑜𝑠 2∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 ∅𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠𝑖𝑛3 ∅

= [ ] =
−𝑐𝑜𝑠 3∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅𝑐𝑜𝑠 3∅ −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅𝑐𝑜𝑠 2∅ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∅𝑐𝑜𝑠 2∅
0 0
[ ]
0 0
L.H.S = R.H.S
𝟑 −𝟑 𝟒
6. If A = [𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒] then show that A-1 = A 3 .
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏
Solu : R.T.P. A-1 = A 3⟹ A A-1 = A A3⟹ A A-1 = A4⟹ I = A4

Hence we have to prove A4 = I
3 −3 4 3 −3 4 9 − 6 + 0 −9 + 9 − 4 12 − 12 + 4
2
A =[2 −3 4] [2 −3 4] = [6 − 6 + 0 −6 + 9 − 4 8 − 12 + 4 ]
0 −1 1 0 −1 1 0−2+0 0+3−1 0− 4 +1
3 −4 4
= [ 0 −1 0 ]
−2 2 −3
3 −4 4 3 −4 4
4 2 2
A = A A = [ 0 −1 0 ] [ 0 −1 0]
−2 2 −3 −2 2 −3
9 + 0 − 8 −12 + 4 + 8 12 + 0 − 12 1 0 0
= [ 0+0+0 0+1+0 0 + 0 + 0 ] = [0 1 0]
−6 + 0 + 6 8 −2−6 −8 + 0 + 9 0 0 1
40
Hence proved A4 = I
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
7. If 3A = [ 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐 ] then show that A-1 = A T .
−𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏
Solu : R.T.P A-1 = A T⟹ A A-1 = AAT⟹ I = AAT .
1 2 2 1 2 2
1
Given 3A = [ 2 1 −2 ] ⟹ A = 3
[2 1 −2 ]
−2 2 −1 −2 2 −1
1 2 −2
1
AT = [2 1 2 ]
3
2 −2 −1
1 2 2 1 2 −2
1 1
A AT = [2 1 −2 ] 3 [2 1 2 ]
3
−2 2 −1 2 −2 −1
1+4+4 2+2−4 −2 + 4 − 2
1
= [ 2+2−4 4+1+4 −4 + 2 + 2]
9
−2 + 4 − 2 −4 + 2 + 2 4+4+1
9 0 0 1 0 0
1
= [0 9 0] = [0 1 0] = I
9
0 0 0 0 0 1
Hence proved AAT = I

Model problem :
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏
8. If A = [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏] then show that A3 - 3A2 - A - 3I = 0.
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏
𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 𝒄 + 𝒊𝒅
9. If A =[ ] , a2 + b2 +c2 + d2 = 1 then find inverse of A.
−𝒄 + 𝒊𝒅 𝒂 − 𝒊𝒃
41
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
Solu : Given A =[ ]
−𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏
Det A = (a+ib)(a-ib) -(-c+id)(c+id) = (a+ib)(a-ib) +(c+ id)(c- id) = a2 + b2 +c2 + d2
Det A = 1 ( given a2 + b2 +c2 + d2 = 1)
𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 −𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑
AdjA = [ ]
𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
(adjA) 1 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 −𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 −𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑
A-1 = ⟹A-1 = [ ] = [
𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
]
|𝐴| 1 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐
10. Show that |𝟏 𝒃 𝒃𝟐 | = (a-b)(b-c)(c-a).
𝟏 𝒄 𝒄𝟐
1 𝑎 𝑎2
Solu: L.H.S = |1 𝑏 𝑏2 | Applying𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 𝑐 𝑐2
1 𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2
|0 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏2 −𝑎2 | = |0 𝑏 − 𝑎 (𝑏 + 𝑎)(𝑏 − 𝑎)|
0 𝑐−𝑎 𝑐 2− 𝑎2 0 𝑐−𝑎 (𝑐 + 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
1 𝑎 𝑎2
= (b-a)(𝑐 − 𝑎) |0 1 (𝑏 + 𝑎)| = (b - a)(𝑐 − 𝑎)[(c+a) - (b+a)]
0 1 (𝑐 + 𝑎)
= (b - a)(𝑐 − 𝑎)[c+ a - b -a] = (b - a)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(c - b)
= (a - b)( b - c) ( c - b ) = R.H.S
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (7MARKS)

𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 𝒂 𝒃
1. Show that | 𝒄 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝟐𝒂 𝒃 | = 2 (a+b+c)3.
𝒄 𝒂 𝒄 + 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
Solu: L.H.S. = | 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
Apply 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
42
2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
= |2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
1 𝑎 𝑏
= 2(a+b+c) |1 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
1 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
Apply 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1, 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 𝑎 𝑏
= 2(a+b+c) |0 𝑏+𝑐+𝑎 0 | = 2(a+b+c)[ (a+b+c)2 - 0]
0 0 𝑐+𝑎 +𝑏
= 2(a+b+c)3 =R.H.S
𝒂−𝒃−𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
2. Show that | 𝟐𝒃 𝒃−𝒄−𝒂 𝟐𝒃 | = (a+b+c)3.
𝟐𝒄 𝟐𝒄 𝒄−𝒂 −𝒃
𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎
Solu: L.H.S. = | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 | Apply 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + R 3
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎 −𝑏
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

= | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
1 1 1
= (a+b+c) |2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
Apply 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1, C3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1
1 0 0
= (a+b+c) |2𝑏 −𝑏 − 𝑐 − 𝑎 0 |
2𝑐 0 −𝑐 − 𝑎 − 𝑏
43
1 0 0
= (a+b+c) |2𝑏 −(𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑎) 0 |
2𝑐 0 −(𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑎)
= (a+b+c)[ (a+b+c)2 - 0]
= (a+b+c)3 = R.H.S
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
3. Show that |𝒂𝟐 𝒃 𝟐 𝒄𝟐 | = abc (a -b) (b - c) ( c -a )
𝒂𝟑 𝒃 𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1 1 1
Solu: L.H.S = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 | = abc | 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐|
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Apply 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1
1 0 0
= abc | 𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 𝑐−𝑎 |
𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
2 2 2
1 0 0
= abc | 𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 𝑐−𝑎 |
2
𝑎 (𝑏 + 𝑎) (𝑏 − 𝑎) (𝑐 + 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
1 0 0
= abc(b - a) ( c - a ) | 𝑎 1 1 |
𝑎2 𝑏+𝑎 𝑐+𝑎
= abc(b - a) ( c - a )[ (c+a ) - (b+a)]
= abc(b - a) ( c - a )(c - b)
= abc(a - b) (b - c)( c - a ) = R.H.S
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
4. Show that |𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | = (a - b) (b - c)( c - a )(ab+bc+ca).
𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
44
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
Solu : L.H.S. = |1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | Apply 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1, 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
= |0 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 𝑏3 −𝑎3 |
0 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 𝑐 3 − 𝑎3
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
2
= |0 (𝑏 + 𝑎)(𝑏 − 𝑎) (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 )|
0 (𝑐 + 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎) (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑐2 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎2 )
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
2
= (b - a) (c - a) |0 (𝑏 + 𝑎) (𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 )|
0 (𝑐 + 𝑎) (𝑐2 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎2 )
Apply 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
2
= (b - a) (c - a) |0 (𝑏 + 𝑎) (𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 ) |
2
0 (𝑐 − 𝑏) (𝑐2 + 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 )
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
2
= (b - a) (c - a) |0 (𝑏 + 𝑎) (𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 ) |
0 (𝑐 − 𝑏) 𝑎(𝑐 − 𝑏) + (𝑐 + 𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑏))
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
2
= (b - a) (c - a) |0 (𝑏 + 𝑎) (𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 ) |
0 (𝑐 − 𝑏) (𝑐 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑏)
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
= (b - a) (c - a) (c - b) |0 2
(𝑏 + 𝑎) (𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 )|
0 1 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
2
= (b - a) (c - a)(c - b) [ (b + a) (a+b+c) - 1(𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 )]
= (b - a) (c - a)(c - b) [a2 + 2ab + b2 + cb + ca - 𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎2 )

45
= (b - a) (c - a)(c - b)[ab+bc+ca) = R.H.S.
𝒃+𝒄 𝒄+𝒂 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
5. Show that | 𝒄 + 𝒂 𝒂+𝒃 𝒃 + 𝒄 | = 2|𝒃 𝒄 𝒂|
𝒂+𝒃 𝒃+𝒄 𝒄+𝒂 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏

Solu : L.H.S = | 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 |Apply 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + R3
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

= | 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 |
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
=2 | 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 |
Apply 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
=2 | −𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑎 |
−𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏
Apply 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + R 3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= 2 |−𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑎| = 2(-1)(-1) |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎|
−𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
46
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= 2 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| = R.H.S
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
6. By using Cramers rule solve 3x+4y+5z =18, 2x - y +8z = 13 , 5x -2y + 7z = 20
Solu : Given equation in matrix form can be written as AX = B
3 4 5 𝑥 18
Where A = [2 −1 8] , X =[𝑦] and B =[13]
5 −2 7 𝑧 20
Now ∆ = |A| = 3(-7+16) - 4 ( 14 - 40) +5( -4 +5) = 27+104 + 5 = 136 ≠0
18 4 5
∆1 = |13 −1 8|
20 −2 7
= 18(-7+16) -4(91-160)+5( -26+20) =162+276-30 = 408
3 18 5
∆2 = |2 13 8|
5 20 7
= 3(91-160) - 18(14 - 40) + 5( 40- 65) = - 207 + 468 - 125 = 136
3 4 18
∆3 = |2 −1 13|
5 −2 20
= 3(-20 +26) - 4(40 - 65)+ 18( -4 + 5) = 18 +100 +18 = 136
∆1 408
Hence by Cramers rule x = = = 3
∆ 136
∆2 136
y = = =1
∆ 136
∆3 136
Z = = = 1
∆ 136
7. Solve by Cramers method given the follwing equations -

2x - y + 3z = 9 , x + y + z = 6 , x - y + z = 2
47
2 −1 3 𝑥 9
Where A = [1 1 1] , X =[𝑦] and B =[6]
1 −1 1 𝑧 2
Now ∆ = |A| = 2(1 +1) + 1 ( 1 - 1) + 3( -1 - 1) = 4 + 0 - 6 = -2
9 −1 3
∆1 = |6 1 1|
2 −1 1
= 9(1 +1) + 1 ( 6 - 2) + 3( -6 - 2) = 18 + 4 - 24 = -2
2 9 3
∆2 = |1 6 1|
1 2 1
= 2(6 -2) - 9(1 - 1) + 3( 2 - 6) = 8 + 0 - 12 = - 4
2 −1 9
∆3 = |1 1 6|
1 −1 2
= 2 ( 2 + 6) +1 (2- 6)+ 9( -1 - 1) = 16 - 4 -18 = - 6
∆1 −2
Hence by Cramers rule x = = = 1
∆ −2
∆2 −4
y = = = 2
∆ −2
∆3 −6
Z = = = 3
∆ −2
Model Problems : Solve the given system of equations using

Cramers rule .
I) x - y + 3z = 5 , 4x+2y - z = 0 , x + 3y + z = 5 (Ans : x = 0, y =1,z = 2)
II) x+ y + z = 1 ,2x + 2y + 3z = 6, x + 4y + 9z =3(Ans:x = 7,y=-10,z = 4)
8. By using Matrix inversion method solve
3x+4y+5z =18, 2x - y +8z = 13 , 5x -2y + 7z = 20
48
3 4 5 𝑥 18
Where A = [2 −1 8] , X =[𝑦] and B =[13]
5 −2 7 𝑧 20
Now ∆ = |A| = 3(-7+16) - 4 ( 14 - 40) +5( -4 +5) = 27+104 + 5 = 136 ≠0
AX = B ⟹ X = A-1 B
To find A-1 : Since det A 136 ≠0 the matrix A is invertible.
−7 + 16 −(14 − 40) −4 + 5
Cofactor matrix = [−(28 + 10) 21 − 25 −(−6 − 20)]
32 + 5 −(24 − 10) −3 − 8
9 26 1
= [−38 −4 26 ]
37 −14 −11
9 −38 37
Adj A = [26 −4 −14]
1 26 −11
9 −38 37
-1 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
A =
|𝐴|
=
136
[26 −4 −14] But X = A-1 B
1 26 −11
9 −38 37 18 162 − 494 + 740

1 1
X=
136
[26 −4 −14] [13] = 136
[ 468 − 52 − 280 ]
1 26 −11 20 18 + 338 − 220
408 3
1
=
136
[136] = [1]
136 1
Hence x = 3 , y = 1 , z = 1 .
49
9. Model problem : By using Matrix inversion method solve
x+ y + z = 1 ,2x + 2y + 3z = 6, x + 4y + 9z =3(Ans:x = 7,y=-10,z = 4)
10. By using Guass Jordan method solve x+y + z = 9 , 2x + 5y + 7z = 52 ,

2x + y - z = 0
1 1 1 𝑥 9
Where A = [2 5 7 ] , X =[𝑦] and B =[52]
2 1 −1 𝑧 0
11 1 9
Augmented matrix [AB] = [25 7 52]
21−1 0
Apply 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
11 1 9
⟹ [0 3 5 34 ] now interchange 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
0−1−3−18
11 1 9 111 9
⟹ [0−1−3−18] 𝑅2 → −𝑅2 ⟹ [01318]
0 3 5 34 03534
Apply 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅2
10−2 −9 10−2−9
⟹ [01 3 18 ] 𝑅3 → −𝑅3 /4 ⟹ [01 3 18 ]
00−4−20 00 1 5
Apply 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 2𝑅3 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅3
1001
⟹ [0103] Hence x = 1 , y = 3 , z = 5
0015
50
11. Show that the following system of equations is consistent and solve it
completely. x+y+z = 3 , 2x + 2y - z = 3, x + y - z = 1
Solu: The given equations are equivalent to the equation AX = D where
1 1 1 𝑥 3
A =[2 2 −1] , X = [𝑦] B = [3]
1 1 −1 𝑧 1
1 1 1 3
Augmented matrix [ AD] = [2 2 −1 3]
1 1 −1 1
On applying R2→ R2 - 2R1 and R3→ R3 - R1 we get
1 1 1 3
~ [0 0 −3 −3]
0 0 −2 −2
On applying R3→ 3 R3 - 2R2 we get
1 1 1 3
~ [0 0 −3 −3 ] -----(F)
0 0 0 0
Clearly all the sub matrices of order 3 of the above matrix are singular
Hence rank(A) ≠ 3 and rank ( [AD]) ≠ 3.
1 1
Now the non singular matrix [ ] is a sub matrix of both
0 −3
A and [AD]. Hence rank(A) = rank ( [AD]) = 2
Hence the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
Now writing the equivalent set of equations from (F)
x+y+z=3
-3z = -3 Hence z = 1 and x + y = 2
The solution set is x = k , y = 2 - k and z = 1 , k ∈ 𝐑
51
CHAPTER-4
ADDITION OF VECTORS
Weightage (2 + 2 +4)
Very Short Answer Type Questions:
1) Let a=i+2j+3k and b=3i+j . Find the unit vector in the direction of a+b . (Sum of the
Vectors)
Sol: Given vectors are a+b=  i+2j+3k  +  3i+j
 a+b=  i+2j+3k  +  3i+j
 a+b=4i+3j+3k
 a+b = 4 2 +32 +32
= 16+9+9
a+b = 34
  4i+3j+3k
a+b
Since the unit vector in the direction of a+b is e = Therefore e =
|a+b| 34
2) Let a=2i+4j-5k,b=i+j+k and c=j+2k . Fine the unit vector in the opposite direction of
a+b+c .
Sol: Given vectors are a=2i+4j-5k, b=i+j+k, c=j+2k
then a+b+c
= 2i+4j-5k+i+j+k+j+2k
= 3i+6j-2k
a+b+c=3i+6j-2k
 a+b+c = 32 +62 +  -2 
2
= 9+36+4
= 49  a+b+c =7
52
Since the unit vector in the opposite direction of a+b+c is

e=

- a+b+c  = -1  3i+6j-2k 
a+b+c 7
3) Find a vector in the direction of vector a=i-2j that has magnitude 7 units
Sol. Given vector a=1i-2j
 a = 12 +  -2 
2
 a = 1+4  5
Since the unit vector in the direction of a is

 a 1
e= =  i-2j
|a| 5
 The vector having magnitude equal to 7 and in the direction of a is

 7 7 14
7e=  i-2j = i- j
5 5 5
4) Write direction ratios of the vector a=i+j-2k and hence calculate its direction
cosines
Sol: The ratios of the vector a=1.i+1.j+  -2 k are a=1, b=1, c=-2.
a 1 1 1
Then the direction cosines of a are l= = = =
|a| 1 +1 +  -2 
2
2 2 1+1+4 6
b 1 c -2
m= = ,n= =
|a| 6 |a| 6
The direction cosines are  l,m,n  = 

1 1 -2 
 , , 
 6 6 6
5) a=2i+5j+k and b=4i+mj+nk are collinear vectors then find m and n
Sol: Given vectors a=2i+5j+k and b=4i+mj+nk are collinear vectors

4 m n
 =+ =
2 5 1
m n
 =2, =2
5 1
  m=10,n=2
 m=+10,n=2
53
6) If the vectors -3i+4j+λk and i  8 j  6k are collinear vectors, then find  and  .
Sol: Given vectors -3i+4j+λk and i  8 j  6k are collinear
-3 4 λ
 = =
 8 6
-3 4 λ 4
 = , 
μ 8 6 8
  3  8  4   , 8  6  4
 6   ,   3
 λ=3, μ = - 6
7) If OA  i  j  k , AB  3i  2 j  k , BC  i  2 j  2k CD  2i  j  3k then find the vector
OD .
Sol: since OA+AB+BC+CD=OD

Given that OA  i  j  k , AB  3i  2 j  k , BC  i  2 j  2k , CD  2i  j  3k
  i+j+k  +  3i-2j+k  +  i+2j-2k  +  2i+j+3k  =OD
 7i+2j+3k=OD
 OD=7i+2j+3k
8. Is the triangle formed by the vectors 3i+5j+2k, 2i-3j-5k and -5i-2j+3k equilateral?
Sol: Let OA=3i+5j+2k
OB=2i-3j-5k, OC=-5i-2j+3k
Now AB=OB-OA
= (2i-3j-5k)-(-5i-2j+3k)
=(2i-3j-5k)-(3i+5j+2k)
=2i-3j-5k-3i-5j-2k
AB=-i-8j-7k
 |AB|=  -1 +  -8 +  -7 

2 2 2
= 1+64+49 = 1+64+49= 114
Now BC=OC-OB
=(-5i-2j+3k)-(2i-3j-5k) = -5i-2j+3k-2i+3j+5k
BC=-7i+1.j+8k
| BC |  7   12  82 = 49+1+64
2
54
|BC|= 114
Now CA=OA-OC
= (3i+5j+2k)-(-5i-2j+3k) = 3i+5j+2k+5i+2j-3k
CA=8i+7j-k
|CA|= 82 +7 2 +  -1
2
= 64+49+1
|CA|= 114
 |AB|=|BC|=|CA|= 114
Hence given vertices of vectors formed an equilateral triangle

Very Short Answers
Vector Equations of Line and Plane (2 Marks)
1) Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point 2i+3j+k and parallel
to the vector 4i-2j+3k.
Sol: The vector equation of the line passing through the point A  a  =2i+3j+k and parallel
to the vector b  4i  2 j  3k  is
r = a + tb, t  R
= 2i + 3j + k + t(4i - 2j + 3k)
=2i + 3j + k + 4ti - 2tj + 3tk
r=  2+4t  i+  3-2t  j+ 1+3t  k, t  R
2) Find the vector equation of the line joining the points 2i+j+3k and -4i+3j-k
Sol: Let a=2i+j+3k,b=-4i+3j-k
The vector equation of the line joining A  a  ,B  b  is
r= 1-t  a+tb, t  R
r= 1-t  2i+j+3k  +t  -4i+3j-k  ,t  R
=1(2i+j+3k)-t(2i+j+3k)+t(-4i+3j-k)
=2i+j+3k-2ti-tj-3tk-4ti+3tj-tk, t  R
=2i+j+3k-6ti+2tj-4tk, t  R
55
=(2-6t)i+(1+2t)j+(3-4t)k, t  R
 r=2 1-3t  i+ 1+2t  j+  3-4t  k,t  R
2) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points i-2j+5k,-5j-k and
-3i+5j.
Sol: The vector equation of the plane through the points
   
A a =i-2j+5k,B b =-5j-k,C c =-3i+5j  is
r= 1 - s - t  a+ sb + tc; s, t  R
 r= 1-s-t  i-2j+5k  +s  -5j-k  +t  -3i+5j ; s,t  R
 r= 1-s-t  i-2j+5k  +s  -5j+k  +t  -3i+5j ; s,t  R
4) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through (0,0,0), (0,5,0) and (2,0,1)
So: Let O=(0,0,0), A=(0,5,0), B(2,0,1)
 OA=0.i+5j+0k=5j
OB=2.i+0.j+1.k=2i+k
Vector equation of a plane passing through A  a  ,B  b  ,C  c  is
r= 1-s-t  a+sb+tc; s,t  R
= 1-s-t  o+s 5j +t  2i+k 
r=5sj+t  2i+k  ;s,t  R
5) OABC is a parallelogram. If OA=a , and OC=c , find the vector equation of the side
BC
Sol: Given that OA=a,OC=c

Since OABC is a parallelogram, then the side BC is passing through C  C  and
parallel to a then it equation is

r=c+ta,t  R
Short Answer Type Problems (4 Marks)

1) Let ABCDEF be a regular hexagon with centre ‘o’. Show that
AB+AC+AD+AE+AF=3AD=6AO
Sol: AB+AC+AD+AE+AF
56
=  AB+AE  +AD+  AC+AF 
But AB=ED, AF=CD
 
= ED+AE +AD+ AC+CD  
 
= AE+ED +AD+ AC+CD  
=AD+AD+AD
AB+AC+AD+AE+AF=3AD.......(1)
Since ‘o’ is the centre of AD then AD  2AO

= 3 2AO
AB+AC+AD+AE+AF=6AO......(2)
From (1) & (2) AB+AC+AD+AE+AF=3AD=6AO

2) Let A,B,C and D be four points with position vectors a+2b, 2a-b, a and 3a+b
respectively, express the vectors AC,DA,BA and BC interms of a and b .
Set: Let ‘o’ be the origin of reference so that OA=a+2b,OB=2a-b,OC=a and OD=3a+b
Then AC=OC-OA=a-  a+2b  =a-a-2b=-2b
 AC=-2b
 
DA=OA-OD=a+2b- 3a+b =a+2b-3a-b=-2a+b
 DA=-2a+b
 
BA=OA-OB= a+2b - 2a-b =a+2b-2a+b=-a+3b
 BA=3b-a

BC=OC-OB=a- 2a-b =a-2a+b=-a+b 
 BC=b-a
3) If the position vectors of the points A,B and C are -2i+j-k, -4i+2j+2k and 6i-3j-13k
respectively and AB=λAC , then find the value of λ .
Sol: Let OA=-2i+j-k,OB=-4i+2j+2k,OC=6i-3j-13k
 AB=OB-OA=  -4i+2j+2k  -  -2i+j-k  =-4i+2j+2k+2i-j+k
 AB=-2i+j+3k
57
 AC=OC-OA=  6i-3j-13k  -  -2i+j-k  =6i-3j-13k+2i-j+k
 AC=8i-4j-12k=-4  -2i+j+3k  =-4AB
1
 AC=-4AB  -4AB=AC  AB= AC
-4
1
Since AB=λAC  λ=
4
4) If OA=i+j+k,AB=3i-2j+k,BC=i+2j-2k and CD=2i+j+3k then find the vector OD .

Sol: Given vectors OA=i+j+k,AB=3i-2j+k,BC=i+2j-2k and CD=2i+j+3k .
Now OA+AB+BC+CD=OA+OB-OA+OC-OB+OD-OC
= OD
i.e OD=OA+AB+BC+CD
=(i+j+k)+(3i-2j+k)+(i+2j-2k)+2i+j+3k
OD=7i+2j+3k
5) If the points whose position vectors are 3i-2j-k, 2i+3j-4k, -i+j+2k and 4i+5j+ λk are
-146
coplanar, then show that λ= .
17
Sol: Let the given points be  

A OA =3i-2j-k, B(OB)=2i+3j-4k, C(OC)=-i+j+2k and
 
D OD =4i+5j+λk
AB=OB-OA=  2i+3j-4k  -  3i-2j-k  =2i+3j-4k-3i+2j+k=-i+5j-3k
AC=OC-OA=  -i+j+2k  -  3i-2j-k  =-i+j+2k-3i+2j+k=-4i+3j+3k
AD=OD-OA=4i+5j+λk-  3i-2j-k  =4i+5j+λk-3i+2j+k=i+7j+  λ+1 k
Since given four points are coplanar then  AB AC AD =0
-1 5 -3
-4 3 3 =0
1 7 λ+1
 -1(3  λ+1 -7×3)-5(-4  λ+1 -1×3)-3(  4×7-1×3) = 0
 - (3λ+3-21)-5(-4λ-4-3)-3(-28-3) = 0
 -(3λ-18)-5(-4λ-7)-3(-31) = 0
 -3λ+18+20λ+35+93=0
58
 17λ+146=0
 17λ=-146
-146
 λ=
17
6. If a,b,c are non-coplanar vectors, then prove that the four points
-a+4b-3c,3a+2b-5c,-3a+8b-5c,-3a+2b+c are coplanar
Sol: Let OA=-a+4b-3c,OB=3a+2b-5c,OC=-3a+8b-5c,OD=-3a+2b+c

Now AB=OB-OA=3a+2b-5c+a-4b+3c=4a-2b-2c
AC=OC-OA=-3a+8b-5c+a-4b+3c=-2a+4b-2c
AD=OD-OA=-3a+2b+c+a-4b+3c=-2a-2b+4c
4 -2 -2
Now  AB AC AD  = -2 4 -2 a b c 
-2 -2 4
= 4 16-4  +2  -8-4  -2  4+8 a b c 
= 4×12+2  -12  -2 12  a b c 
= (48-24-24) a b c  = 0
 Given four points are coplanar

7) Show that the vectors 4i+5j+k, -j-k, 3i+9j+4k and -4i+4j+4k are coplanar
Sol: Let OA=4i+5j+k,OB=-j-k,OC=3i+9j+4k,OD=-4i+4j+4k
 AB=OB-OA=-j-k-4i-5j-k=-4i-6j-2k
 AC=OC-OA=3i+9j+4k-4i-5j-k=-i+4j+3k
 AD=OD-OA=-4i+4j+4k-4i-5j-k=-8i-j+3k
-4 -6 -2
Now  AB AC AD = -1 4 3
-8 -1 3
=-4[12 + 3]+6[-3+24]-2[1+32]
= -4(15)+6(21)-2(33)
=-60+126-66 =0
 Given vectors are coplanar
59
8) Show that the line joining the pair of points 6a-4b+4c,-4c and the line joining the
pair of points -a-2b-3c, a+2b-5c intersects at -4C .
Sol: The equation of the line joining the first pair of points 6a-4b+4c,-4c
   
r= 1-t  6a-4b+4c +t -4c ,t  R
= 6a-4b+4c-6at+4bt-4ct-4ct,t  R
r=6 1-t  a-4 1-t  b+4 1-2t  c,t  R........(1)
Equation of the line joining the second pair of points -a-2b-3c,a+2b-5c is
  
r= 1-s  -a-2b-3c +s a+2b-5c ,s  R 
-a-2b-3c+sa+2sb+3sc+sa+2sb-5sc
=-a-2b-3c+2sa+4sb-2sc
r=  -1+2s  a+  -2+4s  b+  -3-2s  c,s  R........(2)
Compare the coefficients of a and b in equations 1, 2

 6(1-t)=-1+2s  -4(1-t)=-2+4s
 6-6t=-1+2s  -4+4t+2-4s=0
 6-6t+1-2s=0  4t-4s-2=0
 6t -2s+7=0  2[2t-2s-1]=0
 6t+2s-7=0……(3)  2t-2s-1=0 ………….. (4)
Adding the equations (3) and (4), we get

6t+2s–7=0
2t–2s-1=0
8t-8=0  8t=8  t = 1
Substitute t = 1 in equation (1), we get

r=6 1-1 a-4 1-1 b+4 1-2 1  c
 r=0-0+4  -1 c
 r= - 4c
Given two lines intersect at “ 4c ”.

9) Show that the points whose position vectors are -2a+3b+5c,a+2b+3c,7a-c are
collinear when a,b,c are non-coplanar vectors.
60
Sol: Let given vectors are OP=-2a+3b+5c ,
OQ=a+2b+3c
OR=7a-c
 
 PQ=OQ  OP= a+2b+3c - -2a+3b+5c 
=a+2b+3c+2a-3b-5c
PQ=3a-b-2c

 PR=OR-OP=7a-c- -2a+3b+5c 
= 7a-c+2a-3b-5c
= 9a-3b-6c
= 3 3a-b-2
 PR =3PQ Hence given vectors are collinear
10) In ΔABC , if a,b,c are position vectors of the vertices A, B and C respectively, then
prove that the position vector of the centroid G is

1
3
 
a+b+c .
Sol: Let A  a  ,B  b  ,C  c  be the vertices of a ΔABC ,
G be the centroiod of ΔABC and AD be the median through the vertex A. Then G
divides AD in the ratio of 2 : 1 .
Since the position vector of D is

1
2
b+c , 
Then the position vector of G is
 b+c 
2  +1.a
=  2 
2+1
b+c+a
=
3
a+b+c
==
3
61
CHAPTER - 5
PRODUCT OF VECTORS
WEIGHTAGE ( 2 + 4 + 7 MARKS)
Very Short Answer Questions. (2 marks)
1. If a = 6i +2j + 3k and b = 2i -9j + 6k then find a .b and the angle
between a and b .
Solu : Given vectors a = 6i +2j + 3k and b = 2i -9j + 6k
⟹ a.b = (6i +2j + 3k).(2i -9j + 6k )
a.b = (6) (2) + (2) ( -9) +(3)(6) = 12 - 18 + 18 = 12
Now |a| = √62 + 22 + 32 =√36 + 4 + 9 =√49 =7
|b| = √22 + (−9)2 + 62 =√4 + 81 + 36 =√121 = 11

Let θ be the angle between a and b then
𝑎 .𝑏 12 12
cosθ = = =
|𝑎||𝑏| (7)(11) 77
12
⟹ θ = cos −1
77
2. If the vectors 2i +λj - k and 4i -2j + 2k are perpendicular to each other

find λ.
Solu : Given vectors a = 2i + λj - k and b = 4i -2j + 2k are
perpendicular to each other ⟹ a.b = 0
⟹ (2) (4) + (λ) ( -2) + ( -1) (2) = 0
⟹ 8 - 2λ - 2 = 0
⟹-2 λ = -6 ⟹ λ=3
3. For what values of λ , the vectors i - λ j + 2k , 8i + 6j - k are at right
angles.
Solu : Given vectors a = i - λ j + 2k and b = 8i + 6j - k are
at right angles to each other ⟹ a.b = 0
62
⟹ (1) (8) + (- λ) ( 6) + (2)( -1) = 0
⟹ 8 - 6λ - 2 = 0
⟹- 6 λ = - 6 ⟹ λ=1
4. Let a = I + j + k and b = 2i + 3j + k . Find the projection vector of b on a
and its magnitude.
Solu : Given a = I + j + k and b = 2i + 3j + k
|a| = √12 + 12 + 12 =√3 ⟹ |a|2 = 3

b . a = (2)(1) + ( 3)(1) + ( 1)(1) = 2 + 3+ 1 = 6
𝑏.𝑎 6( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 )
The projection vector of b on a is = = = 2( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 )
|𝑎|2 3
Magnitude = | 2( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 )| = 2 √12 + 12 + 12 = 2 √3
5. If a = i + 2 j - 3 k and b = 3i - j + 2k then show that a + b and a - b are
perpendicular to each other .
Solu : Since a + b = ( i + 2 j - 3 k) +( 3i - j + 2k) = 4i + j - k
a - b = ( i + 2 j - 3 k) - ( 3i - j + 2k) = - 2i +3 j - 5k
Now ( a +b) .( a - b ) = (4i + j - k) ( - 2i +3 j - 5k ) = - 8 + 3 + 5 = 0
Hence a + b and a - b are perpendicular to each other .
6. Let a and b be nonzero , non collinear vectors . If |a + b | = | a - b |
Then find the angle between a and b .
Solu : Since |a + b | = | a - b |
⟹|a + b |2 = | a - b |2
⟹(a + b ) . ( a + b) = (a - b ) . ( a - b)
⟹ a2 + 2 a .b + b2 = a2 - 2 a.b + b2
⟹ 4 a. b = 0 ⟹ a.b=0
Angle between a and b is 900.
7. If the vectors 𝛌i - 3j + 5k and 2 𝛌 I - 𝛌 j - k are perpendicular to each
other ,find 𝛌 .
Solu : Given vectors λi - 3j + 5k and 2 λ I - λ j - k are perpendicular to each
other hence a . b = 0
⟹(λi - 3j + 5k) .( 2 λ I - λ j - k) = 0
63
⟹ 2 λ2 +3λ - 5 = 0 ⟹ 2 λ2 +5λ - 2λ - 5 = 0
⟹ λ( 2λ+5) - ( 2λ+ 5) = 0 ⟹ (λ - 1) ( 2λ - 5 ) = 0
λ = 1 and λ = - 5/2
8. Find the angle between the planes r . ( 2i - j + 2k) = 3 and r . ( 3i + 6j + k) = 4
Solu : The angle between planes r .a = n1 and r . b = n2 is θ then
𝑎 .𝑏
cosθ =
|𝑎||𝑏|
( 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐).( 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐)
=
√9√46
since |a| = √22 + (−1)2 + 22 = √9
|b| = √32 + (6)2 + 12 = √46

6−6+2 2
= =
√9√46 3 √46
2
θ = cos −1( )
3 √46
9. If 𝛉 be the angle between the vectors i + j and j + k then find sin𝛉

Solu : Let a = i + j and b = j + k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⟹ a x b = |1 1 0| = i(1 - 0) - j(1 - 0 ) + k (1 - 0)
0 1 1
⟹ a x b = i-j +k ⟹ |a x b| = √12 + (−1)2 + 12 = √3
|a| = √12 + (1)2 + 02 = √2
|b| = √02 + (1)2 + 12 = √2

𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 √3 √3
Hence sin𝛉 = = =
|𝑎||𝑏| √2√2 2
10. Find the area of parallelogram for which the vectors a = 2 i - 3j an d

b = 3 i - k are adjacent sides .
Solu : The vector area of given parallelogram is
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
a x b = |2 −3 0 | = i(3 - 0) - j(-2 - 0 ) + k (0 + 9)
3 0 −1
⟹ a x b = 3 i +2 j +9 k
64
Area = |a x b| = √32 + (2)2 + 92 = √94
11. Find the area of triangle for which the vectors a = i + 2j + 3k an d

b = 3 i + 5j - k are two sides of the triangle. .
Solu : Given a = i + 2j + 3k an d b = 3 i + 5j - k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
a x b = |1 2 3| = i(-2 - 15) - j(-1 - 9 ) + k (5 - 6)
3 5 −1
⟹ a x b = -17 i +10 j - k
1
Area of triangle = |a x b|
2
1 1
= √(−17)2 + (10)2 + (−1)2 = √390
2 2
12. Find the area of parallelogram whose diagonals are a = 3 i + j - 2 k an d

b = i - 3j + 4k .
Solu : Given a = 3 i + j - 2 k an d b = i - 3j + 4k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
a x b = |3 1 −2| = i(4 - 6) - j(12+ 2) + k (-9 - 1)
1 −3 4
⟹ a x b = -2 i - 14 j - 10 k
1
Area of parallelogram = |a x b|
2
1 1
= √(−2)2 + (−14)2 + (−10)2 = √300
2 2
10
= √3 = 5 √3
2
𝝅
13. If |p | = 2 , |q| = 3 and ( p , q) = then find |p x q | 2
𝟔
Solu : Since | p x q | = |p| |q| sin ( p , q)

𝜋
= (2) (3) sin = 6 (1/2) = 3
6
Hence |p x q | 2 = (3)2 = 9
14. Compute [𝑖 − 𝑗 𝑗 − 𝑘 𝑘 − 𝑖]
1 −1 0
Solu : [𝑖 − 𝑗 𝑗 − 𝑘 𝑘 − 𝑖] = | 0 1 −1|
−1 0 1
65
= 1(1 - 0) + 1( 0 - 1) + 0(0 + 1) = 0
𝟐𝒑
15. If 4i + j + pk is parallel to the vector i + 2j + 3k , find p
𝟑
2𝑝
Solu : Given vectors 4i + j + pk and i + 2j + 3k are parallel then
3
2𝑝
4 𝑝
= 3 =
1 2 3
2𝑝
⟹ =8 ⟹ p = 12
3
16. Find the unit vector perpendicular to both i + j + k and 2i + j + 3k

Solu : Given vectors are a = i + j + k and b = 2i + j + 3k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
a x b = |1 1 1| = i(3 - 1) - j(3 - 2) + k (1 - 2)
2 1 3
⟹ a x b = 2 i - j - k
⟹ |a x b| = √22 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 = √6
𝐚𝐱𝐛 2 i − j − k
The unit vector perpendicular = ± = ±
|𝐚𝐱𝐛| √6
17. If the vectors a = 2i-j+k , b = i+2j - 3k and c = 3i +pj +5k are coplanar ,
then find p.
Solu : a, b, c are coplanar ⟹ [a b c] = 0
2 −1 1
[a b c ] = |1 2 −3| = 0
3 𝑝 5
⟹2(10 + 3p) + 1(5 + 9) + 1 (p - 6) = 0

⟹ 20 + 6p +14 + p - 6 = 0
⟹ 7p = 28 ⟹ p = 4
18. Prove that for any three vectors a , b , c ,
66
[b+c c+a a+b] = 2 [a b c]
0 1 1
Solu : [b+c c +a a + b ] = |1 0 1|
1 1 0
= {0( 0-1) -1(0 - 1) +1 ( 1 - 0)}[a b c]

= 2[abc]
Short Answer Questions ( 4 Marks)

1. Prove that angle θ between any two diagonals of a cube is given by
1
cosθ =
3
Solu : Without loss of generality we may assume the cube is a unit cube .
Let OA = i , OC= j and OH = k be coterminus edges of the cube
Diagonal OF = i+j + k and BH = - i - j + k

Let θ be the angle between the diagonals OE and BG then
OF .BH −1 −1 +1 1
cosθ = = | | =
| OF| |BH| √3√3 3
2. Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points
P( 1, -1, 2) Q ( 2, 0, -1 ) R ( 0, 2, 1)
Solu : Let O be the origin OP = i - j + 2k OQ = 2i - k OR = 2j + k
PQ =OQ - OP = ( 2i - k) - ( i - j + 2k) = i + j - 3k
PR = OR - OP = (2j + k) - ( i - j + 2k ) = - i + 3j - k
67
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Now PQ x PR = | 1 1 −3| = i(-1 + 9) - j(-1 - 3 ) + k (3 + 1)
−1 3 −1
⟹ PQ x PR = 8 i + 4 j + 4 k = 4( 2i + j + k)
| PQ x PR| = 4| 2i + j + k|
= 4√22 + 12 + 12 = 4√6.
Unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by points P, Q, R

PQx PR 4( 2i + j + k) ( 2i + j + k)
Is ± =± = ±
| PQ x PR | 𝟐 √6 √6
3. If a = 2i +3j +4k , b = i + j - k and c =i - j + k then compute a x ( b x c ) and

Verify that it is perpendicular to a
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Solu: b x c = |1 1 −1| = i(1 - 1) - j(1 + 1 ) + k (-1 - 1)
1 −1 1
⟹bx c= - 2j -2k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
a x ( b x c ) = |2 3 4| = i(- 6 + 8) - j(- 4 - 0 ) + k (- 4 - 0)
0 −2 −2
⟹a x ( b x c ) = 2i + 4 j - 4 k
Now { a x ( b x c )} . a = (2i + 4 j - 4 k ) .(2i +3j +4k) = 4 + 12 - 16

= 0
Hence a x ( b x c ) is perpendicular to a.
4. If a + b + c = 0 , |a| = 3 ,|b| = 5 and |c| = 7 then find angle between a and b .
Solu: Given |a| = 3 ,|b| = 5 and |c| = 7
a+b+c=0 ⟹ a+b=-c
Squaring on both sides
|a|2 + |b|2 + 2 a.b = |c|2
|a|2 + |b|2 + 2 |a||b | cos(a,b) = |c|2
(3)2 + (5)2 + 2(3) (5) cos(a,b) = (7)2
9 + 25 + 30cos(a,b) = 49
68
1
30 cos(a,b) = 15 ⟹ cos(a,b) = = cos 600
2
⟹ (a,b) = 600
5. Show that the points (5, -1, 1) (7, -4, 7) ( 1, -6, 10) ( -1, -3, 4) are the
vertices of rhombus.
Solu : Let O be the origin . A , B , C, D be the vertices of the rhombus.
Now OA = 5i - j + k , OB = 7i -4j +7k ,OC = i -6j +10k
OD = - i - 3j + 4k
Now AB = OB - OA = 2i - 3j + 6k
|AB| = √22 + (−3)2 + 62 = 7

BC = OC - OB = -6i - 2j + 3k
|BC| = √(−6)2 + (−2)2 + 32 = 7

CD = OD - OC = -2i + 3j - 6k
|CD| = √(−2)2 + (3)2 + (−6)2 = 7

DA = OA - OD = 6i +2j - 3k
|DA| = √62 + (2)2 + (−3)2 = 7

So all sides are equal
Now AC = OC - OA = -4i - 5j +9k
|AC| = √(−4)2 + (−5)2 + 92 = √122

BD = OD - OB = -8i + j - 3k
|BD| = √(−8)2 + (1)2 + (−3)2 = √74

AC ≠ BD
Now AC . BD = ( -4i - 5j +9k ) (-8i + j - 3k )
= 32 - 5 - 27 = 0
∴ AC ⊥BD
Hence the given points represent vertices of a rhombus.

6. If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a is perpendicular to the plane of b, c
69
𝝅
and the angle between b and c is , then find | a + b + c |
𝟑
Solu : Given that |a| = |b| = |c| = 1 (b, c ) = 600

Since a is perpendicular to plane b, c⟹a.b = 0 and a.c = 0
Now | a + b + c | 2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 + 2 a.b + 2 b.c + 2 c.a
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 2(0) +2 |b||c| cos 600 + 2 (0)
1
= 3 + 2 .1.1.( ) 3 + 1 = 4
2
|a+b+c| = 2
7. Let a = 4i +j - k , b = i - 4j + 5k and c = 3i + j - k . Find the vector which is
perpendicular to both a and b whose magnitude is 21 times
the magnitude of c
Solu : a = 4i +j - k , b = i - 4j + 5k and c = 3i + j - k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
a x b = |4 5 −1|
1 −4 5
= i(25 - 4) - j(20 + 1 ) + k (-16 - 5)

⟹ a x b = 21 i - 21 j - 21 k = 21 ( i - j - k)
|a x b| = 21 √12 + 12 + 12 = 21√3
|c | = √32 + 12 + (−1)2 = √11
The vector which is perpendicular to both a and b whose

𝐚𝐱𝐛
magnitude is 21 times magnitude of c is ± 𝟐𝟏 |𝐜|
|𝐚 𝐱 𝐛|
𝐚𝐱𝐛
Required vector is ±21 |𝐜|
|𝐚 𝐱 𝐛|
(21 ( i − j − k)) ( i − j − k)
= ± 21 √11 = ± 21 √33
21√3| 3
= ± 7 √33 ( i − j − k)
8. If a, b, c are nonzero and non - collinear vectors and 𝛉𝛜( 0 , 𝛑) 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝟏
𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜 .If (a x b )x c = |b||c| |a| , then find sin𝛉.
𝟑
Solu : Given |a| ≠ 0 ,|b| ≠ 0 , |c| ≠ 0 and (b,c) = 𝛉
𝟏
and (a x b )x c = |b||c| |a|
𝟑
70
𝟏
⟹ ( a.c)b - ( b .c) a = |b||c| |a|
𝟑
Since a , b , c are non-collinear vectors comparing a , b
coefficients on both sides
𝟏
⟹ ( a.c) = 0 and -(b.c) = |b||c|
𝟑
𝟏
⟹ -|b| |c|cosθ = |b||c|
𝟑
𝟏
⟹ cosθ = -
𝟑
sinθ = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 = ±√1 − (−1/3)2
8 2 √2
= ±√1 − 1/9 = ±√ =±
9 3
2√2
sinθ = since sinθ is positive in Q1 and Q2 .
3
9. Find the volume of tetrahedron whose vertices are (1, 2, 1) ( 3, 2, 5) (2, -1, 0)
and ( -1, 0, 1)
Solu : The volume of tetrahedron whose vertices are A ,B ,C ,D IS
1
V= [ DA DB DC]
6
Given vertices A(1, 2, 1) , B( 3, 2, 5), C (2, -1, 0) , D( -1, 0, 1)
Now DA = OA - OD = (i + 2j +k) - (-i + k) = 2i + 2j

DB = OB - OD = (3i +2j +5k) - (-i + k) = 4i + 2j +4k
DC = OC - OD = (2i - j ) - (-i + k) = 3i - j - k
2 2 0
[ DA DB DC ] = |4 2 4 | = 2(-2+4) - 2(-4 -12)+ 0( -4 - 6)
3 −1 −1
= 4 +32 +0 = 36
1 1
Hence volume = [ DA DB DC] = (36) = 6
6 6
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS ( 7 Marks)

1. Find the shortest distance between the skew lines
r = ( 6i + 2j +2k) + t( I - 2j + 2k) and r = ( -4i - k) +s ( 3i -2j - 2k)
where s , t are scalars .
Solu : Given r = ( 6i + 2j +2k) + t( I - 2j + 2k) -------(1)
r = ( -4i - k) +s ( 3i -2j - 2k) --------(2)
Eqn (1) and (2) are in the form r = a + tb and r = c + sd
Where a = 6i + 2j +2k , b = i - 2j + 2k
c = -4i - k d = 3i -2j - 2k
a -c = 10i +2j + 3k
71
10 2 3
[ a-c b d] = | 1 −2 2 |
3 −2 −2
= 10(4 + 4) - 2(-2 - 6 ) + 3 (-2 + 6)
= 80 + 16 + 12 = 108
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
b x d = |1 −2 2|
3 −2 −2
= i(4 + 4) - j(-2 - 6 ) + k (-2 + 6)
= 8i +8j +4k
|b x d| = √82 + 82 + (4)2 = √144 = 12
Hence the shortest distance between skew lines is

[𝑎−𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 ] 108
= =9
|𝑏 𝑥 𝑑 | 12
2. If A ( 1 ,-2, -1) , B ( 4,0,-3) C ( 1, 2, -1) and D ( 2, -4, -5) ,find the

distance between AB and CD
Solu : Given A ( 1 ,-2, -1) , B ( 4,0,-3) C ( 1, 2, -1) and D ( 2, -4, -5)
OA =i - 2j - k , OB = 4i - 3k
OC = i + 2j - k OD = 2i -4j - 5k
The vector equation of line AB is r = ( 1-t) (OA) + t (OB)
r = (1-t)(i - 2j - k ) +t(4i - 3k)
= (i - 2j - k ) + t (3i +2j - 2k) ------(1)
The vector equation of line CD is r = ( 1-s) (OC) + s (OD)
r = (1-s)( i + 2j - k ) +s(2i -4j - 5k)
= ( i + 2j - k ) + s (i -6j - 4k) ------(2)
Eqn (1) and (2) are in the form r = a + tb and r = c + sd
Where a = i - 2j - k , b = 3i +2j - 2k
c = i + 2j - k d = i - 6j - 4k
a - c = -4j
0 −4 0
[ a-c b d] = |3 2 −2|
1 −6 −4
72
= 0(-8 - 12) + 4(-12+2 ) + 0 (-18 - 2 )
= - 40
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
b x d = |3 2 −2|
1 −6 −4
= i(-8 - 12) - j(-12+2 ) + k (-18 - 2)
= -20i +10j -20 k
|b x d| = √(−20)2 + (10)2 + (−20)2 \

= √900 = 30
Hence the shortest distance between skew lines is
[𝑎−𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 ] −40 4
=| | =
|𝑏 𝑥 𝑑 | 30 3
3. A line makes angles α, β, γ, δ with the diagonals of a cube Show that
4
Cos2 α + cos2β + cos2γ + cos 2 δ = C E
3
Solu : Let OABCDEFG be a cube of length F G
”a” unit . Let i, j , k be the unit vectors
in the directions of OA , OB , OC o B
A D
Then OA = ai , OB = aj , OC = ak
Let OG, AE, BF, CD be the four diagonals of the cube .
OG = OA + AG = OA + AD +DG = OA +OB + OC =ai + aj+ ak
AE = AO +OB+BE = - OA +OB+OC = - ai + aj + ak = a ( -i +j + k)
BF = BO+ OA+ OC = - OB + OA + OC = ai - aj + ak =a( i - j + k )
CD = CO + OD = - OC +OA +AD = -ak + ai+aj = a( i + j - k)
Let r = xi +yj + zk be the line making angles α, β, γ, δ with the
diagonals of a cube
𝒂 .𝒃
𝒓 .𝑶𝑮
cos𝛉 =
|𝒂||𝒃|
Then cos α = |𝒓||𝑶𝑮|
(xi +yj + zk) .( ai + aj+ ak) 𝑎𝑥 +𝑎𝑦 +𝑎𝑧

= =
|xi +yj + zk𝒓||ai + aj+ ak| √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 √𝑎2 +𝑎2 +𝑎2
𝑎(𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧) (𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧)
= =
𝑎 √3√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 √3√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
73
𝒓 .𝑨𝑬
cos β = |𝒓||𝑨𝑬|
(xi +yj + zk) .(−ai + aj+ ak) −𝑎𝑥 +𝑎𝑦 +𝑎𝑧

= =
|xi +yj + zk𝒓||𝐚𝐢 + 𝐚𝐣+ 𝐚k| √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 √𝑎2 +𝑎2 +𝑎2
𝑎(−𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧) (−𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧)
= =
𝑎 √3√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 √3√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
𝒓 .𝑩𝑭
cos γ = |𝒓||𝑩𝑭|
(xi +yj + zk) .( ai − aj+ ak) 𝑎𝑥 −𝑎𝑦 +𝑎𝑧

= =
𝑎(𝑥 −𝑦 +𝑧) (𝑥 −𝑦 +𝑧)
= =
𝑎 √3√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 √3√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
𝒓 .𝑪𝑫
cos δ = |𝒓||𝑪𝑫|
(xi +yj + zk) .( ai + aj− ak) 𝑎𝑥 +𝑎𝑦 −𝑎𝑧

= =
𝑎(𝑥 +𝑦 −𝑧) (𝑥 +𝑦 −𝑧)

= =
𝑎 √3√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 √3√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
Now Cos2 α + cos2β + cos2γ + cos 2 δ

(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)2 (−𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)2 (𝑥−𝑦+𝑧)2 (𝑥+𝑦−𝑧)2
= + + +
3(𝑥2 +𝑦2 +𝑧2 ) 3(𝑥2 +𝑦2 +𝑧2 ) 3(𝑥2 +𝑦2 +𝑧 ) 3(𝑥2 +𝑦2 +𝑧2 )
2
4 (𝑥2 +𝑦2 +𝑧2 ) 4

= =
3(𝑥2 +𝑦2 +𝑧2 ) 3
Expanding numerator in all four terms using

(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 +2xy + 2yx + 2zx
4. If a = i - 2j + k , b = 2i + j +k , c = i + 2j - k , find
a x ( b x c ) and |(a x b ) x c |
Solu : Given a = i - 2j + k , b = 2i + j +k , c = i + 2j - k
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
b x c = |2 1 1 | = i(-1 - 2) - j(-2- 1 ) + k (4 - 1)
1 2 −1
74
= -3i +3j +3 k ---------(1)
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
a x (b x c) = | 1 −2 1| = i(-6 - 3) - j(3+3 ) + k (3 - 6)
−3 3 3
= - 9i - 6j - 3 k ---------(2)
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
a x b = |1 −2 1| = i(-2 - 1) - j(1 - 2 ) + k (1 +4 )
2 1 1
= -3i + j + 5k -------(3)
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
(a x b) x c = |−3 1 5 | = i(-1 - 10) - j(3- 5 ) + k ( - 6 - 1)
1 2 −1
= - 11i +2j - 7 k ---------(4)
|(a x b) x c | = √(−11)2 + (2)2 + (−7)2 = √174
5. Find the equation of plane passing through the points A ( 2 ,3, -1),
B ( 4,5,2) C ( 3, 6,5)
Solu : Let O be the origin. OA = 2i +3j - k , OB = 4i + 5 j + 2k , c = 3i + 6j +5k
Let P be any point on the plane passing through A, B, C

Let OP = xi + yj + zk
AP = OP - OA = (x -2)i + (y - 3 )j + ( z+1)k
AB = OB - OA = 2i + 2j + 3k
AC = OC - OA = i + 3 j + 6k
Hence equation of the required plane is [ AP AB AC] = 0
𝑥−2 𝑦−3 𝑧+1
⟹| 2 2 3 | = 0
1 3 6
⟹ (x-2) (12-9) -(y-3) (12 - 3) +(z+1)( 6 - 2) = 0
⟹ 3(x-2) - 9 (y-3) +4(z+1) =0
⟹ 3x - 9y + 4z + 25 =0
6. Let a,b, c be three vectors .Then show that (a x b ) x c = ( a.c) b - (b.c)a
Solu : Given a , b , c are three vectors .
Let a = a1i , b = b1i +b2 j , c = c1i + c2j +c3 k
75
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
L.H.S = a x b = |𝑎1 0 0 | = i( 0 - 0 ) - j ( 0 - 0) + k ( a1b2) =a1b2 k
𝑏1 𝑏2 0
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
(a x b) x c = | 0 0 𝑎1𝑏2 | = i( 0 - a1b2c2 ) - j(0 - a1b2c1) + k ( 0 - 0)
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
= (- a1b2c2 )i + a1b2c1 j -------(1)
Consider (a.c) = (a1i) .(c1i + c2j +c3 k) = a1c1
(a.c) b = a1c1 ( b1i +b2 j ) = a1c1b1 i + a1b2c1 j -----(2)
(b.c) = ( b1i +b2 j ). ( c1i + c2j +c3 k ) = b1c1 + b2c2

( b.c) a = (b1c1 + b2c2 ) (a1i ) = a1c1b1 i + a1b2c2 i ------(3)
R. H.S = (a.c)b - (b.c) a = a1c1b1 i + a1b2c1 j - a1c1b1 i - a1b2c2 I
= (- a1b2c2 )i + a1b2c1 j -------(4)
Hence from (1) and (4) L.H.S = R.H.S.
76
CHAPTER - 6
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS UPTO TRANSFORMATIONS .
WEIGHTAGE : (2+2+4+7)
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 X 2 MARKS)
𝟓𝝅 𝟏𝟑𝛑
1. Find the value of I) sin ii) tan 8550 iii) cot(𝛉 − )
𝟑 𝟐
5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √3
Solu : I) sin = sin( 2π − ) = - sin =-
3 3 3 2
ii) tan 8550 = tan ( 7200 + 1350 ) = tan (1350) = tan(90 0 + 450 ) = - cot450 = - 1
13π 13π π π
iii) cot(θ − ) = - cot( - θ ) = - cot(6π + - θ ) = - cot ( - θ ) = - tanθ
2 2 2 2
2. Model problems : Find the value of I) tan( 𝛉 − 𝟏𝟒𝛑) ii) sin (- 4050)
3. Evaluate cos2 450 + cos2 1350 + cos2 2250 + cos2 3150 .
Solu: cos2 450 + cos2 1350 + cos2 2250 + cos2 3150
= cos2 450 + cos2 (90 0 + 450 ) + cos2 2250 + cos2 (900 + 2250 ).
= (cos2 450 + sin2 450 )+ ( cos2 2250 + sin2 2250 )
Cos2𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 = 1
= 1+1 = 2
−𝟏
4. If sin 𝛉 = and 𝛉 doesnot lie in third quadrant find cos 𝛉.
√𝟑
−𝟏
Solu: sin θ = , θ doesnot lie in third quadrant
√𝟑
Therefore θ lies in fourth quadrant and cos θ is positive in fourth quadrant .

(−1) 2 1 8
cosθ= √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = √1 − ( ) = √1 − =√
3 9 9
𝟐√𝟐
cos 𝛉 = .
𝟑
5. Find sin 3300 cos1200 + cos2100 sin 3000

Solu: sin 3300 cos1200 + cos2100 sin3000
= sin (3600 - 300 ) cos ( 900 +300 ) + cos(1800+300 ) sin(3600 - 600)
= (- sin 300 ) ( - sin 300) + ( - cos300 ) ( - sin 600)
77
−1 −1 −√3 −√3 1 3
= ( ) (( ) +( )( ) = + =1
2 2 2 2 4 4
6. If sinα + cosecα = 2 find the value of sinnα + cosecnα ( n ϵ integer)

1
Solu: sinα + cosecα = 2 ⟹sinα + =2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
⟹sin2α - 2sinα + 1 = 0 ⟹ (sinα -1)2 = 0 ⟹sinα − 1 = 0

⟹Sin α = 1 and cosecα = 1
Hence sinnα + cosecnα = 1n + 1n = 1 + 1 = 2
𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 9𝜋 .
7. Find the value of sin2 + sin2 +sin2 +sin2
10 10 10 10
𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 9𝜋 .
Solu: sin2 + sin2 +sin2 +sin2
10 10 10 10
𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
= ‘sin2 + sin2 +sin2 (π − )+sin2(π − )
10 10 10 10
𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋.
= sin2 + sin2 + sin2 + sin2
10 10 10 10
4𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 2(sin2
𝜋
+ sin2
4𝜋
) Since = −
10 2 10
10 10
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 2[ sin2 + sin2 ( − ) ] = 2(sin2 + cos2 )
10 2 10 10 10
= 2(1) = 2
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
8. Prove that cot cot cot ………..cot =1
16 16 16 16
Solu : L.H.S = cot cot cot ………..cot
16 16 16 16
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
= cot cot cot cot cot cot cot
16 16 16 16 16 16 16
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= cot cot cot cot cot( − ) cot( − ) cot( − )
16 16 16 4 2 16 2 16 2 16
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 . 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
= cot cot cot . 1 . tan tan tan
16 16 16 16 16 16
𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
= (cot tan ) (cot tan )(cot tan )(1)
16 16 16 16 16 16
= 1.1.1.1 = 1 cotθ tanθ = 1
9. Eliminate θ from x = a cos3θ , y = b sin3θ

Solu: x = a cos3θ , y = b sin3θ
𝑥 𝑦
⟹ = cos3θ , = sin3θ
𝑎 𝑏
1 1
𝑥 𝑦
⟹ Cosθ = ( )3 sinθ = ( )3
𝑎 𝑏
78
Squaring and adding we get
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
Cos2θ + sin2 θ = ( )3 + ( )3
𝑎 𝑏
We know that Cos2θ + sin2 θ = 1

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚
Hence ( )𝟑 + ( )𝟑 = 1.
𝒂 𝒃
10. Eliminate θ from x = a (sec 𝛉 + tan𝛉 ) , y = b ( sec𝛉 - tan𝛉 )

Solu: x = a (sec θ + tanθ ) , y = b ( secθ - tanθ )
𝑥 𝑦
⟹ = sec θ + tanθ , = secθ - tanθ
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥𝑦
Multiplying both we get = (sec θ + tanθ )( secθ - tanθ )
𝑎𝑏
𝑥𝑦
⟹ = (sec2θ - tan2θ ) = 1
𝑎𝑏
𝑥𝑦
Hence = 1 ⟹ xy = ab.
𝑎𝑏
11. Find the period of the function cos( 3x+5) +7.

Solu: Let f(x) = cos( 3x+5) +7.
2𝜋
Period of cos(ax+b) + c is
|𝑎|
2𝜋 𝟐𝝅
Hence period of f(x) is = .
|3| 𝟑
12. Find the period of the function tan5x .

Solu: Let f(x) = tan5x
𝜋
Period of tan(ax+b) + c is
|𝑎|
𝜋 𝝅
Hence period of f(x) is = .
|5| 𝟓
4𝑥 +9
13. Find the period of the function cos ( ).
5
4𝑥 +9
Solu: Let f(x) = cos( ).
5
2𝜋
Period of cos(ax+b) + c is
|𝑎|
2𝜋 𝟓𝝅
Hence period of f(x) is 4 = .
| 5| 𝟐
14. Find the period of function tan(x + 4x+ 9x + !6x+ ……+ n2x).
Solu: Let f(x) = tan(x + 4x+ 9x + 16x+ ……+ n2x)
=tan(1+ 4 + 9 + 16+ ……+ n2)x
79
𝑛)(2𝑛+1)(𝑛+1
= tan ( )x
6
𝜋
Period of tan(ax+b) + c is
|𝑎|
𝜋 𝟔𝝅
Hence period of f(x) is 𝑛)(2𝑛+1)(𝑛+1 = .
| | 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
6
15. Find a cosine function whose period is 7.

Solu: Consider the cosine function as cosax .
Given period of cosax is 7
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
⟹ = 7 ⟹ |a| = ⟹ a= ±
|𝑎| 7 7
2𝜋 2𝜋
Therefore the required cosine function is cos (± ) x = cos ( )x
7 7
16. Find a sine function whose period is 2/3.

Solu: Consider the sine function as sinax .
2
Given period of sinax is
3
2𝜋 2
⟹ = ⟹ |a| = 3𝜋 ⟹ a = ±3𝜋
|𝑎| 3
Therefore the required sine function is sin (±3𝜋)x .

17. Prove that tan 700 - tan200 = 2tan 500
𝑡𝑎𝑛700 −𝑡𝑎𝑛200 )
Solu : tan(700 - 200) =
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛700 𝑡𝑎𝑛200
Tan200= tan(900-700)
tan 500 (1+ tan700 tan200) = tan 700 - tan200 = cot700
tan 500 (1+ tan700cot700) = tan 700 - tan200 tan700cot700 = 1
tan 500 (1+ 1) = tan 700 - tan200
2tan 500 = tan 700 - tan200
18. Simplify cos1000 cos400 + sin1000 sin400 .
Solu: cos1000 cos400 + sin1000 sin400 . cosAcosB + sinA sinB = cos( A-B)
= cos( 1000 - 400 ) = cos 600 = 1/2

𝑐𝑜𝑠90 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛90
19. Prove that = cot 360
𝑐𝑜𝑠90 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛90
𝑠𝑖𝑛90
𝑐𝑜𝑠90 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛90 𝑐𝑜𝑠90 (1+ ) 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛90
𝑐𝑜𝑠90
Solu: = 0 = = tan ( 450 + 90)
𝑐𝑜𝑠90 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛90 𝑐𝑜𝑠90 (1−
𝑠𝑖𝑛9
) 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛90
𝑐𝑜𝑠90
= tan 540 = tan( 900 - 360) = cot 360
80
20. Express √𝟑 sin 𝛉 + cos 𝛉 as sine of an angle .
√3 1
Solu : √3 sin θ + cos θ = 2( sin θ + cos θ )
2 2
= 2( cos 300 sinθ + sin300 cosθ)

= 2 sin ( θ + 300)
𝝅
= 2 sin (𝛉 + ).
𝟔
𝟏0 𝟏0 √3+1
21. Prove that sin2 52 - sin2 22 = . cosAcosB + sinA sinB
𝟐 𝟐 4√2
= cos( A-B)
𝟏0 𝟏0
Solu: sin2 52 - sin2 22
𝟐 𝟐 Sin2 A - sin2 B =
𝟏0 𝟏 𝟏0 𝟏 sin(A+B)sin(A-B)
= sin(52 + 22 0 ) sin( 52 - 22 0 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√3+1 1 √3+1
= sin 750 sin 300 = . = .
2√2 2 4 √2
𝟏0 𝟏0 √3+3
22. Model problems : I) sin2 82 - sin2 22 =
𝟐 𝟐 4√2
𝟏0 𝟏0 √3+1
Ii)cos2 112 - sin2 52 = -
𝟐 𝟐 4√2
23. Find the maximum and minimum values of following functions.

I)f(x) = 7cosx - 24sinx + 5 ii) f(x) = sin2x - cos2x
𝝅 𝝅
Iii) f(x) = cos ( x + ) + 2 √𝟐 sin(x + )-3
𝟑 𝟑
Solu: I) f(x) = 7cosx - 24sinx + 5 where a = 7 , b = -24 , c= 5
Maximum value = c + √𝑎2 + 𝑏2

Minimum value = c - √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
Maximum value = 5 + √(7)2 + (−24)2 = 5 + 25 = 30
Minimum value = 5 - √(7)2 + (−24)2 = 5 - 25 = - 20

ii) f(x) = sin2x - cos2x where a = 1 , b = -1 , c = 0
Maximum value = √(1)2 + (−1)2 = √2
Minimum value = - √(1)2 + (−1)2 = - √2

𝜋 𝜋
iii) f(x) = cos ( x + ) + 2 √2 sin(x + ) - 3 where a = 1 , b = 2 √2 , c = -3
3 3
81
Maximum value = -3 + √(1)2 + (2 √2)2 = -3 + √9 = - 3 + 3 = 0
Minimum value = - 3 - √(1)2 + (2 √2)2 = -3 - √9 = - 3 - 3 = - 6

−𝟑 𝟑𝛑 𝜽
24. If cos 𝛉 = and 𝛑 < 𝛉 < , find the value of tan .
𝟓 𝟐 𝟐
−3
𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1−( ) 5+3 8
5
Solu : tan = ±√ = ±√ −3 = ±√ = ±√ = ± 2
2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1+(5 ) 5−3 2
3π π 3π 𝜃 𝜽
Given π < θ < ⟹ <θ< ⟹tan < 0⟹tan =-2
2 2 4 2 𝟐
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜽
25. Express in terms oftan .
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝟐
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 +2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝜽
2 2 2 2 2 2
Solu : = 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 = 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 = tan
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 +2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ) 𝟐
𝜃 𝜃
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 , 1 + cosθ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2 2
𝜃 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
𝜃
26. Show that √2 + √2 + √2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜃 = 2 cos .
2
Solu : √2 + √2 + √2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜃 = √2 + √2 + √2( 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜃)
= √2 + √2 + √2( 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜃) = √2 + √2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
= √2 + √2( 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃) = √2 + √2( 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃)
𝜽 𝜽
= √2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = √2( 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) = √2( 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ) = 2 cos .
𝟐 𝟐
1 √3
27. Prove that - =4
𝑠𝑖𝑛100 𝑐𝑜𝑠100
1 √3
1 √3 𝑐𝑜𝑠100 −√3 𝑠𝑖𝑛100 2(2𝑐𝑜𝑠100 − 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛100 )
Solu : - = = 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛100 𝑐𝑜𝑠100 𝑐𝑜𝑠100 𝑠𝑖𝑛100 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠100 𝑠𝑖𝑛100 )
2
82
4( cos 600 cos100 − sin600 sin 100 )
= cosAcosB - sinA sinB = cos( A + B)
2𝑐𝑜𝑠100 𝑠𝑖𝑛100
4𝑐𝑜𝑠 (600 +100 ) 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 700 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 700

= = = =4 Sin200 = sin(900 - 700)
𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑠𝑖𝑛200 𝑐𝑜𝑠700
= cos 700
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐
28. If tan 200 = p , prove that =
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒑𝟐
𝑡𝑎𝑛(360+250)+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛( (720 − 20) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2500 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(−200 )

Solu : L.H.S. = =
𝑡𝑎𝑛(360+200) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(360+110) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2000 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛1100
𝑐𝑜𝑡200 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛200
= Tan 250 0 = tan( 270-20) = cot 200
𝑡𝑎𝑛200 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡200
Tan 2000 = tan ( 180+20) = tan200
Tan1100 = tan(90+20) = - cot200
1
− 𝑡𝑎𝑛200
𝑡𝑎𝑛200
= 1
+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛200
𝑡𝑎𝑛200
1
𝑝
−𝑝 1 − 𝑝2
= 1 = .
𝑝+𝑝 1 + 𝑝2
𝝅
29. If 𝛉 is not multiple of prove that
𝟐
tan𝛉 +2tan2𝛉 + 4tan4𝛉 + 8 tan 8𝛉 = cot𝛉

Solu : We know that tanA = cotA - 2cot2A -----(1)
tanθ +2tan2θ + 4tan4θ + 8 tan 8θ
= cotθ - 2cot2θ + 2cot2θ - 4cot4θ +4cot4θ -8cot8θ + 8 cot 8θ
= cotθ.
30. If cos 𝛉+ sin𝛉 = √𝟐cos𝛉 , prove that cos𝛉 - sin𝛉 = √𝟐sin 𝛉.
Solu : Given cos θ+ sinθ = √2cosθ
sinθ = √2cosθ - cos θ = (√2 - 1) cos θ
Multiplying with (√2 + 1) on both sides

(√2 + 1) sinθ = (√2 + 1) (√2 - 1) cosθ
⟹ (√2 + 1) sinθ = [ (√2 )2 - ( 1)2 ]cosθ
⟹ (√2 + 1) sinθ = cosθ
⟹ √2 sinθ + sinθ = cosθ ⟹ cos𝛉 - sin𝛉 = √𝟐sin𝛉
Short answer questions ( 4 Marks)
83
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 1 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1. Prove that =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+ 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃− 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)
Solu: Given =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+ 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+ 1
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 )− (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+ 1
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 )( 1 −(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)) (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 )( 1− 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
= =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+ 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+ 1
= tanθ + secθ.
2. If A + B = 450 ,Prove that I) (1+tan A) ( 1+tanB) =2
Ii) (cotA-1)(cotB-1) = 2
3𝜋
iii) If A - B = show that (1- tan A) ( 1+tanB) =2
4
Solu: I) A + B = 450⟹ tan(A+ B) = tan 450

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
⟹ = 1 ⟹ tan A + tanB = 1 - tanAtanB
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
⟹ tan A + tanB + tanAtanB = 1

Add 1 on both sides
⟹ 1 + tan A + tanB + tan A tanB = 2
⟹ ( 1 + tan A) + tanB ( 1 + tan A ) = 2
⟹ (1+ tan A) ( 1+ tanB) = 2
Ii) A + B = 450⟹ cot(A+ B) = cot 450
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 − 1
⟹ = 1 ⟹ cot AcotB - 1 = cot A + cot B ⟹
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵
cotAcotB - cot A - cot B = 1

Add 1 on both sides
⟹ cotAcotB - cot A - cot B + 1 = 2
⟹ cot A( cot B - 1) - ( cot B - 1 ) = 2
⟹(cot A - 1) (cot B - 1 ) = 2
Iii) Do it yourself.( similar to (i) )
𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟗𝝅 𝟏
3. Prove that ( 1+ cos )( 1+ cos )( 1+ cos )( 1+ cos )=
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟔
Solu : L.H.S = ( 1+ cos )( 1+ cos )( 1+ cos )( 1+ cos )
10 10 10 10
= ( 1+ cos 180) ( 1 + cos 540 ) ( 1+ cos 1260 ) ( 1 + cos 1620)

84
= ( 1+ cos 180) ( 1 + sin 360 ) ( 1- sin 360 ) ( 1 - cos 180)
= (1 - cos2 180) ( 1- sin2 360)
√5−1 2 √5+1 2 𝟏
= sin2 180 cos2 360 = [ ] [ ] =
4 4 𝟏𝟔
√5−1 √5+1
Sin180 = [ ] cos 360 = [ ]
4 4
4. For A 𝛜 𝐑 , Prove that

𝟏
I) sinA sin ( 60+A) sin( 60 - A) = sin 3A.
𝟒
𝟑
Ii) Sin200 sin400sin 600 sin 800 =
𝟏𝟔
𝟏
Iii) cosA cos ( 60+A) cos(60 - A) = cos3A.
𝟒
𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟏
iv) cos cos cos cos =
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟏𝟔
Solu: I) sinA sin ( 60+A) sin( 60 - A) =sinA ( sin2 600 - sin2A)
Sin2 A - sin2 B = sin(A+B)sin(A-B)
3 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= sinA ( - sin2 A) = sinA( )
4 4
3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴 𝟏
= = sin 3A.
4 𝟒
Ii) Sin200 sin400sin 600 sin 800 = (Sin200 sin400sin 800) sin 600
𝟏
= sin 3(200) sin600 ( Using (I) above)
𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
= sin2600 = . =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
Iii) cosA cos ( 60+A) cos(60 - A)

cos2 A - sin2 B = cos(A+B)cos(A-B)
= cosA ( cos2 600 - sin2A)
1 1 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= cosA ( - sin2 A) = cosA( )
4 4 4cos3A - 3 cosA
1 − 4( 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴) −3𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴 = cos3A
= cosA( ) =
4 4
𝟏
= cos3A.
𝟒
85
𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟒𝝅
Iv) cos cos cos cos
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
= cos 200 cos400 cos 600 cos800

= (cos200 cos400cos 800) cos 600
𝟏
= cos3(200) cos600 ( Using (Iii) above)
𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= cos2600 = . =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
5. Let ABC be a triangle such that cot A + cot B + cot C = √3 then prove that
ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Solu: In triangle ABC , A + B + C = 1800
Given cot A + cot B + cot C =√3
Let cot A = x , cot B = y , cotC = z ∴ x + y + z = √3
Also ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 = 1 ⟹ ∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 1
Consider ∑(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = ∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)
= ∑ 𝑥 2 + ∑ 𝑦 2 − 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑦
= x2 +y2 + z2 + y2 + z2 + x2 - 2( xy+yz+zx)
= 2(x2 +y2 + z2 ) - 2( xy+yz+zx)
= 2[ (x+y+z)2 - 2(xy+yz+zx)] - 2(xy+yz+zx)
= 2 (x+y+z)2 - 6 (xy+yz+zx) = 2(3) - 6(1) = 0
∑(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 0 ⟹ x - y = 0 , y - z = 0, z - x = 0
⟹ X= y=z
⟹ cotA = cot B = cot C ⟹ A = B = C
Hence triangle ABC is equilateral.
6. If A is not an integral multiple of 𝛑 , prove that
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟔𝑨
cosA.cos2A.cos4A.cos8A =
𝟏𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨
Solu: L.H.S = cosA .cos 2A. cos4A.cos8A Sin 2A = 2sinAcosA
Multiply and divide with 2sinA

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
= cosA .cos 2A. cos4A.cos8A
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
86
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴
= cos 2A. cos4A.cos8A
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
2𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝐴 2𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛16𝐴
= cos4A.cos8A = cos8A = = R.H.S
8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 16𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 16𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟏
7. Prove that I) cos cos cos =
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟖
𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟏
ii) cos cos cos cos cos =
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟐
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
Solu: I) Let C = cos cos cos
7 7 7
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
S = sin sin sin
7 7 7
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
Then C.S = cos cos cos sin sin sin
7 7 7 7 7 7
1 2𝜋 2𝜋 1 4𝜋 4𝜋 1 8𝜋 8𝜋
C.S = ( 2cos sin ) ( 2cos sin ) ( 2cos sin )
2 7 7 2 7 7 2 7 7
1 4𝜋 8𝜋 16𝜋
= (sin . sin .sin )
8 7 7 7
1 4𝜋 8𝜋 2𝜋
= (sin . sin .sin(2π + )
8 7 7 7
1 4𝜋 8𝜋 2𝜋 1
C.S = (sin . sin .sin ) = S
8 7 7 7 8
1 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟏
C= ⟹ cos cos cos =
8 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟖
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
Ii) Let C = cos cos cos cos cos
11 11 11 11 11
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
S = sin sin sin sin sin
11 11 11 11 11
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
Then C.S = ( cos cos cos cos cos ).
11 11 11 11 11
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
( sin sin sin sin sin )
11 11 11 11 11
1 𝜋 𝜋 1 2𝜋 2𝜋 1 3𝜋 3𝜋 1 4𝜋 4𝜋 1 5𝜋 5𝜋
C.S = (2cos sin ) (2cos sin ) (2cos sin ). (2cos sin ) (2cos sin )
2 11 11 2 11 11 2 11 11 2 11 11 2 11 11
1 2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋 10𝜋
= (sin . sin sin . sin sin )
32 11 11 11 11 11
1 2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
= sin . sin sin ( π − .) sin(π − )sin(π − )
32 11 11 11 11 11
1 2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
C.S = (sin . sin sin . sin sin )
32 11 11 11 11 11
1
C.S = S
32
1 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟏
C= ⟹cos cos cos cos cos =
32 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟐
87
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5
8. Prove that sin sin sin sin =
5 5 5 5 16
Solu: L.H.S = sin sin sin sin 𝜋
5 5 5 5 = 360
5
= sin360 sin720sin1080 sin 1440
= sin360 sin(90 - 180)sin( 90 +180) sin (1800- 360)
= sin360 cos180cos180 sin360
√10 − 2√5
= sin2 360 cos2 180 Sin360 = 4
√10 + 2√5
2 2 Cos180 =
√10 − 2√5 √10 + 2√5 4
= [ ] [ ]
4 4
10 − 2√5 10 + 2√5 100 − 20 80 5

= . = = =
16 16 256 256 16
𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟑
9. Prove that 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 +𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 =
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟐
Solu : L.H.S = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 +𝑠𝑖𝑛4
8 8 8 8
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 ( − ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 ( + ) +𝑠𝑖𝑛4 ( 𝜋 − )
8 2 8 2 8 8
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4
8 8 8 8
𝜋 𝜋
= 2 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 ) a2 + b2 = (a+b) 2 - 2ab
8 8
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 2 [((𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 )2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 )]
8 8 8 8
1 𝜋
= 2 [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ]
2 8 Sin2A + cos2A = 1 and
𝜋
= 2 - 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2sinAcosA = sin2A
4
1 𝟑
=2- = = R.H.S
2 𝟐
𝟐𝟒 𝟒
10. If 0 < A < B , sin(A+B) = , cos (A-B) = find the value of tan2A
𝟐𝟓 𝟓
24 4
Solu : sin(A+B) = , cos (A-B) =
25 5
24 −𝟑
tan(A+B) = , tan(A - B) =
7 𝟒
Since A - B < 0 , A + B > 0 hence A - B ϵ Q 4 and A + B ϵ Q1

tan 2A = tan[(A+B) + ( A - B )]
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴+𝐵) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵 ) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
= Tan(A + B ) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴+𝐵) 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑩
88
24 3
7
−4 96 − 21 75 𝟑
= 24 3 = = =
1 + ( 7 ) (4) 28 + 72 100 𝟒
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)𝜶 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒏 − 𝟏 ) 𝜶 𝜶
11. Show that = tan
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏+𝟏)𝜶 + 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( 𝒏 − 𝟏)𝜶 𝟐
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛+1)𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑛 − 1 ) 𝛼
Solu : L.H.S =
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛+1)𝛼 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑛 − 1)𝛼
𝑪+𝑫 𝑪−𝑫
sinC - sin D = 2 cos( ) sin ( )
𝟐 𝟐
Cos C + cos D = 2cos( ) cos ( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝑛𝛼+𝛼 +𝑛𝛼 − 𝛼 𝑛𝛼+𝛼 −𝑛𝛼 +𝛼

2𝑐𝑜𝑠( )𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2 2
= 𝑛𝛼+𝛼 +𝑛𝛼 − 𝛼 𝑛𝛼+𝛼 −𝑛𝛼 +𝛼
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝛼 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2
)𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2
)
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
= =
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝛼 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝛼 ( 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)
𝛼 𝛼
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
= 𝛼 = tan
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 2 sinA = 2sinA/2 cosA/2
1+ cos A = 2cos2 (A/2)
𝟒 𝟐 𝒙−𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
12. If cosx + cosy = and cos x - cosy = ,find the value of 14 tan + 5 cot .
𝟓 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐
4
Solu : cosx + cosy = 𝑪+𝑫 𝑪−𝑫
5 Cos C + cos D = 2cos( ) cos ( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 4
⟹ 2 cos cos = -----(1)
2 2 5
2
cos x - cosy =
7 𝑪+𝑫 𝑪−𝑫
𝒙+𝒚 𝒙−𝒚 2
Cos C - cos D =- 2sin( ) sin ( )
𝟐 𝟐
⟹- 2sin( ) sin ( ) = ----(2)
𝟐 𝟐 7
(1) 2 cos2
cos 2 5
⟹ 𝒙+𝒚 𝒙−𝒚 = 2
(2) − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐( ) 𝟐𝟐𝟐 ( )
𝟐 𝟐 7
⟹ - cot cot =
2 2 5
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
⟹ 5 cot = - 14tan
2 2
89
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
⟹ 14 tan + 5cot = 0
2 2
𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟗𝝅
13. Prove that cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + cos2 =2
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
Solu: L.H.S = cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + cos2
10 15 5 10
= cos2 180 + cos2 720 +cos2 1080 + cos2 1620

= cos2 180 + cos2 (90 -180) +cos2 (90 +180 ) + cos2 (180 - 180)
= cos2 180 +sin2 180 + sin2 180 + cos2 180
= 2( cos2 180 +sin2 180 ) = 2(1) = 2.
√𝟓 − 𝟏
14. Prove that sin180 = .
𝟒
Solu : Let A = 180 , 5A = 900⟹ 3A + 2A = 900⟹ 3A = 900 - 2A

Apply cos on both sides cos 3A = cos( 90 - 2A)
4cos3 A - 3 cosA = sin 2A ⟹4cos3 A - 3 cosA = 2 sin A cosA
cosA [ 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 − 3 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴] = 0
cosA [4 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 3 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴] = 0
Cos A = 0 , 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 - 1 = 0
−2±√(2)2 −4(4)(− 1) −2 ±2√5 −1 ±√5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = = =
2(4) 8 4
√5 − 1
⟹ sin 180 =
4
𝝅
15. If 𝛉 is not an integral multiple of prove that
𝟐
tan𝛉 + 2tan 2𝛉+ 4tan4 𝛉 + 8cot8 𝛉 = cot𝛉

Solu : We know that cotA - tanA = 2 cot2A
1 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 2(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴) 2
- tanA = = = = 2 cot2A.
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝐴
Now using this result we prove the given

L.H..S = tanθ + 2tan 2θ+ 4tan4 θ + 8cot8 θ
=(cotθ- 2cot2θ )+2( cot2θ - 2cot4θ) + 4(cot4θ - 2cot8θ ) +(8cot8θ )
= cotθ- 2cot2θ +2cot2θ - 4cot4θ+ 4cot4θ - 8cot8θ +8cot8θ = cot θ
Long Answer Questions : (7 Marks)

1. If A,B, C are angles of triangle prove that
90
sin2A - sin2B + sin2C = 4 cos A sinB cos C .
Solu : Given that A, B , C are angles in a triangle A+B + C = 180 0
L.H.S = sin2A - sin2B + sin2C
2𝐴 + 2𝐵 2𝐴 − 2𝐵
= 2cos( ) sin ( ) +2 sinC cos C
2 2
A + B = 180 - C
= 2cos(A+B) sin( A - B ) + 2sinC cos C C = 180 - ( A + B )
= - 2 cos C sin( A - B ) + 2 sinC cosC

= 2 cosC ( sinC - sin(A - B )
= 2 cosC [( sin( 180 − (A + B ) ) − sin ( A − B )]
= 2 cos C [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐴 − 𝐵 )]
= 2 cos C ( 2 cosA sinB) = 4 cosA sinB cos C. = R.H.S
2𝐴 + 2𝐵 2𝐴 − 2𝐵
sin2A - sin2B = 2cos( ) sin( )
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) = 2cosA sin
B
2. If A , B , C are angles in a triangle then prove that

𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
cosA + cos B - cos C = - 1 + 4 cos cos sin
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Solu : Given that A, B , C are angles in a triangle A+B + C = 1800

𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
L.H.S = cosA + cos B - cos C = 2cos( ) cos( ) - cos C
2 2
Cos C + cos D = 2cos( ) cos ( ) 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐶
𝟐 𝟐 = 90 −
2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
= 2 sin cos( ) - cosC Cos C = 1 - 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2 2 2
= 2 sin cos( ) - (1-2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 )
2 2 2
= 2 sin [cos( ) − sin ] - 1
2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 (𝐴+𝐵)
= - 1 + 2sin [cos( ) − cos ]
2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵
= - 1 + 2sin [2cos cos ] = - 1 + 4sin cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
= R.H.S
91
3. In triangle ABC , prove that
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝝅− 𝑨 𝝅− 𝑩 𝝅− 𝑪
𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 4 cos cos cos
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
Solu: Given that

𝜋− 𝐴 𝜋− 𝐵 𝜋− 𝐶
R.H.S = 4 cos cos cos
4 4 4
= 2 {2𝑐𝑜𝑠 [
𝜋− 𝐴
] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [
𝜋− 𝐵
] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [
𝜋− 𝐶
]}
A + B + C = 1800 = π
4 4 4
𝜋− 𝐴+ 𝜋 − 𝐵 𝜋− 𝐴 −𝜋+ 𝐵 𝜋− 𝐶
= 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ] + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ]} 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ]
4 4 4
𝜋 (𝐴+𝐵) 𝐵−𝐴 𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 − 𝐶
= 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ − ] + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ]} cos[ ]
2 4 4 4
𝐴+ 𝐵 𝐵−𝐴 𝐴+ 𝐵
= 2{sin [ ] + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ]}cos [ ]
4 4 4
𝐴+ 𝐵 𝐴+ 𝐵 𝐵−𝐴 𝐴+ 𝐵
= 2 sin [ ]cos [ ] + 2 cos [ ]cos [ ]
4 4 4 4
𝐴+ 𝐵 𝐵− 𝐴+ 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐵− 𝐴 −𝐵− 𝐴
= sin 2 [ ] + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ] + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ]
4 4 4
2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos ( A - B )
𝐴+ 𝐵 𝐵 𝐴
= sin [ ] + cos [ ] + cos [ ] 𝐴+ 𝐵
2 2 2 A + B + C = 1800 then cos C/2 = sin [ ]
2
𝐶 𝐵 𝐴
= cos + cos [ ] + cos [ ]
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= cos + cos + cos = L. H .S
2 2 2
4. In triangle ABC , prove that

𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝝅− 𝑨 𝝅− 𝑩 𝝅− 𝑪
𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
Solu: L.H.S = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
4 4 4 A + B + C = 1800 = π
= 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ] {2𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ]}
4 4 4
𝜋− 𝐴 𝜋− 𝐵− 𝜋 + 𝐶 𝜋− 𝐵 +𝜋− 𝐶
= 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ] {𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ] − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ]}
4 4 4
𝜋− 𝐴 (𝐵−𝐶) 𝜋 𝐵+𝐶
= 1 +2𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ] {𝑐𝑜𝑠 [− ] − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ − ]}
4 4 2 4
𝜋− 𝐴 𝐶− 𝐵 𝐵+𝐶
= 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ] {cos [ ] − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ]}
4 4 4
𝜋− 𝐴 𝐶− 𝐵 𝜋− 𝐴 𝐵+𝐶
= 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ] cos [ ] - 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ] sin [ ]
4 4 4 4
𝜋−𝐴+𝐶 − 𝐵 𝜋− 𝐴− 𝐶 + 𝐵 𝜋− 𝐴 −𝐵−𝐶 𝜋− 𝐴 +𝐵+𝐶
= 1 + sin [ ] + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ] − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ] +𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ]
4 4 4 4
92
𝐴 + 𝐵+𝐶 −𝐴+ 𝐶 − 𝐵 𝐴+𝐵+𝐶− 𝐴− 𝐶 + 𝐵
= 1 + sin [ ] + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ]
4 4
𝜋− 𝐴 −𝐵−𝐶 𝜋− 𝐴 +𝐵+𝐶
−𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ] +𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ ]
4 4
A + B + C = 1800 = π
𝐶 𝐵 𝜋 𝐴
= 1 + sin + sin [ ] - cos 00+ cos [ − ]
2 2 2 2
𝐶 𝐵 𝐴
= 1 + sin + sin [ ] - 1 + sin ( )
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= sin + sin + sin = L. H .S
2 2 2
5. If A , B , C are angles in a triangle prove that

𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
Sin2 + sin2 - sin 2 = 1 - 2 cos cos sin
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Solu : Given A + B + C = 1800

Sin2 A - sin2 B = sin( A+B) sin( A - B)
2𝐴 2𝐵 𝐶
L.H.S = Sin + sin - sin 2
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵+𝐶 𝐵−𝐶
=Sin2 + sin sin
2 2 2 A + B + C = 1800 then
𝐵+𝐶
𝐴 𝐴 𝐵 −𝐶 cos A /2 = sin 2
= 1 - cos2 + cos sin
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐴 𝐵 −𝐶
=1 - cos ( cos - sin ) Sin(A+B) - sin( A- B)
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵+𝐶 𝐵 −𝐶
= 2 cos A sinB
= 1 - cos ( sin - sin )
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 1 - 2 cos cos sin = R.H.S
2 2 2
6. If A , B , C are angles in a triangle prove that

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
cos2 +cos2 - cos 2 = 2 cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
Solu : Given A + B + C = 1800

cos2 A - sin2 B = cos A+B) cos( A - B)
2𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
L.H.S = cos +cos2 - cos 2
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
=cos2 + 1 -Sin2 - ( 1 - sin2 )
2 2 2 A + B + C = 1800 then
𝐴+𝐵
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 sinC /2 = cos 2
= cos2 -Sin2 + sin2 )
2 2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴 −𝐵 𝐶
=cos cos + sin2 cos(A+B) + cos( A- B)
2 2 2
= 2 cos A cosB
93
𝐶 𝐴 −𝐵 𝐶
= sin cos + sin2
2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴 −𝐵 𝐶
= sin ( cos + sin )
2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴 −𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
= sin ( cos + cos )
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 2 cos cos sin = R.H.S
2 2 2
7. If A + B + C = 270 0 then prove that

Cos2A + cos2 B - cos2 C = - 2 cosA cosB sin C
Solu: Given that A + B + C = 2700
Cos2 A = 1- sin2 A
L.H.S = Cos2A + cos2 B - cos2 C
= 1 - sin2 A + cos2 B - ( 1 - sin2 C )
= cos2 B - sin2 A + sin2 C
2
cos2 B - sin2 A
= cos( B+A) cos( B - A ) + sin C
= cos( B+A) cos( B - A )
= - sin C cos ( A - B ) + sin2 C
= - sin C [ cos ( A - B ) - sin C]
A + B + C = 2700 then
= - sinC [cos(A - B)+cos(A+B)] Cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A - B ) = 2 cosA cosB
= -2 sinC ( 2 cosA cosB)

= - 2 cosA cosB sin C = R.H.S
8. If A + B + C = 2S then prove that
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
Cos ( S- A ) + cos ( S - B ) + cos ( S - C ) + cos S = 4 cos cos cos
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Solu: L.H.S = Cos ( S- A ) + cos ( S - B ) + cos ( S - C ) + cos S

𝑆−𝐴+𝑆−𝐵 𝑆−𝐴−𝑆+𝐵 𝑆−𝐶+𝑆 𝑆−𝐶−𝑆
= 2cos [ ] cos [ ]+2cos [ ]cos [ ]
2 2 2 2
2𝑆−(𝐴+𝐵) −(𝐴−𝐵) 2𝑆−𝐶 −𝐶

= 2cos [ ] cos [ ]+2cos [ ]cos [ ] Cos(-A) = cosA
2 2 2 2
2𝑆−(𝐴+𝐵) 2𝑆−(2𝑆 − 𝐶) 𝐶
A + B + C = 2S then = =
2 94 2 2
𝐶 𝐵−𝐴 2𝑆−𝐶 𝐶
= 2cos [ ] cos [ ]+2cos [ ]cos [ ]
2 2 2 2
= 𝐶 𝐵−𝐴 𝐴+𝐵 𝐶
2cos [ ] cos [ ]+2cos [ ]cos [ ]
2 2 2 2
= 𝐶 𝐵−𝐴 𝐴+𝐵 Cos C + cos D = 2cos( ) cos ( )
2cos [ ] [ cos [ ]+ cos [ ]] 𝟐 𝟐
2 2 2
𝐶 𝐵−𝐴+𝐴+𝐵 𝐵−𝐴−𝐴−𝐵
= 2 cos [ ] [2cos [ ] cos [ ]]
2 4 4
𝐶 2𝐵 −2𝐴
= 2cos [ ] 2cos [ ] cos [ ]
2 4 4
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 4 cos cos cos = R . H .S
2 2 2
9. If A + B + C = 0 0 then prove that

Cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1 + 2 cosA cosB cosC
Solu: A + B + C = 00 then A+ B = - C
L.H.S = Cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C
= cos2 A + 1 - sin2 B + cos2 C
= 1 + ( cos2 A - sin2 B ) + cos2 C
= 1 + cos( A+ B) cos (A - B ) + cos2 C
= 1+ cos C cos ( A - B ) + cos 2 C
= 1 + cos C [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶 ]
= 1 + cos C [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐴 + 𝐵 ) ]
= 1 + cosC ( 2 cosA cosB )
= 1 + 2cosA cosB cosC = R.H.S
10. If A + B + C = 900 then prove that
sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 1 - 2 sinAsinBsinC
Solu: A + B + C = 900 then A+ B = 900- C
L.H.S = sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
= 1 - cos2 A +sin2 B + sin2 C
= 1 - ( cos2 A - sin2 B ) + sin2 C
95
= 1 - cos( A+ B) cos (A - B ) + sin2 C
sinC = sin( 90 - ( A + B )
= 1- sin C cos ( A - B ) + sin2 C = cos( A + B )
Cos(90 - C ) = sinC
= 1 - sin C [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐴 − 𝐵) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 ]
= 1 - sin C [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐴 − 𝐵 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐴 + 𝐵 ) ]
= 1 - sinC ( 2 sinA sinB )
= 1 - 2sinAsinBsinC = R.H.S
96
Chapter-7
TRIGNOMETRIC EQUATIONS
(Weightage: 4 Marks)
Key Points
S.No The Range of k The interval in General Solution

Equation which the
f(x) = k principal
solutionlies
1. sinx = k [-1, 1]  π π nπ+  1
n
 ,n  z
  2 , 2 
2. cosx = k [-1, 1] 0, π  2nπ   ,n  z

3. tanx = k R  π π nπ   ,n  z
 , 
 2 2
4. cosex = k  ,1  1,    π π nπ+  1
n
 ,n  z
  2 , 2  \ 0
 ,  1  1,   2nπ   ,n  z
0, π  \  
5. secx = k π
2
6. cotx = k R  0, π  nπ   ,n  z
2) General Solution of :-
i) sinx = 0 is x = nπ,n  z
π
ii) cosx = 0 is x =  2n+1 ,n  z
2
iii) tanx = 0 is x = nπ,n  z
3) If sin 2 θ  sin 2  (or)cos2 θ=cos 2 (or) tan 2 θ  tan 2  then its General Solution
θ = nπ   ,n  z
4) Common Solution of any two trigonometric equations is
θ= 2nπ+ ,n  z,o    2π
97
Level - I
Short Answer Questions (4 M)
1) Solve 2  sin x  cos x   3
Sol: Given equation is
2  sin x  cos x   3
3
 sin x  cos x 
2
1  1  2 we get

2 2
On dividing by
1 1 3
 sin x+ cos x 
2 2 2. 2
3
 sin 450 sin x  cos 450 cos x 
2
 1 1 
 sin 45  and cos450 
0

 2 2
 
 cos x  450  cos300
 3
 sinAsinB+cosAcosB=cos(A-B),cos30 
0

 2 
 x  450  300
General Solution of cosx = k is 2nπ   ,n  z
 x  450  2nπ  300 ,n  z
 x  2nπ  300  450 ,n  z
 x  2nπ  300  450 or x  2nπ  300  450 ,n  z
 x  2nπ + 750 or x  2nπ  150 ,n  z
  
 Solution set is x  2nπ  750  2nπ  150 ,n  z 
2) Solve 3sinθ  cosθ  2
98
3sinθ  cosθ  2
 
2
  1  3  1  4  2 we get
2
On dividing by 3
3 1 2
 sinθ  cosθ 
2 2 2
1
 cos300 sin θ - sin300 cosθ 
2
  
 sin θ  300  sin 450  sinAcosB - CosAsinB = sin(A-B) sin450 

1 

2
 θ  300  450
General Solution of sinx = k is nπ   1  ,n  z

n
 θ  300  nπ+  1 450 ,n  z

n
 θ  nπ+  1 450 ,  300 ,n  z

n
3) Solve sinx+ 3cos x  2

sinx+ 3cos x  2
 3
2
1
2
On dividing by   1 3  4  2
1 3 2
 sinx+ cos x 
2 2 2
1
 cos600 sin x  sin 600 cos x 
2
 
 sin x  600  sin 450
 1 
 sinA cos B + cosA sinB = sin(A+B), sin45 
0

 2 
 x  600  450
General Solution of sinx = k is nπ   1  ,n  z

n
99
 x  600  nπ+  1 450 ,n  z
n
 x  nπ+  1 450  600 ,n  z

n
4) If θ1,θ 2 are the solutions of the equation tan θ1  tan θ 2 ad a+c  0
acos2θ  bsin 2θ = c then find the values of

i) tan θ1  tan θ 2 ii) tan θ1.tan θ 2

acos2θ  bsin 2θ = c
 1  tan 2 θ   2 tan θ 
   b  2 θ 
c
 1  tan 2 θ   1  tan
 
 1  tan 2 θ   2 tan θ 
 cos 2θ  2 θ 
and  sin2θ = 
   1  tan 2 θ 
 1 tan 
  
 a 1  tan 2 θ  b  2 tan θ   c 1  tan 2 θ 
 a  a tan 2 θ +b2 tan θ  c  c tan 2 θ
 c tan 2 θ+a tan 2 θ  2b tanθ  (c  a)  0
  c  a  tan 2 θ  2b tan θ  (c - a)  0
This is quadratic equation in tan θ with roots tan θ1 and tan θ 2
1(-2b) 2b
 tan θ1  tan θ 2  
c+a c+a
 2 b 
 sum theroots of ax +bx+c = 0is 
 a 
c-a
 tan θ1.tan θ 2 
c+a
 2 c
Product of therootsof ax + bx + c = 0is 
 a
5) Solve 4cos2θ  3  2  
3  1 cosθ
100
4cos2θ  3  2  
3  1 cosθ
 4cos 2θ  3  2 3 cosθ+2cosθ
 4cos 2θ  2 3 cosθ  2cosθ+ 3  0
 2cosθ  2cosθ  1  3  2cosθ  1  0
 (2cosθ - 3) (2 cosθ  1)  0
1 3
 cosθ  or cosθ 
2 2
1
If cosθ   cosθ  cos600  θ  600
2
 General solution of cos x = k is 2n   , nz
 θ  2n  600 , nz
3
If cosθ   cosθ  cos300  θ  300
2
 General solution is θ  2n π  300 ,n  z
  
 solution set is = 2n π  600  2n π  300 ,n  z
6) Solve 1  sin 2 θ =3sinθcosθ
Sol: 1  sin 2 θ =3sinθcosθ
On dividing by cos 2θ we get
1 sin 2 θ 3sin θ cosθ

 2
 2

cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ
 sec2 θ + tan 2 θ  3tan θ
 
 1+ tan 2 θ  tan 2 θ  3tan θ  sec2 θ=1+ tan 2 θ 
 2tan 2 θ  3tanθ  1  0
101
 2tan 2 θ  2tanθ  tanθ  1  0
 2tanθ  tanθ  1   tanθ  1  0
 (tanθ - 1) (2tanθ - 1)  0
1
 tanθ  or tanθ  1
2
General solution of tanx = k is nπ+α,n  z
 tanθ  1  tanθ  tan 450  θ  450
θ  nπ +450 ,n  z
1
 θ  tan 1  
1
When tan θ 
2 2
1
 θ  nπ  tan -1   ,n  z
2
 
 
 1 
Solution set is nπ  450  nπ  tan -1    n  z
 2 
7) Solve cot 2 x   
3  1 cot x+ 3  0
cot 2 x   
3  1 cot x+ 3  0
 cot 2 x  3 cot x  cot x + 3  0
  
 cot x cot x  3  cot x  3  0 
 
 cot x  3  cot x  1  0
 cot x = 3 or cot x  1
General solution of cotx = k is nπ+ ,n  z
 cot x  3  cot x  cot 600  x  600

102
 x = nπ +600 , n  z
When cot x  1  cot x  cot 450  x  450
 x = nπ +450 , n  z
  
 solution set is nπ +600  nπ +450 n  z 
8) Solve 2cos 2 θ  3 sin θ  1  0
2cos2 θ  3sinθ  1  0
 
 2 1  sin 2 θ  3 sin θ  1  0  cos 2 θ  1  sin 2 θ 
 2  2sin 2 θ  3 sin θ  1  0
 2sin 2 θ + 3 sin θ  3  0
 2sin 2 θ  2 3 sin θ  3 sin θ  3  0
 2sin θ(sin θ  3)  3(sin θ  3)  0
 
 sinθ  3 2sinθ  3  0 
3
 sinθ = orsinθ =  3 which is invalid since  1  sinθ  1
2
General solution of sinx = k is nπ +(-1)n ,n  z
3
 sinθ   sin 600  θ  600
2
 θ  nπ   1 600 ,n  z
n
103
LEVEL - II
9) Solve sinθ  sin5θ  sin3θ,0  θ< π

sinθ  sin5θ  sin3θ
 θ  5θ   θ  5θ    A+B   A-B  
 2sin   cos    sin3θ  sin A  sin B  2sin   cot  
 2   2    2   2 
 6θ   4θ 
 2sin   cos    sin 3θ
 2   2 
 2sin3θ cos  2θ   sin3θ  cos  θ   cosθ 
 2sin3θcos2θ  sin3θ  0
 sin3θ  2cos2θ  1  0
1
 sin3θ  0, or cos2θ 
2
General solution for sinx = 0 is nπ,n  z
 sin3θ  0  sin 0  3θ  0
3θ= nπ,n  z
nπ
θ ,n  z
3
π
When n = 1, θ  ,
3
2π
n = 2, θ 
3
General solution for cosx = k is 2nπ   , n  z
1 π
 2cos 2θ  1  0  cos 2θ   cos
2 3
π π
 2θ   θ=
3 6
π
 θ  nπ  ,n  z
6
π π
When n = 0, θ  ,
6 6
104
π π
n =1, θ  π+ , π 
6 6
7π 5π
θ ,
6 6
 π π 2π 5π 
 Solution set is  , , ,  ,0  θ < π
6 3 3 6 
10) Given p  q, prove that the solutions of cospθ+cosqθ = 0, form two series each
of which is in A.P. Find also the common difference of each A.P.
cospθ+cosqθ = 0
 pθ + qθ   pθ - qθ 
 2cos   cos  0
 2   2 
  A  B   A  B 
 cos A  cos B  2cos  2  cos  2  
    
 p+q   p-q 
 2cos   θcos  θ  0
 2   2 
 p+q   p-q 
 2cos   θ = 0 or cos  θ  0
 2   2 
 p+q  π  p-q  π
 cos   θ = cos or cos   θ  cos
 2  2  2  2
 p+q  π  p-q  π
  θ = or  θ 
 2  2  2  2
General solution for cosx = k is 2nπ   ,n  z
 p+q  π
  θ  2nπ  ,n  z
 2  2
 p+q   4n  1 
 θ     ,n  z
 2   2 
 4n  1 
θ   ,n  z
 pq 
π π
When n = 0, θ  ,
p+q p+q
105
3π 5π
n = 1, θ  ,
p+q p+q
π π 3π 5π 2π
The solutions , , , ,- - - form an A.P with common difference .
p+q p+q p+q p+q p+q
pq π π 3π 5π
Similarly the solutions of cos    θ  0 are , , , ,- - -
 2  p-q p  q p  q p-q
2π
form an A.P with common difference .
pq
11) If  ,β are the solutions of the equation acosθ + bsinθ  C, where a,b,c  R and if
2bc
a 2 +b2 >0,cos  cosβ and sin  sinβ then show that sin  sinβ=
a 2  b2
a cosθ  bsinθ =c
 a cosθ  c  bsinθ squaring on both sides we get
 a 2 cos2 θ =  c  bsinθ 
2
 a 2 cos2 θ =c2  b2 sin 2 θ  2bcsin θ
 
 a 2 1  sin 2 θ  c2  b2 sin 2 θ  2bcsin θ  cos 2 θ  1  sin 2 θ 
 a 2  a 2 sin 2 θ  c2  b2 sin 2 θ  2bcsinθ
 b2 sin 2 θ  a 2 sin 2 θ  2bcsinθ  c2  a 2  0
  
 b 2  a 2 sin 2 θ  2bcsin θ  c2  a 2  0
This is a quadrative equation in sinθ where sin  ,sinβ are the roots.
  2bc  2bc
 sin  sinsβ = 2 2
 2
b a b  a2
 2 b 
  ,βareroots of ax +bx+c = 0, then   β  
 a 
106
CHAPTER -8
INVERSE TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Weightage: 4 Marks
Level – I
Short answer questions: (4 M)
1 1 1 π

1) Prove that tan 1    tan 1    tan 1   
2 5 8 4
1 1 1 π

Sol: Given equation is tan 1    tan 1    tan 1   
5 5 8 4
1 1 1

tan 1    tan 1    tan 1  
2 5 8
 1 1 
  25  1   x+y  
1
= tan    tan 1    tan 1 x + tan 1 y = tan 1  
1 1
1 .   8    1  xy 
 2 5 
 7 
  1
 tan 1  10   tan 1  
1
1  8
 10 
 7 
  1 7 1
 tan 1  10   tan 1    tan 1    tan 1  
 
9 8 9 8
 10 
 7 1   56  9 
    
 tan 1  9 8   tan 1  72 
7 1 72  7
1 .   
 9 8  72 
 65 
 tan 1    tan 1 1
 65 
107
 π π
 tan 1  tan    R.H.S
 4 4
1 1 1 π

 tan 1    tan 1    tan 1   
2 5 8 4
1 1 2

2) Prove that tan 1    tan 1    tan 1    0
7  13  9
1 1 2

tan 1    tan 1    tan 1    0
7  13  9
1 1 1  2 
L.H.S:- tan 1    tan 1    tan  
7  13  9
 1 1 
  7  13  2   x + y 
1
 tan    tan 1    Tan 1x+Tan 1y = Tan 1  
1 1
1 .  9   1- xy  
 7 13 
 20 
  2  20  2
 tan 1  91   tan 1    tan 1    tan 1  
91  1 9  90  9
 
 91 
2 2
 tan 1    tan 1   = 0 = R.H.S
9 9
1 1 2

 tan 1    tan 1    tan 1    0
7  13  9
4  7   117 
3) Prove that sin 1    sin 1    sin 1  
5  25   125 
4  7  1  117 
Sol: Given equation is sin 1    sin 1    sin  
5  25   125 
4
Let sin 1      sin  
4
5 5
3
From figure cos  
5
 7 
Let sin 1 
7
  β  sinβ 
 25  25
108
24
From figure cosβ 
25
Now sin  α  β   sin αcosβ  cosαsinβ
4 24 3 7
 .  .
5 25 5 25
96 21 117
  sin  α+β  
125 125 125
 α+β   sin 1
117
125
4  7   117 
 sin 1    sin 1    sin 1  
5  25   125 
4 5  16  π
4) Prove that sin 1    sin 1    sin 1   
5  13   65  2
4 5  16  π
sin 1    sin 1    sin 1   
5  13   65  2
4
Let sin 1      sin  
4
5 5
3
From figure cos  
5
 
5 5 12
Let sin-1 =   = β  sinβ = from figure cosβ =
 13  13 13
cos   β   cos cosβ  sin  sinβ
3 12 4 5
   
5 13 5 13
36 20
 
65 65
16
 cos  α  β  
65
 α  β   cos1 
16 

 65 
109
4 5 1  16 
L.H.S sin 1    sin 1    sin  
5  13   65 
 16   16 
 cos1    sin 1  
 65   65 
π  16   16   π
  sin 1    sin 1   1 1
 cos x  sin x  
2  65   65   2
π
 = R.H.S
2
4 5  16  π
 sin 1    sin 1    sin 1   
5  13   65  2
5) If Tanx 1x +Tanx 1z  π then prove that x + y + z = xyz
Sol: Given equation is Tanx 1x +Tany 1z  π
x+y
 Tanx 1   = π  Tanx 1z
 1  xy 
x+y  1 1 1  x + y  
 Tanx 1   = π  Tanx 1z  Tanx  Tan y = Tan  
 1  xy    1  xy  

x+y
1  xy

= Tan π -Tanx 1z   Tan  π  θ   Tanθ 

x+y
1  xy

=  Tan Tan 1z     
Tan Tan 1θ  θ
x+y
 = z  x+y = -z (1-xy)
1  xy
 x+y = -z + xyz  x+y+z = xyz
Hence proved.
3  12   33 
6) Prove that sin 1   +cos1    cos1  
5  13   65 
3  12   33 
sin 1   +cos1    cos1  
5  13   65 
3
Let sin 1      sin  
3
5 5
110
4
From figure cos 
5
 12 
Let cos1 
12
  β  cosβ 
 13  13
5
From figure sinβ 
13
cos  +β   cos cosβ  sin  sinβ
4 12 3 5
 .  .
5 13 5 13
 33 
Hence  +β   cos 1  
48 15 33
   cos  +β  
65 65 65  65 
3  12   33 
sin 1    cos1    cos1  
5  13   65 
Hence proved
4 1 π
7) Prove that sin 1    2Tan 1   
5 3 2
4 1 π
sin 1    2Tan 1   
5 3 2
4 1
L.H.S: sin 1    2Tan 1  
5  3
  1 2 
1    
4  1  x2  
sin    cos   2 
   2Tan 1x = cos 1 
1 1 3
  
5   1  x2  
 1 
1      
 
 3 
 1  8 
 4  1 9  4  
1 1
 sin    cos   sin 1    cos 1  9 
5 1 5 10
1   
 9  9 
4 8 4 4

 sin 1    cos1    sin 1    cos1  
5  10  5 5
111
π  1 1 π 
  R.H.S  Sin x +Cosx  
2  2
4 1 π
Sin 1   +2Tan 1   
5  3 2
Hence proved.
3 5  323 

8) Prove that 2sin 1    cos1    cos1  
5  13   325 
3 5  323 

2sin 1    cos1    cos1  
5  13   325 
3
Let sin 1      sin  
3
5 5
4
From figure cos 
5
5
Let cos 1 
5
  β  cosβ 
 13  13
12
From figure sinβ 
13
Now sin 2  2sin  cos
3 4
 2. .
5 5
24
 sin 2 
25
cos 2  2cos2   1
2
4 16
 2  1  2   1
5 25
32  25 7
 hence cos 2 
25 25
cos  2  β   cos2 cosβ+sin2 sinβ

7 5 24 12
.  .
25 13 25 13
 cos  A-B  cosAcosB + sinAsinB
112
35  288

325
 2  β   cos1  
323 323
cos  2  β  
325  325 
3 5  323 

 2sin 1    cos1    cos1  
5  13   325 
3  8  36 
9) Prove that sin 1    sin 1    cos1  
5  17   85 
3  8  36 
sin 1    sin 1    cos1  
5  17   85 
3 8
Let sin 1     andsin 1  β
5  17 
3 8  π
sin   and sinβ= and  ,β   0, 
5 17  2
4 15
So that cos   and cosβ =
5 17
And   β    0, π 
Now cos   β   cos cosβ  sin  sinβ
4 15 3 8
   
5 17 5 17
60 24
 
85 85
36  π
 0  α  β   0, 
85  2
 36 
α  β = cos 1  
 85 
3  8  36 
 sin 1    sin 1    cos1  
5  17   85 
 13   1  2  
10) Show that Cot  sin 1   sin  tan   
 17    3 
113
 13   1  2  
Cot  sin 1   sin  Tan   
 17    3 
13 13
Let sin 1    sin  
17 17
2  13  2
From Figure cos   cot  sin 1  
13  17  13
 
2 2 2
R.H.S: Let tan 1   = β  tanβ= from figure sinβ=
3 3 13
  2 
 sin  Tan 1    
2
  3  13
 L.H.S = R.H.S
 13   1  2  
 Cot  Sin 1   Sin  Tan   
 17    3 
  1   1
11) Prove that cos  2Tan 1     sin  4Tan 1 
  7   3
  1   1
cos  2Tan 1     sin  4Tan 1 
  7   3
1
Let Tan 1      Tan 
1
7 7
 1
 cos  2Tan 1   cos 2
 7
2
1
2 1  
1  Tan  7
  2
1  Tan 2 1
1  
7
1 48
1
 49  49
1 50
1
49 49
114
48 24
  
 (1)
50 25
Let Tan 1  β  Tanβ =

1 1
3 3
1
2.
 Tan 2β =
2 tanβ
 3  29  3
1  tan 2 β 1  1 3 8 4
9
 1
sin  4Tan 1   sin  4β 
 3
 sin 2  2β 
2 tan 2β  2tan θ 
  sin 2θ  
1  tan 2 2β  1  tan 2 θ 
3 3 3
2.
 4  2  2  3  16  24 
 (2)
2 9 25 2 25 25
3 1
1   16 16
4
 1  1
 From (1) and (2) we get cos  2Tan 1   sin  4Tan 1 
 7  3
12) If cos1 p  cos1 q  cos1 r  π then prove that p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pqr = 1 Sol:
Given equation is
cos1 p  cos1 q  cos1 r  π
Let cos1 p = A,cos 1 q  B,cos 1 r  C
Then A + B + C = π
And p = cosA, q = cosB, r = cosC
How p2 +q 2 +r 2
 cos2 A+cos2 B+cos2 C

 cos 2 A+ 1  sin 2 B  cos 2 C   cos 2 θ =1  sin 2 θ 
 
 1+ cos 2 A -sin 2 B  cos 2 C
115
 1+cos  A  B  .cos  A - B   cos 2 C
 1+ cos  π  C  .cos  A - B   cos 2 C From (1)
 1 cosc cos  A - B   cos 2 C
 1 cosc  cos  A - B  cosC
 1 cosc cos  A - B  cos 

 1 cosc cos  A - B  cos 1800  A+B  
  
 1 cosc cos  A - B  cos  A+B  cos 180  θ    cosθ 
 1 cosc  2cosA  cosB
 1  2pq r
 p2 +q 2 +r 2  1  2pq r
p2 +q 2 +r 2  2pq r =1
116
CHAPTER : 9.
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS .
WEIGHTAGE : (2 MARKS)
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS .(2 MARKS)
5
1. If coshx = then find (i) cosh2x (ii) sinh2x
2
5
Solu : Given coshx =
2
Cosh2x = 2 cosh2 x - 1
𝟐𝟑
= 2(5/2) 2 - 1 = 2(25/4) - 1 =
𝟐
Cosh2 2x - Sinh2 2x = 1
Sinh22x = Cosh 2 2x - 1
𝟐𝟑 2 (23)2 −(2)2 (23+2) ( 23 − 2)
= ( ) - 1 = =
𝟐 4 4
25 𝑥 21
=
4
25 𝑥 21 𝟓√𝟐𝟏
Sinh2x = √ =
4 𝟐
3
2. If sinhx = then find (i) cosh2x (ii) sinh2x
4
3
Solu: Given sinhx =
4 Cosh2 x - Sinh2 x = 1
Coshx = ±√1 + sinh2 x
3
= ±√1 + ( )2
4
16+9 25 𝟓
= ±√ = ±√ =±
16 16 𝟒
Cosh2x = 2 cosh2 x - 1
2 25 Cosh2x = 1 + 2Sinh2x
= 2(5/4) - 1 = 2( ) - 1 = 2 cosh2 x - 1
16
𝟓𝟎 − 𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟒 𝟏𝟕
= = =
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟖
Sinh2x = 2sinhx coshx
3 𝟓 𝟏𝟓
Sinh2x = 2( ) ( ) =
4 𝟒 𝟖
3. If sinhx = 3 then show that x = log 𝑒 (3 + √10)
Solu: Given sinhx = 3 ⟹ x = sinh-1 (3)
117
Sinh-1x = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
X = log 𝑒 (3 + √32 − 1)
= log 𝑒 (3 + √10)
4. If sinhx = 5 then show that x = log 𝑒 (5 + √26)
Solu: Given sinhx = 5 ⟹ x = sinh-1 (5)
X = log 𝑒 (5 + √52 − 1) Sinh-1x = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
= log 𝑒 (5 + √26)
𝟏 𝟏
5. Show that tanh-1 ( ) = ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
1 (1+𝑥)
Solu : We know that tanh-1 x = log
2 (1 − 𝑥)
1 3
(1+ ) ( )
-1 1 1 2 1 2 𝟏
tanh ( ) = log 1 = log ( 1 ) = ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝟑
2 2 (1 − 2) 2 (2 ) 𝟐
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
6. Prove that + = - 2 cosechx , for x ≠ 0.
𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 − 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 + 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
Solu : L.H.S = +
𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 − 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 + 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 + 1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥( 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 − 1 )
=
(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 + 1)
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 +𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
=
𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 − 1
2𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥
= = Sech2x + tanh2 x = 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥
1
−2𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 −2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 −2
= = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = = - 2 cosechx = R.H.S
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
7. Prove that ( coshx + sinhx )n = cosh(nx) + sinh(nx)
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥
Solu: coshx + sinhx = + = = ex
2 2 2
L.H. S = ( coshx + sinhx ) = (e ) = e nx n x n
R .H.S = cosh(nx) + sinh(nx)

𝑒 𝑛𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 2𝑒 𝑛𝑥
= + = = e nx.
2 2 2
L.H.S = R.H.S
( coshx + sinhx )n = cosh(nx) + sinh(nx).
*** *** ***
118
CHAPTER :10
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES .
WEIGHTAGE : ( 4 + 7 = 11 MARKS )
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS : (4 MARKS)

𝑪 𝑩
1. In ∆ ABC, find bcos2 + ccos2
𝟐 𝟐
2𝐶 2𝐵 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐) 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏) a + b + c = 2s
Solu: bcos + ccos =b{ } + c { } 𝐶 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)
2 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
𝑠(𝑠−𝑐) 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏) cos2 =
= + 2 𝑎𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏)
𝑠 𝑠 𝐵
= ( s-c + s - b ) = ( 2s - c - b ) cos2 =
𝑎
𝑠
𝑎
𝑠
2 𝑎𝑐
= (a+ b + c - b - c ) = (a) =s
𝑎 𝑎
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐
2. Prove that CotA + CotB + Cot C =
𝟒∆
Solu: L.H.S. = CotA + CotB + Cot C Cosine rule
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐶
= +
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴
+
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 −𝑐 2
Cos A =
= + + 2𝑏𝑐
2𝑏𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 2𝑎𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 2𝑎𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶 1
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 −𝑐 2
∆ = bc sinA
2
= + +
4∆ 4∆ 4∆
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 −𝑏2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 −𝑐 2
=
4∆
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 +𝑐 2
= = R.H.S
4∆
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑨 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑩 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑪 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐
3. Show that + + =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝟐𝒂𝒃𝒄
Solu : L.H.S = + +
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 −𝑐 2
= + + ( Using above cosine rule )
2𝑏𝑐 𝑎 2𝑎𝑐 𝑏 2𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 −𝑏2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 −𝑐 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 +𝑐 2
= = = R.H.S
2𝑎𝑏𝑐 2𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐
4. Show that 𝟐
+ 𝟐
+ 𝟐
+ =
𝒓 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟑 𝟐 ∆𝟐
1 1 1 1
Solu : L.H.S = + + + 1 𝑠
𝑟2 𝑟1 2 𝑟2 2 𝑟3 2 =
𝑠2 (𝑠 − 𝑎)2 (𝑠 − 𝑏)2 (𝑠 − 𝑐)2 𝑟 ∆
= + + + 1 (𝑠 − 𝑎)
∆2 ∆2 ∆2 ∆2
𝑠 2 + (𝑠 − 𝑎)2 +(𝑠 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑠 − 𝑐)2 =
= 𝑟1 ∆
∆2 1 ( 𝑠 − 𝑏)
s2 + s2 − 2as + a2 + s2 − 2bs+ b2 +s2 − 2cs+ c2
= =
∆2 𝑟2 ∆
4s2 − 2as + a2 − 2bs+ b2 − 2cs+ c2 1 (𝑠 − 𝑐)
= =
∆2
𝑟3 ∆
119
4s2 −2s(a+b + c) + a2 + b2 + c2
=
∆2
4s2 −2s(2s) + a2 + b2 + c2
=
∆2
a2 + b2 + c2
= = R.H.S
∆2
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝒔𝟐
5. Prove that Cot + Cot + Cot =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 ∆
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Solu : L.H.S = Cot + Cot + Cot 𝐴 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)
2 2 2 Cot =
𝑠(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑠(𝑠 −𝑏) 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐) 2 ∆
= + +
∆ ∆ ∆
𝑠( 𝑠−𝑎 + 𝑠−𝑏 + 𝑠−𝑐)
=
∆
𝑠(3𝑠−(𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐))
=
∆
𝑠( 3𝑠 − 2𝑠) 𝑠2
= = = R.H.S
∆ ∆
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂 + 𝒂𝒃 −𝒔𝟐
6. Prove that tan + tan + tan =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 ∆
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Solu : L.H.S = tan + tan + tan
2 2 2
(𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐) (𝑠− 𝑎)(𝑠 −𝑐) (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑎)
= + +
∆ ∆ ∆
(𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)+(𝑠− 𝑎)(𝑠 −𝑐)+ (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑎) (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)
= 𝐴
∆ tan =
𝑠 2 −𝑠𝑐−𝑠𝑏 +𝑏𝑐+𝑠 2 −𝑠𝑎−𝑠𝑐 +𝑎𝑐 +𝑠 2 −𝑠𝑎−𝑠𝑏+𝑎𝑏 2 ∆
=
∆
3𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 (𝑎 +𝑏+𝑐) +𝑎𝑏+𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑐
=
∆
3𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 (2𝑠) +𝑎𝑏+𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑠 2
= = = R.H.S
∆ ∆
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
7. If Cot : Cot : Cot = 3 : 5 : 7 then show that a : b : c = 6 : 5 : 4
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Solu : Given that Cot : Cot : Cot =3:5:7
2 2 2
𝑠(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑠(𝑠 −𝑏) 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)
∶ ∶ = 3:5:7
∆ ∆ ∆
s(s-a) : s(s-b) : s(s-c) = 3 : 5 : 7
Let s - a = 3k , s - b = 5k , s - c = 7 k.
Adding these three s - a + s - b + s - c = 15k
3s - ( a + b + c ) = 15k ⟹ 3s - 2s = 15k
s = 15k , substituting
s- a = 3k ⟹ 15k - a = 3k ⟹ a = 12k
s - b = 5k ⟹ 15k - b = 5k ⟹ b = 10k
s - c = 7k ⟹ 15k - c = 7k ⟹ c = 8k
Hence a: b : c = 12k : 10k : 8k
⟹ a: b : c = 6 : 5 : 4
8. In a ∆ABC if a: b : c = 7 : 8 : 9 then show that

Cos A : cos B : cos C = 14 : 11 : 6.
Solu : Given that a: b : c = 7 : 8 : 9 ⟹ a = 7k, b = 8k , c= 9 k
120
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 64k2 + 81k2 − 49 k2 96k2 𝟐
Now cos A = = = =
2𝑏𝑐 2(8𝑘) (9𝑘) 144𝑘 2 𝟑
𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 −𝑏2 81k2 + 49k2 − 64k2 66k2 𝟏𝟏
cosB = = = =
2𝑎𝑐 2(7𝑘) (9𝑘) 126𝑘 2 𝟐𝟏
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 −𝑐 2 49k2 + 64k2 −81k2 32k2 𝟐
cosC = = = =
2𝑎𝑏 2(7𝑘) (8𝑘) 112𝑘 2 𝟕
𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟏 𝟔
Cos A : cos B : cos C = : : = : : = 14 : 11 : 6.
𝟑 𝟐𝟏 𝟕 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏
𝒂 𝟐√𝒃𝒄 𝑨
9. If sin 𝛉 = then show that cos𝛉 = cos
𝒃+𝒄 𝒃+𝒄 𝟐
𝑎 2 𝑎2
Solu : Given sin θ = ⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑏+𝑐 (𝑏+𝑐)2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1 - 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 X2 - y2 = (x+y) ( x - y)
𝑎2 (𝑏 +𝑐)2 −𝑎2 (𝑏+𝑐+𝑎) ( 𝑏+ 𝑐 − 𝑎)
= 1- = =
(𝑏+𝑐)2 (𝑏+𝑐)2 (𝑏+𝑐)2
(2𝑠) ( 2𝑠 − 𝑎 − 𝑎) (2𝑠) ( 2𝑠−2 𝑎) 4𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)
= = =
(𝑏+𝑐)2 (𝑏+𝑐)2 (𝑏+𝑐)2
Multiply Nr and Dr with bc
4𝑠 𝑏𝑐(𝑠 − 𝑎) 4𝑏𝑐 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = ⟹ cosθ = √ √
𝑏𝑐(𝑏+𝑐)2 (𝑏+𝑐)2 𝑏𝑐
4𝑏𝑐 𝐴 2√𝑏𝑐 𝐴
cosθ = √ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = cos
(𝑏+𝑐)2 2 𝑏+𝑐 2
𝟐√𝒃𝒄 𝑨
10. If a = ( b - c ) sec𝛉 then show that tan𝛉 = sin
𝒃−𝒄 𝟐
𝑎 X2 - y2 = (x+y) ( x - y)
Solu : Given a = ( b - c ) secθ ⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
(𝑏−𝑐)
2 2 2 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 - 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 1 ⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 - 1
𝑎2 (𝑎)2 −(𝑏 −𝑐)2 (𝑎+𝑏−𝑐) ( 𝑎−𝑏+ 𝑐)
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ = - 1 = =
(𝑏−𝑐)2 (𝑏−𝑐)2 (𝑏−𝑐)2
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑐) ( 𝑎+ 𝑏 +𝑐 − 2𝑏) (2𝑠 − 2𝑐) ( 2𝑠−2 𝑏) 4(𝑠−𝑐) (𝑠 − 𝑏)
= = =
(𝑏−𝑐)2 (𝑏−𝑐)2 (𝑏−𝑐)2
Multiply Nr and Dr with bc
4 𝑏𝑐(𝑠 − 𝑐)( 𝑠 − 𝑏 ) 4𝑏𝑐 (𝑠−𝑐)(𝑠−𝑏)
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ = ⟹ tanθ = √ √
𝑏𝑐(𝑏−𝑐)2 (𝑏−𝑐) 2 𝑏𝑐
4𝑏𝑐 𝐴 2√𝑏𝑐 𝐴
tanθ = √ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = sin .
(𝑏−𝑐)2 2 𝑏−𝑐 2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
11. In ∆ ABC if + = then show that angle C = 600
𝒂+𝒄 𝒃+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
1 1 3
Solu : Given that + =
𝑎+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Multiply by (a+b+c) throughout the eqn
𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐
⟹ + =3
𝑎+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐
(𝑎 + 𝑐) + 𝑏 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐)
⟹ + =3
𝑎+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐
𝑏 𝑎
⟹ 1+ + +1 =3
𝑎+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐
𝑏 𝑎
⟹ + = 3-2
𝑎+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐
𝑏 𝑎
⟹ + = 1
𝑎+𝑐 𝑏+𝑐
⟹ b(b+c) + a( a+ c) = (a +c) ( b+ c)
121
⟹ b2 + bc + a2 + ac = ab + ac + bc + c2
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 −𝑐 2
⟹ a2 + b2 - c2 = ab ⟹ =1
𝑎𝑏
Divide both sides by 2
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 −𝑐 2 1 1
= ⟹ cos C =
2𝑎𝑏 2 2
Hence C = 600
𝒂𝒃𝒄
12. Show that a2 cot A + b2 cotB + c2 cot C =
𝑹
(𝐴+𝐶)
Solu : L.H.S = a2 cot A + b2 cotB + c2 cot C Sin = Sin
2
= (2RsinA)2 cotA + (2RsinB)2 cotB + ( (2RsinC)2 cotC (𝜋 −𝐵)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 2
= 4R2 sin2A + 4R2 sinB + 4R2 sin2C 𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = cos
= 2R2 ( 2sinAcosA + 2sinBcosB + 2sinCcosC) 𝐵 𝐵
2
2 2
= 2R2 ( sin2A + sin2B + sin2C) cos - sin = cosB
2 2
= 2R2 ( 4sinA sinB sinC)
( In ∆ ABC we have sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC)
1 𝑎𝑏𝑐
= [ (2RsinA) (2RsinB) (2RsinC)] = R.H.S.
𝑅 𝑅
13. Show that r + 𝒓𝟑 + 𝒓𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐 = 4Rcos B
Solu : L.H.S = r + 𝑟3 + 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
= (𝑟3 + 𝑟1 ) + (𝑟 − 𝑟2 )
= (4R cos cos sin + 4R sin cos cos )
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ (4R sin sin sin - 4R cos sin cos )
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐵 𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶
= 4R[cos (cos sin + sin cos )
2 2 2 2 2
𝐵 𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶
- sin ( cos cos - sin sin )
2 2 2 2 2
Sin (𝐴+𝐶)
2
= cos
𝐴
2
𝐶
sin + sin cos
2
𝐴
2
𝐶
2
(𝐴+𝐶) 𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶
cos = cos cos - sin sin
2 2 2 2 2
𝐵 (𝐴+𝐶) 𝐵 (𝐴+𝐶)
L.H.S = 4R[cos Sin - sin cos ]
2 2 2 2
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
= 4R[cos cos - sin sin ]
2 2 2 2
2𝐵 2𝐵
= 4R [ cos - sin ]
2 2
= 4R cosB
= R.H.S
122
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS ( 7 marks)
𝟔𝟓 𝟐𝟏
1. In ∆ ABC if a = 13 , b = 14 , c = 15 show that R = , r = 4 , 𝒓𝟏 = ,𝒓𝟐 = 12
𝟖 𝟐
and 𝒓𝟑 = 14.
Solu: Given that a = 13 , b = 14 , c= 15
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 13+14+15 42
S= = = = 21
2 2 2
Now ∆ = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏) (𝑠 − 𝑐)
=√21(21 − 13)(21 − 14)(21 − 15) =√21(8)(7)(6)
= √7.3.4.7.2.3 = √72 32 42 = 7.3.4 = 84
∆ 84
r = = =4
𝑠 21
∆ 84 84 𝟐𝟏
𝑟1 = = = =
𝑠−𝑎 21−13 8 𝟐
∆ 84 84
𝑟2 = = = = 𝟏𝟐
𝑠−𝑏 21−14 7
∆ 84 84
𝑟3 = = = = 𝟏𝟒
𝑠−𝑐 21−15 6
𝑎𝑏𝑐 13.14.15 𝟔𝟓
R = = =
4∆ 4(84) 𝟖
2. In ∆𝐀𝐁𝐂 if 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟖, 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝒓𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒 , find a , b , c .

Solu: We know that 1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑟 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
1 1 1 1 3+2+1 6 1
= + + = = = r=4
𝑟 8 12 24 24 24 4
∆ = √rr1 r2 r3
And
∆ = √4.8.12.4 =√42. 242 = 4.24 = 96

∆ ∆ 96
Now r = ⟹ s = = = 24
𝑠 𝑟 4
∆ ∆ 96
𝑟1 = ⟹ s-a = ⟹ s-a = =12 ⟹ a = 24 - 12 = 12
𝑠−𝑎 𝑟1 8
a = 12
∆ ∆ 96
𝑟2 = ⟹s-b = ⟹ s-b = =8
𝑠−𝑏 𝑟2 12
⟹ b = 24 - 8 = 16
b = 16
∆ ∆ 96
𝑟3 = ⟹ s-c = ⟹ s-c = =4
𝑠−𝑐 𝑟3 24
⟹ c = 24 - 4 = 20 c = 20
123
3. If r : R : 𝒓𝟏 = 2: 5 : 12 then prove that triangle is right angled triangle
at A.
Solu: Given that r : R : 𝑟1 = 2: 5 : 12 then
r= 2k , R = 5k , 𝑟1 = 12k for some k.
Now 𝑟1 − 𝑟 = 12k - 2k = 10k = 2(5k) = 2R
𝑟1 − 𝑟 = 2R
⟹ ( 4R sin cos cos ) - (4R sin sin sin ) = 2R
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐵 𝐶
⟹ 4R sin (cos cos - sin sin ) = 2R
2 2 2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵+𝐶
⟹ 2 sin cos = 1
2 2 𝐵 𝐶 𝐵 𝐶 𝐵+𝐶
⟹ 2 sin sin
𝐴 𝐴
=1 cos cos - sin sin = cos
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
𝐴 1 = cos ( 90 - A/2)
⟹ Sin2 =
2 2 = sinA/2
𝐴 1 𝐴
⟹ Sin = ⟹ = 450⟹ A = 900
2 √2 2
The triangle is right angled triangle at A .
4. In ∆𝐀𝐁𝐂 if r = 1,𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑, 𝒓𝟑 = 6, then show that a =3,b = 4,c = 5 .
Solu: We know that

∆ = √rr1 r2 r3
∆ = √1.2.3.6 =√36 = 6
∆ ∆ 6
Now r = ⟹ s = = = 6 s=6
𝑠 𝑟 1
∆ ∆ 6
𝑟1 = ⟹ s-a = ⟹ 6 -a = =3
𝑠−𝑎 𝑟1 2
⟹a=6-3=3 a=3
∆ ∆ 6
𝑟2 = ⟹s-b = ⟹ 6 -b = =2
𝑠−𝑏 𝑟2 3
⟹ b=6-2 =4 b=4
∆ ∆ 6
𝑟3 = ⟹ s-c = ⟹ 6-c= =1
𝑠−𝑐 𝑟3 6
⟹c=6-1 =5
c=5
5. If 𝒑𝟏 , 𝒑𝟐 , 𝒑𝟑 are altitudes of ∆𝐀𝐁𝐂 then show that
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(i) + + = ii) + - =
𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒑𝟑 𝒓 𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒑𝟑 𝒓𝟑
Solu : In ∆ ABC if 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑝3 are altitudes drawn from A,B,C to the
1
opposite sides then Area of ∆ ABC = x base x height
2
1
= x BC x 𝑝1
2
1 2∆
∆= x a x 𝑝1 ⟹ 𝑝1 =
2 𝑎
124 a + b - c = a + b + c - 2c
= 2s - 2c
2∆ 2∆
Similarly 𝑝2 = , 𝑝3 =
𝑏 𝑐
1 𝑎 1 𝑏 1 𝑐
= , = , =
𝑝1 2∆ 𝑝2 2∆ 𝑝3 2∆
1 1 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 2𝑠 𝑠 1
+ + = + + = = = =
𝑝1 𝑝2 𝑝3 2∆ 2∆ 2∆ 2∆ 2∆ ∆ 𝑟
1 1 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 2𝑠−2𝑐 𝑠−𝑐 1

+ - = + - = = = = .
𝑝1 𝑝2 𝑝3 2∆ 2∆ 2∆ 2∆ 2∆ ∆ 𝑟3
6. In ∆ ABC with usual notation show that
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
(𝒂+𝒃+𝒄)𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒕 +𝒄𝒐𝒕 +𝒄𝒐𝒕
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= .
𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝑨+𝒄𝒐𝒕𝑩+𝒄𝒐𝒕𝑪
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Solu: Numerator of R.H.S = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡
2 2 2
𝑠(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑠(𝑠 −𝑏) 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)
= + +
∆ ∆ ∆
𝑠( 𝑠−𝑎 + 𝑠−𝑏 + 𝑠−𝑐)
=
∆
𝑠(3𝑠−(𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐))
=
∆
𝑠( 3𝑠 − 2𝑠) 𝑠2
= = ------(1)
∆ ∆
Denominator of R.H.S = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐶
= + +
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 −𝑐 2
= + +
2𝑏𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 2𝑎𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 2𝑎𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 −𝑐 2
= + +
4∆ 4∆ 4∆
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 −𝑏2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 −𝑐 2
=
4∆
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 +𝑐 2
= -----(2)
4∆
From (1) and(2)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑠2
𝑐𝑜𝑡 +𝑐𝑜𝑡 +𝑐𝑜𝑡 4𝑠 2
2 2 2 ∆
R.H.S = = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 +𝑐2
=
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐶 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 +𝑐 2
4∆
(2𝑠)2 (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
= = = L.H.S
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝟐
7. Prove that 4(𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟑 + 𝒓𝟑 𝒓𝟏 ) = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
Solu : L.H.S = 4(𝑟1𝑟2 + 𝑟2 𝑟3 + 𝑟3𝑟1)
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
= 4( + + )
(𝑠−𝑎) (𝑠−𝑏) (𝑠−𝑏) (𝑠−𝑐) (𝑠−𝑐) (𝑠−𝑎)
2 𝑠−𝑐 +𝑠−𝑏+𝑠−𝑎
= 4∆ ( ) (multiply Nr and Dr with s)
(𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)
2 3𝑠 −(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐) 3𝑠 −2𝑠 𝑠2
= 4∆ 𝑠( ) = 4∆2s( ) = 4∆2( 2)
𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐) ∆2 ∆
2 2 2
= 4s = (2s) = ( a+b+c) . = R.H.S
125
Model Question Paper-1
Mathematics-IA
Time: 3 Hours] [Max. Marks: 75
Note:- The question paper consists of three sections A, B & C.
Section-A
(10x2=20)
I. Very Short Answer Questions.
i) Answer any All questions.
ii) Each question carries Two marks.
1. If A= {2,  1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A  B is a surjection by f(x) = x 2  x  1 , then find B.
1
2. Find the donation of
( x  1) ( x  3)
2
1 3  5
3. Define trace of a matrix and find the trace of 2  1 5 
2 0 1 
1 2 1
4. Find the rank of  1 0 2 
 0 1  1
5. If a  2i  3 j k and b  4i  mj  nk are collinear vectors, then find m and n,
6. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point 2i  3 j  k and parallel to the
vector 4i  2 j  3k
7. For what values of λ , the vectors 2i  λj - k and 4i  2 j  2k are perpendicular.
Cos90  Sin90
8. Prove that = Cot 360
Cos9  Sin9
0 0
 4x  9 
9. Find the period of f ( x)  Cos 
 5 
5
10. If Coshx  then find i) Cos h(2x) ii) Sinh(2x)
2
Section – B
(5x4=20)
II. Short Answer Questions:
i) Answer any Five questions.
ii) Each question carries Four marks.
  cos 2  cos  sin    cos 2  cos  sin  
11. If – then show that     =0
2 cos  sin  sin 2   cos  sin  sin 2  
126
12. Show that the vectors 4i  5 j  k ,  j  k , 3i  9 j  4k and  4i  4 j  4k are coplanar.
1
13. Prove by vector method the angle between any two diagonals of a cube is Cos 1  
3
   3   7   9  1
14. Prove that 1  Cos  1  Cos  1  Cos  1  Cos  =
 10   10   10   10  16
15. Solve 2Cos 2  3 Sin  1  0
1 1 1 
16. Prove that tan 1  tan 1  tan 1 
2 5 8 4
Cos A Cos B Cos C a 2  b 2  c 2
17. In a ABC show that   
a b c 2abc
Section – C
(5x7=35)
III. Long Answer Questions:
i) Answer any Five questions:
ii) Each question carries Seven marks.
18) Let f : A  B, g: B  C, are two bijective functions then prove that

( gof ) 1  f 1o g 1
19) Using principle of mathematical induction prove that
1 1 n
  ........... n terms 
1.3 3.5 2n  1
a bc 2a 2a
20) Show that 2b bca 2b = (a+b+c)3
2c 2c c a b
21) By Crammer’s rule, solve 2x - y + 3z = 9, x + y + z = 6, x – y + z = 2.
22) Find the shortest distance between the skew lines
r  (6i  2 j  2k ) + t (i  2 j  2k ) and r  (4i  k )  s(3i  2 j  2k )
A B C A B C
23) In ΔABC , prove that Sin 2  Sin 2  Sin 2 = 1 - 2 Cos Cos Sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
24) In a ΔABC of a = 13, b = 14, c = 15 then
65 21
show that R  , r = 4, r1  , r2  12 , r3  14
8 2
127
Mathematics-IA
Note: The question paper consists of three sections A, B & C.

Section-A(10x2=20)
II.Very Short Answer Questions.
iii) Answer any All questions.Each question carries Two marks.
 π π π π
1. If A = 0, , , ,  and f : A  B is a surjection defined by f(x) = cos x then find B.
 6 4 3 2
2. Find the domain of log( x 2  4 x  3)
1 0 0
3. If |A| = 2 3 4 = 45 then find ‘x’
5 6 x
  1 2 3
4. If A =  2 5 6 is a symmetric matrix, then find x.
 3 x 7
5. Find the unit vector in the direction of vector a  2i  3 j  k

6. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points (0, 0, 0), (0, 5,
0), (2, 0, 1)
7. Find the angle between the vectors i  2 j  3k and 3i  j  2k .
0 0
1 1
8. Find the value of Cos 2 52  Sin 2 22
2 2
9. Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x)  3 Cos x  4 Sin x
5
10. If Coshx  , find Cosh(2 x), Sinh (2 x)
2
Section – B
(5x4=20)
II. Short Answer Questions:
iii) Answer any Five questions.
iv) Each question carries Four marks.
1 2 2 
11. If A = 2 1 2 then show that A3 – 3A2 – A – 3I = 0
2 2 1
12. If the points whose position vectors are 3i - 2j - k , 2i  3 j - 4k , -i +j +2k, 4i  5 j  λk are
 146
coplanar, then show that λ =
17
128
13. Find the volume of the tetrahedron, whose vertices are (1, 2, 1), (3, 2, 5), (2, -1,
0), (-1, 0, 1).
1 3
14. Show that 0
 =4
sin 10 cos 100
15. Solve 2 (sin x  cos x)  3
4 1 π
16. Prove that Sin 1  2 Tan 1 
5 3 2
1 1 1 1 a 2  b2  c2
17. Show that 2  2  2  2 
r r1 r2 r3 2
Section – C (5x7=35)
Answer anyFive questions:Each question carries Seven marks.
18) Let f : A  B, is a bijective function then prove that i)fof-1 = IB ii) f-1 of = IA
19) By Mathematical Induction, show that 49n + 16n-1 is divisible by 64 for all positive integer
n.
a  b  2c a b
20) Show that c b  c  2a b = 2(a  b  c)3
c a c  a  2b
21) By using matrix inversion method, solve 2x – y + 3z = 8, -x + 2y + z = 4, 3x + y
– 4z = 0.
22)If a  i  2 j  k , b  2i  j  k , c  i  2 j  k then find ax (bxc) and a x b x c 
23)If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, prove that Cos 2A + Cos 2B + Cos 2C = -1 – 4 Cos
A Cos B Cos C.
24) In a  ABC if r1 = 8, r2 = 12, r3 = 24 then find a, b, c.
129
Mathematics-IA
Note: The question paper consists of three sections A, B & C.
Section-A
(10x2=20)
IV. Very short answer question
1 x2
1) If f:R  R is defined by f ( x)  then show that f(tan θ)  cos2θ
1 x2
1
2) Find the domain of f ( x)  2 2 (a  0)
x a
 x  3 2 y  8  5 2 
3) If  = then find the values of x, y, z and a.
z  2 6   2 a  4

4) i) Define the rank of a matrix.
1 0 0
ii) Find the rank of a matrix 0 0 1
0 1 0
5) a  2i  4 j  5k , b  i  j  k , c  j  2k . Find the unit vector in the opposite direction of
a b c.
6) Find the vector equation of the line joining the points 2i  j  3k and  4i  3 j  k
7) Find the area of the parallelogram having a  2 j  k and b  i  k as adjacent sides.
8) Evaluate Cos 2 450  Cos 21350  Cos 2 2250  Cos 2 3150

9) Find a cosine function whose period is 7.

10) If Sinhx = 3, then show that x  log e 3  10 
Section – B
(5x4=20)
V. Short answer questions:
i) Answer any Five questions.
ii) Each question carries Four marks.
1 0 0 1 
11) If I =   and E = 0 0 and then show that
0 1   
(aI+bE)3 = a3I + 3a2bE, where I is unit matrix of order 2.
12) Let ABCDEF be regular hexagon with centre ‘O’.

Show that AB  AC  AD  AE  AF  3AD  6AO
130
13) If | a | 13 , | b | 5 and a . b  60 , then find | a x b | .
π
14) If A + B = , the prove that
4
i) (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2 ii) (Cot A - 1) (Cot B - 1) = 2
15) Solve 3 Sinθ  Cosθ  2
3 8 36
16) Prove that Sin 1  Sin 1  Cos 1
5 17 85
a
17) If Sin θ  then show that Cosθ  2 bc Cos A
bc bc 2
Section – C
(5x7=35)
i) Answer anyFive questions:
ii) Each question carries Seven marks.
18) Let f : A  B, IA and IB, be identify functions on A and B respectively. Then
foIA = f = IBof
19) By using principal mathematical induction. Prove that 49n  16n  1 is divisible by 64,
 n N
a b c
2 2bc  a 2 c2 b2
20) Show that b c a = c2 2ac  b 2 a2 = (a 3  b3  c3  3abc) 2
c a b b2 a2 2ab  c 2
1 3 3
21) Find the adjoint and inverse of the matrix A = 1 4 3
 
1 3 4
22) Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (1, 2, 1), (3, 2, 5), (2,
-1, 0), (-1, 0, 1)
23) In  ABC, A, B, C are angles then prove that Sin 2A – Sin 2B + Sin 2C = 4 CosA
SinB CosC.
24) In a  ABC if a = 13, b = 14, c = 15 find R, r, r1, r2 and r3.
***
131

Junior Maths-IA

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Junior Maths-IA

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATHEMATICS - I A

S.N VSAQ SAQ(4 LAQ TOTA

Function:- A relation from A to B is said to be a function of each element of A is associated

Composite Function:- If f :A  B, g : B  C are two functions then their composition is

Identity Function:- The identity function on A is defined as IA  a   a, a  A.

Hints to find the domains:-

i) If the function is of the form f  x  then its domain is f (x)  0

3. If  x    x   0  x   ,    ,  

5. If f.g are defined on their respective domains then

i) domain  f  g   domain of f  domain of g

iv) domain  f   domain of f x : f (x)  0

1) If A  2,  1,0, 1,2 and f :A  B is a surjection defined by

f (x)  x 2  x  1 then find B

Given A  2,  1,0,1,2 and f (x)  x  x  1

 f (2)  (2) 2  (2)  1  4  2  1  3

f (1)  (1) 2  (1)  1  1  1  1  1

f (2)  (2) 2  (2)  1  4  2  1  7

f (1)  (1) 2  (1)  1  1  1  1  3

If f : R  R, g : R  R are defined by f(x) = 3x-1 and g(x)  x  1, then find

  fog  (2)  f g(2)

(fog) (x) = f g(x)

8) Find the inverse function of f  x  = log 2x

Sol: Given f  x  = log x

9) If f = 1, 2 ,  2,  3 , 3,  1, then find i) 2 + f ii) f

Sol: Given that f = 1, 2 ,  2,  3, 3, 1

i) (2+f) (1) = 2+f(1) = 2+2 = 4

 2+f = 1, 4 ,  2,  1 , 3,1

ii) f 1  f 1  2

10) If f = 1, 2 ,  2,  3 , 3,  1, then find 2f, f 2

Sol: Given that f = 1, 2 ,  2,  3, 3, 1

2f  3 =2f  3  2  1   2

 2f = 1, 4 ,  2,  6, 3,  2

 f 2 1,4 ,  2,9  , 3,1

11) Find the domain of the real function 16  x 2

Sol: Given f(x) is defined when 16  x 2  0

12) Find the domain of the real function x 2  25

Sol: Given function is defined when x 2  25  0

13) Find the domain of x 2  3x  2

Domain of f(x) is  ,1   2,  

14) Find the domain of the real function f(x) = 4x  x 2

Sol: 4x  x 2 is defined when 4x  x 2  0

Sol: Given function is defined when x 2  a 2  0

Sol: Given function is defined when 1  x 2  0

Sol: Given function is defined when

  x +1 x -1 x +3  0

Domain is R-1, 2, 3.

19) Find the domain of the real function log  x 2  4x  3

Sol: Given function is defined when x 2  4x  3  0

i) To find f(4), domain is x > 3

vi) To find f(-7), domain is x < -3

and x0 _________ (3)

from (1), (2) and (3)

domain is x   2, 2 0 or

ii)  fofofof  x   f  fofof  x 

Sol: i)  f+g  4 =  4, 5  4 ; f+g 6 =  6,  4  5 

ii)  2f+4g  4 =  4, 2  5  4  4 ;  2f+4g 6 = 6,2  4  4  5 

Given g : B  C is onto, then g(b) = c ______ (2)

Sol: Given that f, g are bijective functions

i)  gof :A  C is bijection

ii) f 1:B  A and g 1: C  B are both bijections.

 b=g 1  c  _______ (2)

Now f  1og1c  f 1 g1 c

Hence, are proved that