First Year Maths - IA

1. FUNCTIONS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE: 9) Domain calculations:
Function Method for finding domain of f
1) Function: Let A and B be non empty sets and
f be a relation from A to B. If for each element f(x)
1. Delete the values of g(x) = 0 from
a A, there exists a unique b B such that g(x)
(a, b) f, then f is called a function from A to R.
B. It is denoted by f : A B.
The set A is called ‘domain of f’ and B is called 2. f(x) Solve f(x) > 0
‘codomain of f’and the set of all f images of
1
the elements of A is called the range of f which 3. Solve f(x) > 0
is denoted by f(A). f(x)
4. log f(x) Solve f(x) > 0
2) O ne - one functi on or In jectio n : -
If f : A B is such that distinct elements of A
have distinct f - images in B, then f is said to 1
5. log f(x) Solve f(x) > 0 and f(x)  1
be a one - one function.
f : A B is one- one if a 1 , a 2 A and
f(a 1 ) = f(a 2 ), then a 1 = a 2 .
LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
3) Onto function or Surjection :- A function
f : A  B is said to be onto if f(A) = B i.e.range 1. Define one - one function. Give an example.
of f = codomain of f. A: If f: A  B is such that distinct elements of A have
distinct f - images in B, then f is said to be a one -
f : A B is onto given b B, there exists one function.
a A such that f(a) = b. Eg: f : R R defined by f(x) = 3x + 2 is one -
one.
4) Bijection :- If f : A B is both one - one and
onto, then f is said to be a bijection from A to 2. Define onto function. Give an example.
B. f(a) = b  a = f -1 (b). A: Let f : A  B. If every element of B occurs as the
image of atleast one element of A, then f is said to
5) Constant function :- A function f : A B is be an onto function.
said to be a constant function, if the range of f
contains only one element. f(x) = c (a constant) Eg: f : R  R defined by f(x) = 3x + 2 is onto.
for all x domain.
3. f : N  N is defined as f(x) = 2x + 3. Is f onto ?
6) Identity function :- If A is a non - empty set, Explain with reason.
f : A A defined by f(x) = x for all x A is A: Here codomain of f = N.
called the identity function on A and is denoted Range of f = { f(1), f(2), f(3),..........}
by IA. = { 5, 7, 9,..........}
N
7) Composite function :- If f : A B, g : B C Hence f : N  N is not a surjection (onto)
are t wo f unc tions, then gof : A  C is
defined by (gof) (x) = g[f(x)]  x A.
2x  1
4. f : R  R is defined as f(x) = , then this
8) Equality of two functions:- Two functions f 3
and g are said to be equal if function is injection or not? Justify.
i) they are defined on the same domain A and A: Let x1, x2  domain R such that f(x1) = f(x2)
codomain B 2x1  1 2x 2  1
ii) f(x) = g(x) for every x A.  
3 3

Functions 5
 First Year Maths - IA
 2x1 + 1 = 2x2 + 1 x 1
 2x1 = 2x2
1
 x1 = x 2  x 1
x 1
Hence f : R  R is an injection. 1
x 1
1- x 2
5. If f : R R is defined by f(x) = , then x 1  x 1
1+ x 2 
find f (tan ). x  1 x  1
1- x 2
A: Given that f : R R, f (x) = 2x
1+ x 2 
1 - tan2  2
 f (tan ) = = cos 2.
(f o f o f) (x) = f [ f o f (x)] = f(x).
1+ tan 2 

6. If A = { -2, -1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A B is a 9. If f : R  R, g : R  R are defined by

surjection defined by f (x) = x2 + x + 1, then f(x) = 3x - 2, g(x) = x2 + 1, then find (g o f-1) (2).
find B. A: Let f(x) = y
A: f (-2) = (-2)2 + (-2) + 1 = 3  3x - 2 = y
f (-1) = (-1)2 + (-1) + 1 = 1
f (0) = 02 + 0 + 1 = 1 y  2 1
x=  f (y)
f (1) = 12 + 1 + 1 = 3 3
f (2) = 22 + 2 + 1 = 7
x2
Since f : A B is a surjection,  f 1(x) 
B = f (A) 3
= {3, 1, 7}
2  2  4
7. If f : R  R, g : R R are defined by f (x) = 4x -1
 
 gof 1  2   g  f 1  2    g 
 3 
  g 
3
and g (x) = x2 + 2, then find
2
 a + 1 4 16 25
(i) (gof)   (ii) go[fof (0)]     1  1 .
 4  3 9 9
A: f : R R , g : R R are given by f (x) = 4x - 1,
g(x) = x2 + 2 10.Find the inverse of the following functions
 a +1    a +1   (i) If a, b  R, f : R R defined by f (x) = ax + b (a
(i) (gof) 
4  = g f  4   0)
    
(ii) f : R ( 0 ,  ) defined by f (x) = 5x
 4(a  1)  (iii) f : (0,  ) R defined by f (x ) = log2x
= g  1
 4  (iv) f : Q  Q defined by f(x) = 5x + 4
= g [ a + 1 - 1] A: (i) If a, b  R, f : R R defined by f(x) = ax + b
= g (a) ( a  0)
= a2 + 2 Let x  domain R and Y  codomain R such that f
(ii) g [(fof) (0)] = g [f{f(0)}] (x) = y
= g [f(-1)]  ax + b = y
= g( -4 - 1)  ax = y - b
y -b
= g(-5)  x = a = f -1 (y)  f is bijection
= (-5)2 + 2 x -b
 f -1 (x) = a
= 27.
(ii) f :R  (o,  ) defined by f(x) = 5x
x 1 Let x  R and y  (0,  ) such that f(x) = y
8. If f(x) =
x 1
, then find (fofof) (x).  5x = y
 x  1  x = log5 y = f -1 (y)  f is bijection
A: (fof) (x) = f    f -1
(x) = log x
 x  1 5
(iii) f : (0,  ) R defined by f (x) = log2x
let x  (0,  ) and y  R such that f (x) = y
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 log2 x = y f (-x) = log  -x + (-x)2 + 1 
 x = 2y = f -1 (y)  f is bijection  
 f -1 (x) = 2x.
= log  x + 1 - x 
2
(iv) f : Q  Q is defined by f(x) = 5x + 4  
let x  domain Q and y  codomain Q such that
f(x) = y  ( x 2  1  x)( x 2  1  x ) 
 5x + 4 = y = log  
 5x = y - 4  x2  1  x 
y-4
  x = = f -1(y)  x 2  1  x2 
5
x-4 = log  2


 x  x  1
 f -1 (x) = .
5
= log ( x + x +1 )
2 -1

11. Determine whether the following functions are

even or odd. = - log (x + x +1 )
2

(i) f (x) = ax - a-x + sinx = - f (x)

So f (x) is an odd function.
 ex - 1 
(ii) f (x) = x  x 
12. Find the domain of the real valued function
 e + 1
1
(iii) f (x) = log (x + x 2 + 1 ). f(x)  a  0  .
A: (i) f(x) = ax - a -x + sinx x 2  a2
Now f (-x) = a-x - a-(-x) + sin(-x) A: To get the domain of f, x2 - a2 > 0.
= a-x - ax - sinx  (x + a) (x - a) > 0.
= -{ax - a-x + sinx]  x < - a or x > a.
= - f (x)  x (- , - a)  (a, )
So f (x) is an odd function.  Domain of f = (- , - a)  (a, ).

 ex - 1  13. Find the domain of the real valued function

(ii) f (x) = x  x 
 e +1  f(x)   x  α  x  β   0  α  β  .
 e-x - 1  A: To get the domain (x - ) (x - )  0.
f (-x) = (-x)  -x  x   or x  .
 e +1  x (-  , ]  [ )
 Domain of f = (-  , ]  [ )
 1 
 x
- 1 
 e 
= (-x)  1 + 1 
14. Find the domain of the real valued function
 
 e x 
2x 2  5x  7
f(x) 
 1- ex   x  1 x  2 x  3  .
= (-x)  x 
 1+ e  A: To get the domain of f, (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3)  0.
 x  1, 2, 3
 ex - 1   Domain of f = R - {1, 2, 3}
= x  x 
 e  1 15.Find the domain of the function
So f (x) is an even function.
1 1
(i) f (x) = 2 (ii) f (x) = log(2 - x )
(x - 1)(x + 3)

(iii) f (x) = log x + x + 1
2
 1
R
A: f (x) = 2
(x - 1)(x + 3)

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 (x2 - 1) ( x + 3)  0
(ii) f (x) = log0.3 (x - x 2 )  R
 (x + 1) ( x - 1) ( x + 3)  0
 x -3, -1, 1  x - x2 > 0
 Domain of f = R - {-3, -1, 1}  x (1 - x) > 0
 x (x - 1) < 0
1
(ii) f (x) = log(2 - x)  x  (0, 1)
Domain of f = (0, 1).
 2 - x > 0 and 2 - x  1 18. Find the range of the function
 x - 2 < 0 and x  1. (i) f (x) = log |4 - x2|
 x < 2 and x  1.
(ii) f (x) = [x] - x
 x  (-  , 2) and x  1
Domain of f = (-  , 1)  (1, 2). A: (i) f (x) = log |4 -x2|  R
Let f (x) = y
16. Find the domain of the function  log |4 - x2| = y
1  |4 - x2| = ey > 0  y  R
(i) f (x) = x 2 - 25 (ii) f (x) =  Range of f is R.
1- x 2
(ii) f (x) = [x]  x  R
(iii) f (x) = 4x - x 2
 [x] - x 0
A: f (x) = x 2  25  R  x  [x]
 x2 - 25  0 x Z
 (x + 5) (x - 5)  0  Domain of f = Z
 x (-  , -5] U [5,  )  Range of f = {0}.
 Domain of f = (-  , -5] U [5,  ) 19. Find the range of
x2 - 4
1 (i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = 9 + x 2
(ii) f (x) = R x-2
1  x2
x2 - 4
 1 - x2 > 0 A: (i) f(x) = R
x-2
 x2 - 1 < 0
 (x + 1) ( x - 1) < 0 x-2 0
 x  (-1, 1) x 2
 Domain of f = (-1, 1)  Domain of f = R - {2}
Then y = x + 2 x  2 y 4
(iii) f (x) = 4x  x 2  R Range of f = R - {4}.
 4x - x2  0 (ii) f(x) = 9 + x2
 x(4 - x)  0
 x(x - 4)  0 Let y = f(x) =9 + x2  R
 x  [0, 4]  Domain of f = R
 Domain of f = [0 4] When x = 0, f (0) = 9 = 3
17. Find the domain of the function When x  R - {0}, f(x) > 3
(i) f (x) = log (x2 - 4x + 3)  Range of f = [3,  ).
(ii) f (x) = lo g 0 .3 (x - x 2 )
20. Find the domain and range of
A: (i) f (x) = log (x2 - 4x + 3)  R
 x2 - 4x + 3 > 0 2+x x
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) =
 (x - 1) (x - 3) > 0 2- x 1+ x 2
 x  (-  , 1) U (3,  ) x
(iii) f(x) = 9- x2 (iv) f(x) =
Domain of f = (-  , 1) U (3,  ). 2- 3x

Functions 8
 First Year Maths - IA
2+x  9 - y2  0
A: (i) f x = ∈R
(
)
2-x  y2 - 9  0
2-x  0 y  [-3, 3]
 x 2
Domain of f = R - {2}. Since y takes only non negative values
Let f (x) = y  Range of f = [0, 3].
2 x x
(iv) f(x) = ∈R
 2x  y 2- 3x
 2 + x = 2y - xy  2 - 3x  0
 x(1+y) = 2(y-1)  x  2/3
Domain of f is R - {2/3}
2(y  1) Let f (x) = y
x = y 1
x
Clearly x is not defined for y + 1 = 0  2 - 3x = y
 Range of f = R - {-1}
.  x = 2y - 3xy
x
 x( 1+3y) = 2y
(ii) f(x) = 2y
1+ x 2
x
 x = 1  3y
f(x) = ∈R
1+ x 2  1 + 3y  0
 1 + x2  0  y  -1/3
 Domain of f = R  Range of f = R - {1/3}
Let f(x) = y
x 21. If a function is defined as
 2
=y
1+ x
 x + 2, x > 1
 x = y + yx2 
f x = 2,-1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(
)

 yx2 - x + y = 0  x - 1,-3 < x < -1

1± 1  4y2 
x = 2y
∈R Find the values of (i) f(0) (ii) f(2) + f(-2)
A: (i) f (0) = 2
 1 - 4y2  0 and y  0
 ( 1 + 2y) (1-2y)  0 and y  0 (ii) f(2) + f(-2) = {2 + 2} + {-2 -1]
 ( y + ½) (y - ½)  0 and y  0
=4-3
 y  [-½, ½] and y  0
Also x = 0  y = 0 = 1.
 Range of f = [-½, ½]
22.If f : R R and g: R R are defined by
f (x) = 3x - 1 and g (x) = x 2 + 1, then find
(iii) f x = 9- x2 ∈ R (i) (fog)(x) (ii) (gof)(x)
(
)

A: Given that f : R R, g: R R are defined by

 9 - x2  0
f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1
 x2 - 9  0
 (x + 3) (x - 3)  0 (i) (fog)(x) = f [ g(x)]
 Domain of f = [-3, 3]
Let f (x) = y = f[x2 + 1]
9 - x2 = y
= 3(x2 + 1) - 1
9 - x2 = y2
= 3x2 + 2.
x= 9 - y2

Functions 9
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(ii) (gof(x) = g[ f(x)] = g(b)
= c
= g[3x - 1]
= (3x - 1)2 + 1 For c  C, there is an element a  A such that
(gof) (a) = c.
= 9x2 - 6x + 2
so gof : A C is onto.
23. If f and g are real valued functions defined by
f (x) = 2x - 1 and g (x) = x2, then find since gof : A  C is both one-one and onto, hence
(i) (fg) (x) (ii) (f + g + 2) (x) gof : A  C is a bijection.
A: f(x) = 2x - 1, g(x) = x2
2. If f: A  B, g : B C are bijections, then
(i) (fg)(x) = f(x) g(x)
prove that (gof) -1 = f -1og -1.
= (2x -1) (x2) A: Given that f : A  B, g : B  C are bijections.
 f -1 : B  A, g -1 : C B
= 2x3 - x2
Now gof : A  C is also a bijection.
(ii) (f + g + 2) (x) = f(x) + g(x) + 2  (gof) -1 : C  A
Also g -1 : C  B, f -1 B  A  f -1og -1 : C  A.
= 2x - 1 + x2 + 2
Thus (gof) -1 and f- 1og -1 both the functions exist
= x2 + 2x + 1 and have the same domain C and the same
= (x + 1)2 codomain A.
LEVEL - I (LAQ) Let c be any element in C.
Since g : B  C is onto, there exists atleast one
1. If f : A  B, g : B  C are two bijections, then element b  B such that g(b) = c
prove that gof: A  C is also a bijection.  b = g -1 (c)  g is a bijection
A: Given : f : A  B, g : B C are bijections.
Part 1 :- To prove that gof : A  C is one-one. Since f : A  B is onto, there exists atleast one
element a  A such that f(a) = b.
Now f : A  B, g : B C are one-one functions.
 a = f -1(b)  f is a bijection
 gof: AC is a function.
Let a1, a2  A  f(a1), f(a2)  B and (gof) (a1), Consider (gof) (a) = g[f(a)]
(gof)(a2) C. = g(b)
Suppose that (gof)(a1) = (gof)(a2) (gof) (a) = c.
 a = (gof) -1 (c)  gof is a bijection
 g[f(a1)] = g[f(a2)]
Also (f og ) (c) = f- 1 [g -1(c)]
-1 -1
 f(a1) = f(a2)  g is one-one = f- 1 (b)
 a1 = a2  f is one-one =a
 gof : A  C is one-one.  (gof) (c) = (f- 1og -1) (c)  c C.
-1

Hence (gof) -1 = f -1og -1

Part 2:- To prove that gof: A C is onto.
Now f : A B, g : B  C are onto functions.
 gof : A C is a function.
Let c  C.
Since g : B C is onto, there exists atleast one
element b  B such that g(b) = c.
Since f : A  B is also onto, there exists atleast
one element a  A such that f(a) = b
Now (gof) (a) = g[f(a)]
Functions
3. If f : A  B is a bijection, then show that
fof-1 = IB and f-1of = IA.
A: Given that f : A  B is a bijection
 f -1 : B  A.
Part 1:- To show that fof-1 = IB
Now f -1 : B  A, f : A  B  fof -1 : B  B.
Also IB : B  B
Thus fof-1 and IB have the same domain B and
the same codomain B.
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 First Year Maths - IA
Let a be any element in A. Part 2:- To show that IB of = f
Since f : A  B, there is a unique element b B. Now f : A  B, IB : B B  IBof : A  B
such that f(a) = b Also f : A  B
 a = f- 1 (b)  f is a bijection Thus IBof and f both the functions exist and have
the same domain A and codomain B.
Consider (fof -1) (b) = f[f -1(b)] Consider (IBof)(a) = IB[f(a)]
= f (a) = IB(b)
=b =b
= IB (b)  IB : B B  IB(b) = b = f(a)
(fof- 1) (b) = IB(b)  b  B
Thus fof -1 = IB  (IB of) (a) = f(a) for all a  A
 IB of = f ...............(2)
Part 2:- To prove that f -1of = IA From (1) & (2) foIA = f = IB of.
Now f : A  B, f -1 : B  A  f -1of : A  A 5. If f : A  B, g : B  A are two functions such
Also IA : A  A that gof = IA and fog = IB then prove that g = f-1.
Thus f of and IA have the same domain A and the
-1
A: Given that f : A  B, g : B  A are two functions
same codomain A. such that gof = IA and fog = IB.
Part 1:- To prove that f is one-one.
Now (f -1of)(a) = f -1 [f(a)] Let a1, a2 A  f(a1), f(a2)  B
= f -1 (b) Consider f(a1) = f(a2)
=a
 g[f(a1)] = g[f(a2)]
= IA(a)  IA : A  A  IA(a) = a
 (gof) (a1) = (gof) (a2)
(f- 1of) (a) = IA(a)  aA
 f -1of = IA  IA (a1) = IA(a2)  gof = IA
 a1 = a2
Hence fof -1 = IB and f -1of = IA. Thus f : A  B is one-one.
Part 2:- To prove that f is onto.
4. If f : A  B, IA and IB are identity functions on A Let b  B.
and B respectively, then prove that foIA = IB of = f.  g : B  A, there exists a unique element a  A
A: Given that f : A  B such that g(b) = a.
IA : A  A is defined by IA (a) = a  a  A. Now f(a) = f[g(b)]
IB : B  B is defined by IB (b) = b  b  B. = (fog) (b)
Part 1:- To prove that foIA = f = IB (b)  fog = IB
Now IA : A  A, f : A  B  foIA : A  B =b
Also f : A  B So f : A  B is onto.
Since f is both one-one and onto, so f is a bijection.
Thus foIA and f both the functions exist and have  f -1 : B  A
the same domain A and the same codomain B. Also g : B  A
Thus both the functions f -1 and g have the same
Let a  A domain B and same codomain A.
Since f : A  B, there exists a unique element Part 3:- To show that g = f -1
b  B such that f(a) = b From previous part, f(a) = b
Consider (foIA) (a) = f[IA(a)]  a = f -1 (b)
= f(a) Also g(b) = a
 (foIA) (a) = f(a) for all a  A  g(b) = f -1(b)  b  B.
Hence foIA = f .............(1) Hence g = f -1.
Functions 11
 First Year Maths - IA
6. If f: AB, g: B  C, h: C D are functions,
then prove that ho(gof) = (hog)of.
A: Given that f : A  B, g : B C, h : C D
Now f : A  B, g : B  C  gof : A  C
Also gof : A  C, h: C  D  ho(gof) : A  D
Now g : B  C, h: C  D hog : B  D
Also f : A  B, hog : B  D  (hog)of : A D
Thus ho(gof) and (hog)of both the functions exist
and have the same domain and the same
codomain.
Let a be any element in A.
[ho(gof)] (a) = h[(gof) (a)]
= h[g{f(a)}]
Also [(hog)of] (a) = (hog)[f(a)]
= h[g{f(a)]
Thus [ho(gof)](a) = [hog)of] (a) for all a  A
Hence ho(gof) = (hog)of.
7. If f : A  B is a bijection, then prove that
f -1 : B A is a bijection
A: Given that f : A  B is a bijection
 f -1 : B  A is a function
Part 1: To prove that f -1 : B  A is one-one.
Let b1, b2  B.
 f : A  B is onto, there exist a1, a2 A such
that
f(a1) = b1, f(a2) = b2
 a1 = f -1 (b1), a2 = f -1 (b2)  f: A  B is a
bijection
Now, suppose that f -1(b1) = f - 1(b2)
 a1 = a2
f(a1) = f(a2)  f : A  B is a funciton
 b1 = b2
So f : B  A is a one-one function.
-1
Part 2: To prove that f -1 : B  A is onto.
Let a  A.
Since f : A  B, there exists a unique element b
B such that f(a) = b
 f -1(b) = a  f is a bijection
So, for every a  A, there is an element bB
such that f -1 (b) = a
Functions
So f -1 : B A is onto
Since f -1: B  A is both one-one and onto,
hence f -1 : B  A is a bijection.
8. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}, C = {p, q, r}.
If f : A  B, g : B C are defined by
f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)}, g = {(a, q), (b, r),
(c, p)}, then show that f -1og -1 = (gof) -1.
A: Given that A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}, C = {p, q, r}
f : A  B, g : B  C are given by
f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)} f -1 = {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 2)} and
g = {(a, q), (b, r), (c, p)}g -1 = {(q, a), (r, b), (p, c)}
Now (f -1og -1)(p)= f -1[g -1(p)]
= f -1 (c)
=2
Similarly (f -1og -1) (q) =1, (f -1og -1) (r) = 3
 f -1og -1 = {(p, 2), (q, 1), (r, 3)} ............(1)
Also (gof)(1) = g[f(1)]
= g(a)
=q
Similarly (gof) (2) = p, (gof) (3) = r
gof = {(1, q), (2, p), (3, r)}
(gof) -1 = {(q, 1), (p, 2), (r, 3)} ....... (2)
From (1) and (2) f -1og -1 = (gof) -1.
9. If f : Q  Q defined by f(x) = 5x+4 for all x  Q,
show that f is a bijection and find f- 1.
Given : f : Q  Q is defined by f(x) = 5x + 4
Part 1:- To prove that f is one-one
Let x1, x2 Q (domain) and
f(x1) = f(x2)
 5x1 + 4 = 5x2 + 4
 5x1 = 5x2
 x1 = x2
 f : Q  Q is one-one.
Part 2:- To prove that f is onto
Let y  the codomain Q and x  domain Q such
that
f(x) = y
12
 First Year Maths - IA
 5x + 4 = y 1
f (x2) + f(1) = x2 + 2 + 2 = [f(x)]2
y-4 x
 x= Hence proved.
5
So for every y  codomain Q, there is a preimage 4. If f : R - {+1}  R is defined by f(x) = log
y-4
 domain Q such that 1+ x 2x   
5 f
 
y-4
f 5 =y
1- x , then show that  1 + x2  = 2f(x).

1+ x
A: Given f(x) = log 1- x
Thus f : Q  Q is onto. 2x
1+
  1+ x 2
Part 3:- To find f-1(x) f  2x 
Now,  2  = log 1- 2x
Since f is both one-one, onto, so it is a bijection.  1+ x  2
1+ x
f(x) = y  x = f-1 (y)
1+ x2 + 2x
y - 4 -1
5x + 4 = y  x = =f (y) 1+ x 2
5
= log 1+ x 2 - 2x
 f-1(x) = x 5- 4 .
1+ x 2
LEVEL - II (VSAQ) (1+ x)2 1+ x
2
1+ x
= log = log = 2log 1- x = 2f(x).
(1- x)2 1- x
1. If f : R - {0}  R is defined by f(x) = x3 - 1/x3,
then show that f(x) + f(1/x) = 0. 2 4
A: f (x) = x3 - 1/x3 cos x + sin x
5. If f(x) = 2 4 x  R then show that
sin x + cos x
Now f (x) + f(1/x) = x3 - 1/x3 + 1/x3 - x3 = 0.
f(2012) = 1
 3x - 2, x 1
 2 4
2 cos x + sin x
 x -2, - 2  x  2
2. If f(x) =  then find f(4), f(2.5), A: Given that f(x) = 2 4
2x + 1, x<-3 sin x + cos x

f(-2), f(-4), f(0), f(-7) 2

1- sin x + sin x
4 2 2
1- sin x (1  sin x)
A: i) f(4) = 3(4) - 2 = 10 f(x) = 2 4 = 2 2
1- cos x + cos x 1- cos x (1 - cos x)
ii) f(2.5) is not defined
iii) f(- 2) = (- 2)2 - 2 = 4 - 2 = 2 2
1- sin x cos x
2

iv) f(- 4) = 2 (- 4) + 1 = - 8 + 1 = - 7 = 2 2 .
1- cos x sin x
v) f(0) = 02 - 2 = - 2
= 1
vi) f(- 7) = 2 (- 7) + 1 = - 14 + 1 = - 13
 f(2012) = 1
1
3. If f(x) = x + then prove that [f(x)]2 = f(x2) + 6. If f(x + y) = f(xy)  x,y  R then prove that ‘f’
x
f(1). is a constant function.
1 A: Let f(0) = k
A: Given f(x) = x + Given that f(x + y) = f(xy)
x
Now, f(x) = f(x + 0) = f(x.0) = f(0) = k.
 1
2 1 1 1
[f(x)] =  x   = x2 + 2 + 2 x
2
= x2 + + 2. which is a constant,  x  R
 x x x x2 Hence, f(x) is a constant function.
1 1
and f(x2) = x2 + 2 , f(1) = 1 + 2 = 2.
x 1
Functions 13
 First Year Maths - IA
7. If the function f : {-1, 1}  {0, 2} is defined by 0, if x  Q
f(x) = ax + b is a surjection, then find a, b. 12.If f, g: R  R are defined by f(x) =  1, if x  Q

A: Here f is a surjection, so two cases arise.
  1, if x  Q
case i) f (-1) = 0, f(1) = 2 and g (x) =  0, = then find (fog) () +
 if x  Q
- a + b = 0, a + b = 2  a = 1, b = 1
(gof) (e)
case ii) f(1) = 0, f(-1) = 2
A: (fog) () = f[g()] = f(0) = 0
 a + b = 0, - a + b = 2  a = - 1, b = 1
(gof) (e) = g[f(e)] = g(1) = - 1 [  Q]
Hence, a   1, b  1  (fog) () + (gof) (e) = 0 - 1 = - 1

8. If f: R  R is defined by f(x) = 2x2 + 3 and 13.If f(x) = ex and g(x) = logex then show that
g(x) = 3x - 2 then find i) fog(x) ii) gof (x), fog = gof and find f-1, g-1
iii) fof (0), iv) [go(fof)](3) A: Given that f(x) = ex and g(x) = logex
A: Given that f(x) = 2x2 + 3 and g(x) = 3x - 2
take fog(x) = f[g(x)] = f[logex] = eloge x = x
i) fog(x) = f[g(x)] = f[3x - 2] = 2(3x - 2)2 + 3
= 2(9x2 + 4 -12x) + 3 = 18x2 - 24x + 11 gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g(ex) = logeex = x logex = x
ii) gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g[2x2 + 3] = 3(2x2 + 3) - 2
Clearly, fog(x) = gof(x)
= 6x2 + 9 - 2 = 6x2 + 7
iii) fof(0) = f[f(0)] = f[3] = 2(3)2 + 3 = 21 Hence, f-1(x) = g(x) = logex and g-1 (x) = f(x) = ex.
iv) [go(fof)](3) = g[fof(3)] = g[f{f(3)}]
= g[f(21)] = g[2(21)2 + 3] 14.If f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + ........ for |x| < 1 then show
= g[885] = 3(885) - 2 = 2653. x-1
that f-1 (x) = .
x
9. If f(x) = 4x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 2 then find 1
i) gof (x) ii) fof (x) A: Given that f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + ....... =
1- x
A: Given f(x) = 4x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 2 2 a
 a + ar + ar + ................. = ,r < 1
i) gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g[4x - 1] = (4x - 1)2 + 2 1- r
= 16x2 + 1 - 8x + 2 = 16x2 - 8x + 3 Let f(x) = y  x = f-1 (y)
ii) (fof (x) = f[f(x)] = f(4x - 1) 1 1 1
  y  1- x =
y
 x = 1- .
y
= 4(4x - 1) - 1 = 16x - 5 1- x
y -1 -1 y -1 -1 x -1
10.If f(x) = 2, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 2x, then find fo(goh) x=  f (y)   f (x) = .
y y x
(x).
A: Given f(x) = 2, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 2x 15. If f = {(1,2) (2,-3) (3,-1)} then
fo(goh)(x) = f[g(h(x)] = f[g(2x)] find (i) 2f (ii) f2 (iii) 2 +f (iv) f
= f[(2x) ] = f[4x ]
2 2 A: Given f = {(1, 2)(2, -3)(3, -1)}
=2 i) take 2f(1) = 2[f(1)] = 2(2) = 4
2f(2) = 2[f(2)] = 2(-3) = - 6
11. If f(x) = x2, g(x) = 2x then solve the equation 2f(3) = 2[f(3)] = 2(-1) = -2
fog(x) = gof(x)
 2f = {(1, 4)(2, -6) (3, -2)}
 
2
A: fog(x) = f[g(x)] = f(2x) = 2x = 22x ii) take f (1) = [f(1)]2 = (2)2 = 4
2
2
x
and gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g[x2] = 2 f2(2) = [f(2)]2 = (-3)2 = 9
2
Since, fog(x) = gof(x)  22x = 2
x f2(3) = [f(3)]2 = (-1)2 = 1
 2x = x2  x2 - 2x = 0  x(x - 2) = 0  f2 = {(1, 4)(2, 9) (3, 1)}
 x = 0 or 2
Functions 14
 First Year Maths - IA
iii) take (2 + f) (1) = 2 + f(1) = 2 + 2 = 4 18.Find the domain of definition of the function
y(x), given by the equation 2x + 2y = 2.
(2 + f) (2) = 2 + f(2) = 2 - 3 = - 1
A: Given equation is 2x + 2y = 2.
(2 + f) (3) = 2 + f(3) = 2 - 1 = 1
2x = 2 - 2y
 2 + f = {(1, 4)(2, -1) (3, 1)}
2x < 2
f (1)  f(1)  2 log 2x < log 2
xlog 2 < log 2
f (2)  f(2)  3 (not valid)
x < 1
f (3)  f(3)  1 (not valid)  x  (- ,1)
iv) take
 f  1, 2   Domain = (- ,1)

16.If f = {(4, 5), (5, 6), (6,- 4)} g = {(4, -4), (6, 5), 2 + x + 2 -x
19.Find the domain of .
(8, 5) then find (i) f + 4 (ii) fg (iii) f/g x
(iv) f + g (v) 2f + 4g (vi) |f| (vii) f (viii) f
2
2 + x + 2 -x
A: Let f(x) =
A: Given f = {(4,5), (5, 6), (6, -4)}, g = {(4, -4), (6, x
The function f(x) is defined for
5), (8, 5)
2 + x > 0  x > - 2  (1) and
Here Domain of f  g = {4, 6} 2 - x > 0  x < 2  (2) and
x  0  (3)
i) take (f + 4) (4) = f(4) + 4 = 5 + 4 = 9
from (1) and (2) and (3)
(f + 4) (5) = f(5) + 4 = 6 + 4 = 10
x  [-2,2] - {0} (or) x  [-2,0)  (0,2]
(f + 4) (6) = f(6) + 4 = - 4 + 4 = 10
1
 f + 4 = {(4, 9), (5, 10), (6, 0)} 20.Find the domain of x+2 +
log10 (1-x) .
ii) take (fg) (4) = [f(4)] [g(4)] = (5) (-4) = - 20 A: The function is defined for
(fg) (6) = [f(6)] [g(6)] = (- 4) (5) = - 20 x + 2 > 0  x > - 2  (1) and
1 - x > 0 and 1 - x  1
 fg = {(4, - 20), (6, - 20)} x - 1 < 0 and x  0.
x  [-2,1) - {0}
f f(4) 5  5 or) x  [-2, 0)  (0,1).
iii) take   (4) = = = and
g g(4)  4 4
21. Find the domain of the function
1
f f(6)  4 f   5    4   (i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = |x |- x
  (6) = =    4, 6,  |x|-x
g g(6) 5 g  4   5  
1
A: (i) f (x) =
(iv) {(4, 1), (6, 1) (v) {4, - 6), (6, 12)} | x | -x  R

(vi) {(4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4)} (vii)  4, 5 5, 6   |x| - x > 0.
 |x| > x
(viii) {(4, 25), (5, 36), (6, 16)}  x  (-  , 0)
 Domain of f = (-  , 0)
17.On what domain the function f(x) = x2 - 2x and
g(x) = -x + 6 are equal? (ii) f (x) = | x | -x
A: Take f(x) = g(x)  x2 - 2x = -x + 6  |x| - x  0
 |x|  x
 x2 - x - 6 = 0  (x - 3) (x + 2) = 0 x = 3, -2
 x R
f(x) and g(x) are equal on the domain {-2,3}  Domain of f = R or (-  ,  )

Functions 15
 First Year Maths - IA
22. Find the domain of the function g   a,q ,  b, r  ,  c,p  then
(i) f (x) = x - [x]
show that f-1 o g-1 = (gof)-1.
(ii) f (x) = [x] - x
A: f = { (1, a), (2, c), (3, b)} g = {(a, q), (b, r), (c, p)}
A: (i) f (x) = x - [x]  R
then gof = {(1, q) (2, p) (3, r)}
 x - [x]  0
  gof    q,1 p, 2  r,3   
1

 x  [x]
g = {(q, a) (r, b), (p, c)}
-1
 x R
f-1 = {(a, 1) (c, 2) (b, 3)}
 Domain of f = R or ( -  ,  )
 f 1o g1   q,1 r,3  p,2   
(ii) f (x) = [x] - x  R from  and 
 [x] - x  0 (gof)-1 = f-1 o g-1
 [x]  x
 x  [x] 2. I f t h e f u n c t i o n f : R  R d e f i n e d b y
x Z 3x + 3-x
f(x) = , then show that
 Domain of f = Z. 2
f(x + y) + f(x - y) = 2f(x) f(y).
sin [x]
23.Find the range of .
1+ [x]2 3 x + 3-x
A: The function is defined for 1 + [x]  0 2 A: Given that f : R  R and f ( x) =
2
Which is true  x  R Hence, Domain = R
3x+y + 3-(x+y) 3x-y + 3-(x-y)
If x  R then [x]  Z  sin [x] = 0  f(x  y)  , f(x  y) 
2 2
sin [x]
 = 0  x  R Hence, Range = {0}.  3x + 3-x  3y  3 y 
1+ [x]2 2f(x)f(y)  2 
  
x x  2   2 
24. Determine the function f(x) = x
+ + 1 is
e -1 2 3 x  y  3 x  y  3 x  y  3 x  y
even or odd. =
2
x x
A: take f(-x)   1 3 x  y  3(x  y) 3x  y  3 (x  y)
x
e 1 2 = 
2 2
x x  xe x x = f (x + y) + f(x - y)
  1   1
1 2 1  ex 2
 1  f ( x + y) + f (x - y) = 2f ( x) f (y).
ex
 xe x  x  x x 3. I f t h e f u n c t i o n f : R  R d e f i n e d b y
  1
1  ex 2 4x
f (x) = x , then show that f(1 - x) = 1 - f(x).
x
x(1  e )  x x 4 +2
  1 4x
1  ex 2 A: Given that f : R  R and f (x) = x
4 +2
x x x x 4 1- x
x  x
 1  x   1 f(x) then f(1 - x) = 1- x
1 e 2 e 1 2 4 +2
Hence, f(x) is an even function. 4
= 4x
LEVEL - II (LAQ) 4
+2
4x
1. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}, C = {p, q, r} and 4
=
f : A  B, g : B  C are defined by 4 + 2.4x
f  1, a  2, c  3, b  , 2
=
2 + 4x
Functions 16
 First Year Maths - IA

4x
Also 1  f(x)  1 
4x  2
4x  2  4x

4x  2
2
 x
4 2
 f (1 - x) = 1 - f(x).
4. If f(x) = cos(log x), then show that
 1  1 1 x 
f   f   -  f   + f(xy) = 0 .
x y 2  y 
 1 1
A: f   = cos (log )
x x
= cos (log1 - logx)
= cos (0 - log x)
= cos (logx)  log 1 = 0
 1
Similarly f   = cos (logy)
y
x  x
f   = cos  log 
y  y
= cos (log x - log y)
= cos (logx) cos (logy) + sin(logx) sin(logy)
f(xy) = cos (logxy)
= cos (logx + logy)
= cos(logx) cos(logy) - sin(logx) sin (logy)
x
f   + f(xy) = 2 cos(logx) cos(logy)
y

1  x   1  1
f    f(xy) = cos (logx) cos(logy) = f  f  
2 y  x y

 1  1 1   x  
f   f   - f   + f(xy) = 0
x y 2 y 

*******

Functions 17
First Year Maths - IA

2. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:

1) Principle of finite Mathematical Induction : 2. Prove that 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+..........upto

Let P(n) be a statement for each n  N. If n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)
n terms = n  N .
i) P(1) is true 4
ii) P(k) is true  P(k + 1) is true, P(n) is true A: Let P(n) be the given statement:
for all n N. 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5+............+n(n+1)(n+2)
If P is a subset of N such that (i) 1P and n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)
(ii) k  P k+ 1 P then P = N. It is called =
4
principle of finite mathematical induction. If n=1, LHS = 1.2.3
n(n + 1) =6
2) 1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + n = 2
.
RHS = 1.2.3.4
4
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
3) 1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + n =
2 2 2 2
6
.
=6
 LHS = RHS.
4) 13 + 23 + 33 + ...... + n3 = n (n + 1) .
2 2

4 Thus P(1) is TRUE.

Assume that P(k) is true.
 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5+...........+k(k+1)(k+2)=
LEVEL - I (LAQ) k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
4
1. By induction, prove that 43 + 83 + 123 + ........ Adding (k+1) (k+2) (k+3) on both sides, we get
upto n terms = 16n2 (n+1)2. 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+..........+k(k+1)(k+2)+(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
A: Let P(n) be the given statement: k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
= +(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
43 + 83 + 123 + .............+ (4n)3 = 16n2 (n+1)2 4
If n = 1, LHS = 43 k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)+4(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
=
4
= 64
RHS = 16(12) (22) (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)[k+4]
=
4
= 64
 LHS = RHS. = (k+1)(k+1+1)(k+1+2) (k+1+3)
4
Thus P(1) is TRUE. Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
Assume that P(k) is true. Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction
the given statement is true for all n  N.
 43 + 83 + 123 + .............+(4k)3 = 16k2 (k+1)2
Adding [4(k+1)]3 on both sides, we get 3. By induction, prove that
4 + 8 + 12 + ...............+(4k) + [4(k+1)]
3 3 3 3 3 n
a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+........upto nterms = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
= 16k2 (k+1)2 + 64(k+1)3 A: Let P(n) be the statement:
= 16(k+1)2 [k2 + 4(k+1)] n
a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+.........+[a+(n-1)d]= 2 [2a+(n-1)d].
= 16(k+1) (k + 4k + 4)
2 2
If n=1, LHS = a
= 16 (k+1)2 (k+2)2
RHS = 2 1 [2a+0.d]
= 16 (k+1)2 (k+1 +1)2
Thus P(k+1) is TRUE. =a
 LHS = RHS.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction
Thus P(1) is TRUE.
the given statement is true for all n  N.

Mathematical Induction 18
First Year Maths - IA
Assume that P(k) is true.
 a+(a+d) + (a+2d)+.........+[a+(k-1)d] 5. Show that 1 2+(1 2+2 2)+(1 2+2 2+3 2)+.........upto
n(n+1)2 (n+2)
= k2 [2a+(k-1)d] n terms =
12
for all nN.
Adding a+kd on bothsides, we get A: Let P(n) be the given statement:
a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+.............+[a+(k-1)d]+(a+kd) 12+(12+22) + (12+22+32)+ ...........+(12+22+32+......+n2)

= k2 [2a+(k-1)d]+(a+kd) =
n(n+1)2 (n+2)
12
k[2a+(k-1)d]+2(a+kd) n(n+1)(2n+1)
=
2
3k2 + 4k+1 i.e.12+(12+22)+(12+22+32)+.............+
6
= 3k2+3k+k+1
2ak+k(k-1)d+2a+2kd = 3k(k+1)+1(k+1) n(n+1)2 (n+2)
= =
2 12
= (3k+1) (k+1) If n = 1, LHS = 12
2a(k+1)+kd(k-1+2) = 1
=
2
(k+1) RHS = 1.2.3
6
= (2a + kd)
2 =1
 LHS = RHS
(k+1)
= [2a+ (k+1 - 1) d] Thus P(1) is TRUE.
2
Assume that P(k) is true.
Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, k(k+1)(2k+1)
 12 + (12+22) + (12+22+32) + ...........+
the given statement is true for all n N. 6

k(k+1)2 (k+2)
4. Using Induction, for all n  N, prove that =
12
a(rn -1)
a+ar+ar2+...............upto nterms = ; r  (k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)
r-1 Adding on both sides, we get
1. 6
A: Let P(n) be the given statement: k(k+1)(2k+1) (k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)
12+(12+22)+..............+ 6
+ 6
a(rn -1)
a +ar+ar2+.............+arn-1 =
r-1
If n=1, LHS = a k(k+1)2 (k+2) (k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)
= 
a( r-1 ) 12 6
RHS =
r-1
=a k(k+1)2 (k+2)+2(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)
=
 LHS = RHS. 12
Thus P(1) is TRUE. (k+1)(k+2)[k(k+1)+2(2k+3)]
Assume that P(k) is true. =
12
k
 a + ar + ar2 + ...........+ ark-1 = a(r -1) (k+1)(k+2)(k 2 +5k+6)
r-1 = k2 + 5k + 6
Adding ark on bothsides, we get 12
a + ar + ar2 + ........+ark-1 + ark = k2 + 2k + 3k + 6
k = k(k+ 2) +3(k + 2)
= a(r -1) +ark = (k + 2) (k + 3)
r-1
k k (k+1)(k+2)(k+2)(k+3)
= a[r - 1 + r (r-1)] =
12
r -1
k k+1 k (k+1)(k+2)2 (k+3)
= a[ r - 1 + r - r ] =
r -1 12
k+1 (k+1)[k+1+1]2 [k+1+2]
= a[r -1) =
12
r -1
Thus P(k+1) is TRUE. Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction,
the given statement is true for all n  N. the given statement is true for all n  N.
Mathematical Induction 19
First Year Maths - IA
6. Using the principle of mathematical
7. Using the principle of mathematical induction,
induction, prove that
prove that 2.3+3.4+4.5+....... upto n terms =
13 + 13 +23 + 13 +23 +33 +..........+upto n terms =
1 1+3 1+3+5 n(n2 +6n+11)
for all nN.
3
n
24 [2n +9n+13].
2
A: Let P(n) be the given statement:
n(n2 +6n+11)
2.3+3.4+4.5+..............+(n+1)(n+2) =
A: nth term = 3
 n2 (n+1)2 
2, 3, 4 ..... (n+1)
 
  3, 4, 5,...... (n+2)
4 (n+1)2
13 +23 +33 +..........+n3    If n = 1, LHS = 2.3

1+3+5+........+(2n-1) n2 4 =6
Let P(n) be the given statement.
1(1+6+11)
RHS =
2
13  13+23  13 +23 +33  ..........  (n+1)  n [2n2 + 9n +13] 3
1 1+3 1+3+5 4 24 =6
13  LHS = RHS.
If n =1, LHS =
1 Thus P(1) is TRUE.
= 1. Assume that P(k) is true.
1 [2+9+13]  2.3 + 3.4+4.5+.............+(k+1) (k+2)
RHS = 24
k(k2 +6k+11)
=
= 2424
3
Adding (k+2)(k +3) on both sides, we get
= 1.
2.3+3.4+4.5+.........+(k+1)(k+2)+(k+2)(k+3)
 LHS = RHS.
Thus P(1) is TRUE. k(k2 +6k+11)
= +(k+2) (k+3)
Assume that P(k) is true. 3
 13  13 +23  13 +23 +33  ..........  (k+1)2  k [2k 2 + 9k + 13] k3 +6k 2 +11k+3(k 2 +5k+6)
1 1+3 1+3+5 4 24 =
3
2
By Synthetic division
Adding (k+2) on both sides, we get k 3 +9k 2 +26k+18
4 = 1 9 26 18
3
13  13 +23  13 +23 +33  ..........  (k+1)2 (k+2)2 -1 0 -1 -8 -18
 (k+1)(k 2 +8k+18)
1 1+3 1+3+5 4 4 =
3 1 8 18 0
k [2k2+9k+13] + (k+2)2
= 24
4 (k+1)[k 2 +2k+1+6k+6+11]
=
k(2k2 +9k+13)+6(k+2)2 3
=
24 (k+1)[(k+1)2 +6(k+1)+11]
=
3 2 2 3
= 2k +9k +13k+6k +24k+24
24 By Synthetic division Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
2k 3 +15k 2 +37k+24
= 2 15 37 24 Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction
24 given statement is true for all n N.
(k+1) (2k2 +13k+24)-1 0 -2 -13 -24
=
24 2 13 24 0 8. Prove that 2+3.2 + 4.22 + ........upto n terms =
n.2n for all n N.
(k+1)[2k2 +4k+2+9k+9+13]
= 2, 3, 4, ........... n+1
24
1, 2, 22, ......... 2n-1
(k+1)[2(k+1)2 +9(k+1)+13] A: Let P(n) be the given statement :
=
24 2.1 + 3.2 + 4.22 + ............+(n+1).2n-1 = n.2n
 P(k+1) is TRUE. If n =1, LHS = 2.1
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, =2
the given statement is true for all n N.
Mathematical Induction 20
First Year Maths - IA
RHS = 2.21-1
=2 (3k+1) (k +1)
 LHS = RHS =
(3k+1) (3k +4)
Thus P(1) is TRUE.
Assume that P(k) is true. k+1
 2.1 + 3.2 + 4.22 + ...........+(k+1)2k-1 = k.2k =
3(k+1)+1
Adding (k+2)2k on both sides, we get
2.1 + 3.2 + 4.22 + ...........+(k+1)2k-1 + (k+2) 2k Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
= k.2k + (k+2)2k
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction
= (k+k+2)2k
the given statement is true for all n  N.
= 2(k+1). 2k
= (k+1). 2k+1 10.Show that 49n + 16n - 1 is divisible by 64 for all
Thus P(k+1) is TRUE. positive integers n.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction A: Let P(n) be the statement:
the given statement is true for all n  N. 49n + 16n-1 is divisible by 64.
If n =1, 49n + 16n-1 = 49+16 -1
1 1 1
9. Show that 1.4 + 4.7 + 7.10 +...... upto n terms =
= 64
= 64(1)
n Thus the statement is true for n =1.
3n + 1 for all n  N.
Let P(n) be the statement: Assume that P(k) is true
 49k + 16k -1 is divisible by 64
1 1 1 1 n
A: 1.4  4.7  7.10  ...........  (3n-2)(3n+1)  3n+1  49k + 16k -1 = 64t, for some t  N
1
 49k = 64t - 16k +1 ...............(1)
If n =1, LHS = 1.4 Consider 49k+1 + 16(k+1)-1
= 49.49k + 16k +15
= 41
= 49[64t - 16k +1] + 16k + 15
1
RHS = 3+1 = 64 (49t) - 16k(49)+16k+ 49 +15
= 64 (49t) - 16k (49-1) + 64
= 41 = 64 (49t) -16k(4)(12) + 64
 LHS = RHS. = 64[49t - 12k +1]
Thus P(1) is TRUE.  The statement is true for n = k + 1.
Assume that P(k) is true. Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction
49n + 16n -1 is divisible by 64  n  N.
1 1 1 1 k
 1.4  4.7  7.10  ...........  (3k-2)(3k+1)  3k+1
12.Using mathematical induction, prove that
1
Adding (3k+1)(3k+4) on bothsides, we get
2.42n+1 + 33n+1 is divisible by 11,  n  N.
1  1  1  ...........  1  1 A: Let P(n) be the statement:
1.4 4.7 7.10 (3k-2)(3k+1) (3k+1)(3k+4)
2.42n+1 + 33n+1 is divisible by 11
k 1
= 3k+1  (3k+1)(3k+4) If n =1, 2.42n+1 + 33n+1 = 2.42+1 + 33+1

k(3k+4)+1 = 2(64) + 81
= (3k+1)(3k+4)
= 209
3k 2 +4k+1 = 11(19)
= (3k+1)(3k+4)
Thus the statement is true for n =1.

Mathematical Induction 21
First Year Maths - IA
Assume that P(k) is true. 12.Using mathematical induction prove that
 2.42k+1 + 33k+1 is divisible by 11.  3  5  7  2n  1 
   n  1
2
 1  1   1  4   1  9  ........  1  2
 2.42k+1 + 33k+1 = 11t for some t  N      n 
A: Let the given statement be S(n).
 2.42k+1 = 11t - 33k+1 ............(1)
 3  5  7  2n  1
2  
Consider 2.42(k+1)+1 + 33(k+1)+1  n  1
2
S(n)= 1 1 1 ........1
= 2.42k+1 . 42 + 33k+1 . 33  1  4  9  n 
Let n = 1
= 16[11t - 33k+1] + 27 . 33k+1
 3
L.H.S =  1   1 3  4
= 11(16t) + 33k+1 (27 - 16)
 1 
= 11[16t + 33k+1] R.H.S = (1+1)2 = 22 = 4
Thus the statement P(n) is true for n = k+1. L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 S(n) is true for n = 1
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction
Assume that the given statement is true for n = k
2.42n+1 + 33n+1 is divisible by 11 for all n  N.
i.e., S(k) =

11. Show that 3.52n+1 + 23n+1 is divisible by 17 for

 3  5  7  2n  1 
   n  1
2
all nN.  1  1   1  4   1  9  ........  1  2
     n 
A: Let P(n) be the statement: Now we have to prove that the given statement is
3.52n+1 + 23n+1 is divisible by 17. true of n = k + 1.
If n=1, 3.52n+1 + 23n+1 = 3.53 + 24 L.H.S. : Put n = k + 1 in S(n)
= 3(125) + 16 S(k+1)
= 375 + 16  3  5  7   2k  1  1
1 1 1
=  1  4  9  ....... 1 
= 391     
   
k  1
2

= 17(23)
 3  5  7   2k  1  2k  3 
Thus the statement is TRUE for n =1. 1 1 1
=  1  4  9  ....... 1 2  1
  k  1 
     k  2

Assume that the statement is true for n = k.
 3.52k+1 + 23k+1 is divisible by 17.  2k  3 
= S(k)  1 
 
 3.5 +2 = 17t for some t  N.
k  1 
2k+1 3k|1 2

 3.5 2k+1
= 17t - 23k+1 .............(1)
 
  k  1  2k  3 
2

k  1
2
   from S(k)
Consider 3.52(k+1)+1 + 23(k+1)+1
  k  12 
= 3.52k+1 . 52 + 23k+1 . 23 = k2 + 4k + 4
= 25(17t - 2 3k+1
) + 8.2
3k+1
= (k + 2)2
k  1  1
2
= 17(25t) - 23k+1 (25 - 8) =
= 17 (25t - 23k+1) = R.H.S.
 The statement is true for n = k+1. L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction  S(n) is true for n = k + 1.
3.52n+1 + 23n+1 is divisible by 17. Hence by the principle of mathematical induction
given statement is true for all n  N.

Mathematical Induction 22
First Year Maths - IA
13.Use mathematical induction to prove that (k+1)(2k2 +7k+6)
(1 + x)n > 1 + nx for n  2, x > -1, x  0. = 2k2 + 7k + 6
6
(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)
A: Let P(n) be the statement that (1 + x)n > 1 + nx, n  2. = = 2k2 + 4k + 3k + 6
6
If n = 2, (1 + x)2 = 1 + 2x + x2. (k+1)[( k+1+1][2(k+1)+1]
= = 2k(k+2)+3(k+2)
> 1 + 2x  x  0, x > -1. 6
Thus P(1) is true. = (k+2) (2k+3)
Assume that P(k) is true, k  2  P(k+1) is TRUE.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction
 (1 + x)k > 1 + kx for k  2 .
P(n) is true for all n N.
Now (1 + x)k + 1 = (1 + x)k (1 + x)
> (1+kx) (1 + x) 2. Show that xn - yn is divisible by x-y for all
> 1 + (k + 1)x + kx2
nN by using mathematical induction.
> 1+(k+1)x
Thus the statemet is true for n = k + 1. A: Let P(n) be the statement:
Hence by the principle of mathematical induction, xn - yn is divisible by x-y for nN.
P(n) is true for all n  2, n  N. If n =1, xn - yn = x1 - y1
= 1(x-y)
LEVEL - II (LAQ)  The statement is TRUE for n=1.
Assume that the statement is true for n = k.
1. Using induction, prove that  xk - yk is divisible by x-y
1 + 2 + 3 + ............. + n = n(n+1) (2n+1) n  N .
2 2 2 2
 xk - yk = (x-y) f(x, y) where f is some function in
6
A: Let P(n) be the given statement: x, y.
n(n+1)(2n+1) Consider xk+1 - yk+1 = xk+1 - xk . y + xk . y - yk+1
1 + 2 + 3 + ..........+n =
2 2 2 2
= xk (x - y) + y (xk - yk)
6
If n = 1, LHS = 12 = xk (x - y) + y. (x-y) f(x, y)
=1 from (1)
(1)(1+1)(2+1) = (x-y) [xk + y. f(x, y)]
RHS =
6
The statement is true for n = k+1.
= 6
6
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction
= 1. xn - yn is divisible by x - y for all n  N.
 LHS = RHS.
Thus P(1) is TRUE. 3. Using mathematical induction prove that
Assume that P(k) is true (2n + 7) < (n + 3)2 if  n  N.
A: Let the given statement be S(n).
k(k+1)(2k+1)
 12 + 22 + 32 + ...............+k2 = i.e., P(n) : (2n + 7) < (n + 3)2  n  N.
6
Adding (k+1)2 on both sides, we get Let n = 1 then (2 + 7) < (1 + 3)2.
12 + 22 + 32 + .............+k2 + (k+1)2  9 < 16
k(k+1)(2k+1) Which is true
= + (k+1)2
6  P(n) is true for n = 1
k(k+1)(2k+1)+6(k+1)2 Assume that the given statement is true for n = k
= i.e, (2k + 7) < (k + 3)2.
6
Now we have to prove that the given statement is
(k+1)[k(2k+1)+6(k+1)]
= true for n = k + 1.
6
i.e., To prove that 2(k + 1) + 7 < ((k+1)+3)2

Mathematical Induction 23
First Year Maths - IA

Consider 2(k + 1) + 7 = 2k + 2 + 7
= (2k + 7) + 2

 k  1
3


3k  2
0
< (k + 3)2 + 2 3 3
< k2 + 6k + 11 so P(k +1) is also true.
[add and substract (2k + 5) term] Hence by the principle of “mathematical induction”,
< (k 2 + 8k + 16) - (2k + 5) S(n) is true for all n  N.
< (k + 4)2 - (2k + 5)
< (k + 4)2 (∵ 2k + 5 > 0) *******
< [(k + 1) + 3]2
2(k + 1) + 7 < [(k + 1) + 3]2
 P(n) is true for n = k + 1.
Hence by the principle of mathematical induction
the given statement is true for all n  N.

4. Prove the inequality :

n3
12 + 2 2 + 32 + ..... + n2 > using induction.
3
A: Let the given statement be
2 2 2 2 n3
P(n) = 1  2  3  .....  n 
3
2
If n = 1, LHS  1  1
13 1
RHS  
3 3
1
Clearly 1 
3
Thus S(1) is true
Assume that S(k) is true

2 2 2 2 k3
 1  2  3  .....  k 
3
Adding (k + 1)2 on both sides, we get

12  22  32  .....  k 2  k  1
2

k3
  k  1
2

3
k3

3

 k 2  2k  1 
k 3  3k 2  6k  3

3


k 3
 3k 2  3k  1   3k  2
3 3
Mathematical Induction 24
Second Year Maths - IA

3. MATRICES
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE

1. An ordered rectangular array of elements is called
a ‘matrix’. The horizontal lines of elements are
called the rows and the vertical lines of elements
are called columns.
2. Order of Matrix : A matrix having m rows and n
columns is said to be of order mxn, read as m cross
n or m by n.
In compact form an mxn matrix is denoted by
A = [aij]mxn where | < i < m and | < j < n.
3. Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number of
rows is equal to the number of columns, is called
a ‘square matrix’.
12.Triangular Matrices: A square matrix A = [aij] is
said to be ‘upper triangular’ if aij = 0 for all i > j. A is
said to be ‘lower triangular’ if aij = 0 for all i < j.
13.Equality of Matrices: Matrices A and B are said
to be equal if
i) A and B are of the same order and
ii) The corresponding elements of A and B are the
same.
14.Sum of two Matrices: Let A and B be matrices of
the same order. Then the sum A+B is defined as a
matrix of the same order in which each element is
the sum of the corresponding elements of A and B.

4. If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, the elements 15. If A = [aij]mxn , B = [bij] mxn then
a11, a22, ............anm are said to constitute its A + B = [cij]mxn where cij = aij + bij
‘principal diagonal’ or simply the ‘diagonal’. aij is
an element of the diagonal or not according as i = 16. Unit matrix In = [xij]mxn where xij = 1 if i = j
j or i ¹ j.
xij = 0 if i  j
5. Trace of a square Matrix: The sum of the
17.Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix: Let A be a
elements of the diagonal of a square matrix A is
matrix of order mxn and k be a scalar. Then the
called the ‘trace of A’ and is denoted by Tr(A).
mxn matrix obtained by multiplying each element
of A by k is called a scalar multiple of A and is
6. Diagonal Matrix: If each non diagonal element
denoted by kA.
of a square matrix is equal to zero, then the matrix
If A = [aij]mxn, then kA = [k aij]mxn
is called a ‘diagonal matrix’.
18.Multiplication of Matrices: We say that matrices
7. Scalar Matrix: If each non diagonal element of a
A and B are ‘conformable for multiplication’ in that
square matrix is zero and all diagonal elements
order if the number of columns of A is equal to the
are equal to each other, then it is called a ‘Scalar
number of rows of B.
Matrix’.
19.Let A = [aij]mxn, B = [bjk]nxp be two matrices which
8. Identity Matrix or unit Matrix: If each non-
are conformable for multiplication. Then the matrix
diagonal element of a square matrix is equal to
n
zero and each diagonal element is equal to 1, then
that matrix is called an ‘identity matrix’.
C = [c ik]mxp where Cik =  aij b jk is called the
j=1
product of A and B and is denoted by AB.
9. Null Matrix or Zero Matrix: If each element of a
matrix is zero, then it is called a ‘null matrix or 20.Transpose of a matrix: If A = [aij] is an mxn
zero matrix’. It is denoted by Omxn. matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging
the rows and columns of A is called the transpose
10.Row Matrix: A matrix with only one row is called of A. It is denoted by A  or AT.
a ‘row matrix’.

11. Column Matrix: A matrix with only one column is

called a ‘column matrix’.

Matrices 25
Second Year Maths - IA
21. Transpose of a matrix:
i) (AT)T = A
ii) (A + B)T = AT + BT
iii) (AB)T = BTAT
iv) (KA)T = K . AT
22. A square matrix is said to be symmetric if A =A
T
23. A square matrix is said to be skew-symmetric
if A T = -A
24. Determinant of 3 x 3 matrix : The sum of the
products of elements of the first row with their
corresponding cofactors is called the determinant
of A.
25. |A| = 0  A is singular
26. |A|  0  A is non-singular
27. |kA | = k |A| if A is a 3 x 3 matrix
3 element in the ith row and jth column of a 3x3 matrix
= k4 |A| if A is a 4 x 4 matrix
28. |A| = |AT|
29. |AB| = |A| . |B|
30. Determinant of a skew symmetrix matrix of
odd order is 0.
31. Determinant of a skew symmetrix matrix of even
order is a perfect square.
32. Properties of determinants:
i) If each element of a row (or column) of a square
matrix is zero, than the determinant of that matrix
is zero.
ii) The sign of the determinant changes sign, when
any two rows (or columns) are interchanged.
iii) Two rows (or columns) are identical or
proportional, the value of the determinant is zero.
iv) If all the elements of a row (or columns) are
multiplied by a number k, then the determinant is
equal to k times the determinant of the original
matrix.
v) If each element of a row (or column) is the sum
of two terms, then its determinant can be
expressed as the sum of two determinants of the
same order.
vi) If the elements of a row (or column) are added
with k times the corresponding elements of any
other row (or column), then the value of the
determinant is unaltered.
Matrices
vii) The sum of the products of the elements of
any row (or column) with the cofactors of the
corresponding elements of any other row
(or column) is zero.
viii) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and k is a
scalar, then |kA| = k3 |A|.
ix) For any square matrix A, detA = det  A   .
x) Det (AB) = (detA) (detB).
xi) For any positive integer n, det (An) = (det A)n.
xii) If A is a triangular matrix (lower or upper) then
determinant of A is the product of the diagonal
elements.
33.Minor of an element: The minor of an element of
a 3x3 matrix is defined as the determinant of the
2x2 matrix, obtained after deleting the row and the
column in which the element is present.
34.Cofactor of an element: The cofactor of an
is defined as its minor multiplied by (-1)i+j.
35.Singular Matrix: A square matrix is said to be
‘singular’ if its determinant is zero. Otherwise it is
said to be ‘non-singular’.
36 Adjoint of a Matrix: The transpose of the matrix
formed by replacing the elements of a square
matrix A with the corresponding cofactors is called
the adjoint of A and is denoted by adjA.
37. Adj.(AB)=(adjB)(adjA)
38.Invertible Matrix: Let A be a square matrix. we
say that A is invertible if a matrix B exists such
that AB = BA = I.
39. Inverse of a matrix:
i) (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
1
ii) A-1 = adjA
det A
1
iii) |A-1| =
|A|
iv) |adjA|=|A|n-1 where order of A is nxn
A
v) (adjA)-1=
|A|
vi) adj(adjA)=|A|n-2.A
vii) (AT)-1=(A-1)T
26
Second Year Maths - IA
40. Matrix inversion method: AX=D  X=A-1D LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
41. Cramer’s rule: Unique solution of AX=D is
   1. Define “Triangular matrix”.
x  1 ,y  2 ,z  3
  
A square matrix A  ai j  is said to be
nxn
42. G a u s s J o r d a n m e t h o d : B y u s i n g
elementary row operations try to (i) upper triangular if aij = 0 for all i > j.
tr ansf orm augm ented m atrix [ A D ] = (ii) lower triangular if aij = 0 for all i < j.
 a1 b1 c1 d1  1 0 0   A square matrix which is either upper triangular or
a b c d  0 1 0  
 2 2 2 2
into the form   then lower triangular is called a triangular matrix.
 a3 b3 c3 d 3  0 0 1  

x=, y= , z=  x - 3 2y - 8   5 2 

1. If  
6  -2 a - 4 
 than find the
z + 2
43. Elementary row operations are:
values of x, y, z and a.
i) R1  R2
 x - 3 2y - 8   5 2 
ii) R1  kR1 A: Given that 
z + 2 6  =  -2 a - 4 
   
iii) R2  R2 + R1 Equating the corresponding elements, we get
44.Sub Matrix: A matrix obtained by deleting some x-3=5  x=8
rows or columns or both of a matrix is called a 2y - 8 =  2 y = 5
submatrix of the given matrix.
z + 2 = -2  z = -4
45.Rank of a Matrix: Let A be a non-zero matrix.  x = 8, y = 5, z = -4, a = 10
The rank of A is defined as the maximum of the
orders of the non-singular square submatrices of 1 2 3 8
2. If A =  , B=   and 2x + A = B, then
A. It is denoted by rank (A). 3 4 7 2
46.If A is a non-zero matrix of order 3, then the rank of find X.
A is A: Given that 2x + A = B
i) 1 if every 2x2 submatrix is singular.  2x = B - A
ii) 2 if A is singular and atleast one of its 2x2
3 8  1 2
submatrices is non-singular. =   -  
iii) 3 if A is non singular. 7 2 3 4
47. The number of non-zero rows in the echelon form  3 1 8  2
of the matrix A is called rank of a matrix A. 2X =  
7  3 2  4
48. The system of equations AX=D has
2 6 
i) a unique solution if rank(A)=rank[A D]=3 =  
 4 2 
ii) infinitely many solutions if rank (A)=rank[A D]=2
1 3
iii) no solution if rank (A)  rank [A D]  =  2 1
 
In particular, the system is consistent if and only
if rank (A) = rank [A D] 3. Define (i) Transpose of a matrix (ii) Trace of
49. The system of equations AX=O has square matrix.
A: Transpose of Matrix:- The matrix obtained by
i) the trivial solution or unique solution or zero
solution, if rank (A) = the no. of unknowns (3). interchanging the rows into columns of a matrix, is
called ‘transpose of the matrix’.
ii) an infinite number of solutions or non trivial
If A is a matrix, its transpose is denoted by AT or A1.
solution or nonzero solution if rank (A) is less than
the number of unknowns.
Matrices 27
Second Year Maths - IA
 cos sin 
1 4 6. If A =   , show that AAT = ATA.
1 2 3  2 5   -sin cos 
Eg: If A =   2 x 3, then AT =   3x2
 4 5 6  3 6   cosα sinα   cosα -sinα 
A: AA  =   
 -sinα cosα   sinα cosα 
Trace of matrix:- In a square matrix, the sum of
the principal diagonal elements is called the trace
 cos + sin2  -cossin + sincos 
of the matrix. It is denoted by Tr (A).  
=  
 -sincos + cossin sin2 cos2  
 1 2 3
4 5 6 
Eg: If A =   , then Tr (A) = 1 + 5 + 9 = 15.  1 0
7 8 9  =  
 0 1
4. Define (i) Symmetric matrix
(ii) Skew symmetric matrix  cos -sin   cos sin 
A: (i) Symmetric matrix:- The square matrix A is ATA =   
 sin cos   -sin cos 
said to be symmetric is AT = A.
 cos2   sin2  cossin - sincos 
1 2 3 a b c  
=  
2 4 5    sin2   cos2  
 sincos - cossin 
Eg: A =   , B = b c a 
3 5 6  c a b 
 1 0
=  
 0 1
(ii) Skew - symmetric matrix :- The square matrix
A is said to be ‘skew symmetric’ if AT = -A  = AAT = ATA
0 1 2  0 a b -1 1
 1 0 3     5 0 -1 3 1
Eg: A =   , B =  a 0 c  7. If A =   and B =   , then find
 2 3 0   b c 0  -1 4  4 0 2
2A + BT and 3BT - A.
 -4 2 -2 -2
 2 -4  10 0   
5. If A =   , then find A + AT and AAT. A: 2A + BT =   + 3 0
 -5 3 
 -2 8   -1 2 
 2 -4   2 -5   -4 - 2 2 + 4 
A: A + AT =  +  
 -5 3   -4 3  10 + 3 0 + 0 
=  
 2 + 2 -4 - 5   -2 +1 8 + 2 
=  
 -5 - 4 3 + 3   -6 6 
13 0 
 4 9  =  
=  .  -1 10 
 9 6 
-6 12  -2 1 -4 11
 2 -4   2 -5   9 0   5 0  
AA =      = 4 0 .
T
 -5 3   -4 3  3BT - A =  - 
-3 6   -1 4   4 2 
 4 +16 -10 - 12 
=  
 -10 - 12 25 - 9 
1 4 7  -3 4 0 
8. If A =   ,B=   then
 20 22  2 5 8   4 -2 -1
=  .
 22 34  show that ( A + B)T = AT + BT.
1 4 7  -3 4 0  -2 8 7 
A: A + B =   +  4 -2 -1 = 6 3 7 
 2 5 8     

Matrices 28
Second Year Maths - IA
 4-2 8 + 4k  0 0
 -2 6 
 8 3   -2 - k -4 + k 2  =  0 0 
   
(A + B)T =    (1)
 7 7 
Equating 1st row 2nd column elements, we get
 1 2 -3 4   -2 6   4k + 8 = 0
 4 5   4 -2    4k = -8
AT + BT =  +   =  8 3   (2)
 7 8   0 -1  0 7   k = -2
From (1) & (2) , (A + B)T = AT + BT
a b c
-1 2 3  b c a
12. Find the value of the determinant
 2 5 6 c a b
9. If A =   is symmetric, find the value
 3 x 7 
a b c
of x.
b c a
A: Given that A is symmetric. A: = A(bc - a2) - b(b2 - ca) + c(ab - c2)
c a b
 A = AT
= abc - a3 - b3 + abc + abc - c3
-1 2 3  -1 2 3  = 3abc - a3 - b3 - c3
 2 5 6  2 5 x
 =  
13. Find the value of the determinant
 3 x 7   3 6 7 
Equating 3rd row 2nd column elements, we get x = 6 a-b b-c c- a
b-c c- a a-b
R 1  R1 + R 2 + R 3
 0 4 -2  c-a a-b b-c
-4 0 8 
10. If A =   is a skew symmetric matrix,
 2 -8 x  a-b b-c c -a 0 0 0
find the value of x. b-c c -a a-b b-c c -a a-b
A: = =0
A: Given that A is skew symmetric c -a a-b b-c c -a a-b b-c
 AT = -A since R1 contain zeros, determinant value is 0.
 0 4 -2  0 -4 2 
-4 0 8   4 0 -8 
 12 22 32 
 =  
 2 
 2 -8 x  -2 8 -x  2 32 42 
14. Find the determinant of  .
Equating 3rd row 3rd column elements, we get x = -x 2
42 52 
3
 2x = 0
x = 0 1 4 9 
 4 9 16 
A: Now  
 2 4 0 0 9 16 25 
11. If A =   and A2 =   , find the value = 1(225 - 256) -4(100 -144) + 9(64- 81)
 -1 k  0 0
= -31 + 176 - 153
of k. = -8.
0 0
A: A.A =   15.Find the determinant of the matrix
0 0

 2 4  2 4 0 0
a h g
     =   h b f 
 -1 k   -1 k  0 0  .
 g f c 

Matrices 29
Second Year Maths - IA

a h g 1 0 -1
h b f -2 x 1
A: = a (bc - f2) - h(ch - fg) + g(gh- bg)  =0
g f c 2 0 -2

= abc - af2 - ch2 + fgh + fgh - bg2  by expanding the determinant along C2
= abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 . - 0 + x (-2 + 2) + 0 = 0
 x(0) = 0
This is true for all real values of x.
16. If  is a complex cube root of 1, then show

   19. Find the adjoint and inverse of the matrix


    cosα -sinα 
that = 0.
 A=  
    sinα cosα 

 cosα -sinα 
          A: |A| =   = cos 2  + sin2  = 1
 sinα cosα 
         
A: =  cosα sinα 
          Adj A =  .
 -sinα cosα 

   1  cosα sinα 
A-1 = | A | Adj A =  
    -sinα cosα 
= 1 +  +  2 = 0
  
1 2 
= 0. 20. Find the inverse of the matrix  
 3 -5 

1 0 0 a b 1 d -b 
A: If A =   , then A-1 =
2 3 4  c d  ad - bc  -c a 
17. If = 45, find x
5 -6 x 1 2 
Here A =  
1 0 0  3 -5 
2 3 4 1 -5 -2 
A: Given that = 45
1(-5) - 3(2) -3 1 
5 -6 x A-1 =
 1(3x + 24) - 0 + 0 = 45
 3x = 45 - 24 = 21 1 5 2 
11 3 -1
= .
 x = 7.

1 0 -1 21. Find the cofactors of the elements of 2, -5 in

-2 x 1  -1 0 5 
18. If is a singular matrix, find the  1 2 -2 
2 0 -2 the matrix  
value of x. -4 -5 3 
 1 0 -1 -1 5
-2 x 1  A: Cofoctor of ‘2’ = (-1)2+2
A:   is a singular matrix -4 3
 2 0 -2
= - 3 + 20
= 17.

Matrices 30
Second Year Maths - IA
-1 5 R 2  R 2 + R1
Cofactors of ‘-5’ = (-1)3+2
1 -2
1 2 1 
= - ( 2 - 5)  
= 3. ~ 0 2 3 
 
0 1 -1
 2  R3  2R3
 0 c -b   a ab ac 
-c 0 a  ab b bc 
2
22.Simplify   1 2 1
 b -a 0   ac bc c 2  ~ 0 2 3
 
0 2 -2
a2 ab ac   
 0 c -b   R3  R 3 - R 2
A. -c 0 a  2
ab b bc 
 b -a 0  ac bc c 2  1 2 1 
 
  ~ 0 2 3 
 0+abc-abc 0 0 -5
0+b2c-b2c 0+bc 2 -bc 2   
 
 2 This is in the echelon form.
= -a2c+0+a2c 2
-abc+0+abc -a c+0+ac 
No. of non zero rows = 3
 2 
2
 a b-a b+0 ab2 -ab2 +0 abc-abc+0   Rank of the given matrix = 3.

0 0 0
 0 0 0 3 0 0 
0 0 0 25. If A = 0 3 0  then find A
4
  0 0 3 
O  
3x3
3 0 0
1 1 1 A = 0 3 0 
1 1 1 0 0 3
23.Find the rank of the matrix A =  .  
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 = 3 0 1 0
0 0 1
   
A: A = 1 1 1
1 1 1 A = 3I
R2  R 2 - R 1 , R3  R 3 - R 1 4
 A =3 I
4 4

1 1 1 = 81I
 
 0 0 0 81 0 0 
0 0 0 =  0 81 0 
This in the echelon form.
 0 0 81
 
No. of non zero rows = 1
 Rank of the given matrix = 1. 26.Solve the following system of homogeneous
equations x - y + z = 0, x + 2y - z = 0,
 1 2 -1 2x + y + 3z = 0.
-1 0 2 
24.Find the rank of the matrix A =  .  1 1 1 
 0 1 -1  
A: A   1 2 1
 1 2 -1  2 1 3 
A = -1 0 2 
 0 1 -1
 
Matrices 31
Second Year Maths - IA
 y = k.
R2  R2  R1, R3  R3  2R1  Required infinitely many solutions are x = k, y
 1 1 1  = k, z = k where k  R.
 0 3 2
0 3 1  LEVEL - I (SAQ)
1 0 0 1
1. If I = 
0 1 0 0 then show that
R3  R3  R 2 ,E=

 1 1 1  (aI + bE)3 = a3I + 3a2bE.

 0 3 2 
1 0  0 1
0 0 3  A: aI + bE = a   + b
0 1  0 0
No. of non-zero rows in A = 3.
 Rank of A = 3. a 0   0 b 
=  
So given homogeneous system has a unique 0 a  0 0 
solution which is x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
a b
= 
27.Solve the following system of homogeneous 0 a
equations x + y - 2z = 0, 2x + y - 3z = 0,
5x + 4y - 9z = 0. a b  a b
The coefficient matrix A = (aI + bE)2 = 
0 a   0 a 
 1 1 2 
a 2 + 0 ab + ba 
  2 1 3  =  2 
5 4 9   0+0 0+a 

R2  R2  2R1, R3  R3  5R1 a2 2ab 

=  2 
 1 1 2  0 a 
 0 1 1 
a 2 2ab  a b 
0 1 1  (aI + bE) =  2   
3

 0 a  0 a 
R3  R 3  R 2
 1 1 2  a3 + 0 a2b + 2a2b
=  3 
 0 1 1   0+0 0+a 
0 0 0 
No. of non-zero rows in A = 2
a3 3a2b
=  3 
 Rank of A = 2. 0 a 
So given homogeneous system has infinite number
of solutions (non trivial solution). a3 0  0 3a 2 b
=  
Now we write the equivalent system of equations 3 
x + y - 2z = 0  (1)
 0 a  0 0 
- y + z = 0  (2)
1 0  0 1
(1) + (2)  x - z = 0  (3) = a3 
0 1 0 0 
+ 3a2b
Letr x = k where k  R.
From (3) k - z = 0 = a3I + 3a2bE.
 z = k.
From (2) -y + k = 0.
Matrices 32
Second Year Maths - IA

1 2 2 1 + 2k -4k  3 -4 
=    
2 1 2   k 1 - 2k   1 -1
2. If A =   then show that A2 - 4A - 5I = O.
3 + 6k - 4k -4 - 8k + 4k 
2 2 1 =  
A: A2 = A . A  3k + 1 - 2k -4k - 1 + 2k 
3 + 2k -4 - 4k 
 1 2 2  1 2 2 =  
2 1 2 2 1 2  k + 1 -2k - 1
=     1 + 2(k + 1) -4(k + 1) 
2 2 1 2 2 1 =  
 k + 1 1 - 2(k + 1)
1 + 4 + 4 2 + 2 + 4 2 + 4 + 2  S(k + 1) is also true.
 2 + 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 + 2 + 2
=  Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction,

 2 + 4 + 2 4 + 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 1 the given statement is true for all positive integers n.

9 8 8
8 9 8 1 a a2
=  
8 8 9 1 b b2
 A - 4A - 5I
2 4. Show that = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a).
1 c c2
9 8 8  1 2 2  1 0 0
8 9 8 2 1 2 0 1 0 R2 R2 R3, R3  R 3 - R 1
=   - 4  -5 
8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 a a 2
1 a a 2

9 - 4 - 5 8 - 8 - 0 8 - 8 - 0  1 b b2 0 b - c b2 - c 2
A: Now =
8 - 8 - 0 9 - 4 - 5 8 - 8 - 0 
=   1 c c2 0 c - a c 2 - a2
8 - 8 - 0 8 - 8 - 0 9 - 4 - 5 
1 a a2
0 0 0
0 1 b+c
0 0 0 = (b - c) (c - a)
=   0 1 c +a
0 0 0
= O3 x 3 . expanding the determinant along C1.
= (b - c) (c - a) [c + a - b - c]
3 -4  = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a).
3. If A =   , then show that
 1 -1

1 + 2n -4n  a2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
An =   for all positive integers n.
 n 1 - 2n
5. Show that
2a + 1 a + 2 1
= (a - 1)3.
A: Suppose S(n) be the statement that 3 3 1
1 + 2n -4n 
An =   a2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
 n 1 - 2n
2a + 1 a + 2 1
A: Now
1 + 2 -4  3 -4 3 3 1
If n = 1, A  =  = 
 1 1 - 2  1 -1 R1  R 1 - R 2 , R2  R 2 - R 3
S(1) is true
a2 - 1 a - 1 0
Assume that S(k) is true
1 + 2k -4k 
2(a - 1) a - 1 0
=
Ak =   3 3 1
 k 1 - 2k 
Now Ak + 1 = Ak . A
Matrices 33
Second Year Maths - IA
a +1 1 0 1 a a
= (a - 1) (a - 1) 2 1 0
= (x + 2a) 0 x - a 0
3 3 1 0 0 x-a
expanding the determinant along C3 expanding the determinant along C1
= (a - 1)2 [1(a + 1 - 2)] = (x + 2a) [1(x - a)2]
= (x + 2a) (x - a)2.
= (a - 1)3.
8. Find the adjoint and inverse of the matrix
y+z x x
2 1 2
6. Show that y z + x y = 4xyz. 1 0 1
z z x+y 2 2 1 .
 
y+z x x
A: Now y z+x y 2 1 2
z z x+y 1 0 1
A: Given matrix A =  
R1 R1 - R2 - R3 2 2 1
0 -2z -2y 2 1 2
= y z+x y
|A| = 1 0 1
z z x+y 2 2 1
= 2(0 - 2) -1 (1 - 2) + 2(2 - 0)
0 -z -y
= -4 + 1 + 4
= 2 y z+x y
z z x+y =1
R2  R 2 + R 1 , R 3  R 3 + R 1 The cofactors of elements of 1st row
0 -z -y = (0 - 2), -(1 - 2), (2 - 0)
=2 y x 0 = -2, 1, 2
z 0 x
The cofactors of elements of 2nd row are
= 2[0 + z(xy - 0) - y(0 - zx)]
= -(1 - 4), (2 - 4), - (4 - 2)
= 2(2xyz)
= 3, -2, -2
= 4xyz.
The cofactors of elements of 3rd row are
= (1 - 0), - (2 - 2), (0 - 1)
x a a
= 1, 0, -1.
7. Prove that a x a = (x + 2a) (x - a)2.
a a x -2 1 2 
A: C1  C 1 + C 2 + C 3  3 -2 -2
Cofactor matrix of A =  
x a a x + 2a a a  1 0 -1
Now a x a = x + 2a x a
a a x x + 2a a x -2 3 1 
 1 -2 0 
 Adj A =  
1 a a
 2 -2 -1
= (x + 2a) 1 x a
1 a x 1
Now A-1 = |A| adj A
R2  R 2 - R 1 , R3  R 3 - R 1
Matrices 34
Second Year Maths - IA

-2 3 1  3 -3 4 
1  1 -2 0  2 -3 4 
= 10.If A =   , then show that A = A .
-1 3
1  2 -2 -1
  0 -1 1 
A: Now A2 = A . A
-2 3 1  3 -3 4 3 -3 4
 1 -2 0  2 -3 4 2 -3
=  . 4
=    
 2 -2 -1 0 -1 1 0 -1 1

9. Find the inverse matrix of diag [a b c]. 9 - 6 + 0 -9 + 9 - 4 12 - 12 + 4 

A: Given matrix = diag [a b c]
6 - 6 + 0 -6 + 9 - 4 8 - 12 + 4 
=  
0 - 2 + 0 -0 + 3 - 1 0 - 4 +1 
a 0 0
0 b 0  3 -4 4 
=    0 -1 0 
0 0 c  =  
-2 2 -3
a 0 0 A4 = A2 . A2

|A| = 0 b 0  3 -4 4   3 -4 4 
0 0 c  0 -1 0   0 -1 0 
=   -2 2 -3
= a(bc - 0) - 0 + 0 -2 2 -3  
= abc  9 - 0 - 8 -12 + 4 + 8 12 - 0 - 12
The cofactors of elements of 1 row are
st  0 - 0 - 0 -0 + 1 + 0 0 - 0 - 0 
=  
= (bc - 0), - (0 - 0), (0 - 0)
-6 + 0 + 6 8 - 2 - 6 -8 + 0 + 9 
= bc, 0, 0
The cofactors of elements of 2nd row are  1 0 0
= -(0 - 0), (ac - 0), - (0 - 0) 0 1 0
= 0, ca, 0 A4 =  
The cofactors of elements of 3rd row are 0 0 1
= (0 - 0), -(0 - 0), (ab - 0)  A . A3 = I
= 0, 0, ab A-1 = A3 by the definition of invertible matrix.

bc 0 0 
 0 ca 0 
Cofactor matrix of A =  
 0 0 ab 
bc 0 0 
 0 ca 0 
Adj A =  
 0 0 ab 
1
Now A-1 = |A| adj A

bc 0 0 
1  0 ca 0 
=
abc  0 0 ab 
 
1 / a 0 0 
 0 1/ b 0 
=  .
 0 0 1 / c
Matrices 35
Second Year Maths - IA


π cos2θ cos θ sin θ  cos2 cos  sin 
11. If  = then show that  =O.
2   
cos θ sin θ sin2θ  cos  sin  sin2 


 cos θ
2
cos θ sin θ  cos2 cos sin 
A: Now   
cos θ sin θ sin2θ  cos sin  sin2 

 2 2
cos θcos  + cos θ sin θ cos sin  cos2θ cos sin cos θ sin θ sin2
=  2 2 
 cos θ sin θ cos  + sin θ cos sin  cos θ sin θ cos sin sin2θsin2 

cos θ cos  (cos θ cos sin θ sin  cos θ sin  cos θ cos  sin θ sin  
=  
 sin θ cos  (cos θ cos  + sin θ sin  sin θ sin (cos θ cos sin θ sin  
cos θ cos  cos (θ -  cos θ sin cos(θ -  
=  
 sin θ cos  cos (θ -  sin θ sin cos (θ -  
  = /2
π
cos () = cos =0
2
cos θ cos  (0) cos θ sin (0)
=  
 sin θ cos  (0) sin θ sin (0) 

0 0
=  
0 0

= O2 x 2 .

 cos θ sin θ   cos nθ sin nθ 

12. If A =   then show that An =   for all positive integers.
- sin θ cos θ  - sin nθ cos nθ 

 cos nθ sin nθ 
A: Let S(n) be the statement that An =  
- sin nθ cos nθ 

 cos 1θ sin 1θ 
If n = 1, A  =  
- sin 1θ cos 1θ 

 cos θ sin θ 
=  
- sin θ cos θ 

 S(1) is true.

Assume that S(k) is true

Matrices 36
Second Year Maths - IA

Now Ak + 1 = Ak . A  a1 b1 c1  A1 A 2 A 3 
a b c  B B B 
 cos kθ sin kθ   cos θ sin θ  =  2 2 2  1 2 3
=    a3 b3 c 3  C1 C2 C3 
- sin kθ cos kθ  - sin θ cos θ 

 cos kθ cos θ - sin kθ sin θ cos kθ sin θ + sin kθ cos θ 

  
- sin kθ cos θ - cos kθ sin θ -sin kθ sin θ + cos kθ cos θ 

 cos (kθ + θ) sin (kθ + θ) 

=  
- sin (kθ + θ) cos(kθ + θ)

 cos (k + 1)θ sin (k + 1)θ 

=  
- sin (k + 1) θ cos(k + 1)θ 
 a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1 a1A 2 + b1B2 + c1C2 a1A 3 + b1B3 + c1C3 
 S(k + 1) is also true. a A + b B + c C a A + b B + c C a A + b B + c C 
 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
Hence by the principle of finite mathematical a3 A1 + b3B1 + c3C1 a3 A2 + b3B2 + c3C2 a3 A3 + b3B3 + c 3C3 
induction, the given - statement is true for all
positive integers n.

det A 0 0 
 a1 b1 c1   0 det A 0 
=  
a b c   0 0 det A 
13. If A =  2 2 2  is a non - singular matrix,
a3 b3 c3 
 1 0 0
then prove that (i) A is invertible and (ii) A-1 0 1 0
= det A  
=
adj A
. 0 0 1
det A
 A . adj A = (det A) I ------------ (1)
 a1 b1 c1 
a b c 
Similarly, we can show that
A: Given that A =  2 2 2  is a non singular
a3 b3 c 3 
(Adj A) A = (det A) I ------------ (2)
matrix.
|A| 0 Combining (1) & (2)

 A1 B1 C1  A(Adj A) = (Adj A)A = (det A) I

A B C 
Cofactor matrix of A =  2 2

   
2
Adj A Adj A
A 3 B3 C3  A det A = det A A = I

 A1 A 2 A 3  Adj A
B B B  So, the matrix A is invertible and A-1 =
det A
.
Adj A =  1 2 3
C1 C2 C3 
Now A . adj A

Matrices 37
Second Year Maths - IA

LEVEL - I (LAQ) a b c
A: Now b c a = a(bc - a2) - b(b2 - ca) + c(ab - c2)
b +c c +a a +b a b c c a b
1. Show that c + a a + b b + c = 2 b c a . = abc - a3 - b3 + abc + abc - c3
a +b b +c c + a c a b
= 3abc - a3 - b3 - c3
b+c c +a a+b = -(a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)

A: Now c + a a + b b + c a b c
2
a+b b+c c +a
b c a = {- (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)}2
R1 R1 + R2 + R3 c a b
= (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)2 -------- (1)
2(a + b + c) 2(a + b + c) 2(a + b + c)
2
c+a a+b b+c a b c a b c a b c
=
a+b b+c c +a Also b c a = b c a . b c a
c a b c a b c a b
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c R2  R3
= 2 c+a a+b b+c
a b c a b c
a+b b+c c +a
= b c a (-1) c a b
R2  R 2 - R 1 , R3  R 3 - R 1 c a b b c a

a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c

a b c -a -b -c
=2 -b -c -a
c a b
-c -a -b = b c a
c a b b c a
R1  R 1 + R 2 + R 3
2 2 2
-a + bc + bc -ab + ab + c -ac + b + ac
a b c
2 2 2
-ab + c + ab -b + ac + ac a - bc + bc
= 2 -b -c -a =
2 2 2
-c -a -b -ac + ac + b -bc + a + bc -c + ab + ab

a b c
2 2 2
2bc - a c b
= 2(-1) (-1) b c a
2 2 2
c a b c 2ca - b a
= ------- (2)
2 2 2
b a 2ab - c
a b c
=2 b c a . Combining (1) & (2), we get
c a b
2 2 2
2 2bc - a c b
a b c
2 2 2
2. Show that b c a = c 2ca - b a
2 2 2
2 2bc - a2 c2 b2 c a b b a 2ab - c
a b c
b c a = c2 2ca - b2 a2 = (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)2.
c a b b2 a2 2ab - c2
= (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)2.
Matrices 38
Second Year Maths - IA

b +c c + a a +b
a + b + 2c a b
a +b b +c c + a
3. Show that = a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc. c b + c + 2a b
a b c 5. Show that
c a c + a + 2b
A: R2 R2 - R3
b+c c +a a+b b+c c +a a+b = 2(a + b + c)3.
a+b b+c c +a b c a
Now =
a b c a b c a + b + 2c a b
R1 R1 - R2 c b + c + 2a b
A: Now
c a b c a c + a + 2b
b c a C1  C 1 + C 2 + C 3
=
a b c
2(a + b + c) a b
= c(c2 - ab) - a(bc - a2) + b(b2 - ca)
= c3 - abc - abc + a3 + b3 - abc 2(a + b + c) b + c + 2a b
=
= a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc. 2(a + b + c) a c + a + 2b

2 3 1 a b
1 a a
1 b + c + 2a b
1 b
2
b
3 = 2(a + b + c)
4. Show that = (a-b) (b-c) (c- 1 a c + a + 2b
2 3
1 c c
R2  R 2 - R 1 , R3  R 3 - R 1
a)(ab+bc+ca).
A: R2 R2 - R3, R3  R3 - R1 1 a b
2 3 2 3 = 2(a + b + c) 0 b + c + a 0
1 a a 1 a a 0 0 c +a+b
2 3 2 2 3 3
1 b b 0 b -c b -c
Now =
2 3 2 2 3 3
1 c c 0 c -a c -a expanding the determinant along C1
2 3 = 2(a + b + c) [1(a + b + c)2]
1 a a
2 2 = 2(a + b + c)3.
0 b + c b + bc + c
= (b- c) (c - a)
2 2
0 c + a c + ca + a
a-b-c 2a 2a
R3  R 3 - R 2
2 3
6. Show that 2b b-c-a 2b
=(a + b + c)3.
1 a a 2c 2c c-a-b
2 2
0 b+c b + bc + c
= (b - c) (c - a) a-b-c 2a 2a
2 2
0 a-b a - b + c(a - b) 2b b-c -a 2b
A: Now
2c 2c c -a-b
2 3
1 a a R1  R 1 + R 2 + R 3
2 2
0 b + c b + bc + c
= (b - c) (c - a) (a - b) a+b+c a+b +c a +b +c
0 1 a+b+c
 2b b-c -a 2b
expanding the determinant along C1 2c 2c c -a-b
=(a-b) (b-c) (c-a) [(b+c) (a+b+c) - (b2+bc+c2)]
1 1 1
=(a-b)(b-c)(c-a) ab + b2 + bc + ca +bc + c2 - b2 - bc - c2  2b b - c - a 2b
  = (a + b + c)
= (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (ab + bc + ca). 2c 2c c -a-b
C2  C 2 - C 1 , C3  C 3 - C 1
Matrices 39
Second Year Maths - IA
1 0 0 2 3
a a 1+ a
2b -(a + b + c) 0
= (a + b + c) b b
2
1+ b
3
2c 0 -(a + b + c) Also =0
2 3
c c 1+ c
= (a + b + c) [1 {-(a + b + c)} ] 2

= (a + b + c)3. 2 2 3
a a 1 a a 1+ a
2 2 3
b b 1 b b 1+ b
a b c  + =0
2 2 3
2 2 2 c c 1 c c 1+ c
a b c
7. Show that = abc(a - b) (b - c) (c - a).
3 3 3
a b c a a
2
1 1 a a
2

2 2
b b 1 1 b b
a b c  + abc =0
2 2
2 2 2 c c 1 1 c c
a b c
A: Now
3 3 3
a b c
2 2
a a 1 a 1 a
Taking a, b, c common along C1, C2, C3 2 2
b b 1 b 1 b
 - abc = 0.
1 1 1 c c
2
1 c 1 c
2

a b c
= abc
2 2 2 C1 C2
a b c
2 2
C1 C1 - C2, C2  C2 - C3 a a 1 a 1 a
2 2
b b 1 b 1 b
0 0 1  - abc = 0.
2 2
a-b b-c c c c 1 c 1 c
= abc
2 2 2 2 2
a -b b -c c C2  C 3
2 2
a a 1 a a 1
0 0 1 2 2
b b 1 b b 1
1 1 c  + abc = 0.
= abc (a - b) (b - c) c c
2
1 c c
2
1
2
a+b b+c c
2
= abc(a - b) (b - c) [0 - 0 + 1 (b + c - a - b)] a a 1
= abc (a - b) (b - c) (c - a). 2
b b 1
 (1 + abc) = 0.
2
2 3 2 c c 1
a a 1+ a a a 1
2 3 2
b b 1+ b b b 1 1 + abc = 0 from (1)
8. If = 0 and 0, then abc = -1.
2 3 2
c c 1+ c c c 1
show that abc = -1. x-2 2x - 3 3x - 4
2 x-4 2x - 9 3x - 16
a a 1 9. Find the value of x, if = 0.
x - 8 2x - 27 3x - 64
2
b b 1
A: Given that 0 ------ (1) x - 2 2x - 3 3x - 4
2
c c 1
x - 4 2x - 9 3x - 16
A: Given = 0.
x - 8 2x - 27 3x - 64
R2  R 2 - R 1 , R3  R 3 - R 2
Matrices 40
Second Year Maths - IA
Now A3 - 3A2 - A - 3I
x-2 2x - 3 3x - 4
-2 -10 -12 16 -17 13  4 -5 4  1 -2 1   1 0 0
 =0        
-4 -18 - 48 =  -9 10 -7 - 3 -3 2 -2 - 0 1 -1 - 3 0 1 0
       
21 -25 19  6 -8 5  3 -1 1  0 0 1
x - 2 2x - 3 3x - 4
16 -17 13 12 -15 12  1 -2 1  3 0 0
1 3 6        
(-2) (-2) = 0.
2 9 24 = -9 10 -7 -  -9 6 -6  - 0 1 -1 - 0 3 0
       
21 -25 19 18 -24 15 3 -1 1  0 0 3
R3  R3 - 2R2
x - 2 2x - 3 3x - 4 16 - 12 - 1 - 3 -17 + 15 + 2 + 0 13 - 12 - 1 - 0 
 

1 3 6
= 0. =  -9 + 9 - 0 + 0 10 - 6 - 1 - 3 -7 + 6 + 1 - 0 

0 3 12 21 - 18 - 3 - 0 -25 + 24 + 1 - 0 19 - 15 - 1 - 3 
(x - 2) (36 - 18) - (2x - 3) (12) + (3x - 4) (3) = 0
0 0 0
3  
 6(x - 2) -4 (2x - 3) + 3x - 4 = 0 = 0 0 0

6x - 12 - 8x + 12 + 3x - 4 = 0 0 0 0 
x - 4 = 0 = O3 x 3 .
x = 4.
1 2 2
 
 1 -2 1 
  11. If 3A =  2 1 -2  then show that A-1 = A  .

10.If A = 0 1 -1 then find A3 - 3A2 - A - 3I. -2 2 -1
 
3 -1 1 
1 2 2
 
 1 -2 1   1 -2 1 
    A: Given 3A =  2 1 -2 

A: A2 = A . A 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 -2 2 -1
   
3 -1 1  3 -1 1  Applying transpose on both sides,
1 2 -2
1 - 0 + 3 -2 - 2 - 1 1 + 2 + 1  
  (3A) = 3A  = 2 1 2
= 0 + 0 - 3 0 + 1+ 1 0 - 1- 1  
-1

-6 - 1 - 1 3 + 1 + 1  2 -2
3 - 0 + 3
1 2 2 1 2 -2 
4 -5 4     
  Now (3A) (3A ) =  2 1 -2  2 1 2
= -3 2 -2   
-2 -1

-8 5   -2 2 -1 2
6
 1+ 4 + 4 2 + 2 - 4 -2 + 4 - 2 
 
4 -5 4   1 -2 1   9AA  =  2 + 2 - 4 4 + 1+ 4 -4 + 2 + 2
    
A3 = A2 . A = -3 2 -2 0 1 -1  -2 + 4 - 2 -4 + 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 1 

6 -8 5  3 -1 1  9 0 0
 
 4 +0 +12  9AA  = 0 9 0
-8 - 5 - 4 4 + 5 + 4 

  0 0 9 
=  -3 + 0 - 6 6+2+2 3-2-2 

6 - 0 + 15 -12 - 8 - 5 6 + 8 + 5   9AA  = 9 
 AA  = 
16 -17 13  Similarly AA  = 
 
=  -9 10 -7   AA  = A A = 
  By the definition of invertible matrix,
 21 -25 19 
A-1 = A1.
Matrices 41
Second Year Maths - IA
13.Solve the following equations by Cramer’s
-1 -2 -2  rule: 3x + 4y + 5z = 18, 2x - y + 8z = 13,
 
12. If A =  2 1 -2  then show that Adj A = 3A , 5x - 2y + 7z = 20.

 2 -2 1  A: Given equations can be written in the matrix
form as AX = D
find A-1.
3 4 5  x  18 
     
-1 -2 -2
i.e. 2 -1 8   y  = 13 
2 1 -2      
A: |A| = 5 -2 7   z   20 
2 -2 1
3 4 5
= -1(1 - 4) + 2(2 + 4) -2 (-4 - 2)
= 3 + 12 + 12 Now  = 2 -1 8
5 -2 7
= 27.
= 3(-7 + 16) -4(14 - 40) + 5(-4 + 5)
The Cofactors of elements of 1st row are = 27 + 104 + 5
= (1 - 4), -(2 + 4), (-4 - 2)
= 136.
= -3, -6, -6.
18 4 5
The Cofactors of elements of 2nd row are
= -(-2 - 4), (-1 + 4), -(2 + 4) 1 = 13 -1 8
= 6, 3, -6. 20 -2 7
= 18(-7 + 16) -4(91 - 160) + 5(-26 + 20)
The Cofactors of elements of 3rd row are = 162 + 276 - 30
= (4 + 2), -(2 + 4), (-1 + 4) = 408.
= 6, -6, 3.
3 18 5
 -3

-6 -6 

2 = 2 13 8
5 20 7
Cofactor matrix of A =  6 3 -6 
 
6 -6 3  = 3(91 - 160) - 18(14 - 40) + 5(40 - 65)
= -207 + 468 - 125
 -3 6 6 = 136.
 
 Adj A = -6 3 -6  3 4 18
 
 -6 -6 3 
3 = 2 -1 13
5 -2 20
 -1 2 2 
 
= 3(-20 + 26) -4(40 - 65) + 18(-4 + 5)
= 3 -2 1 -2
  = 18 + 100 + 18
-2 -2 1 
= 136.
= 3A  . By Cramer’s rule, the unique solution of AX = D is
1 given by
Also A-1 = adj A
det A 1 2 3
x= , y= , z=
  
 -3 6 6
  408 136 136
1  -6 3 -6 
= x= ,y= , z=
27   136 136 136
 -6 -6 3 
=3 =1 =1
 -1 2 2  Hence, the required unique solution is
1 -2 1 -2 x = 3, y = 1, z = 1.
= .
9 -2 -2 1 
 

Matrices 42
Second Year Maths - IA
14.Solve the equations by matrix inversion 15.Solve the following equations by Gauss -
method x + y + z = 9, 2x + 5y + 7z = 52, Jordan method: 2x - y + 3z = 9, x + y + z = 6,
2x + y - z = 0. x - y + z = 2.
A: Given equations can be written in the matrix form A : Given equations can be written in the matrix
as AX = D form as AX = D.
1 1 1  x  9  2 -1 3  x 9 
           
i.e. 2 5 7   y  = 52  i.e.  1 1 1  y  = 6 
           
 2 1 -1 z  0  1 -1 1 z  2
|A| = 1(-5 - 7) -1(-2 -14) + 1(2 - 10) Augmented matrix
= -12 + 16 - 8
 2 -1 3 9 
= -4.  
The Cofactors of elements of 1st row are [A D] =  1 1 1 6 
= (-5 - 7), -(-2, -14), (2 - 10)  
 1 -1 1 2 
= -12, 16, -8.
R1 R1 - R2
The Cofactors of elements of 2 row are
nd
1 -2 2 3 
= -(-1 - 1), (-1 - 2), - (1 - 2)  
 1 1 1 6 
= 2, -3, 1.  
1 -1 1 2 
The Cofactors of elements of 3rd row are R2  R 2 - R 1 , R3  R 3 - R 1
= (8 - 5), -(7 - 2), (5 - 2)
= 2, -5, 3.  1 -2 2 3 
 
 0 3 -1 3 
 -12 16 -8   
  0 1 -1 -1
Cofactor matrix of A =  2 -3 1
  R2  R 3
 2 -5 3
 1 -2 2 3 
 -12 2 2  
   0 1 -1 -1
 
Adj A =  16 -3 -5 
0 3 -1 3 
 
 -8 1 3
R1  R1 + 2R2, R3  R3 - 3R2
1 1 0 0 1 
A-1 = Adj A
det A  
 0 1 -1 -1
 -12 2 2   9  
0 0 2 6 
-1  16 -3 -5   
52 
= 1
4  -8 1 3   
   0 R3  R
2 3
 -108 + 104 + 0  1 0 0 1 
-1  144 - 156 - 0   
 0 1 -1 -1
=
4  -72 + 52 +0   
  0 0 1 3 

x  -4   1
R2  R 2 + R 3
     
-1  -12   1 0 0 1
 y = = 3   
  4 -20     0 1 0 2 
z   5 
 
Equating the corresponding elements, 0 0 1 3 
x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.
By Gauss - Jordan method, the unique solution, of
 The required unique solution is
the given system of equations is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.
Matrices 43
Second Year Maths - IA
16.Solve the equations by Gauss - Jordan  1 1 1 x 6 
     
method: x + y + z = 1, 2x + 2y + 3z = 6,  1 -1 1 y
  =  2
x + 4y + 9z = 3.      
2 -1 3  z 9 
A: Given system of equations can be written in the
matrix form as AX = D Augmented matrix

1 1 1  x   1 1 1 1 6
       
2 2 3   y  = 6  [A D] =  1 -1 1 2
  
1 4 9   z   
3  2 -1 3 9 
Augmented matrix
R2  R2 - R1, R3  R3 - 2R1
 1 1 1 1
  1 1 1 6 
[A D] = 2 2 3 6   
 0 -2 0 -4 
 
1 4 9 3  
0 -3 1 -3 
R2  R2 - 2R1, R3  R3 - R1
 1 1 1 1 R3 (-2) R3
 
 0 0 1 4 
  1 1 1 6 
0 3 8 2   
 0 -2 0 -4 
R1  R1 - R2, R3  R3 - 8R2  
0 6 -2 6 
 1 1 0 -3 
 
 0 0 1 4  R3  R3 + 3R2
 
0 3 0 -30  1 1 1 6 
 
1  0 -2 0 -4 
R3  R  
3 3 0 0 -2 -6 

 1 1 0 -3 
  Which is in the echelon form.
 0 0 1 4 
  Number of non zero rows in [AD] = 3
0 1 0 -10   Rank of [AD] = 3.
R2  R3 Also number of non zero rows in A = 3
 1 1 0 -3   Rank of A = 3.
 
 0 1 0 -10  Here Rank of [AD] = Rank of A = 3.
 
0 0 1 4  Thus, the given system is consistent and it has a
R1  R 1 - R 2 unique solution.
Now, we write the equivalent system of equations
1 0 0 7 
  as follows:
 0 1 0 -10 
  x + y + z = 6 --------- (1)
0 0 1 4  -2y = -4 ------- (2)
By Gauss - Jordan method, the unique solution of -2z = -6 ------- (3)
the given system is x = 7, y = -10, z = 4. From (3), z = 3
From (2), y = 2
17.Examine whether the following system of From (1), x + 2 + 3 = 6
equations is consistent or incosistent and if x = 1.
consistient find the complete soltuion.
x+y+z=6, x-y +z=2, 2x-y+3z = 9 Hence, the required unique solution of the given
A: Given equations can be written in the matrix form system is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
as AX = D.
Matrices 44
Second Year Maths - IA
18.Apply the test of rank to examine whether the
equations x + y + z = 3, 2x + 2y - z = 3, x + y - LEVEL - II (VSAQ)
z=1 are consistent. Solve it completely.
A : Given equations can be written in the matrix x - 1 2 y - 5  1 - x 2 - y
form as AX = D  z 0 2  =  2
 0 2 
1. If 
1 1 1  x 3   1 - 1 1 + a   1 -1 1 
     
i.e. 2 2 -1 y
  = 3  then find the values of x, y, z and z.
      A: From the equality of Matrices
 1 1 -1 z  1
Augmented matrix x - 1 = 1 - x  2x = 2  x  1

 1 1 1 3 y - 5 = -y 2y = 5  y  5 / 2
 
[A D] = 2 2 -1 3 
  z=2 z2
 1 1 -1 1
R2  R2 - 2R1, R3  R3 - R1 1 + a = 1  a  0
1 1 1 3 
  2. Find the additive inverse of the matrix
 0 0 -3 -3 
 
0 0 -2 -2   i 0 1
 0 -i 2 
-1 -1  .
R2  R2 , R 3  R
3 2 3 -1 1 5 
1 1 1 3
  A: Additive inverse of the given matrix is
 0 0 1 1
 
0 0 1 1  i 0 1   i 0  1
R3  R 3 - R 2   0  i 2    0
  i  2 
.
 1 1 5   1  1  5 
 1 1 1 3
 
 0 0 1 1
 
0 0 0 0  3 2 -1  -3 -1 0 
2 -2 0  2 1 3 
Which is in the echelon form. 3. If A =  ,B=  and
 1 3 1   4 -1 2 
Number of non zero rows in [A D] = 2
 Rank of [A D] = 2 X = A + B then find X.
Also number of non zero rows in A = 2
 0 1 1
 Rank of [A D] = Rank of A = 2
 
Thus the given system is consistent and it has A: X =  4 1 3  .
infinitely many solutions.  5 2 3 

Now, we write the equivalnet system of equations

as follows:
x + y + z = 3 -------- (1)
 1 2 3 3 2 1
4. If A =   ,B=   find 3B - 2A.
z = 1 -------- (2) 3 2 1  1 2 3
(1) becomes x + y + 1 = 3
x+y=2 3 2 1 1 2 3
A: 3B - 2A = 3    2 
Put x = k where k  R 1 2 3  3 2 1
k+y=2
y = 2 - k.  9 6 3   2 4 6   7 2 3 
=     
Hence, the required infinitely many solutions are  3 6 9   6 4 2   3 2 7 
given by x = k, y = 2 - k, z = 1 where k R.
Matrices 45
Second Year Maths - IA

0 1 2   1 -2 0  5
0 1 1 2
5. If A =  2 3 4  , B =
 -1 then  
 
 4 5 6   -1 0 3  1 2
 
Required Matrix is  2 
find A - B and 4B - 3A.
0 3
 1 3 2  2 
 2 2 5
A: A - B =  . 8. A certain book shop has 10 dozen chemistry
 5 5 3  books, 8 dozen physics books, 10 dozen
economics books. Their selling prices are
 4 8 0   0 3 6  Rs.80, Rs.60 and Rs.40 each respectively.
4B  3A   0 4 4    6 9 12  Using matrix algebra, find the total value of
the books in the shop.
 4 0 12  12 15 18 
A: Number of books

 4 11 6   chemistry physics  economics 

 6 5 16 
=  A  10 x 12 8 x 12 10 x 12
 16 15 6 
 120 96 120 

6. Define trace of a matrix and find the trace of  80  chemistry

 1 2 -1 / 2  Selling price (in rupees) B   60  physics
 0 -1 2   40  economics
 .
 -1 / 2 2 1 
Total value of the books in the shop
A: Trace of a Matrix : The sum of the elements in the
principal diagonal of a square matrix is called trace
of a matrix. 2 
 1 3 5  0 
2 1 5  9. If A = [4 - 2 5] and B =   then compute
Let A =   then Tr(A) = 1 + (- 1) + 1 = 1. 3 
 1 0 1 
AB and BA.
7. Constract a 3 x 2 matrix whose elements are 2
1 0 
given by aij  i  3j . A : (i) AB = [4 - 2 5]   = [8 - 0 + 15 ] = [23].
2 3 
1
A : Given that aij i  3j . 2
2  8  4 10 
0  0
 a11 a12  (ii) BA =   [4 - 2 5] =
 0 0 
a 3 
a22  12  6 15 
Take a 3 x 2 Matrix A =  21
a31 a32 
1 1 5  -1 2 
a11  1  3(1)  1, a12  1  3(2) 
2 2 2 10.If A =   then find AA  . Do A and A 
 0 1
1 1 1
a21  2  3(1)  , a22  2  3(2)  2 commute with respect to multiplication of
2 2 2 matrices.
Now,
1 1 3
a31  3  3(1)  0, a32  3  3(2) 
2 2 2
Matrices 46
Second Year Maths - IA
14.If A is a square matrix then show that
5 2   1 2 
A. AA     , A A    (i) A  A  is a symmetric and
 2 1  2 5 
(ii) A  A  is a skew - symmetric
Clearly, AA   AA 
 A and A  do not commute with respect to A : (i) (A  A)  A  (A)  A  A  A  A 
multiplication of matrices.
 A  A  is a symmetric matrix
i 0 Hint :  A  A   A is symmetric
11. If A = 
- i 
then show that A2 = - I.
0
(ii) (A  A )  A   (A )  A   A  (A  A )
i 0
A : Given that A =    A  A  is a skew - symmetric matrix.
0  i 
Hint : A    A  A is skew symmetric
 i 0   i 0  i2  0 0  0 
A2     
0  i 0  i  0  0 0  i2  15.For any square matrix A, show that AA  is
i 0   1 0 
2 symmetric.
 1 0
         A : Let A be a square matrix
 0 i   0 1 0 1
2
take (AA ) = (A ) A  = AA 
12.Give examples of two non-zero square  (AA )  AA 
matrices A and B of the same order for which
AB = O, but BA  O.  AA  is a symmetric matrix.
0 0   1 1
A: Let A    ,B   12 22 32 
0 1 0 0   2 
2 32 42 
0 0   1 1  0 0  16.Find the determinant of  .
AB       O but 3
2
42 5 2 
0 1  0 0   0 0 
 12 22 32  1 4 9 
 1 1   0 0  0 1  2   4 9 16 
BA     O 2 3 2
42  
0 0   0 1  0 0  A:   
2   9 16 25 
3 42 52 
 2 0 1  2 0 1  1(225  256)  4(100  144)  9(64  81)
13.If A =   and B =   then
 -1 1 5   -1 1 5    31  4(  44)  9(  17)
  31  176  153   8
find  AB  .
17.Show that the determinant of skew - symmetric
 2 0 1  1 1 0 
A: Given A =   and B =   matrix of order three is zero.
 1 1 5   0 1 2  A : Let us consider the skew - symmetric matrix
 1 0 
 2 0 1  1 1  0 c b 
AB =  1 1 5    A  c 0 a 
   0 2 
b a 0 
 2  0  0 0  0  2   2 2 
     0(0  a2 )  c(0  ab)  b(ac  0)
 1  1  0 0  1  10   2 9 
 0  abc  abc  0
 2 2 
 (AB)    Hence the determinant of skew symmetric matrix
 2 9  of order 3 is zero.
Matrices 47
Second Year Maths - IA

 a + ib c + id  2 LEVEL - II (SAQ)
18.If A =   , a + b 2 + c 2 + d2 = 1
-c + id a - ib 
1 a a2
then find the inverse of A. 2
1. Show that 1 b b  (a - b) (b - c) (c - a).
a  ib c  id
A: A 1    1 c c2
 c  id a  ib 
1 a a2
1 2 0 -1 1 b b2
3 A:
4 1 2  1 c c2
19.Find the rank of A =  using
 -2 3 2 5  R2 R2 - R3, R3 R3 - R1
elementary transformations.
1 a a2
 1 2 0 1 0 b  c b2  c 2
3 4 1 2 =
A : Given A =   0 c  a c 2  a2
 2 3 2 5 

1 a a2
R2  R2  3R1 , R3  R3  2R1
 (b  c)(c  a) 0 1 b  c
 1 2 0 1 0 1 c a
 0 2 1 5 
= (b - c ) (c - a) (c + a - b - c)
0 7 2 3  = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a )
R3  2R3
1 2 0 1  1 2 
 2 1 2 
 0 2 1 5  2. If A =  1 3 4 
, B   3 0 
   5
0 14 4 6  4 
R3  R3  7R 2
then verify  AB   BA 
 1 2 0 1
 0 2 1 5   1 2 
0 0 11 41  2 1 2   3 0 
A : AB =    
Rank of A = no. of non-zero rows in A = 3.  1 3 4   5 4 

20. If AB = I or BA = I then prove that A is invertible  2  3  10 4  0  8 

=  
and B = A .  1  9  20 2  0  16 
-1

A : AB = I  |AB| = |I|  |A||B| = 1

 15 4 
 |A|  0  A is invertible  A-1 exists. = 
 -28 -18 
Again, AB = I and BA = I
15 28 
 A 1 (AB)  A 1   (BA)A 1  A 1  AB  =  
 4 18 
 
 A 1A B  A 1  B(AA 1 )  A 1
2 1 
1 -3 5 
  B  A 1  BI  A 1
Now B  A  =  -2
-1 3 
 0 4  
 B  A 1  B  A 1  2 -4 
Matrices 48
Second Year Maths - IA
 2 + 3 + 10 1 - 9 - 20 
1 1 -1
= 
 -4 + 0 + 8 -2 + 0 - 16  0 2a c - a
= (c - a) (c + a)
1 1 -1
15 -28 
= 
4 -18  = (c - a) (c + a) (0)  R1, R3 are identical.
= 0.
∴  AB  = B  A 
So, a + b is a factor for the given determinant.
3. If A and B be invertible matrices then show Similarly b + c and c + a are also factors of it.
that (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1.
Clearly the given determinant is a third degree
A :  A and B are invertible, we have
expression.
AA 1  A 1A  Ι and BB1  B1B  Ι
Suppose that
Now (AB) (B-1 A-1) = A (BB-1)A-1 (by associative
law) -2a a + b c + a
= A (I A-1) a + b -2b b + c
= (AI) A-1 = k(a + b) (b + c) (c + a).
c + a c + b -2c
= AA-1
=I Put a = 1, b = 1, c = 1.
(B-1 A-1) (AB) = B-1 (A-1 A)B
-2 2 2
= B-1 I B
= B-1 (I B) 2 -2 2
 = k(2) (2) (2)
= B-1 B 2 2 -2
=I
8k = -2(4 - 4) -2(-4 - 4) + 2(4 + 4)
 We have (AB) (B-1 A-1) = (B-1 A-1) (AB) = I.
8k = 32
(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
k = 4

LEVEL - II (LAQ) -2a a + b c + a

a + b -2b b + c
 = 4(a + b) (b + c) (c + a).
-2a a + b c + a c + a c + b -2c
a + b -2b b + c
1.Show that
c + a c + b -2c 0 1 1 b + c c- a b- a
   
1
= 4(a+b) (b+c) (c+a). 2. If A =  1 0 1 , B = c - b c +a a -b
  
-2a a + b c + a 1 1 0
2
b - c a - c a + b 
a + b -2b b + c then show that ABA-1 is a diagonal matrix.
A: Now
c + a c + b -2c
0 1 1
Put a + b = 0  
 b = -a A: Given A =  1 0 1
 
1 1 0
Eliminate b.
|A| = 0 - 1 (0 - 1) + 1(1 - 0)
-2a 0 c+a
= 2.
0 2a c + a The Cofactors of elements of 1st row are
=
c + a c - a -2c = (0 - 1), - (0 - 1), (1 - 0)
R1  R 1 + R 3 , R 3  R 3 + R 2 = -1, 1, 1.
c - a c - a -(c - a) The Cofactors of elements of 2nd row are
0 2a c -a = -(0 - 1), (0 - 1), - (0 - 1)
=
c + a c + a -(c + a) = 1, -1, 1.

Matrices 49
Second Year Maths - IA
The Cofactors of elements of 3rd row are
= (1 - 0), - (0 - 1), (0 - 1) 3. Without expanding the determinant, prove
= 1, 1, -1.
ax by cz a b c
 -1 1 1 
2 2 2
  x y z = x y z
Cofactor matrix of A =  1 -1 1  that
  1 1 1 yz yz xy
 1 1 -1

 -1 1 1  A: Consider L.H.S.
 
Adj A =  1 -1 1  ax by cz
 
 1 1 -1 x2 y2 z2
multiply and divide with xyz.
1 1 1 1
A = -1
adj A
det A

 -1 1 1  ax by cz
  xyz 2
1  1 -1 1  x y2 z2
= =
2   xyz
 1 1 -1 1 1 1
0 1 0  b + c c - a b - a
 
1  c - b  ax by cz
Now AB =  1 0 1 c +a a -b
1
  2 
1 1 0 b - c a - c a + b  = xyz
x2 y2 z2
xyz xyz xyz
0 + c - b + b - c 0 + c + a + a - c 0 + a - b + a + b
1  Take common x from c1, y from c2 & z from c3.
 b + c + 0 + b - c c - a + 0 + a - c b - a + 0 + a + b
2 b + c + c - b + 0 c - a + c + a + 0 b - a + a - b + 0 
  a b c
xyz
x y z
0 2a 2a  = xyz
  yz xz xy
1 2b 0 2b 
=

2
2c 2c 0 
a b c
0 2a 2a   -1 1 1  x y z
    = = R.H.S.
1 2b 0 2b  1  1 -1 1  yz xz xy
Now AB . A-1 =
  
2
2c 2c 0  2  1 1 -1
Hence proved.
-0 + 2a + 2a 0 - 2a + 2a 0 + 2a - 2a 
 
1  -2b + 0 + 2b 2b - 0 + 2b 2b + 0 - 2b  1 a a2
= 1 bc b  c

4
 -2c + 2c + 0 2c - 2c + 0 2c + 2c - 0  1 ca c  a  1 b b2
(b)
 4a 0 0 1 ab a  b 1 c c2
1  0 4b 0 

=
4 0 0 4c  1 bc b  c

1 ca c  a
a 0 0 L.H.S. apply c3 c3 - (a + b + c) c1.
  1 ab a  b
= 0 b 0

0 0 c 
1 bc  a
1 ca  b
= diag [a b c]. =
1 ab  c
Matrices 50
Second Year Maths - IA
Take b2 common from R2
1 bc a
1 ca b a12  b1  c1 a1a2  b2  c2 a1a3  b3  c3
= (-1)
1 ab c  b2c 3 b1 b2 b3
multiply R1 with a, R2 with b and R3 with c . c1 c2 c3
Apply R1  R1 - (R2 + R3)
a abc a2
(  1)
b abc b2 a12 a1a2 a1a3
abc
c abc c 2 = b2c3 b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
a 1 a2 Take a1 common from R1
abc
( ) b 1 b2 c1  c 2 a1 a2 a3
abc .
c 1 c2  a1b2c 3 b1 b2 b3
c1 c 2 c3
1 a a2
a1 b1 c1
1 b b2
= = R.H.S.  a1b2c 3 a2 b2 c2
1 c c2  A  A T 
 
a3 b3 c3
Hence proved.
1 = (a1 b2 c3) 2
1
  a1 b2c 3
a12 +b1 +c1 a1a2 +b2 +c2 a1a3 +b3 +c3 2
4. If 1 = b1b2 +c1 b22 +c2 b2b3 +c3
c3c1 c3c2 c32 1 cosα cosβ
cosα 1 cosγ
a1 b1 c1 5. If 1 = ,
cosβ cosγ 1
a2 b2 c2 1
and 2 = then find the value of
a3 b 3 c3 2 . 0 cosα cosβ
cosα 0 cosγ
A: Consider 1 =  2 = and 1 = 2
cosβ cosγ 0
a12  b1  c1 a1a2  b2  c2 a1a3  b3  c3
then show thatcos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1.
b1b2  c1 b22  c2 b2b3  c3
1 cos  cos 
c3c1 c3c2 c32 cos  1 cos 
A: Consider 1 =
Take c3 common from R3. cos  cos  1
a12  b1  c1 a1a2  b2  c2 a1a3  b3  c3 = 1 (1 - cos2) - cos(cos - coscos)
 c3 b1b2  c1 b22  c2 b2b3  c3 + cos (coscoscos)
= 1 - cos2 - cos2 + coscoscos
c1 c2 c3
+ coscoscos- cos2
R2  R 2  R 3 = 1 - cos2 - cos2 - cos2 + 2coscoscos
a12  b1  c1 a1a2  b2  c2 a1a3  b3  c3
0 cos  cos 
 c3 b1b2 b22 b2b3
cos  0 cos 
c1 c2 c3 2 =
cos  cos  0
Matrices 51
Second Year Maths - IA

= 0 - cos(0 - coscos) + cos (cos cos - 0) 1 0

Now x =  0
= coscoscos + coscoscos  50
= 2coscoscos 2 50
y=  1
But 1 = 2  50
 1 - cos2 - cos2 - cos2 + 2coscoscos =
3 100
2coscoscos z=  2
 50
 cos2 + cos2cos2 = 1
 Solution set is x = 0, y = 1, z = 2.
Hence proved.
7. Solve the system of equations by matrix
6. Solve the system of equations by Cramer’s inversion method.
method. 2x - y + 3z = 9, x + y + z = 6, x - y + z = 2.
x - y + 3z = 5, 4x + 2y - z = 0, -x + 3y + z = 5. A: Given system of equations : 2x - y + 3z = 9
A: Given system of equations : x - y + 3z = 5 x+y+z=6
4x + 2y - z = 0 x-y+z=2
- x + 3y + z = 5
2 1 3 x 9 
 1 1 3  x 5 
A  1 1 1 X   y  D  6 
 
A   4 2 1 X   y  , D  0 
   
 z   2 
1 1 1
 1 3 1   z  5 
|A| = 2(1 + 1) + 1 (1-1) + 3 (-1 -1)
= 4 - 6 = - 2  0.
1 1 3 Matrix inversion method is applicable cofactors of
A  4 2 1 matrix A are
1 3 1 1 1
Cofactor of 2 = =2
= 1 (2 + 3) + 1 (4 - 1) + 3(12 + 2) 1 1
= 5 + 3 + 42 = 50  0
Cramer’s method is applicable. 1 1
Cofactor of -1 =  0
5 1 3 1 1
Now 1  0 2 1 1 1
5 3 1 Cofactor of 3 =  2
1 1
= 5 (2 + 3) + 1 (0 + 5) + 3(0 - 10)
= 25 + 5 - 30 = 0 1 3
Cofactor of 1 =   2
1 1
1 5 3
2  4 0 1 2 3
Cofactor of 1 =  1
1 5 1 1 1
= 1(0 + 5) - 5(4 - 1) + 3(20 - 0) 2 1
= 5 - 15 + 60 = 50 Cofactor of 1 =  1
1 1
1 1 5
3  4 2 0 1 3
Cofactor of 1 =  4
1 3 5 1 1

= 1(10 - 0) + 1 (20 - 0) + 5(12 + 2) 2 3

= 10 + 20 + 70 = 100 Cofactor of -1 =  1
1 1

Matrices 52
Second Year Maths - IA
2 1 Augmented matrix
Cofactor of 1 = 3
1 1 1 1 1 9 
 AD  2 5 7 52
 2 0 2 
 2 1 1   2 1 1 0 
Cofactor matrix =  
 4 1 3  R2  R2  2R1, R3  R3  2R1

 2 2 4  1 1 1 9 
 0 1 1   0 3 5 34 

adj A = (cofactor matrix)T =  
 2 1 3  0 1 3 18 

adjA
A 1  R2  R2  2R3
det A
1 1 1 9 
 2 2 4   0 1 1 2 

1 
0 1 1  0 1 3 18 
= 2 
 2 1 3 
R1  R1  2R 2 , R3  R3  R2
we know that system of equations are represented 1 0 2 11 
 0 1  1  2 

by AX = D
premultiply with A-1
0 0  4  20 
(A-1A) X = A-1D
JX = A-1D
 X = A-1D 1
R3   R3
4
 2 2 4  9 
1   1 0 2 11 
0 1 1  6 
= X =  2   0 1  1  2 
 2 1 3  2 
0 0 1 5 
 18 12 8  R1  R1  2R3 , R2  R2  R1
1 
0 6 2   1 0 0 1
= 2 
 18 6 6   0 1 0 3 
0 0 1 5 
x   2   1
 y   1  4    2 By Gauss - Jordan method, the unique solution of
=   2     the given system of equations is
 z   6  3  x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.
 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
9. Solve the system of equations 2x - y + 3z = 8,
8. Solve the system of equations x + y + z = 9, - x + 2y + z = 4, 3x + y - 4z = 0 by Gauss -
2x + 5y + 7z = 52, 2x + y - z = 0 by Gauss Jordan method.
Jordan method. A:Given equations can be written in the matrix form
A: Given equations can be written in the matrix form as AX = D.
as AX = D.
 2 1 3   x   8 
 1 2 1   y    4 
1 1 1  x   9 
2 5 7   y   52  i.e.     
 3 1 4   z  0 
i.e.     
2 1 1  z   0 
Matrices 53
Second Year Maths - IA

Augmented matrix 3 4 5   x  18 

2 1 8   y   13 
 2 1 3 8  i.e.     
5 2 7   z  20 
 AD   1 2 1 4 
 3 1 4 0  3 4 5 18 
2 1 8 13 
R1  R1  R 2 Augmented Matrix [AD] =  
5 2 7 20 
 1 1 4 12
  1 2 1 4  R1  R1  R2 , R3  R3  2R 2
 3 1 4 0   1 5 3 5 
  2 1 8 13 
R1  R2  R1, R3  R3  3R1
 1 0 9 6 
1 1 4 12 
 R2  R2  2R1, R3  R3  R1
 0 3 5 16 
0 2 16 36   1 5 3 5 
 0 11 14 3 
R 2  R 2  R3 0 5 6 11

1 1 4 12  R1  R1  R3 , R 2  R2  2R3
 0 1 11 20 
  1 0 9 6 
0 2 16 36   0 1 26 25 
0 5 6 11

R1  R1  R2 , R3  R3  2R2 R2  ( 1)R2
 1 0 15 32   1 0 9 6 
 0 1 11 20 

 0 1 26 25 
0 0 38 76  0 5 6 11
1 R3  R3  5R2
R3  R3
38  1 0 9 6 
 1 0 15 32   0 1 26 25 
 0 1 11 20  0 0 136 136
0 0 1 2 
1
R1  R1  15R3 , R2  R2  11R3 R3  R3
136
 1 0 0 2  1 0 9 6 
 0 1 0 2   0 1 26 25
0 0 1 2  0 0 1 1 

By Gauss - Jordan method, the unique solution of R1  R1  9R3 , R2  R2  26R3

the given system of equations is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.  1 0 0 3
 0 1 0 1
10.Solve the system of equations 3x + 4y + 5z = 18,
2x - y + 8z = 13, 5x - 2y + 7z = 20. 0 0 1 1
A : Given equations can be written in the matrix form
as AX = D. By Gauss Jordan method, the unique solution of
the given system is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1.

Matrices ******** 54
First Year Maths - IA

4. ADDITION OF VECTORS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:

1. Vector: A quantity having magnitude and direction 12.Position vector of the midpoint of the line segment
is called a vector. Eg: Force, Velocity etc. a+b
joining the points A( a ) and B( b ) is .
2
2. (i) An ordered triad of real numbers is a vector.
(ii) A directed line segment is a vector. 13.If a, b, c are the position vectors of the vertices of a
triangle ABC, then position vector of its centroid is
3. Null vector : A vector of length zero and having any a+b+c
direction is called a null vector or zero vector. It is .
3
denoted by 0 .
14.If a, b, c, d are the position vectors of the vertices
4. Unit vector : A vector of length one unit is called a of a tetrahedron, then the position vector of its
unit vector.
a a+ b+c+d
centroid is .
5. Unit vector along a = |a| . 4

a 15.Let OA = a and OB = b be non-zero vectors then

6. Unit vector parallel to a =  |a| .
7. Co-initial vectors : Vectors having same initial point
are called coinitial vectors. Eg: AB, AC, AD .
the measure of angle AOB which lies between 00
and 1800 is called the angle between a and b and
is denoted by (a, b) .

16.Coplanar vectors : Vectors are said to be “Coplanar”

8. Parallel or Collinear vectors : Vectors are said to
if they lie in a plane or in parallel planes. Otherwise
be “Parallel or Collinear vectors” if they lie on a line
they are said to be noncoplanar.
or on parallel lines.

17.If a, b, c are coplanar vectors then c = xa + yb for

9. Two parallel vectors a, b are said to be
some scalars x, y.
i) “like vectors” if they have same direction.
ii) “unlike vectors” if they have opposite direction. 18.In any triangle ABC, by addition of vectors
AB + BC = AC .
10.If a, b are collinear or parallel vectors then
a = t b where t is any scalar.. 19.In a parallelogram ABCD, AD = a , AB = b , then
Vectors a = a 1 i + a 2 j + a 3 k , the diagonals are AC = a + b and BD = a - b .
b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
a a a 20.If r = x i + y j + z k then | r | = x 2 + y 2 + z2 ,
1 2 3
are collinear  b = b = b
1 2 3  y 
direction cosines of r are  |rx|, |r |, |rz|  .
 
11. The position vector of the point P which divides the
line segment joining the points A( a ) and B( b ) in
mb + na
the ratio m : n is .
m+n

Addition of Vectors 55
First Year Maths - IA
21.The vectors a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k ,
LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k c = c1 i +c2 j + c3 k are
1. Define coplanar vectors, non-coplanar
a1 a2 a3 vectors.
b b b3 A: Vectors whose line of supports are in the same
i) coplanar iff 1 2 = 0.
c1 c 2 c plane or parallel to the same plane are called
3
coplanar vectors. Vectors which are not coplanar
are called non coplanar vectors.
a1 a2 a3
2. Define linear combination of vectors?
ii) non coplanar iff b1 b2 b3 0.
c1 c 2 c A: Let a1, a2 , a3 .........,an be vectors and x1, x2,
3

x 3 ........x n be scalars. Then the vector

22.If A( x ), B( y ), C( z ) are the vertices of a x1 a1  x 2 a 2  x 3 a3  ..........  x n an is called
triangle ABC, then the position vector of its linear combination of vectors
ax + by + cz
incentre is where BC = a, CA = a1, a2 , a3 .........,an .
a+b+c
b, AB = c.

Vector equations of STRAIGHT LINES : 3. I f OA = i + j + k, AB = 3 i - 2j + k, BC = i + 2j - 2k a n d

23.The vector equation of the straight line parallel to
CD = 2 i + j + 3k , then find the vector OD .
vector b and passing through the point a is A: Now OD = OA + AB + BC + CD
r = a+ t b, t R .
= i + j + k + 3 i - 2 j + k + i + 2 j - 2k + 2 i + j + 3k
24.Vector equation of the line passing through two = 7 i + 2 j + 3k .
distinct points A (a), B (b) is r = (1- t) a + t b, t R .
4. Let a = 2 i + 4 j - 5k, b = i + j + k, c = j + 2k .
Vector equations of PLANES :
25.The vector equation of the plane passing through a Find the unit vector in the opposite direction
of a + b + c .
point A (a) and parallel to two non collinear vectors
A: a + b + c = 2 i + 4 j - 5k + i + j + k + j + 2k
b and c is r = a + t b + sc , w h e re t, s  R .
= 3 i + 6 j - 2k
26.The vector equation of the plane passing through
three non-collinear points A (a), B (b), C (c ) is | a + b + c | = 9 + 36 + 4 = 49 = 7 .
r = (1- t - s)a + t b + s c, where t, s  R .
 Unit vector in the opposite direction of a + b + c
27. The vector equation of the plane passing through (a + b + c )
the points A( a ), B( b ) and parallel to the vector = - a+b+c
c is r = (1 - t) a + tb + sc where t, s  R.
-(3 i + 6 j - 2k)
= .
7

5. Let a, b be non - collinear vectors.

If α = (x + 4y) a + (2x + y + 1) b and

β = (y - 2x + 2) a + (2x - 3y - 1) b
are such that 3α = 2β , then find x and y..
Addition of Vectors 56
First Year Maths - IA
A: Given that 3α = 2β A: Let O be the origin and A, B, C be the given three
points.
 3(x+4y) a + 3(2x+y+1) b
 OA = - 2a + 3b + 5c ,
= 2(y - 2x + 2) a +(2x-3y-1) b
OB = a + 2b + 3c ,
Equating the coefficients of a and b , OC = 7a - c
3x + 12y = 2y - 4x + 4 7x + 10y = 4 ------(1)
6x + 3y + 3 = 4x - 6y - 2 2x + 9y = -5 ----(2)
Now AB = OB - OA = 3a - b - 2c
Solving (1) & (2), x = 2, y = -1.
AC = OC - OA = 9a - 3b - 6c
6. If the posi tion v ector s o f A, B and C
= 3(3a - b - 2c)
are - 2 i + j - k , - 4 i + 2 j + 2 k and 6 i - 3 j - 13 k
 AC = 3 AB
r e s p e c t i v e l y a n d AB = λAC , th en find
th e v alue of  .
A: Let O be any origin.  AB, AC are collinear vectors.
A, B, C are collinear points.
OA = - 2 i + j - k , OB = - 4 i + 2 j + 2k ,

OC = 6 i - 3 j - 13k 9. Is the triangle formed by the vectors

3 i + 5 j + 2k , 2 i - 3 j - 5k and - 5 i - 2 j + 3k
AB = OB - OA = - 2 i + j + 3k
equilateral?
AC = OC - OA = 8 i - 4 j - 12k A: Let ABC be the given triangle.
AB = 3 i + 5 j + 2k
Given that AB = λAC
 | AB | = 9 + 25 + 4 = 38 units
 - 2 i + j + 3k = λ(8 i - 4 j - 12k)
BC = 2 i - 3 j - 5k
 - 2 i + j + 3k = - 4λ(-2 i + j + 3k)
 | BC | = 4 + 9 + 25 = 38 units
 -4 = 1
 = -1/4. CA = - 5 i - 2 j + 3k

 | CA | = 25 + 4 + 9 = 38 units
7. If - 3 i + 4 j + λk and μ i + 8 j + 6k are collinear
vectors, then find  and .  | AB | = | BC | = | CA | , thus ABC is
equilateral.
A: Vectors a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k , b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k

a1 a2 a3 10. ABCDE is a pentagon. If the sum of the vectors

are collinear then b = b = b AB, AE, BC, DC, ED and AC is λAC , then find
1 2 3
the value of .
Here - 3 i + 4 j + λk , μ i + 8 j + 6k are collinear A: ABCDE is a pentagon.
vectors. Given that
-3 4 λ AB + AE + BC + DC + ED + AC = λAC
 = =
μ 8 6  (AB + BC) + AC + (AE + ED + DC) = λAC
λ 1 -3 1
= =  AC + AC + AC = λAC D
6 2 μ 2
=3 = -6.  3AC = λAC
E C

8.Show that the points - 2a + 3b + 5c,  = 3.

a + 2b + 3c, 7a - c are collinear, where a, b, c A B

are three non coplanar vectors.
Addition of Vectors 57
First Year Maths - IA
VECTOR EQUATIONS OF  r =(1- t) (2i +4j +2 k)+t(2i +3j +5k)+s(3i - 2j + k)
LINE AND PLANE where t, s are any scalars.

LEVEL - I (VSAQ) 5. Find the vector equation of the plane passing

through the point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the
vectors (-2, 3, 1), (2, -3, 4).
1. Find the vector equation of the line passing
A: Vector equation of the plane passing through the
through the point 2 i + 3j + k and parallel to point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the vectors (-2, 3, 1),
(2, -3, 4) is
the vector 4 i - 2 j + 3k .
r a+tb+sc
A: Vector equation of the line passing through the
point 2 i + 3 j + k and parallel to the vector
 r = i + 2 j + 3 k + t(-2 i + 3 j + k) + s(2 i - 3 j + 4 k)
4 i - 2 j + 3k is r = a + tb . where t, s are any scalars.

 r  2 i + 3 j + k + t(4 i - 2 j + 3k) where t is any

6. OABC is a parallelogram. If OA = a, OC = c ,
scalar.
find the vector equation of the side BC.
A:
2. Find the vector equation of the line joining C B

the points 2 i + j + 3k and - 4 i + 3 j - k .

c
A: Vector equation of the line joining the points
O A
2 i + j + 3k and -4 i + 3 j - k is a

r = (1- t) a + t b
 r  (1- t) (2 i + j + 3k) + t(-4 i + 3 j - k) where t
is any scalar.
3. Find the vector equation of the plane passing
through the points i - 2j + 5 k , - 5j - k and
-3 i + 5 j .
A: Vector equation of the plane passing through the
points i - 2j + 5 k , - 5j - k and -3 i + 5 j is
r  (1- t - s) a  t b  s c
⇒ r = 1- t - s i - 2 j + 5 k + t -5 j - k + s 3 i + 5 j
(
Given that OABC is a parallelogram with
OA = a, OC = c . Vector equation of the side BC
is vector equation of the line through the point C
and parallel to the vector OA .
r  OC + t OA
r  c + t a where t is any scalar..
7. If a, b, c are the position vectors of the
vertices A, B, C respectively of ABC, then
find the vector equation of the median through
the vertex A.
Let O be the origin.

)
(

)
(

)
(

where t, s are any scalars. OA = a, OB = b, OC = c .

Let D be the midpoint of BC.
4. Find the vector equation of the plane through
b+c
the points and  OD 
2 i + 4j + 2 k , 2 i + 3j + 5k 2
parallel to the vector 3 i - 2j + k . Now, vector equation of the median AD is
A: Vector equation of the plane through the points r  (1- t) a + t b
2 i + 4 j + 2 k , 2 i + 3 j + 5k and parallel to the
 b+c 
 r  (1- t) a + t   where t is any scalar..
vector 3 i - 2 j + k is  2 
r  (1- t) a + t b + s c

Addition of Vectors 58
First Year Maths - IA
LEVEL - I (SAQ) 3. ABCD is a parallelogram. If L and M are the
middle points of BC and CD respectively, then
find
1. If O is centre of a regular hexagon ABCDEF,
show that AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = 3 AD = 6AO . (i) AL and AM in terms of AB and AD .
A: E D (ii) , if AM = λ AD - LM
(i) Given that ABCD is a parallelogram
F C
 AB  DC and AD  BC
A B

In the regular hexagon ABCDEF,

AB + AC + AD + AE + AF
= (AB + AE) + ( AD) + (AC + AF)
= (AB + BD) + AD + (AC + CD)
= AD + AD + AD Now in ABL, AL  AB  BL
= 3 AD 1
 AB  BC
= 3(2 AO ) 2
= 6 AO 1
 AB  AD
AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = 3AD = 6AO 2
2. In ABC, if O is the circumcentre and H is the
In ADM, AM  AD  DM
orthocentre, then show that
i) OA + OB + OC = OH ii) 1
 AD  DC
HA + HB + HC = 2HO 2
A: In ABC, if O is the circumcentre and H is the
1
orthocentre, then  AD  AB
AH = 2OD from plane geometry 2
(ii) Given that
AH = 2OD .............(1)
i) Now OA + OB + OC AM  λAD  LM
= OA + ( OD + DB) + (OD + DC )  AM  LM  λAD
A
= OA + 2OD + (DB + DC)  AD  DM  LC  CM  λAD
= OA + AH + O H 1 1 1
 AD  AB  AD  AB  λAD
= OH O 2 2 2
B C 3
ii) HA  HB + HC D  AD  λAD
2
= HA  (HD + DB) + (HD + DC) 3
equating the coefficients, we get λ 
= HA  2HD + (DB + DC) A 2
= HA  2(HO + OD) +0 H
4. In ABC, P, Q and R are the midpoints of the
= HA  2HO + 2OD sides AB, BC and CA respectively. If D is any
O
point
= 2HO  HA + AH B C
D
(i) then express DA + DB + DC in terms of
= 2HO  O
= 2HO DP, DQ and DR .
(ii) If PA + QB + RC = α , then find α .

Addition of Vectors 59
First Year Maths - IA
A
OG = 1. OA + 2. OD
1+ 2
2
 
1(a)+ 2  b+c 
=  2  G
3 1
B C
= a + b3 + c D

DA  DB 6. Show that the points

A : (i) Let D be any origin  DP 
2

DQ 
DB  DC    
A 2 i - j + k B, i - 3 j - 5k , C 3 i - 4 j - 4k 
2 are the vertices of a right angled triangle.
DC  DA A : Let O be the origin.
DR 
2 OA  2 i  j  k, OB  i  3 j  5k,
On addition, we get OC  3 i  4 j  4k
DA  DB DB  DC DC  DA
DP  DQ  DR    Now AB  OB  OA   i  2 j  6k
2 2 2



2 DA  DB  DC   AB  1  4  36  41
2 BC  OC  OB  2 i  j  k
 DA  DB  DC
 BC  4  1  1  6
 DA  DB  DC  DP  DQ  DR
CA  OA  OC   i  3 j  5k
(ii) α  PA  QB  RC CA  1  9  25  35
 DA  DP  DB  DQ  DC  DR 2 2 2
Here BC  CA  6  35  41  AB
  
 DA  DB  DC  DP  DQ  DR 
 DA  DB  DC   DA  DB  DC 
ABC is a right angled triangle.

7. Show that the points whose position vectors

0
are 4 i + 5j +k, - j - k,3 i + 9j + 4k and -4 i + 4 j + 4k
5. In ABC, if a, b, c are position vectors of the are coplanar.
vertices A, B, C respectively, then prove that A: Let O be the origin and A, B, C, D be the given four
the position vector of the centroid G is points.
1 (a + b + c) .  OA = 4 i + 5 j + k , OB = - j - k
3
A: LetO be any origin. OC = 3 i + 9 j + 4k OD = -4 i + 4 j + 4k
Let G be the centroid of AB = OB - OA = -4 i - 6 j - 2k
ABC and AD is the median
through the vertex A. AC = OC - OA = - i + 4 j + 3k
then AG : GD = 2 : 1 AD = OD - OA = -8 i - j + 3k
Here OA = a, OB = b, OC = c . Consider [ AB AC AD]
-4 -6 -3
Position vector of D = OB+OC = b+c 2
2
Position vector of the centroid G is = -1 4 3 [ i j k ]
-8 -1 3
 [ i j k] = 1
Addition of Vectors 60
First Year Maths - IA
= -4(12+3)+6(-3+24)-2(1+32) Let O be any origin.
= -4(15) +6(21) -2(33)
Let i, j be the unit vectors along OX, OY axes
= -60 +126 - 66
=0 respectively.
 AB, AC, AD are coplanar vectors.  Position vector of A = a i
Hence the given four points A, B, C, D are coplanar. Position vector of B = b j
8. If the points whose position vectors are
Now vector equation of the line AB is
3 i - 2j - k , 2 i + 3j - 4k, - i + j + 2k a n d
r = (1- t) a + tb
4 i + 5 j + k are coplanar, then show that  r = (1- t) ai +t b j
 = -146
17 . If r = x i + yj , then
A: Let O be the origin x = (1 - t) a and y = tb
Let A, B, C, D be the given four points. y
 x  = 1- t + t = 1
 OA = 3 i - 2 j - k , OB = 2 i + 3 j - 4k a b

OD = 4 i + 5 j +  k y
OC = - i + j + 2k  x  = 1 .
a b
AB = OB - OA = - i + 5 j - 3k
AC = OC - OA = -4 i + 3j + 3k 10. Show that the line joining the pair of points

AD = OD - OA = i + 7j +( +1)k 6a - 4b + 4c, - 4c and the line joining the pair of

Since, the given four points are coplanar, so the points -a - 2b - 3c, a + 2b - 5c intersect at the
vectors AB, AC, AD are also coplanar.. point -4c .
 [ AB AC AD] = 0
A: Vector equation of the line passing through the
-1 5 -3
points 6a - 4b + 4c, - 4c is
 -4 3 3 [ i j k ] = 0 r = a + t (b - a)
1 7 +1
r = 6a - 4b + 4c  t ( -6a + 4b - 8c) where t  R
 [ i j k] = 1
Also vector equation of the line passing through
 (-1) (3+ 3 - 21) -5(-4 - 4 - 3) -3(-28 - 3) = 0 -a - 2b - 3c, a + 2b - 5c is
 -3 +18 + 20 + 35 + 93 = 0
 17 + 146 = 0 r = -a - 2b - 3c + s(2 a + 4b - 2c) where s  R
 17 = -146 Suppose these two lines intersect at P.

   -146
17 At P, 6a - 4b + 4c + t (-6a + 4b - 8c)

9. In the two dimensional plane, prove by using = - a - 2b - 3c + s(2a + 4b - 2c)

vector methods, the equation of the line whose Equating the coefficients of like vectors, we get
intercepts on the axes are ‘a’ and ‘b’ is
6 - 6t = 2s-1 4t-4 = 4s -2 4 - 8t =-3-2s
x + y = 1. 6t+2s = 7 4t-4s = 2 8t - 2s = 7
a b
....(1) 2t-2s = 1.....(2) ......(3)

Solving (1) & (2)

6t + 2s = 7
2t - 2s = 1
A: 8t = 8  t = 1.

From (1), 6(1) +2s =7  2s=1  s= 21

Addition of Vectors 61
First Year Maths - IA
Substituting the values of s, t in the LHS of (3),
A : The unit vector in the direction of a is

8t - 2s = 8(1) - 2 21
a i 2j i 2j
=7  
= RHS a 2
1  ( 2) 2 5
Thus the given two lines intersect each other at P.
 The vector having magnitude 7 and in the
Position vector of the point of intersection of the
lines 
7 i 2j   7 i  14 j
direction of a is  .
= 6a - 4b + 4c +1(-6a + 4b - 8c) 5 5
= - 4c .
11. If a + b + c = αd, b + c + d = βa and a, b, c are 3. Write direction ratios of a = i + j - 2k and
non coplanar vectors, then show that hence calcullate its direction cosines.

a +b +c +d =0 . A : The direction ratios of a  i  j  2k are (1, 1, -2)

A: Given that a + b + c = αd, b + c + d = βa Formulae : The unit vector in the direction of

a
a is
 d = βa - b - c a .
Now a + b + c = αd becomes Here a  12  12  ( 2)2  6
 a + b + c = α (βa - b - c)
i  j  2k
 (1 - α β)a + (1 + α) b + (1 + α) c = 0 The unit vector in the direction of a is
6
 a , b , c are non coplanar vectors,
 1 1 2 
Hence, Direction cosines are  , , 
1 -  = 0, 1 +  = 0, 1+=0  6 6 6
 = -1
1 - (-1)= 0 4. If , ,  are the angles made by the vector
 = -1.
3 i - 6 j + 2k with the positive directions of
Now a + b + c = αd becomes the coordinate axes then find cos, cos, cos.
a + b + c = (-1)d A : Given that a = 3 i  6 j  2k
a+b+c +d =0 .
a 3 i  6 j  2k
â  
a 7
LEVEL - II (VSAQ)
3 6 2
1. Find the unit vector in the direction of vector cos   , cos    cos  
7 7 7
a = 2 i +3j +k .
5. Let OP = 3a - 2b and OQ = a + b . Find the
A: Given that a  2 i  3 j  k
position vector of a point R which divides the
Formulae : line joining P and Q in the ratio 2 : 1. (i)
a internally (ii) externally.
The unit vector in the direction of a is a . A : i) The position vector of a point R, which divides
the line join of P and Q internally in the ratio 2 : 1 is
Here a  22  32  12  14
OR 
2OQ  OP 2 a  b  3a  2b


5a   
2i 3 j  k 2 1 3 3
 Re quired unit vector 
14 ii) The position vector of a point R, which divides the
line join of P and Q externally in the ratio 2 : 1 is
2. Find a vector in the direction of vector
OR 

2OQ  OP 2 a  b  3a  2b

 
 a  4b

a = i - 2 j that has magnitude 7 units. 2 1 1
Addition of Vectors 62
First Year Maths - IA
6. If a = 2 i + 5 j + k and b = 4 i + m j + nk are LEVEL - II (SAQ)
collinear vectors, then find m and n.
1. If a, b are the position vectors of A and B with
A: Given a  2 i  5 j  k b  4 i  m j  nk, a b
respect to the origin and P divides AB in the
2 5 1 1 5 1 ratio m :n, prove that the position vector of P
are collinear      
4 m n 2 m n
is mb + na
1 5 1  m+n
  ;   m  10, n  2 A: Let O be any origin.
2 m 2 6
 OA = a ,
7. If a, b, c are non-coplanar, then test the OB = b .
collinearity of the points whose position P divides AB in the ratio m:n.
vectors are
 AP
PB
m
n
a, b, c 2a, + 5b - 4c, a, + 4b - 3c, 4a, + 7b - 6c
 nAP = mPB
A : Let A, B, C be the points such that
 n AP = mPB
OA  2a  5b  4c , OB  a  4b  3c and  n(OP - OA ) = m(OB - OP)
OC  4a  7b  6c  (m+n) OP = m OB + n OA
Now, AB  OB  OA = mb  na


AC  OC  OA  4a  7b  6c  2a  5b  4 c   OP 
mb  na
m+n
 2a  2b  2 c  2   a  b  c 
2 If a , b , c , d are the position vectors of the
Clearly, AC   2AB  A, B, C are collinear vertices of a tetrahedron ABCD, then prove
8. Find the vector equation of the plane passing that the lines joining the vertices to the
through i - 2 j + 5k , -5 j - k and -3 i + 5 j . centroids of opposite faces are concurrent.
A: Let O be the origin.
A: Let a  i  2 j  5k, b   5 j  k, c   3 i  5 j Let G1, G2, G3 and G4 be the centroids of BCD,
CAD, ABD and ABC respectively.
Formulae : Equation of the plane passing through
the points A(a), B(b), C(c) is Then OG1 = b + c + d
3
r  (1  s  t)a  sb  tc ; s, t  R Consider the point P which divides AG1 in the ratio
3:1
  
 r  (1  s  t) i  2 j  5k  s 5 j  k  3 OG1 +1 OA
 
 t 3 i  5 j ;s, t  R .
OP =
3 +1

 
9. Find the vector equation of the plane passing 3  b + c + d +1a
=  3 
through the points (0, 0, 0) (0, 5, 0) and (2, 0, 1)
4
A : Let the position vectors are
a  0, b  5 j, c  2 i  k = a+ b+ c+d
4
Equation of the plane passing through the points Similarly, we can show that the position vectors of
the points dividing BG2, CG3 and DG4 in the ratio 3
A(a), B(b), C(c) is
r  (1  s  t)a  sb  tc ; s, t  R : 1 are equal to a+ b+ c+d
4
 P lies on each of AG1, BG2, CG3, DG4
     
 r  (1  s  t) 0  s 5 j  t 2 i  k ;s, t  R Hence they are concurrent.

 r  s  5 j   t  2 i  k  ;s, t  R
Addition of Vectors
********
63
First Year Maths - IA

5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:

SCALAR PRODUCT
9. The angle between two intersecting planes
1. a . b = | a | | b | cos (a, b) .  n . n 
1 2
r . n1 = p1 and r . n2 = p 2 is cos-1  .
|n1| |n2| 
a.b 10.Vector equation of the plane passing through the
2. cos θ = .
| a ||b | point A whose position vector is a and perpendicular
3. Dot product is commutative a . b = b . a . to a non zero vector n is ( r - a ). n = 0.

11. If S is a sphere with centre C having position vector

4. a.b = 0  a is perpendicular to b or a = 0 or
c and radius a then vector equation of S is given
b = 0. by
r 2  2r . c  c 2  a2 or  r . c   a2 .
2

5. If a = a1 i + a 2 j + a 3 k, , b = b1 i + b 2 j + b3 k
12.Equation of the sphere with A  a  and B(b) as the
then a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3 b3

| a | = a12 a22 a32

 
end points of the diameter is  r  a  . r  b  0 .

2
a. a = | a | 13.Work done by the force F is W  F.d where d is
displacement AB .
6. ( a + b) 2 =| a |2 + | b |2 + 2a . b
2 2 2 VECTOR PRODUCT
( a - b) =| a | + | b | - 2a.b
2
(a + b) . (a - b) =| a | - | b |
2 1. Right handed and left handed triads:
2 2 2 2
Let OA  a, OB  b, OC  c be three noncoplanar
(a + b + c) =| a | + | b | + | c | + 2(a.b + b.c. + c.a)
vectors. Viewing from the point C, if the rotation
from OA to OB does not exceed 1800 is in anti-
|a.b|
7. Projection of a on b = clockwise sense, then a, b, c are said to form a
|b|
a.b right handed system; otherwise a, b, c are said to
Component of a on b = |b|
form a left handed system.
(a . b ) b
Orthogonal projection of a on b = 2. a x b = | a | | b | sin (a, b ) n̂ . where n̂ is the unit
| b |2
vector perpendicular to both a and b such that
(a . b)b
Component vector of a  to b = a - a, b, n form R.H.S.
|b|2

8. Normal form of the equation of the plane is r . nˆ = p 3. a x b   b x a .

where n̂ is unit normal drawn from the origin and p
is the perpendicular distance of the plane from the 4. For any vector a , a x a = 0 .
origin.

Product of Vectors 64
First Year Maths - IA
|BC x BA|
5. i x i  j x j = k x k = O 15.Perpendicular distance from A to BC is .
|BC|
i x j  k, j x k = i, k xi = j 16.Torque or vector moment of a force F is r x F

where r  PA .
6. a  b  0  a  0 or b  0 or a || b .
TRIPLE PRODUCTS
7. If a = a1 i + a2 j +a3 k , b =b1 i b2 j +b3 k Scalar triple product : STP:
i j k 1. For any vectors a, b, c scalar triple product is
a a a3 .
a x b= 1 2 a.(b x c) or (a x b). c . It is denoted by [a b c] .
b1 b2 b3
[a b c] = a.( b x c) = (a x b) . c
8. If  is the angle between the vectors a and b ,
2. In a STP, dot and cross are interchangeable.
then
|a x b|
sin  = a b . 3. If a = a1 i +a2 j +a3 k , b = b1 i +b2 j +b3 k ,
c = c1 i +c2 j +c3 k , then
9. Unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors
axb a1 a2 a3
a and b = + |a x b| b1 b2 b3  i j k 
[ ab c ]=  
c1 c 2 c 3

10.For any vectors a , b

4. If a, b, c are three non coplanar vectors and
2 a . a a .b
2 2
| a x b | = a b -( a . b ) =
2
b . a b. b , m, n a r e a n y t h r e e v e c t o r s s u c h t h a t

 =x a+y b+z m
c, = x a + y b + z cn, = x a + y b + z c
11. For the triangle ABC, its 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3

x1 y1 z1
i) Vector area = 21 AB x AC = 21 BC x BA = 21 CA x CB
x
then [  m n] = 2 y2 z2
[a b c] .
ii)Area = 21 | AB x AC| = 21 | BC x BA | = 21 | CA x CB| sq.units. x3 y3 z3

5. [a b c] = [b c a] = [c a b] .
12.If a, b represent the adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then its 6. [a b c] = -[a c b] .
i) Vector area = a x b
7. [a a b] = 0 .
ii) Area = | a x b | sq.unitss
8. [ i j k ] = [ j k i ] = [ k i j ] = 1.
13.If a, b represent the diagonals of a parallelogram,
9. Three vectors a, b, c are coplanar (or L.D)
then its
 [a b c] = 0 .
i) vector area = 21 ( a x b ).
10.Four points A, B, C, D are coplanar [AB AC AD] = 0.
ii) area = 21 | a x b | sq.units.
11. Volume of the parallelopiped having a, b, c as
14.For the quadrilateral ABCD, coterminous edges is [ a b c ] cubic units.
i) Vector area = 21 AC x BD
12.Volume of the tetrahedron having a, b, c as
ii) Area = 21 | AC x BD | squnitss coterminous edges is
1
[ a b c ] cubic units.
6

Product of Vectors 65
First Year Maths - IA
13.Vector equation of the plane passing through three 2 2
  a |  |b |  2a.b =  a |  |b |  2a.b
non-collinear points having position vectors
a, b, c is 4 a.b = 0
[ AP AB AC ] = 0 or  a . b = 0
 r - a b-a c - a  = 0 or  Angle between a and b = 90
0

r . (a x b + b x c + c x a) = [a b c] .
2. If a = 6 i + 2j + 3k and b = 2 i - 9j + 6k , then
14.Vector equation of the plane passing through a given
point with position vector a and parallel two non- find the angle between a and b .
A: Let  be the angle between a and b .
collinear vectors b and c is [ r b c ] = [ a b c ] .

15. Length of the perpendicular drawn from origin to a .b

cos =
the plane containing the points a, b, c is |a| |b|
6(2)+2(-9)+3(6)
|[a b c]|   a.b = a b + a b + a b
. 36+4+9 4+81+36 1 1 2 2 3 3
(b x c + c x a + a x b)
12
cos =
7(11)

 .
16. The shortest distance between the skew lines
12
  = cos
-1
|[a - c b d]| 77
r = a + tb and r = c + sd is (b x d) .
3. Find the angles made by the straight line
passing through the points (1, -3, 2) and (3, -5,
17.Vector product of three vectors :
1) with the coordinate axes.
a x (b x c) = (a . c) b - (a . b) c A: Let O be the origin and A, B be the given two points.

a x b  x c = (a.c ) b - (b .c) a ∴ OA = i - 3 j + 2k, OB = 3 i - 5 j + k

AB  OB  OA
18.Scalar product of four vectors :
 2i - 2j -k
(a x b) . (c x d) = (a . c) (b . d) - (a . d) (b . c)
| AB | 22 +(-2)2 +(-1)2
a . c a .d
= .  4 +4+1
b . c b. d
 3.
19.Vector product of four vectors :
AB
(a x b) x (c x d) = [a c d] b - [b c d] a Unit vector along AB 
|AB |
= [a b d] c - [a b c] d . 2 i -2 j -k

3
LEVEL - I (VSAQ)  Angles made by AB with X, Y, Z axes are
2 2 1
1. If a and b are non-zero, non collinear vectors and cos-1 , - cos-1 ,  - cos-1 respectively..
3 3 3
| a + b |=| a - b | , then find the angle between a and

b. 4. If a = i - j - k, and b = 2 i - 3 j + k , then find

A: Given that | a + b |=| a - b | the projection vector of b on a and its

Squaring on both sides, magnitude.
A: Given that a = i - j - k , b = 2 i - 3 j + k

Product of Vectors Projection vector of b on a . 66

First Year Maths - IA
(b. a) a 7. Find the vector equation of the plane through
 the point (3, -2, 1) and perpendicular to the
2
|a|
vector (4, 7, -4).
[1(2)-1(-3)-1(1)] ( i - j -k) A: Vector equation of the plane through the point

12 + (-1)2 + (-1)2
a = (3, -2,1) and perpendicular to the vector
4
 ( i - j - k) n = (4,7, -4) is ( r - a).n = 0
3
4 4  r.n = a.n
Its magnitude =  3 1+1+1 = .
3
 r.(4 i + 7 j - 4 k) = 3(4) - 2(7) + 1(-4)

5. If P, Q, R, S are the points with position vectors ,  r.(4 i + 7 j - 4 k) + 6 = 0

i - k , - i + 2 j, 2 i - 3k and 3 i - 2 j - k
8. Find the angle between the planes
respectively, then find the component of RS
on PQ. r.( 2 i - j + 2 k) = 3 and r.( 3 i + 6 j + k) = 4 .
A: Let O be the origin A: Let  be the angle between the planes
 OP = i - k , OQ = - i + 2 j r.( 2 i - j + 2 k) = 3 and r.( 3 i + 6 j + k) = 4 .
OR = 2 i - 3k , OS = 3 i - 2 j - k n1 . n2
Now cos =
|n1|. |n2 |
Now PQ = OQ - OP = -2 i + 2 j + k 2(3)-1(6)+2(1)

RS = OS - OR = i - 2 j + 2k 22 +(-1)2 +22 32 +62 +12
Component of RS on PQ 6-6+2

9 46
RS. PQ 2
 
|PQ| 3 46


(-2)1+2(-2)+1(2)
2 2 2
  = cos
-1
 2
3 46 
(-2) + 2 + 1
9. Find the unit vector perpendicular to both the
-4 vectors i + j + k and 2 i + j + 3k .

3
i j k
6. If the vectors  i - 3 j + 5k and 2 i -  j - k are A: a x b = 1 1 1
perpendicular to each other, find . 2 1 3
A: Given  i - 3 j + 5k and 2 i -  j - k
that are = i(3 - 1) - j(3 - 2) + k(1- 2)
perpendicular vectors.
=2i - j -k
 i - 3 j + 5k . 2 i -  j - k = 0
)
(

a x b = 4 + 1+ 1 = 6
 2  - 3 -  + 5 ) = 0
(

2 Unit vectors perpendicular to both a and b is

2  + 3  - 5 = 0 (a x b)
2
=±
2  + 5  2   5 = 0 axb
(2 i - j - k)
 2  + 5 - 1 2  5 = 0 
( )
(

6
 - 1 - 1 2  5 = 0
)

-5
 = 1 or
2

Product of Vectors 67
First Year Maths - IA

10.If  is the angle between the vectors i + j = 300 = 10 3

and j + k then find sin .
 Area of the given parallelogram
i j k 1
A: a x b = 1 1 0 = |axb|
2
0 1 1
1
 i (1  0)  j(1  0)  k(1  0) = (10 3 )
2
 i  j k = 5 3 square units.
|axb|
sin =
| a || b | 13. If | a |= 13,| b |= 5 and a.b = 60 , then find
1+ 1+1
= | a x b |.
1+ 1 1+ 1
A: We know that
3
 sin = | a x b |2 = | a |2 | b |2 - (a.b)2
2

11. Find the area of the parallelogram having

| a x b |2 = (132 ) (52 ) - (60)2
= (132) (52) - (122)(52)
2 j - k and - i + k as adjacent sides. = 52 (169 - 144)
A: Let a and b be the adjacent sides of the = (52)(52)
parallelogram. | a x b | = (5) 5 = 25
i j k
a x b = 0 2 -1 LEVEL - I (SAQ)
-1 0 1
1. By using vector method, prove that the angle
in a semicircle is a right angle.
= i(2 + 0) - j(0 - 1) + k(0 + 2)

= 2 i + j + 2k

Area of the parellelogram A:

=| a x b | Let AB be a diameter of a circle with centre O.

 4 + 1+ 4 Let P be any point on the semicircle with OP = r .
= 3 square units. Let OA = a
 OB = -a
12.Find the area of the parallelogram whose
diagonals are 3 i + j - 2k and i - 3 j + 4k . Consider PA . PB = ( OA - OP).( OB - OP)
A: Diagonals of the parallelogram are = ( a - r). (- a - r)
a = 3 i + j - 2k and b = i - 3 j + 4k . = - | a |2 + | r |2

i j k = | r |2 - | a |2
a x b = 3 1 -2
= | a |2 - | a |2 ∵ | r |=|a |=
1 3 4
radius
=0
= i(4 - 6) - j(12 + 2) + k(-9 - 1)
0
 APB = 90
= -2 i -14 j - 10k Hence the angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
| a x b | = 4  196  100
Product of Vectors 68
First Year Maths - IA
2. In a parallelogram, prove that the sum of the In OFG, OG = OF + FG
square of the lengths of the diagonals is equal
to sum of the squares of the lengths of its sides. = k+ i + j
A: = i + j +k
D
C
In BOF, BF = BO + OF

a = - j +k + i
a
= i - j +k
A |OG . BF|
b B Now cos =
|OG| |BF|
Let ABCD be the parallelogram with
|( i + j+k).( i - j+k)|
AB = b, AD  a = | i + j+k| | i - j+k
|
Now the diagonals are
| 1 - 1 + 1|
AC = a  b, BD  a - b =
3 3
1.
= 3
 Sum of the squares of lengths of the diagonals
2 2
= |a b| +|a-b|
4. Let a and b be vectors, satisfying a  b 5
2 2 2 2
= | a | + | b | + 2 a .b + | a | + | b | - 2 a .b
and (a,b) = 450. Find the area of the triangle
2 2 2 2
= |a| +|b| +|a | +|b| having a  2b and 3a  2b as two of its
= AD2 + AB2 + BC2 + CD2 sides.
= sum of the squares of the lengths of its sides.
A: Given that a = b = 5 and (a,b) = 450.
3. Prove that the smaller angle  between any
1
two diagonals of a cube is cos = 3 .
 a - 2b  x  3a + 2b  = o + 2a x b - 6b x a - o
Y = 2a x b  6a x b
A:
B = 8a x b .
D
E
G Area of the triangle having a  2b and 3a  2b
j as adjacent sides
i
k
O A
X
=
1
2
 a - 2b  x  3a + 2b 
C F 1
= 8a x b
Z 2
Without loss of generality we may assume that =4 axb
the cube is a unit cube.
= 4 a b sin (a,b)
Let OA = i, OB = j , OC = k
= 4 )5) (5) sin 450
Let  be the acute angle between the diagonals
OG and BF.  1 
= 4 (5) (5)  
In OCF, OF = OC + CF  2
= k+ i = 50 2 sq. units.

Product of Vectors 69
First Year Maths - IA
5. If | a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4 and each of a, b, c is 11. For any three vectors a, b, c
perpendicular to the sum of other two vectors,
prove that [ bxc cxa axb ] = [ a b c ]2 .
then find the magnitude a + b + c .
A:
A: Given that | a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4 [ bxc cxa axb]
= ( bxc) .{ (cxa) x (axb) }
Here a  (b  c)  a.(b  c)  0  a. b + a.c = 0
= ( bxc) .{ [ c a b ] a - [ c a a] b }
b  (c + a)  b.(c + a)  0  b.c + b.a = 0
c  (a + b)  c.(a + b)  0  c .a c. b = 0
 ( axb) x (cxd)  [a b d]c  [a b c ] d

on addition 2(a.b + b.c + c.a)  0 = ( bxc) .{ [ a b c ] a - 0 }

 [c a b ]  [a b c ]
Now | a + b  c |2
= ( bxc) . [ a b c ] a
= | a |2 + | b |2 + | c |2 +2(a. b  b.c + c.a) = [ a b c ] {( bxc) . a}
=2 +3 +4 +0
2 2 2
= [ a b c ] [b c a]
= 29
=[a b c] [a b c]
 | a + b  c | = 29 units .
2
=[a b c]

6. In ABC, if B C = a , C A = b , AB = c , then show 12. If a, b, c are non zero vectors and a is

that a x b = b x c = c x a . perpendicular to both b and c . If

A: In ABC, B C = a , C A = b , A B = c 2
| a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4 and (b, c )  3 , then
10. Find the volume of the parallelopiped with
find | [a b c ] | .
coterminous edges 2 i - 3j + k , i - j + 2k and
A: Given
2i + j -k .
A: Let a, b, c be the coterminous edges of the | a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4
parallelopiped. ab&c
 a || ( b x c)
a  2 i - 3j +k
0
 a , b x c) = 0
(

b  i - j + 2k
Now | [ a b c ] | = | a .( b x c) |
c  2i + j -k
= | a | | bxc | cos (a , b x c)
2 -3 1 = | a | | b | | c | sin ( b, c) cos 0
0

[a b c ] = 1 -1 2 [ i j k ] 0
= 2 x3 x 4 x sin 120
2 1 -1
= 24 x 23
= 2(1-2)+3(-1-4)+1(1+2)
∵ [ i j k ] =1 = 12 3.

= -2 - 15 + 3
= -14
13.For any vectors a, b, c, d prove that
Volume of the parallelopiped (axb). (cxd) = (a.c) (b.d) - (a.d) (b.c) .
= |[a b c ]|
= |-14|
= 14 cubic units.
Product of Vectors 70
First Year Maths - IA
A: Now (axb). (cxd) 16.Find the volume of the tetrahedron having the
 ( a x b). x where c x d = x coterminous edges i + j + k, i - j and i + 2 j + k
= a. ( b x x)  In STP, dot and cross A: Let a, b, c be the coterminous edges of the
are interchangeable tetrahedron.
= a.{ b x( cxd)} a = i + j + k, b = i - j, c  i + 2 j + k
= a . { ( b.d)c - (b.c )d} 1 1 1
= ( a.c) (b. d)  (a.d) (b.c). [a b c ] = 1 -1 0 [ i j k]
1 2 1
14.For any vectors a, b, c, d prove that

(axb)x (cxd) = [ a c d ]b - [ b c d ] a .  [ i j k] = 1
= 1(-1-0)-1(1-0)+1(2+1)
A: Now (axb) x (cxd) = -1-1+3
= 1.
= ( a x b) x x where c x d = x Volume of the tetrahedron
= a. x) b - (b. x)a 1
(

= | [a b c ] |
6
= {a.(cxd)} b - {b.( c x d)}a
1
= [ a c d ] b - [ b c d] a. = |1|
6

15. Let b = 2 i + j - k, c = i + 3k . If a is a unit 1

= cubic unit.
6
vector, then find the maximum value of
[ a b c ].
17. If a = 2 i + j - k, b = - i + 2 j - 4k and
A: Given : a is a unit vector
c = i + j + k , then find (axb). (bxc) .
b = 2 i + j - k, c = i + 3k
A: (axb). (bxc) = (a.b) (b.c) - (a.c) (b.b)
i j k
= {(2 i + j - k).(- i + 2 j - 4k)} - {(- i + 2 j - 4k).( i + j + k)}
bxc = 2 1 -1
1 0 3 2
-{(2 i + j - k).( i + j + k)} {| b | }

= i(3 - 0) - j(6 +1) + k(0 - 1) = { -2 +2 + 4} {-1+ 2 - 4} - {2 +1 -1 }{1+ 4 + 16}

= 4(-3) - 2(21)
= 3 i - 7j - k
= - 12 - 42
| b x c |= 9+49+1 = - 54.
= 59 .
LEVEL - I (LAQ)
Maximum value of [ a b c ]

= maximum value of a.(bxc 1. Show that the points (5,-1,1) (7, -4, 7), (1,- 6,10)
)

and (- 1,- 3,4) are the vertices of a rhombus by

= Max. of | a || b x c | cos(a,b x c) vectors.
A: Let O be the origin and ABCD be the given figure.
=1x 59 x 1  Max. of cos =1
=
 OA = 5 i - j + k, OB = 7 i - 4 j + 7k
59 .
OC = i - 6 j + 10k, OD = - i - 3 j + 4k

Product of Vectors 71
First Year Maths - IA
 OB  CA
NowAB = OB - OA = 2 i - 3 j + 6k
 OB . CA = 0
| AB |= 4 + 9 + 36 = 7  OB . (OA - OC) = 0
BC = OC - OB = - 6 i - 2 j + 3k
 b .(a - c) = 0
| BC |= 36 + 4 + 9 = 7  b .a - b. c = 0 .............(2)
CD  OD - OC = -2 i + 3 j - 6k (1) and (2) a . c - a . b + a . b - b.c = 0

| CD |= 4 + 9 + 36 = 7  (a - b). c = 0
 ( OA - OB ).OC = 0
DA = OA - OD = 6 i + 2j - 3k
 BA. OC = 0
DA = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7
BA  OC
 AB = BC = CD = DA  AB CF
Hence the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
AC = OC - OA = - 4 i - 5 j + 9k
3.Using scalar product, prove that the
| AC | = 16 + 25 + 81 = 122 perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a
triangle are concurrent.
BD == OD - OB = - 8 i + j - 3k A: A
BD = 64 + 1+ 9 = 74
F E
 AC  BD
O
Hence the given points are the vertices of a rhombus. B C
D
2. Using scalar product, prove that the altitudes Let ABC be the triangle with D, E, F be the
of a triangle are concurrent. midpoints on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively.
A: A Let the perpendicular bisectors of the side BC and
CA intersect at O. Join O to F.
To prove that perpendicular bisectors of the sides
E
are concurrent, it is enough to prove that OF AB.
F
O Let O be the origin and a,b,c be the position
B D C vectors of A, B, C respectively.

Let ABC be the triangle Now OD  BC

Let the altitudes AD and BE intersect at 0.
 OD. BC = 0
Join C to O and extend it to CF.
To prove that altitudes are concurrent, it is enough  OD . ( OC - OB ) = 0
to prove that CF  to AB.
Let O be the origin and a,b,c be the position  
 b 2 c .(c - b) = 0
vectors of A, B, C respectively.
 (c + b).(c - b) = 0
Now AD  to BC and A, O, D are collinear.
 OA  BC  c 2 - b 2 = 0 ...............(1)
 OA . BC = 0 Also OE  CA
 OA . ( OC  OB ) = 0  OE.CA = 0
 a .(c - b) = 0  OE . (OA - OC ) = 0

 a . c - a . b = 0 .........(1)   c +2 a  .(a - c) = 0
Also BE  CA and B, O, E are collinear.
 (a +c).(a -c) = 0
Product of Vectors 72
First Year Maths - IA
 a2  c 2 = 0 ..........(2) OC = -3a + 8b - 5c, OD = -3a + 2b + c
 AB  OB  OA = 4a - 2b - 2c
(1) + (2)  c 2  b 2 + a 2  c 2 = 0
AC  OC  OA = -2a + 4b - 2c
 a b = 0
2 2
AD  OD  OA = -2a - 2b + 4c
 (a + b).(a - b ) = 0
4 -2 -2
  
a+b .(OA - OB ) = 0
2
Now [ AB AC AD] = -2 4 -2 [a b c ]
-2 -2 4
 OF.BA = 0
 OF  BA = {4(16-4)+2(-8-4)-2(4+8)}
Hence, the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of [a b c ]
a triangle are concurrent.
= (48 - 24 - 24) [a b c ]
4. Find the volume of the tetrahedron formed by
the vertices (1, 2, 1), (3, 2, 5), (2, -1, 0), (-1, 0, 1). = 0 [a b c ]
A: Let ABCD be the given tetrahedron with =0
A(1, 2, 1), B(3, 2, 5), C(2, -1, 0), (-1, 0, 1)
Let O be the origin. So the vectors AB , AC , AD are coplanar..
Hence the given four points are coplanar.
 OA = i + 2 j + k, OB = 3 i + 2 j + 5k ,

OC = 2 i - j, OD = - i + k 6. Let a = i + j + k, b = 2 i - j + 3k, c = i - j
 AB = OB - OA = 2 i + 4k
and d = 6 i + 2 j + 3k . Express d in terms of
AC = OC - OA = i - 3 j  k
b x c, c x a and a x b .
AD = OD - OA = -2 i - 2j
Volume of the tetrahedron ABCD A: Given a = i + j + k,b = 2 i - j + 3k, c = i  j ,

1 | [ AB AC AD] |
= 6 d = 6 i + 2 j + 3k

2 0 4
1 1 1
a b c   2 -1 3
[ AB AC AD] = 1 -3 -1 [ i j k]  
-2 -2 0 1 -1 0
= 1(0 + 3)-1 (0 - 3) + 1 (- 2 + 1)
[ i j k ] =1
=3+3-1
= 2(0 - 2) - 0 + 4 (-2 - 6) =5
= -4 - 32
= -36. d . a = (6 i + 2 j + 3k).( i + j + k)
 Volume of the tetrahedron =6+2+3
1 |-36| = 11
= 6
= 6 cubic units. d . b = (6 i + 2 j + 3k).(2 i - j + 3k)
= 12 - 2 + 9
5. Show that the four points = 19.
-a + 4b - 3c, 3a +2b- 5c, -3a + 8b - 5c a n d d . c = (6 i + 2 j + 3k).( i - j)
=6-2+0
- 3a + 2b + c are coplanar, where a, b, c are = 4.
non-coplanar vectors.
A: Let A, B, C, D be the given four points. Let d = x (b x c) + y(c x a) + z(a x b) for some
Let O be any origin. real number x,y,z.
 OA = -a + 4b - 3c, OB = 3a + 2b - 5c
Product of Vectors 73
First Year Maths - IA
Taking dot product with a , b, c respectively,, 8. If A =(1, a, a2), B =(1, b, b2), C =(1, c, c2) are

d . a = x (b x c) . a + y(c x a). a +z(a x b).a a a2 1+a3

b b2 1+b3
 d.a = x [b c a] + o + o noncoplanar vectors and =0, show
c c2 1+c3
 d.a = x [a b c] + o + o  [b c a]  [a b c]
that abc = -1.
d.a 11 A: Given that A, B, C are non-coplanar vectors
x= =
[a b c] 5  [ A B C]  0

d.b 19 1 a a2
Similarly y = =
[a b c] 5 1 b b2
 0 .............. (1)
d.c 4 1 c c2
z =
[a b c] 5
a a2 1+a3

d 
11
5
 b x c 
19
5
 c x a   a x b
4
5 Given
b b2 1+b3
=0
c c 2 1+c 3

7. If the four points a, b, c, d are coplanar, prove

a a2 1 a a2 a 3
that [ b c d] + [c a d] + [a b d] = [a b c] .
b b 2 1  b b 2 b3
A: Let O be the origin and A, B, C, D be the given four  =0
points. c c2 1 c c2 c3
 OA  a, OB  b, OC  c , OD  d
c2  c 3
AB  OB  OA  b - a
a 1 a2 1 a a2
AC  OC  OA  c  a
b 1 b2 + abc 1 b b2
AD  OD  OA  d  a  (-1) =0
Now A, B, C, D are coplanar points. c 1 c2 1 c c2
 [AB AC AD] = 0
c1  c 2
 [b - a c a d - a] = 0
 ( b - a ).{(c  a )x (d - a )} = 0 1 a a2 1 a a2

 ( b - a ).{c x d - c x a - a xd } = 0 1 b b2 + abc 1 b b2
 (-1)2 =0
 b .(c x d ) - b .( c x a ) - b .(a x d ) 1 c c2 1 c c2
- a .(c x d ) + a .( c x a ) + a .(a xd ) = 0
 [b c d ]  [ b c a ]  [ b a d ] 1 a a2
- [a c d]  [ a c a ]  [a a d ]  0 1 b b2
 (1+abc) = 0
 [b c d ]  [ a b c ]  [ a b d ]  1 c c2
[ c a d]  0  0  0
 1 + abc = 0 from (1)
 [b c d ]  [ c a d ]  [ a b d ]  [ a b c ]  abc = -1.

Product of Vectors 74
First Year Maths - IA
9. Find the shortest distance between the skew comparing this with r = a + tb
lines r = 6 i + 2 j + 2k + t( i - 2 j + 2k) and a  i  2 j  k, b  3 i  2 j  2k
Equation of the line passing through the points
r = - 4i -k+s(3i - 2j - 2k) .
C(1, 2, -1) and D (2, -4, -5) is
Given two skew lines are
r = i + 2 j - k + s[(2 i - 4 j - 5k) - ( i + 2 j - k)]
r = 6 i + 2 j + 2k + t( i - 2 j + 2k) ,
= i  2 j  k  s( i  6 j  4k)
r = - 4 i - k + s(3 i - 2 j - 2k)
We know that the shortest distance between the Comparing with r = c + sd
skew lines r = a + tb and r = c + sd is c = i + 2j - k d = i - 6 j - 4k
|[a c b d]| Shortest distance between the given skew lines is
|b x d| | [a  c b d] |
Here a = 6 i + 2 j + 2k , |b x d|
b = i - 2 j + 2k ,
a  c  4 j
c =-4i -k d = 3 i - 2 j - 2k .
0 4 0
a - c = 10 i + 2 j + 3k 3 2 2
[ a c b d] =
10 2 3 1 6 4
1 -2 2 = 0 + 4(-12 + 2) + 0 = 40
[a  c b d] =
3 -2 -2  |[ ac b d]| = |40| = 40
= 10(4+4)-2(-2-6)+3(-2+6)
i j k
= 80 + 16 + 12
= 108 b x d  3 2 2
1 6 4
i j k
b x d = 1 -2 2 = i(-8 - 12) - j(-12 + 2) + k(-18 - 2)
3 -2 -2
= 20 i  10 j  20k
= i (4 + 4) - j (-2 - 6) + k (-2 + 6)
= 10(2 i  j  2k)
= 8 i + 8 j + 4k
| b x d | 10 22  ( 1)2  22 = 10 x 3 = 30
= 4(2 i + 2 j + k) Shortest distance between the skew
b x d = 4 4+4+1 = 4(3) = 12 40 4
lines =  units .
 Shortest distance between the skew lines 30 3
|108|
=
12
11. For any vectors a, b, c prove that
= 9 units.
i) (a x b) x c = (a .c) b - (b.c) a
10.If A = (1, -2, -1), B = (4, 0, -3), C = (1, 2, -1)
and D = (2, -4, -5), find the shortest distance ii) a x (b x c) = (a .c) b - (a .b) c.
between the lines AB and CD.
A: Part1: To show that (a x b) x c = (a .c) b - (b.c) a
A: Given points are A (1, -2, -1) B (4, 0, -3)
C(1, 2, -1) D (2, -4, -5). Suppose that
Equation of the line passing through the i) a, b, c are non-zero vectors.
points A (1, -2, -1) and B (4, 0, -3) is
ii) a is not parallel to b .
r = i - 2 j - k + t[4 i + 0 j - 3k - ( i - 2 j - k)]
iii) c is not perpendicular to the plane containing
= i - 2 j - k + t(3 i + 2 j - 2k)
a, b .
Product of Vectors 75
First Year Maths - IA
Taking a, b, c satisfying the above, as follows:
 
a x b x c = (a.c)b - (a.b)c

  i - 2 j + k  .  i + 2 j - k  b -
a = a1 i
b = b1 i + b2 j
c = c1 i + c 2 j + c 3 k  i - 2 j + k  .  2 i + j + k  c
a x b = a1 i x(b1 i + b 2 j ) 
= (1 - 4 - 1) 2 i + j + k  - (2 - 2 + 1)  i + 2 j - k 
= (-4)  2 i + j + k  - 1  i + 2 j - k 
 a1 b1 i x i + a1 b 2 i x j
 0 + a1 b2k
= -8 i - 4 j - 4k - i - 2 j + k
= a1 b2k.
= -9 i - 6 j - 3k
Now (a x b) x c = a1b 2k x(c1 i + c 2 j + c 3k )
=
 a x b  x c =  a.c  b - b . c  a
a1b 2 c1 k x i + a1 b 2c 2k x j + a1b 2c 3 k x k = (1 - 4 - 1) 2 i + j + k - (2 + 2 -

= a1b 2 c1 j  a1 b 2 c 2 i ...........(1)

1) i - 2 j + k 
k x k = 0
= -8 i - 4 j - 4k - 3 i + 6 j - 3k
a . c  a1 i .(c1 i + c 2 j + c 3 k )
= a1c1 = -11 i + 2 j - 7k

b . c  (b1 i + b 2 j ) .(c1 i + c 2 j + c 3 k )
= b1 c1 + b2 c2
 
 axb xc = 121+ 4 + 49

Now (a . c) b - (b . c ) a
 174

= a1c1 (b1 i + b 2 j ) - (b1c 1 + b 2 c 2 )a1 i

13.If a = 2 i + 3 j + 4k , b= i + j -k and
= a1b1c1 i + a1b2c1 j - a1b1c1 i -a1b2c1 i

= a1b2c1 j - a1b2c2 i ..............(2)

c = i - j + k then compute a x b x c   and

From (1) and (2) verify that it is perpendicular to a .

(a x b) xc = (a . c )b  (b. c)a . A: Given vectors are a  2 i  3 j  4k

Part 2: To prove that a x (b x c) = (a.c)b - (a.b)c b i  j k

Now a x (b x c) =-(b x c)x a c i  j k
= - {(b . a ) c - (c.a)b} from part 1.
i j k
= (c.a)b  (a. b) c
Consider b x c  1 1 1
1 1 1
12. If a = i - 2 j + k, b = 2 i + j + k , c = i + 2 j - k ,
 i 1  1  j 1  1  k  1  1


find a x b x c and   a x b x c .  2 j  2k
A: Given
a = i - 2 j + k, b = 2 i + j + k, c = i + 2 j - k
Product of Vectors 76
First Year Maths - IA

i j k 15.Find the cartesian equation of the plane

Now a x b x c =  2 3 4 passing through the points A(2, 3, -1),

0 2 2 B(4, 5, 2) and C(3, 6, 5).
 i   6  8   j  4  0   k  4  0  A: Let O be any origin.

 2 i  4 j  4k Let r = x i + yj + zk be the position vector of any

Now consider point in the plane of ABC.

   
a x b x c  .a  2 i  4 j  4k . 2 i  3 j  4k
   AP = OP - OA
= (x - 2) i (y - 3) j + (z +1) k
= 4 + 12 - 16
= 16 - 16 = 0 AB = OB - OA
= 2 i + 2 j + 3k

 a x b x c  .a  0
  
AC = OC - OA
 
 a x b x c is perpendicular to a . = i + 3 j + 6k
Hence proved. The vectors AP, AB, AC are coplanar..

14.I f a = i - 2j - 3k, b = 2i + j - k and c = i +3j - 2k ,   AP AB AC = 0

verify that a x b x c ≠ a x b x c . x-2 y-3 z+1

(

)
(

A: Given : 2 2 3 =0

a = i - 2 j - 3k, b = 2 i + j - k and c = i + 3 j - 2k 1 3 6

a x b x c = a . c b - a .b c  (x - 2) (12 - 9) - (y - 3) (12 - 3) + (z + 1) (6 - 2) = 0
(

)
(

)
(

 3x - 6 - 9y + 27 + 4z + 4 = 0
= { i - 2 j - 3k).( i + 3 j - 2k)} (2 i + j - k)
 3x - 9y + 4z + 25 = 0.
- { i - 2 j - 3k).(2 i + j - k)} ( i + 3 j - 2k)
16.Find the equation of the plane passing through
= {1(1)-2(3)-3(-2)} (2 i + j - k) the point A = (3,-2-1) and parallel to the vector

= -{1(2)-2(1)-3(1)} ( i + 3 j - 2k) b = i - 2 j + 4k and c = 3 i + 2 j - 5k .

A: Let P be any point on the plane with position vector
= (1-6+6) (2 i + j - k) -(2-2+3) ( i + 3 j - 2k)
r = x i + y j + zk .
= 2 i + j - k - 3 i - 9 j + 6k
Vector equation of the plane passing through the
= - i - 8 j + 5k ..........(1) point A = (3,-2,-1) and parallel to the vectors
b = i - 2 j + 4k and c = 3 i + 2 j - 5k is
a x b) x c = a . c b - b . c a
(

)
(

= {1(1)-2(3)-3(-2)} (2 i + j - k) [AP b c] = 0
Its cartesian equation is
= -{2(1) + 1(3) -1(-2)} ( i - 2 j - 3k)
x - 3 y + 2 z +1
= (1-6+6) (2 i + j - k) -(2+3+2) ( i - 2 j - 3k)
1 -2 4 =0
= 2 i + j - k - 7 i +14 j + 21k
3 2 -5
= - 5 i +15j +20k .........(2) (x - 3) (10 - 8) - (y + 2) (-5 - 12) + (z + 1) (2 + 6) = 0
From (1) and (2)  2(x - 3) + 17 (y + 2) + 8 (z + 1) = 0
2x - 6 + 17y + 34 + 8z + 8 = 0
a x ( b x c)  (a x b) x c .
2x + 17y + 8z + 36 = 0.
Product of Vectors 77
First Year Maths - IA
17.If a = 2 i + j - 3k , b = i - 2 j + k ,
 
 2 i   j  k . 4 i  2 j  2k  0 
c = - i + j - 4k and d = i + j +k then  2(4)  ( 2)  1(2)  0  8  2  2  0

compute  a x b  x  c x d .  2  6    3

A: We know that  a x b  x  c x d 
2. If a = i + 2 j - 3k and b = 3 i - j + 2k , then
= [a c d] b  [b c d] a
show that a + b , a - b  are mutually

2 1 -3 perpendicular .
-1 1 -4 A: Given that a  i  2 j  3k , b  3 i  j  2k
[a c d] =
1 1 1 Now

= 2 (1 + 4) - 1 (- 1 + 4) - 3(- 1 - 1) a  b  i  2 j  3k  3 i  j  2k  4 i  j  k
= 10 - 3 + 6 = 13 a  b  i  2 j  3k  3 i  j  2k  2 i  3 j  5k
1 -2 1
[b c d]  -1 1 -4
Take a  b  . a  b 
1 1 1   4 i  j  k  2 i  3 j  5k 
= 1(1 + 4) + 2 (-1 + 4) + 1(-1 - 1)  4( 2)  1(3)  1( 5)  8  3  5  0
=5+6-2
=9   
Hence a  b , a  b are mutually perpendicular..

  
 axb x c xd 
3. If a = 2 i + 2 j - 3k , b = 3 i - j + 2k then find
the angle between the vectors 2a + b and
= [a c d] b - [b c d] a
a +2b .
  
= 13 i - 2 j + k - 9 2 i + j - 3k  A: Given that a  2 i  2 j  3k , b  3 i  j  2k
= 13 i - 26 j + 13k - 18 i - 9 j + 27k  
2a  b  2 2 i  2 j  3k  3 i  j  2k
=  5 i - 35 j + 40k  7 i  3 j  4k

= 5 - i - 7 j + 8k  ,

a  2 b  2 i  2 j  3k  2 3 i  j  2k  8 i  k 
 a x b  x  c x d = 5 1+ 49 + 64 If  is the angle between 2a  b, a  2 b then

= 5 117 cos  
 2a  b  .  a  2b 
2a  b a  2b
******
cos  

7 i  3 j  4k . 8 i  k  
LEVEL - II (VSAQ) 7
2
  3    4 
2 2
8
2
 1
2

7(8)  3(0)  4(1) 56  4 52

1. For what values of , the vectors 2 i + λ j - k   
49  9  16 64  1 74 65 4810
and 4 i - 2 j + 2k are perpendicular..
 52 
   cos1  
A: Let a  2 i   j  k , b  4 i  2 j  2k
 4810 
Given that a  b  a.b  0
Product of Vectors 78
First Year Maths - IA
4. Find the angle between the planes 2x - 3y - 6z
2 2 2 2 2
= 5 and 6x + 2y - 9z = 4 .  ab  c  a  b  2a.b  c
A: Given planes are 2x - 3y - 6z = 5, 6x + 2y - 9z = 4
2 2 2
Let n1, n2 be the normals to the given planes then  a  b  2 a b cos   c
n1  2 i  3 j  6k , n2  6 i  2 j  9k  32  52  2.3.5 cos   72
If  is the angle between the planes then
 9  25  30 cos   49  30 cos   15

cos  
 2 i  3 j  6k  .  6 i  2 j  9k   cos  
15 1
 cos      600
4  9  36 36  4  81 30 2

2(6)  3(2)  6( 9) 12  6  54 7. Find the unit vector parallel to XOY plane and
 cos    cos  
49 121 7(11) perpendicular to the vector 4 i - 3 j + k .
60  60  A : Take the vector parallel to XOY - plane is x i  y j
 cos      cos1  
77  77  The vector parallel to XOY - plane and perpendicular
to the vector 4 i  3 j  k is 3 i  4 j .
5. Let e1, e2 be unit vectors making angle . If
Now, 3 i  4 j  32  4 2  5 .
1
e1 - e 2 = sinλθ then find .
2 3i  4j
Hence the required unit vector = 
1 1 5
 e1  e2 
2
A: Given sin  = e1  e2 
2 2
1 2 8. If a = 2 i - j + k, b = i - 3 j - 5k . Find the
sin   e1  e22  2e1.e2
2 vector c such that a,b and c form the sides
1 2 of a triangle.
sin   e1  e22  2 e1 e2 cos 
2 A: Given that a  2 i  j  k, b  i  3 j  5k
1 2 2 1
sin   1  1  2.1.1.cos   2  2cos  Since a,b and c are the sides of a triangle.
2 2
1 1   a  b  c 0 c  a  b
 2 1  cos    4 sin2
2 2 2  c   2 i  j  k  i  3 j  5k
1   1  c   3 i  4 j  4k
 sin   . 2 sin  sin   sin   
2 2 2 2
9. Find the cartesian equation of the plane
passing through the point (- 2, 1, 3) and
6. If a + b + c = 0, a = 3, b = 5, c = 7 then
perpendicular to the vector 3 i + j + 5k .
find the angle between a, b .
A: Let OA   2 i  j  3k and
A: Given that a  b  c  0  a  b   c
OP  r  x i  y j  zk be any point P in the
plane,


 AP  OP  OA  x i  y j  zk   2 i  j  3k 
 (x  2) i  (y  1) j  (z  3)k

Product of Vectors 79
First Year Maths - IA
n  3 i  j  5k 13.If a x b=b x c ≠ 0 , then show that

since AP  n  AP  3 i  j  5k   a + c = pb , where p is some scalar..

  x  2  3   y  1 1   z  3  5  0 A: Given that a x b  b x c

 3x  6  y  1  5z  15  0  3x  y  5z  10  0 a x bb x c  0
 a x b b x c  0 a x b  c x b  0
10.If a = 2 i - j + k and b = i - 3 j - 5k then find   a x c  x b  0  a x c is parallel to b

axb. i.e.,a  c  pb, where p is some scalar.

i j k
14.Find the area of the triangle having 3 i + 4 j
axb 2 1 1
A:
1 3 5 and -5 i + 7 j as two of its sides.

 i (5  3)  j ( 10  1)  k (  6  1) A: Formula : Area of the triangle having a, b as itss

1
 8 i  11j  5k sides is axb
2
axb 64  121  25  210 . Let a  3 i  4 j and b   5 i  7 j

i j k
11. If a = 2 i - 3 j + k and b = i + 4 j - 2k then axb 3 4 0
  
find a + b x a - b .  5 7 0

= i  0  0   j  0  0   k  21  20   41k
A: Given a  2 i  3 j  k , b  i  4 j  2k
 Required area
a  b x a  b  a x a  a x b  b x a  b x b 1 1 1
a x b  41k  41 k 
41
sq.units.
 0  b x a  b x a  0  2 b x a 2 2 2 2

i j k 15.Find the area of the triangle with vertices

A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 3, 1), C(3, 1, 2).
take b x a  1 4 2
A : Let OB any origin.
2 3 1
1
 i (4  6)  j(1  4)  k( 3  8)   2 i  5 j  11k Area of the triangle ABC  AB x AC where
2
  
 ab x ab  2 b x a    AB  i  j  2k and AC  2 i  j  k
 
 2 2 i  5 j  11k   4 i  10 j  22k
i j k
AB x AC  1 1 2
2p 2 1 1
12.If 4 i + j + pk is parallel to the vector
3
 i ( 1  2)  j ( 1  4)  k( 1  2)
i + 2 j + 3k then, find ‘p’.
 3 i  3 j  3k
4 2p / 3 p
A: Given vectors are parallel so 
1 2

3 
 3 i  j k 
4 p 3 3
   p  12 sq. units .
1 3  Required area =
2
Product of Vectors 80
First Year Maths - IA

16.Find the value of  i  j j  k k  i    a b c   0

1 1 0   a  b bc c  a 
i  j j  k k  i   0 1 1 1 1 0
A: 
1 0 1  0 1 1  a b c 
1 0 1
= (1 + 0) + 1(0 - 1) + 0(0 + 1) = 1 - 1 = 0.
 [1(1  0)  1(0  1)  0(0  1)]  a b c 
17. a = i - 2 j - 3 k , b = 2 i + j - k , c = i + 3 j - 2 k
 2  a b c 

Find the value of a. b x c . 
21.Let a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors. If
1 2 3
 
A: a. b x c   a b c   2 1 1
 2 a - b + c, a +b - 2c a + b - 3c  = λ  a b c 
1 3 2 then fin ‘’.
= 1(- 2 + 3) + 2(- 4 + 1) - 3 ( 6 - 1)
A: a, b, c are non-coplanar   a b c   0
= 1 - 6 - 15 = - 20
2a  b  c, a  b  2c a  b  3c  a b c  0
18.Show that the vectors
a = 2 i - j + k , b = i - 3 j - 5k , c = 3 i - 4 j - 4k 2 1 1
are coplanar.  1 1 2 a b c   a b c 
2 1 1 1 1 3
 a b c   1  3  5
A:    2(3  2)  1(3  2)  1(1 1) a b c   a b c 
3 4 4
= 2(12 - 20) + 1(- 4 + 15) +1 (- 4 + 9)  2  1 0      3 a b c   0 
= - 16 + 11 + 5 = 0
22.Find  in order that four points A(3, 2, 1) B(4,
 a b c   0  Given vectors are coplanar. , 5), C(4, 2, -2) and D(6, 5, -1) be coplanar.
A: Given points A, B, C, D are coplanar, so
 AB AC AD  0
19.Find ‘t’ for which the vectors 2 i - 3 j + k , 
43   2 5 1 1 2 4
i + 2 j - 3k and j - tk are coplanar..  43 2  2 2  1  0  1 0 3  0
2 3 1 63 5  2 1  1 3 3 2
1 2 3  0  1(0  9)  (  2)  ( 2  9)  4(3  0)  0
A: Given vectors are coplanar, so
0 1 t  9  (   2)7  12  0

 2(- 2t + 3) + 3(- t + 0) + 1 (1 - 0) = 0  9  7  14  12  0  7  35  0    5

 - 4t + 6 - 3t + 1 = 0  - 7t + 7 = 0  t  1 23.Determine  if the volume of the

paralleopiped w hose edges are
20.If a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, then find i + j, 3 i - j and 3 j + λk is 16 cubic units.

a + b b+c c + a  A: a  i  j , b  3 i  j , c  3 j   k
Formulae : The volume of the tetrahedron having
A: Given that a, b, c are non-coplanar
edges a b c is a b c  .
Product of Vectors 81
First Year Maths - IA

1 1 0 27.Find the distance of a point (2, 5, -3) from the

 a b c   3 1 0

plane r. 6 i - 3 j + 2k = 4 . 
0 3 
= 1 (-  - 0) - 1 (3 - 0) = -  - 3 = - 4  
A: Given plane equation is r . 6 i  3 j  2k  4 .
 Volume of the parallelopiped Its cartesian equation is
  4  16     4
x i  y j  
 zk . 6 i  3 j  2k  4 .
 6x - 3y + 2z - 4 = 0.
24.Determine  if the volume of the
 The distance of the point (2, 5, -3) from the given
parallelopiped whose edges are
i + j + k, i - j and i + 2 j + k . 6(2)  3(5)  2( 3)  4
plane is
A: Formulae : The volume of the tetrahedron having 62  ( 3)2  22
1
edges a, b, c is a b c  . 12  15  6  4 13
6  units
36  9  4 7
1 1 1
Here,  a b c   1 1 0
28.If a, b, c and d are vectors such that
1 2 1
= 1 (- 1 - 0) - 1(1 - 0) + 1 (2 + 1) = 1 a x b = c x d and a x c = b x d , then show
 Volume of the tetrahedron
that the vectors a - d and b - c are parallel.
1 1 1
a b c   (1)  cubic unit.
6 6 6 A: Given that a x b  c x d and a x c  b x d

25.Find the equation of the plane passing through a x b a x c c x db x d

(a, b, c) and parallel to the plane
   
a x bc  c  b xd

r. i  j  k  2 . 
 a x b  c    b  c  x d
A: Given plane equation if r . i  j  k  2    a x b  c   d x b  c 
 
 x i  y j  zk . i  j  k  2   a x b  c   d x b  c   0
 xyz2   a  d x  b  c   0
Equation of the plane parallel to x + y + z = 2 is x
+y+z=k   a  d  and  b  c  are parallel.
But, this passes through the point (a, b, c)
a+b+c=k
Hence, equation of the required plane is LEVEL - II (SAQ)
x + y + z = a + b + c.
1. Find the vector of magnitude 3 and
perpendicular to both the vectors
 
26.Prove that a x a x a x b  =  a . a  b x a .   b = 2 i - 2 j + k and c  2 i  2 j  3k .
A: Take a x  a x a x b    i j k

 
 a x  a . b a  a . a b
 
A: b x c  2 2 1
2 2 3
  
 a x a a . b  a x b a . a    i  6  2   j  6  2   k  4  4 
 
 0  a x b a . a  b x a a . a     8 i  4 j  8k
Product of Vectors 82
First Year Maths - IA

Vectors of magnitude 3 and perpendicular to b and c b.a b. d c .b c . d a.c a. d

L.H.S =  
 3 bxc   c .a c . d a.b a. d b.c b. d
= .
bxc     
 b .a c . d  b . d  c .a   c .b a. d    


 3 8 i  4 j  8k 
64  16  64  a.b  c . d    a.c   b. d    a. d b. c 


 3 8 i  4 j  8k  = 0.
144
4. In ABC, prove that the length of the median


 3 8 i  4 j  8k  1
 
1/2
12 through the vertex A is 2b2  2c 2  a2 .
2


 4 2 i  j  2k 
4

  2 i  j  2k 
2. Show that

 
i x a x i + j x a x j + k x a x k = 2a    
  
A: i x a x i  i x i a  i .a i   A: Let ABC be the given triangle and D be the
= a   i .a  i  (1)
midpoint on BC. Taking A as origin
AB  AC
AD 
j x  a x j    j . j  a   j .a  j 2
 2AD  AB  AC squaring on both sides.
= a   j .a  j  (2 )
2 2 2
k x a x k   k x k  a  k x a k  4 AD  AB  AC  2AB . AC

= a   k .a  k  (3 )

 AB, AC  A 
2 2
L.H.S = (1) + (2) + (3)  AB  AC  2 AB AC cos A
 
= 3a   i .a i  j .a j  k .a k      2
= 3a  a
 4 AD  c 2  b2  2cb cos A

2a
by cosine rule, 2bc cos A  b2  c 2  a2
3. Prove that
2 2 2 2
= c b  b c a
2
 
b x c  .  a x d  +  c x a  . b x d  +  a x b  .  c x d = 0.
 2b2  2c 2  a 2
 
 a x b . c x d  a . b x c x d    
  1
 
2
 AD  2b2  2c 2  a2
 a .  b x d  c   b x c  d  4
 
1
  a.c   b. d    a. d  b .c   AD  2b2  2c 2  a2
A: 2
a.c a. d

b.c b. d
Product of Vectors 83
First Year Maths - IA
Let r  x i  y j  zk on substituting
5. Let a = i - k , b = x i + j + (1 - x) k and
 
 x i  y j  zk .  i 1  2   j 1  3   k 1  4   6  5
c = y i + x j + 1+ x - y  k . Prove that the
 x 1  2   y 1  3   z 1  4   6  5
scalar triple product [a b c] is independent
of both x and y.   x  y  z  6     2x  3y  4z  5   0  
Since this plane passes through the point(1, 1, 1),
1 0 -1
it should satisfy equation 
[a b c]  x 1 1- x [ i j k] (1+1+1-6) +  (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 0
A:
y x 1+ x - y (- 3) + 14= 0

3
C3  C3 + C1  [ i j k] = 1  
14
1 0 -1 Substituting  value in 
 x 1 1- x
y x 1+ x   3  9   6  15
r .  i 1    j 1    k 1    6 
C3  C 3 - C 2   7  14   7  14

1 0 0 10 23 13  69
r.  i j k 
 x 1 0 7 14 7  14
y x 1

r . 20 i  23 j  26k  69 
= 1.
Required vector equation of a plane is
which is independent of both x and y.

r . 20 i  23 j  26k  69 
LEVEL - II (LAQ) 2. Find the angle between the line

1. Find the vector equation of the plane passing x +1 y z - 3

= = and the plane 10x + 2y - 11z
through the intersection of the planes 2 3 6
 
r. i + j + k = 6 and
= 3.
A: Let  be the angle between the given line and the
normal to the plane.
r.  2 i + 3 j + 4k  = - 5 and the point (1, 1, 1).
x 1 y z  3
 
A: Given planes are r .  i  j  k   6 2 3 6
Convert into vector form
r .  2 i  3 j  4k    5
  
r   i  3k   2 i  3 j  6k and 
Where n1  i  j  k, n2  2 i  3 j  4k ,
r . 10 i  2 j  11k   3
d1 = 6, & d = - 5
The intersection of these two planes is

Let b  2 i  3 j  6k and n  10 i  2 j  11k 
r .  n1   n2   d1  d2
angle between the line and the plane is

 
 r.  i  j  k   2 i  3 j  4k   6  ( 5)
  sin  
b.n
b.n
r .  i 1  2   j 1  3   k 1  4    6  5  

Product of Vectors 84
First Year Maths - IA
Hence, the required vector equation of the plane


 
2 i  3 j  6k . 10 i  2 j  11k  containing three non-collinear points a, b, c is
4  9  36 100  4  121  r b c  +  r c a  +  r a b  = [a b c] .

20  6  66 8 4. If a, b, c are three non zero vectors such that

= 
7 x 15 21 no two of them are collinear, then prove that

8 [a b c] = 0 if and only if a, b and c are

   sin1   coplanar.
 21 
 the angle between the line and the plane is A: Suppose a, b, c are coplanar vectors.
Since a x b is a vector perpendicular to the
8
  sin1   .
 21  plane determined by a and b , so it is also
perpendicular to c .
3. Prove that the vector equation of the plane
 (a x b) . c = 0
containing three noncollinear points having
position vectors  [a b c] = 0
a,b, c is  r b c  +  r c a  +  r a b  = [a b c] . Conversely suppose that [a b c] = 0
A: Let O be any origin and A, B, C be the given three
 (a x b) . c = 0
points with position vectors a, b, c respectively..
 a x b is perpendicular to c
 OA = a, OB = b, OC = c
Let P be any point on the plane with position vector r . But a x b is a vector perpendicular to a and b

C  a x b is perpendicular to a, b and c
P
 a, b, c are coplanar vectors.

A B 5. A line makes angles 1, 2, 3 and 4 with the

diagonals of a cube. Show that cos21 + cos22
Now AP, AB, AC are coplanar vectors. 4 Y
+ cos23 + cos24 = .
 [ AP AB AC ] = 0 3
B
 AP. ( AB  AC) = 0 D
E
 ( OP  OA ).{ ( OB  OA ) x ( OC  OA)} = 0 G
j
 (r - a).{(b - a)x (c - a)} = 0 i
k X
O A
 (r - a).{b x c - b x a - a x c + a x a } = 0
C F
 (r - a).{b x c + a x b + c x a } = 0
Z
a x a = 0 A: Let OABCDEFG be the unit
cube as shown in the figure
 (r - a).{b x c + c x a  a x b } = 0

 r.{b x c + c x a  a x b } OA = i, OB = j, OC = k

 a .( b x c )  a .( c x a )  a .( a x b ) = 0 OD = i + j,OE = j + k,

 r.{b x c + c x a  a x b }  [a b c ] = 0 OF = i + k,OG = i + j + k
The four diagonals are
 r b c  +  r c a  +  r a b  = [a b c]
OG, AE, BF, CD.
Product of Vectors 85
First Year Maths - IA

OG = i + j + k , AE = - i + j + k 6. If a , b, c are non zero vectors, then prove

BF = i - j + k , CD = i + j - k that

Let  i + m j + nk be the unit vector which makes  a x b .c = a b c  a .b =b.c =c .a =0

angles  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 with OG, AE, BF, CD
respectively. A: Now  a x b  .c = a b c

  i + m j + nk  . i + j + k  =  + m + n
 cos1 =
 2 + m2 + n2 3 3 
 a x b c cos a x b,c = a b c 
-  +m+n  - m+n   
 a b sin a , b c cos a x b,c = a b c 
Similarly cos2 =
3
, cos3 =
3
,
   
 sin a , b cos a x b,c = 1
 +m- n  sin  a , b  = 1 and cos  a x b,c  = 1
cos4 = .
3
Now cos21 + cos22 + cos23 + cos24.   a , b   90 and  a x b,c  = 0
0 0

2 2
   
 a , b = 900 and a ,c = 900 and b ,c = 90 0 
  +m+n  -  +m+n
   
 3   3   a.b  b. c  c. a = 0 .
2 2
  -m+n   +m-n
   
 3   3 
******
1
= [{( + m) + n}2 + {( + m) - n}2 + (n + ( - m)}2
3
+
{n- (l - m)}2]
1
= [2{( + m)2 + n2} + 2{n2 + ( - m)2})
3
2
= [( + m)2 + ( - m)2 + 2n2]
3
2
= [2(2 + m 2 + n2)]
3
4
= (2 + m 2 + n2)
3
4
= (1)
3
4
= .
3

Product of Vectors 86
First Year Maths - IA

6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & TRANSFORMATIONS

DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS π
7. 10 = 180 radians = 0.01745 radians.
1 radian = 1c = 57.2960 approximately.
1. In a right angled triangle ABC,
Opp. side to θ COMPOUND ANGLES
sin  = hypotenuse
hypo opp
1. sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
cos  = adjacent side to θ
hypotenuse  sin (A - B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB
adj cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB
opp. sidesin θ
tan  = adj. side = cos θ cos(A - B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
ta n A + ta n B
1 = cos θ
cot  = tan 2. tan(A+B) =
θ sin θ 1 - ta n A ta n B
1
sec  = cos θ tanA - tanB
tan (A- B) =
1 + tanA tanB
cosec  = sin1 θ
cotA cotB - 1
2. Trigonometric identities cot (A+B) =
sin2 + cos2 = 1 cotB + cotA
sec2 - Tan2 = 1 cotA cotB + 1
cosec2 - cot2 = 1 cot (A-B) =
cotB - cotA
3. All silver tea cups 3. tan (A+B+C) =
4. For the angles 0 , 180 + , 360 + , there is
0 0 0
tanA + tanB + tanC - tanA tanB tanC
no change in the tri. ratios. For the angles 900 + ,
1- tanA tanB - tanB tanC - tanC tanA
2700 + , tri. ratios change as follows :
sin becomes cos cot becomes tan
cos becomes sin sec becomes cosec π  1+ tanA cosA + sinA
4. tan  + A = =
tan becomes cot cosec becomes sec 4  1 - tanA cosA - sinA

5. Trigonometric ratios for standard angles:  π  1- tanA cosA - sinA

tan  - A = =
 4  1+ tanA cosA + sinA
Angle 00 300 450 600 900
    3 -1
Tri 5. sin 150 = = cos 750
Function
0
6 4 3 2 2 2
3 +1
sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 cos 150 = = sin 750
2 2
tan 150 = 2-3 = cot 750
cos 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0
cot 150 = 2 + 3 = Tan 750
Tan 0 1/ 3 1 3 undefined
sec 150 = 6 - 2 = cosec 750
6. If are complementary angles then + = 900 cosec 150 = 6 + 2 = sec 750
If , are supplementary angles then + = 1800
For a quadrilateral ABCD, A + B+ C + D = 3600.
6. sin (A+B) sin (A-B) = sin2A - sin2B = cos2 B - cos2A
For a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, A + C =
180 0 , B + D = 180 0 cos (A+B) cos (A-B) = cos2A - sin2B = cos2B - sin2 A

Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 87

First Year Maths - IA
MULTIPLE AND SUBMULTIPLE ANGLES
10 - 2 5 0
sin 360 = =cos 54
4
2tanA
1. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = 2
1+ tan A 5 +1
cos 360 = = sin 540
4
cos 2 A = Cos2A-sin2A = 2cos2 A -1
10 + 2 5
cos 180 = = sin 720
2 4
1 - ta n A
= 1-2sin2A = 2
1 + tan A
TRANSFORMATIONS
2tanA
tan 2A = 2
1- tan A C+D C-D
1. sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
2 2
2
cot A - 1
cot 2 A = C+D C-D
2 cot A sin C - sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2

2. sin 3 A = 3sin A - 4sin3A C+D C-D

cos 3 A = 4cos3A - 3 cos A cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2
3
3 tan A - tan A
tan 3 A = C+D C-D
2 cos C - cos D = - 2 sin sin if C > D
1- 3 tan A
2 2
A C+D D-C
2 Tan = 2 sin sin if D > C
A A 2 2 2
3. sin A = 2 sin cos = 2 A
2 2 1 + Tan
2 2. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+B) + sin (A-B)
2 cos A sin B = sin (A+B) - sin (A-B)
A A A 2 cos A cos B = cos (A+B) + cos (A-B)
cos A = cos2 - sin2 = 2cos2 -1
2 2 2 2 sin A sin B = cos (A-B) - cos (A+B)

2 A 3. componendo and dividendo :

1 - tan
A 2
= 1 - 2 sin 2
= a c a+b c +d
2 1 + tan
2 A b = d  a-b  c -d
2
A
2 tan PERIODICITY AND EXTREME VALUES
2
tan A = 2 A
1 - tan 1. If f(x + p) = f(x)  x domain of f, then f is called
2
a periodic function. The least positive real
number p is called period of f.
4. 1 - cos 2A = 2 sin2 A
1 + cos 2A = 2cos2 A
2. Period of sin x or cos x or sec x or cosec x is 2.
Period of tan x or cot x is .
A
5. 1 - cos A = 2sin2 2π
2 3. Period of sin ax = .
|a|
A
1 + cos A = 2cos2 π
2
Period of tan ax =
|a|
5 -1 0
6. sin 180 = =cos72
4

Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 88

First Year Maths - IA
4. For the function f(x) = a cos x + b sin x, 3. Draw the graph of y = sin 2x in [-, ].
A: Table for y = sin 2x in [-, ]
i) minimum value is - a 2 + b 2
      
x - 0 
ii) maximum value is 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
a +b

 2 2 2 2  y = sin2x 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0
iii) range is  - a +b , a +b


5. For the function f(x) = a cos x + b sin x + c, range
c- 2 2
a +b , c + a +b
2 2 
of f is .
 

LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
1. Eliminate ‘’ from x = a cos3, y = b sin3.
4. Draw the graph of y = cos2x in (0, ).
A: Given: x = a cos3, y = b sin3. A:
x y
  cos3 θ,  sin3 θ
a b
2/3 2/3
x y
2
   cos θ,    sin2 θ
a b
2/3 2/3
x y
     cos2 θ  sin2 θ  1
a b
2/3 2/3
x y
     1.
a b

 -  
2. Draw the graph of y = tan x in  ,  .
 2 2 5. If 3sin + 4cos = 5, then find the value of
4sin - 3cos.
 -   A: Given 3sin + 4cos = 5  (1)
A: Table for y = tan x in  ,  .
 2 2 take 4sin - 3cos = k  (2)
Now, (1)2 + (2)2
- -  
x 0
2 4 4 2  9 sin2 θ  16 cos2 θ  24 sinθ cosθ  16 sin2 θ

y = tanx undefined -1 0 1 undefined

9cos2 θ  24 sin θcosθ  25  k 2
   
 9 sin2 θ  cos2 θ  16 sin2 θ  cos2 θ  25  k 2

 9  16  25  k 2  0  k  0
 4x + 9 
6. Find the period of the function f(x) = cos  
 5 
4 9
A: f(x) = cos  x + 
 5 5 
2
 Period of f(x) =
(4 / 5)
5
 .
2
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 89
First Year Maths - IA

7. Find the period of 11. Prove that tan 70o - tan 20o = 2tan 50o.
tan (x + 4x + 9x + .............+ n x)
2
A: Now 70o - 20o = 50o
A: tan (x + 4x + 9x + .............+ n2x) tan (70o - 20o) = 50o
= tan (12 + 22 + 32 +.............n2)x
tan70 o - tan20 o
 n  n  1 2n  1   o o
= tan50 o
1+ tan70 tan20
= tan  6
x
 
 tan 70o = tan(90o - 20o)
π = cot 20o
Formulae : Period of tan ax is a
tan70o - tan20o
 = tan 50o
 n  n  1 2n  1  1+1
 Period of tan  x
 6  tan 70o - tan 20o = 2 tan 50o.
π 6π

is n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1 2n  1 . 1o 1o
6 12.Simplify: sin2 52 - sin2 22 .
2 2

8. Find the period of the function 1o 1o

A: sin2 52 - sin2 22
x x 2 2
f x = 2sin + 3cos
(
)

.
4 3
 1o 1o   1 o 1o 
x x = sin  52 + 22  sin  52 - 22 
A: Given function is f x = 2sin + 3cos  2 2   2 2 
(
)

4 3 

   sin2 A - sin2 B = sin ( A + B) sin(A - B)

 2π 2π 
Period of f(x) = LCM of  ,  = sin 75o. sin 30o
π π  3 + 1  1 
 4 3  =
 2 2   2 
 
= LCM of {8, 6}
= 24. 3 +1
= .
9. Find a cosine function whose period is 7. 4 2
A: Take a cosine function as ‘cos ax’.
Now, period of cos ax is 7 1o 1o
13. Evaluate cos2 112 - sin2 52 .
2 2
2π 2π 2π
  7 a   a o o
a 7 7 1 1
A: cos 2 112 - sin 2 52
 The required cosine function is 2 2
 2π   2π   1o 1o   1o 1o 
cos    x  cos  x. = cos  112 + 52  cos  112 - 52 
 7   7   2 2   2 2 
 
10. Prove that cos (600 + ) cos (600 - ) = cos .  cos2A - sin2 B = cos(A + B) cos (A - B)
A: Now cos (600 + ) cos (600 - )
= cos 165o cos 60o
= 2 cos 60 cos 
0

 cos (A + B) + cos (A - B) = 2 cos A cos B  3 + 1 1 

=- 
 2 2   2  cos 165o = cos (180o - 15o)
 
 1
= 2   cos  = - cos 15o
2
 3 +1
=- 
= cos .  4 2  .
 
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 90
First Year Maths - IA
14.Find the maximum and minimum values of 1
f(x) = 3sinx - 4 cosx. Here sin =  and  3
A: f(x) = 3sinx - 4 cosx
3
so  4
Maximum of f(x)  a2  b 2
adjacent si de to θ
From the figure, cos θ  .
 9  16 hypotenuse
5. 2 2
 .
Minimum of f(x)   a2  b2 3
= - 5. 1
18.Show that cos1000 cos400 + sin1000 sin400 = .
15.Find the maximum and minimum values of
2
A: We know that cosA cosB + sinAsinB = cos(A -
f(x) = 7 cos x - 24 sin x + 5.
A: Given f(x) = 7 cos x - 24 sin x + 5. B).
 cos1000 cos400 + sin1000 sin400
Compare with a cos x  b sin x  c then we get
= cos (1000 - 400)
a = 7, b = - 24, c = 5.
= cos600
Maximum value =
1
c  a2  b2  5  72  ( 24)2 = .
2
 5  49  576  5  625  5  25  30
Minimum value = 19.Show that cos420 + cos780 + cos1620 = 0.

c  a2  b2  5  72  ( 24)2 Now cos cos420 + cos780 + cos1620

 5  49  576  5  625  5  25  20 . = cos 780 + cos 420 + cos 1620

=
16.Find the maximum and mimimum values of
 780  420   780  420 
 π  π
f(x) = cos  x +  + 2 2sin  x +  - 3.
2cos 
2
 cos 
2
 0
  cos 180  18
0

3 3    
 
A: Maximum value of f(x) = c + a2 + b2  2 cos 600 cos180  cos180

2 2  
 cos 1800  θ   cos θ
=-3+ 1 +2 2
 1
= - 3 + 1+ 8  2   cos18 0  18 0
=-3+3
2
= 0.  0.

Minimum value of f(x) = c - a2 + b2 20. Find the value of sin 340 + cos 640 - cos40.
=-3-3 A: Now sin340 + (cos640 - cos40)
= - 6.  cosC - cosD =
CD CD
1 2 sin   sin  
17.If sin =  and  does not lie in the 3rd  2   2 
3  640  40   640  40 
quadrant, find the value of cos.  sin340  2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
= sin 340 - 2sin340 sin 300
 1
= sin340 - 2sin 340  
2
= sin340 - sin340 .
= 0.
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 91
First Year Maths - IA

cos 90  sin 90 8
21.Prove that  cot 360 . 
cos 90  sin 90 5(2)
cos 90  sin90 2
A: Now .  .
cos90  sin90 5

 cos 90  sin90  θ 1  cos θ

  cos 
 cos 90  2 2
 cos90  sin90 

cos 90

1
 3 
 
 5
1  tan9 0 2

1  tan 90 2

5(2)
tan 450  tan90
 1
1  tan 450 tan 90  .
5

 tan 450  90 
3 π
= tan 540. 23.If sin = , where  α  π evaluate cos3
= tan (900 - 360) 5 2
= cot 360. and sin2
3
A: sin α  and  Q2.
-4 5
22.If 1800 <  < 2700 and sin  = , calculate
5
θ θ
sin and cos . 4
2 2 cos= .
5

Now cos3 = 4 cos3 - 3cos .

3
 4   4 
 4   3 
5
   5 
4  64  12
 
A: 180 <  < 270
0 0
125 5
θ 256  300
 900   1350 
2 125
44
θ  .
  Q2 125
2 sin2 = 2sin cos
θ 1  cos θ  3   4 
sin   2  
2 2  5  5 
24

1
 3  25
.

 5
2
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 92
First Year Maths - IA
24. If tan 20 o = , prove that 1
o o 2
27. Prove that sin A sin (600 + A) sin (600 - A) = sin 3A.
tan 160 - tan 110 1- λ 4
0 o
= . A: sin A sin (600 + A) sin ( 600 - A)
1 + tan 160 tan 110 2λ
= sin A [sin2 600 - sin2 A]
tan 160 o - tan 110 o
A:  sin( A + B) sin ( A - B) = sin2 A - sin2 B
1+ tan 160 0 tan 110 o
 2 
=

tan 180 o - 20o  - tan 90  20  o o
= sinA 
3 

 2 
- sin2 A 

1+ tan 180 o  - 20  tan  90  20 
o o o 
3 2 


-tan 20o + cot 20o = sinA   sin A 

=  tan (180o -) = - tan 4 
1+ tan 20 o cot 20 o  3 - 4sin A 
2
tan (90o +) = - cot  = sinA  
1  4 
 
  1
1 1 = 3 sin A  4 sin3 A 
4
1 2
  1
2 = sin3A .
4
1 3
25. Show that - = 4.
sin10 o
cos10o 1+ sin2θ - cos2θ
28. Show that = tanθ .
1+ sin2θ + cos2θ
1 3
A: -
sin10 o
cos10o 1+ sin2θ - cos2θ
A:
1+ sin2θ + cos2θ
cos10o  3 sin10o
= 1- cos2 + sin2
sin10o cos10o =
1+ cos2 + sin2
2[cos10o  3 sin10o ]
 2sin 2 2 sin  cos 
2 sin10o cos10o =
2cos 2  + 2sin  cos 
1 3 
4  cos10o  sin10o  2sin sin   cos 
2 2 =
  o
 2cos(cos  sin 
sin20
= tan 
4 sin30o cos10o  cos 30o sin10o 
 29. Prove that
sin 20o
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
4 sin(30o cos10o ) cot cot co t co s cot =1.
 20 20 20 20 20
sin 20o
= 4.  1800
A:   90
20 20
26. If sinα = cosα , show that a sin2 + bcos2 = b. π 3π 5π 7π 9π
a b Now cot cot cot cos cot
20 20 20 20 20
A: Let sinα cosα 1
=
a b k = cot 90 cot 270 cot 450 cot 630 cot 810
 a = k sin  b = k cos  = cot 90 cot 270 (1) cot (900 - 270) cot (900 - 90)
Now a sin2 + b cos 2
= (k sin ) sin 2 + k cos  cos 2 = cot 90 cot 270 tan 270 tan 90
= k [ cos2 cos + sin 2 sin] = (tan 90 cot 90) (tan 270 cot 270)
= k cos (2 - )
= k cos = (1) (1)
= b. = 1.
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 93
First Year Maths - IA
30. If A, B, C, D are angles of a cyclic cotA cotB-1 = 1
quadrilateral, prove that cotB + cotA
cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0
 cotA cotB -1 = cotB + cotA
A: Given that A, B, C, D are the angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral,  cotA cotB - cotB - cotA =1
A + C = 1800  C = 1800 - A adding 1 on bothsides,
B + D = 1800 D = 1800 - B
 cotAcotB-cotB - cotA+1 = 1+1
Now cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D
 cotB(cotA-1) -1(cotA-1) = 2
= cos A + cos B + cos (1800 - A) + cos (180o - B)
 (cotA -1) (cotB-1) =2.
 cosA + cosB - cosA - cosB
 , sin (A+B) = 24 , cos(A-B)= 4 ,
2. If 0 < A < B < 4
= 0. 25 5
find tan2A.
31. If cos  + sin  = 2 cos , prove that  , sin (A+B) = 24 , cos(A-
A: Given 0 < A < B < 4 25
cos  - sin  = 2 sin 
B)= 4
5
A: Now cos + sin = 2 cos 
 sin = ( 2 - 1) cos 
multiplying both sides by 2 + 1,
( 2 + 1) sin = ( 2 - 1) ( 2 + 1) cos 
 2 sin  + sin  = cos 
 2 sin  = cos sin  tan(A+B) = 24 tan (B-A) = 3
7 4
 cos - sin = 2 sin .
Now tan2A = tan ( A+B + A-B )

LEVEL - I (SAQ) tan  A  B   B  A  

1. If A+B = 450, then prove that tan  A  B   tan B  A 


i) (1+tan A) (1+tan B) = 2 1  tan  A  B   tan B  A 
ii) (cot A -1) (cot B -1) = 2
A: Given: A+B = 450 24 3

i) applying Tan on bothsides,  7 4
tan(A+B) = tan 450 24  3 
1  
tan A + tan B 7 4
=1
1 - tan A tan B
96  21
 tanA + tanB = 1-tanA tanB 
28  72
 tanA + tanB + tanA tanB =1
75
adding 1 on bothsides, 
100
 1+tanA + tanB (1+tanA) = 1+1
3
 (1+ tanA) (1+ tanB) = 2  .
4
ii) Also A+B = 450 tanθ + secθ - 1 1+ sinθ
3. Prove that =
 cot(A+B) = cot450 tanθ - secθ + 1 cosθ

Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 94

First Year Maths - IA
tanθ  sec θ  1 6. If a, b, c are non zero real numbers and , 
A: are the solutions of the equation
tanθ  sec θ  1 acos + bsin = c, then show that



tan θ  sec θ  sec 2 θ  tan2 θ  (i) sin + sin =
2bc
and
tan θ  sec θ  1 a + b2
2

 tanθ  sec θ  1  sec θ  tan θ  c 2 - a2

(ii) sin sin = 2 .
 a + b2
tanθ  sec θ  1
= sec + tan A: Given acos + bsin = c
1 sinθ acos = c - bsin .
  squaring on both sides,
cos θ cosθ
a2 cos2 = c2 - 2bc sin + b2 sin2
1  sinθ
 . a2 (1 - sin2 )= c2 - 2bc sin + b2 sin2
cos θ
a2 (1 - sin2 ) = c2 - 2bc sin + b2 sin2
π (a2 + b2) sin2  - 2bc sin + (c2 - a2) = 0.
4. If A + B + C = , then show that
2 This is a quadratic equation in sin.
cotA + cotB + cotC = cotA cotB CotC. Roots are sin, sin.
π sum of the roots sin + sin.
A: Given A + B + C =
2
2bc
π  
cot  A  B   cot   C  a  b2
2 .
2 
Product of the roots sin sin.
cot A cot B  1 1
 tanC 
cot A  cot B cot C c 2  a2
= .
 cot A cot B cot C  cot C  cot A  cot B a2  b 2
cotA cotB cotC = cotA + cotB + cotC.
7. If A+B, A are acute angles such that
4 2 24 3
5. If cosx + cosy = and cosx - cosy = , find sin(A+B)= , tanA= 4 , find cosB.
5 7 25

x-y x+y 25 5
the value of 14tan   + 5cot  . 24 3
 2   2  A+B A
4 2 4
A: Given cosx + cosy = and cosx - cosy = . 7
5 7 A: Given that A+B, A are acutre angles and
cos x  cos y  4 / 5 
  24 3
cos x  cos y  2 / 7  sin(A+B)= 25 , tanA = 4

xy xy 7 3 4
cos(A+B)= 25 , sinA = 5 , cosA = 5
2 cos   cos  
  2   2   4 x 7  14
Now cosB = cos ( A+B - A)
xy xy 5 2 5 .
 2 sin   sin  
 2   2  = cos(A+B) cosA +sin(A+B) sinA
xy xy 7 . 4  24 . 3
 5 cot     14 tan   =
25 5 25 5
 2   2 
xy xy 28+72
=
 14 tan    5cot    0. 125
 2   2 
100
= 25
1
4
 cosB = 5

Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 95

First Year Maths - IA
 cos B+C  π 3π  10π3π 10ππ

)
8. If A+B+C = 2 , prove that  =2.  1cos 1cos  1cos
cosB cosC
10 10 
  
  10   10 

A: Given A+B+C = 2 3π 
 π  3π  π 
 1cos 1cos  1cosπ 1cosπ 
  10 10   10   10
 A+B = 2 - C


 tan(A+B) = tan ( 2 -C)  cos  π  θ    cos θ
tan A + tan B 1  π  3π   3π   π
 = cotC =  1  cos  1  cos  1 cos  1  cos 
1 - tan A tan B tan C
 10   10   10   10 
 tanA tanC + tanB tanC = 1-tanA tanB
 π  3π 
 tanA tanB + tanB tanC + tanC tanA =1.....(1)  1  cos2  1  cos2
 10   10 
cos B+C
(

Now 
cosB cosC π 3π
 sin2 sin2  sin2 180 sin2 540.
= 
co sB cosC - sin B sin C 10 10
cosB co sC
 sin2 18 cos2 360.
=  (1 - tanB tanC)
2 2
 5  1  5  1
= 1-tanB tanC+1 - tanCtanA + 1-tanA tanB 
 4   
= 3-(tanAtanB + tanBtanC + tanCtanA)    4 
= 3 -1 from (1)

 5  1
2

= 2. 16 16 
16
9. If cos( - ), cos, cos( + ) are in H.P, then 
prove that cos2 = 1+cos. 16 16 
A: Given:cos( - ), cos, cos( + ) are in H.P
1
 2 11 .
b a c if a, b, c are in H.P 16
2 1 1
 cos  cos(  -  )  cos(  +  ) 11. Prove that

2 cos(  +  )+cos(  -  ) s in
4  + sin 4 3  + sin 4 5  + sin 4 7  = 3 .
 cos  cos(  -  ) cos(  +  ) 8 8 8 8 2

2 2 coscos
cos  cos2- sin2 A: Now, sin  + sin 3  + sin 5  + sin 7 
 4 4 4 4
8 8 8 8
 cos2 - sin2 = cos2 cos
 cos2 - cos2 cos = sin2
 cos2 (1-cos) = 1-cos2
8
4
2 8
4

2 8 
= sin  + sin    + sin    + sin   
4 4
8    
 cos2 (1-cos) = (1+cos) (1-cos)
 cos2 = 1+cos.  sin4 8 + cos 4 8 + cos 4 8 + sin4 8

 2  sin  + cos  
4 4
10.Prove that  8 8

  +  cos 8  
2 2
 π  3π  7π 9π  1  2  sin2 8 2
1+cos101+cos 10 1+cos 10 1+cos 10  = 16 . 
    
 π  3π   7π   9π 
 1  cos 10   1  cos 10   1  cos 10   1  cos 10 
    
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 96
First Year Maths - IA
13. Prove that cosA cos(60 0+A) cos(60 0-A) =

  
2
= 2  sin2 π + cos π
2
- 2sin π cos π 
2 2 1
 8 8 8 8
 4 cos3A.
A: Now cosA cos(600 +A) cos(600-A)
= [cos2A - sin2 600]
= 2 1- 2sin2 π cos π 
2
 8 8  cos(A+B) cos(A-B)=cos2B-sin2A
= cosA[cos2A - 3 3
4]  sin600 = 2

= 2 1- 21 2sin π 
2
cos π
 8 8   4cos2A-3 
= cosA 4
 
= 2 1- 21 sin2 π   2sinθcosθ = sin2θ = 41 [4cos3A - 3cosA]
 4
1 cos 3A.
 2 
= 4
= 2 1- 21 1
 14. If A is not an integral multiple of , Prove that
sin16A
= 2 1- 41  cos A cos 2A cos 4A cos 8A = .
16sinA
A: Multiply & Divide LHS by 2 sin A
4

=2  34  24 sinA
cosA cos 2A cos 4A cos 8A
24 sinA
=3.
2 2.2.2
= sin 2A cos 2A cos 4A cos 8A
24 sinA
n n
 cosA + cosB   sinA + sinB  2.2
12.   +  = = sin 4A cos4A cos 8A
 sinA - sinB   cosA - cosB  24 sinA
2 sin 8 A co s 8 A
=
 nA -B 2 4 sin A
2cot  
=  2  , if n is even. sin16A
0, if n is odd = = RHS.
 16 sinA
n n
 cos A  cosB   sin A  sinB  5 -1
A:     15.Prove that sin 180 = .
 sin A  sinB   cos A  cosB  4
A: Put A = 180
n n
  A B  A B   A B  A B 
 2cos  2  cos  2    2sin  2  cos  2    5A = 900
          
  A B  A B    A  B   A B 2A + 3A = 900
 2cos  2  sin  2    2sin  2  sin  2  
    2A = 900 - 3A
 A B  A B sin 2A = sin(900 - 3A)
  1 cotn 
n
 cotn    sin 2A = cos 3A
 2   2 
 n  A B 2 sin A cos A= 4 cos3 A - 3 cos A
n  A B
cot  2   cot  2  if n is even divide with cos A, since cos 180 0
    
 2 sin A = 4 cos2 A - 3
=   A  B  n A  B  2 sin A = 4(1 - sin2 A) - 3
cotn    cot  2  if n is odd
  2    4 sin2 A + 2 sin A - 1 = 0.
 n  A B The is a quadratic in sin A,
2cot   , if n is even .
  2 
 0, if n is odd 2
 sin A = -b  b -4ac
2a
-2  4 + 16
sin A =
2(4)
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 97
First Year Maths - IA

-2  2 5 = 2+sin C A B
=
2(4) 2 .2sin 2 sin 2

=
-1  5 = 2[1+sin A B C
2 sin 2 sin 2 ]
4
5 -1
since sin 180 > 0, sin 180 = . 3. If A+B+C = , then show that
4
LEVEL - I (LAQ) 2 2 2  4   4  
sin A + sin B + sin C = 1+ 4sin π - A sin π - B sin π - C
4 
A: Given A+B+C =
1. If A+B+C = 1800, then show that
sin2A - sin2B + sin2C = 4cosA sinB cosC.    A    B   C
 1  4 sin   sin   sin  
A: Given: A+B+C = 1800  4   4   4 
sin2A - sin2B + sin2C
    A     B  C
= 2cos 2A+2B
2  2  
sin 2A-2B +2sinC cosC   1  2  sin 
  4  sin  4   sin  4 
    
= 2cos (A+B) sin(A-B) + 2sinC cosC     A   B    A    B   A  B 
 1 2 cos   cos  sin 4 
= 2cos(180 -C) sin(A-B) + 2sinC cosC
0   4   4   
= -2cosC sin(A-B) +2sinC cosC  2sin A2sinB  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
= 2cosC [-sin(A-B) + sinC]
   A  B     A  B   A  B 
 1 2 cos      cos     sin  
= 2cosC [sin{180 - (A+B)} - sin (A-B)]
0
  4   2  4   4 

= 2cosC [sin(A+B) - sin (A-B)]
  A -B   A + B   A +B 
= 1+ 2  cos   - sin    sin  
 sin C - sinD   4   4   4 
= 2cosC. 2cosA sinB
2 
= 2cos C+D sin C-D
2    A +B
= 2 s in 
  A -B  2  A + B 
 c o s  4  + 1 - 2 s in  4 
 4     
= 4cosA sinB cosC

2. If A+B+C = 1800, prove that  2 sin A cos B  sin  A + B   sin  A - B 

1 - 2sin2A = cos2A.
cos
2
 A2  + co s  B2  + co s  C2  = 2 1 + sin A2 sin B2 sin C2 
2 2

 A B A B  A B A B  A +B 
A: Given A+B+C = 1800  sin      sin      cos2 
 4 4 4 4   4 4 4 4   4 
 cos A + cos B + cos C
2 2 2
2 2 2 A B  A +B 
 sin  sin  cos  
= cos A
2
+ 1- sin B + cos C
2 2 2 2  2 
2 2 2


2 A 2 B 2 C
= 1+ cos 2 - sin 2 + cos 2   A +B 
 cos 
-C
  cos    sin
C
 2   2  2
= 1+cos A+B 
  
A-B 2 C
2 cos 2 +1-sin 2
A B C
 sin  sin  sin .
2 cos  2  -sin 2
= 2+sin C A-B C 2
2 2 2

=2+sin C
2  2  
cos A-B - sin C  ∵ cos  A + B  = sin C
2  2  2
4. If A+B+C =, prove that

    
cos A + cos B + cos C = 4cos π 4- A cos π 4- B cos π 4- C
2 2 2 
= 2+sin C
2
cos A-B
 2   - cos A+B
2   
 A: Given: A+B+C = 

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First Year Maths - IA
A +B A -B
 4   4  
4cos π - A cos π - B cos π - C
4  = 2 cos
2
cos
2
+ cos C
 A + B + C = 1800
 -A    - B  -C A +B C
 2  2 cos   cos  4   cos  4  cos  sin
  4      2 2
C A -B C
  - A +-B   - A -  + B   A +B  = 2 sin cos + 1 - 2sin2
 2 cos    cos    cos  4  2 2 2
  4   4   
C  cos A - B  sin C 
= 1 + 2sin  2 
 2cosAcosB  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  2  2
C  cos A - B  cos A  B 
    A  B    A  B   A B = 1 + 2 sin  2 2 
 2 cos    2 
  cos    cos  
  2  4    4   4  C A B
= 1 + 2 sin .2 sin sin
2 2 2
  A B  A  B   A B A B C
 2 sin    cos    cos   = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
  4   4   4 
 A  B  7. If A+B+C = 0 , prove that
0
 A B  A B   A B
 2cos   cos    2sin   cos  
 4   4   4   4  sinA + sinB - sinC = -4cos A
2
cos B sin C
2 2
 2 sin A cos A  sin2A A: Given A+B+C = 00
 A B A B  A B A B  A B   sinA + sinB - sinC
 cos      cos      sin2 
 4 4 4 4   4 4 4 4  4     
= 2sin A+B
2
cos A-B - 2sin C cos C
2 2 2
A B  A B
2
= cos  cos  sin   = 2sin  -C cos  A-B  - 2sin C cos C
2 2  2  2 2 2
A B C
2 
= - 2sin 2 cos  A-B
C - 2sin C cos C
= cos  cos  cos . 2 2
2 2 2

2 
= - 2sin 2  cos  A-B
5. If A+B+C =, prove that C + cos C 
2
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2+2cosA cosB cosC.
A: Given: A+B+C = 
Now sin A + sin B + sin C
2 2 2   
= - 2sin 2  cos A-B
C
2 2
+ cos - A+B 
= 1-cos2A + sin2B + sin2C C
 
= - 2sin 2  cos A-B
2
+ cos A+B
2  
= 1-(cos2A - sin2B) + sin2C
= 1-cos(A+B) cos(A-B) + 1 - cos2 C = - 2sin C
2
.2cos A cos B
2 2
= 2 - cos(- C) cos (A-B) - cos2C = - 4cos A cos B sin C .
2 2 2
= 2 + cosC cos(A-B) - cos C 2

= 2 + cos C [cos (A-B) - cos C] 8. If A+B+C = 900, then prove that

cos 2A + cos2B + cos2C=1 + 4 sinA sinB sinC.
= 2 + cosC [cos (A-B) - cos{ - (A+B)}]
A: Given A+B+C = 900
= 2 + cos C [cos (A-B) + cos(A+B)]
= 2 + cosC 2cosA cosB Now cos2A + cos2B + cos2C

= 2 + 2cosA cosB cosC. = 2cos(A+B) cos(A-B)+1-2sin2C

= 2cos(900-C) cos(A-B) +1-2sin2C

6. A + B + C = 1800 Then show that
cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4sin A/2 sin A/2 sin C/2. = 2sinC cos (A-B) +1 - 2 sin2C
A: cos A + cos B + cos C
= 1 + 2sinC[cos(A-B) - sinC]
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 99
First Year Maths - IA

= 1+2sinC [cos(A-B) - sin{900 - (A+B)}] LEVEL - II (VSAQ)

= 1+2sinC [cos (A-B) - cos (A+B)]
1. If sec + tan = 5 find the quadrant in which
= 1 + 2sinC. 2sinA sinB  lies and find the value of sin.
A: Given that sec + tan = 5..............(1)
= 1 + 4 sinA sinB sinC.
We have sec2  - tan2  = 1
 (sec + tan)(sec - tan) = 1
9. If A+B+C = 2700, show that 1
sec - tan = ..................(2)
cos2A + cos2B + cos2C =1-4sinA sinB sinC 5
1
Given: A+B+C = 2700 (1)  (2)  sec θ  tan θ  sec θ  tanθ  5 
5
Now cos2A + cos2B + cos2C
26 13
= 2cos(A+B) cos(A-B)+1-2sin2C  2 sec θ   sec θ 
5 5
= 2cos(2700 - c) cos (A- B) +1-2sin2C 1
(1)  (2)  sec θ  tanθ  sec θ  tanθ  5 
5
= -2sinC cos(A-B)+1-2sin2C 24 12
 2 tan θ   tan θ 
5 5
= 1-2sinC[cos(A-B)+sinC]

= 1-2sinC[cos(A-B)+sin{2700 - (A+B)}] since, sec > 0, tan  >   lies in I quadrant.

tan θ 12 / 5 12
= 1-2sinC[cos(A-B)-cos(A+B)] Now,   .
sec θ 13 / 5 13
 sin (2700 -) = -cos
12
 sin = .
= 1-2sinC 2sinA sinB 13
= 1-4sinA sinB sinC 2. Find the value of
π 4π 6π 9π
10. If A+B+C = 2S, then prove that sin2  sin2  sin2  sin2
s i n ( S - A ) + s i n ( S - B ) + s i n
10 10 10 10
π  6π  6π  π
   
2
sin
:A  sin2  π    sin2  sin2  π  
C=4cos S-A cos S-B sin C . 10  10  10  10 
2 2 2
A: Given: A+B+C = 2S π 6π 6π π
 sin2  sin2  sin2  sin2
10 10 10 10
Now sin(S-A) + sin(S-B) + sinC
 π 6π   2 π 2π π 
 2 sin2  sin2   2 sin 10  sin  2  10 
   2 
= 2sin S-A+S-B cos S-A-S+B + sinC
2


10
π π
10    

= 2sin C cos  -A+B  + 2sin C cos C

 2 sin2  cos2   2(1)  2.
2 2 2 2  10 10 

= 2sin C  cos  -A+B  + cos C  3. If sin + cosec = 2, find the value of sinn +
2 2 2
cosecn, n  Z.
= 2sin C  cos  2S-A-B  + cos  -A+B   A: Given that sin + cosec = 2
2 2 2 
1
= 2sin .2cos  2S-A-B-A+B  cos  2S-A-B+A-B 
C  sin α   2  sin2 α  1  2 sin α
2 4 4 sin α
= 4sin C cos  S-A  cos  S-B 
sin2- 2sin + 1 = 0
2 2 2 (sin2 1)2 = 0 sin = 1 cosec = 1
2 
 4cos  S-A cos  S-B  sin C .  sinn x + cosecn = (1)n + (1)n = 2
2 2
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First Year Maths - IA
4. If tan2= (1 - e2), show that sec + tan3 . 13.Find a sine function whose period is 2/3.
cosec = (2 - e2)3/2.
A: Take a sine function as ‘sin ax’.
A: LHS = sec + tan3 . cosec
2
  
 sec θ 1  tan2 θ  1  tan2 θ 1  tan2 θ  Now, period of sin ax is
3

 θ   1  1  3 
2π 2
3/2 3/2
 1  tan2 2
   a  3π  a  3π
a 3
  2  e   RHS
3/2
2  The required sine function is sin (3)x.
= ± sin3x
5. Eliminate  from
x = a (sec  + tan ) y = b (sec - tan ). 3cos25 0 + sin25 0 as a sine angle.
A: Given that 14.Express
2
sec  + tan  = x/a, sec  + tan  = y/b
3 cos 25  sin 250
0
(sec  + tan ) (sec  - tan ) = (x/a) (y/b) A: =
2
sec2  - tan2  = xy/ab  1 = xy/ab

 xy  ab 3 1
cos 250  sin 250
2 2
6. Find the period of f(x) = sin(5x + 3). = sin600 cos250 + cos600 sin250
2x = sin (600+250) = sin 850.
A: Period sin (ax + b) is a
2π 15. What is the value of
 Period of sin(5x + 3) is
5 tan20 0 + tan40 0 + 3tan20 0 tan40 0 .
7. Find the period of f(x) = | sin x |. A: Take tan 600 = tan (200 + 400)
A: Given f(x) = |sin x|
tan 200  tan 400
f( + x) = |sin ( + x)| = | - sin x| = sin x = f(x) tan 60 = 0
1  tan 200 tan 400
Hence, period of |sin x| is .
tan 200  tan 400
 3
5sinx + 3cosx 1  tan 200 tan 400
8. Find the period of .
4sin2x + 5cosx  3(1  tan 200.tan 400 )  tan 200  tan 400
A: Period of sinx = 2, Period of cosx = 2.
 3  3 tan 200.tan 400  tan200  tan 400
2π
Period of sin2x =  π , Period of cosx = 2.
2  tan200  tan 400  3 tan200.tan 400  3
Period of the given function
= L.C.M. of {2, } = 2.
16. What is the value of tan560 - tan 110 - tan560 tan110.
9. Find the period of cos4x. A: Take tan 450 = tan(560 - 110).
A: Let f(x) = cos4x
tan 56 0  tan110
Now, f( + x) = cos ( + x)
4  1
1  tan 56 0 tan110
= (- cos x)4 = cos4 x = f(x).
 1  tan 56 0 tan110  tan 56 0  tan110
If f(p + x) = f(x) then ‘p’ is the period of
 tan 56 0  tan110  tan 56 0 tan110  1
f(x) where ‘p’ is least.
Period of cos4x is .
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 101
First Year Maths - IA
cos110 + sin110  π
17. If tanθ = , and  is not in A: Take cos θ  3 2 sin  θ    6
0 0
cos11 sin11  4
third quadrant, find .
 π π
cos110  sin110  cos θ  3 2 sinθ cos  cos θ sin   6
A: Given that tan θ   4 4
cos110  sin110
  1   1 
 cos θ  3 2 sinθ    cos θ    6
cos110 sin110   2  2 

0 0 1  tan110
 tan θ  cos110 cos110  = cos + 3 [sin + cos] + 6
cos11 sin11 1  tan110 = cos + 3 [sin + cos] + 6

cos110 cos110 = 4 cos + 3 sin + 6
 tan(450  110 )  tan 560 Largest value of a = min. value of f(x)

tan θ  tan 560  θ  560  c  a 2  b2

 6  42  3 2
65
2 π A π A
18.Evaluate sin  +  - sin 2  -  . 1
8 2 8 2 Smallest value of b = maximum value of f(x)
2 π A π A
A: Take sin     sin2     c  a2  b2
8 2 8 2
65
π A π A π A π A  11.
 sin     sin     
8 2 8 2  8 2 8 2
π 1 π
 sin sin A  sin A 21.If A + B + C = , prove that
4 2 2
tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1.
19.Find the range of 13 cosx + 3 3sinx - 4 .
π
A: A + B = -C
A: Let f(x) = 13 cos x  3 3 sin x  4 2
π 
Compare with a cos x  b sin x  c then we get  tan(A + B) = tan  - c 
 2 
a = 13, b = 3 3 , c = 4. tan A + tan B 1
 = cot C =
1 - tan A tan B tan C
Maximum value = c  a2  b 2
 tanA tanC + tanB tanC = 1-tanA tanB.
2 2
  4  (13)  (3 3 )   4  169  27  tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1.

  4  196   4  14  10 22. Expland sin (A + B - C)

Minimum value = c  a 2  b 2
  4  196   4  14   18
 Range of f(x) = [ -18, 10]
 π
20.If a ≤ cosθ + 3 2sin  θ +  + 6 ≤ b then find
 4
the largest value of a and smallest value of b.
A: sin (A + B - C) = sin[(A + B) - C]
= sin (A + B) cos C - cos(A + B) sin C
= (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) cos C
- (cos A cos B - sin A sin B) sin C
= sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C
- cos A cos B sin C + sin A sin B sin C.

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First Year Maths - IA
23. Expand cos (A - B - C) . 27. For what values of ‘x’ in the first quadrant

A: cos (A - B - C) 2 tanx
is positive?
= cos[(A - B) - C] 1 - tan 2 x
= cos (A - B) cosC + sin(A - B)sinC 2 tan x
= (cosAcosB+sinA sinB) cosC + A: Take > 0  tan 2x > 0
1  tan2 x
(sinA cosB-cosA sinB)sinC.
= cos A cos B cos C + sin A sin B sin C π π
 0  2x   x is in Ι quadrant   0  2x 
+ sin A cos B sin C - cos A sin B sin C. 2 2
π
0 0 x .
1 4
24. Find the values of tan22 .
2
3 3π
1 28.If cosθ = - and π < θ < , find the value
0 0 1 5 2
1 1  cos 45 2
A: tan 22   θ
2 1  cos 45 0 1 of tan .
1 2
2
2 1 3  π θ 3π 
A: Given that cos θ    2  2  4 
2  2 1 5  
  2 1
2 1 2 1 θ 1  cos θ 1 3 / 5
 tan  
2 2 1  cos θ 1 3 / 5
25.Evaluate 6 sin 200 - 8 sin3 200. 8/5 θ
A : 6 sin 200 - 8 sin3 200    4   2  tan  2
= 2(3 sin 200 - 4 sin3200) 2/5 2

3 sin A  4 sin3 A  sin 3A  29.If A is not an integral multiple of /2, prove
 
3 that (i) tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2A.
= 2sin 3(200) = 2 sin 600 =  2 .  3.
(ii) cot A - tan A = 2 cot 2A
2
A: tan A + cot A
π 4
26.If 0 < A < and cosA = then find the sin A cos A sin2 A  cos2 A
4 5   
values of sin 2A and cos 2A. cos A sin A sin A cos A
1 2 2
    2cosec2A
4 3 sinA cos A 2sinA cos A sin2A
A:Given cos A   sin A 
5 5 cos A sin A cos2 A  sin2 A
(ii) cotA  tanA   
sin A cos A sin A cos A
cos 2A 2cos 2A 2 cos 2A
 3   4  24     2cot 2A
i) sin 2A  2 sin A cos A  2      sin A cos A 2 sin A cos A sin 2A
 5   5  25
2
4 π
ii)cos 2A  2 cos2 A  1  2    1 30. If 0 < θ < , show that
5 8
 16  32  25 7 θ
 2  1  2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos4θ = 2cos   .
 25  25 25 2

A: Take 2  2  2  2cos 4θ
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 103
First Year Maths - IA
33.Show that cos2 760+cos2 160 - cos 760 cos 160 =
 2  2  2 1 cos4θ  2  2  2.2cos 2θ 2
3
.
4
 2  2  2cos2θ  2  2 1 cos2θ A: cos2 760 + cos2 160 - cos 760 cos 160
1
 2  2.2cos2 θ  2  2cosθ  2  1 cosθ = cos2 760 + 1 - sin2 160 - (2cos 760 cos160)
2
1
θ θ = 1 + ( cos 76 - sin 16 ) - [cos(760 + 160) +
2 0 2 0
 2.2cos2  2cos 2
2 2 cos(760 - 160)]

31.Prove that cos550 + cos650 + cos 1750 = 0.  cos2 A - sin2 B = cos (A + B) cos( A - B)
A: cos650 + cos550 + cos 1750 2cosA cosB = cos (A + B) cos (A - B)

 650  550   650  550  0

= 1 + cos (760 + 160) cos(760 - 160) -
 2cos   cos    cos175
 2   2  1
[cos 920 + cos 600]
0 0
 2cos 60 cos 5  cos 180  5  0 0
 2
1 1
1 = 1 + cos 920 cos 600 - cos 920 - cos600
 2 . .cos 50  cos 50  cos 50  cos 50  0 2 2
2 1 1 1 1
= 1 + cos 920 ( ) - cos 920 - ( ).
2 2 2 2
 0 0
32.Prove that 4 cos66 + sin84 =  3 + 15 .
 1-
1
A: LHS = 4[cos 660 + sin 840] 4
3
 .
 4 cos 660  sin(900  60   4 cos 660  cos 60  4

 660  60 
 4.2 cos  cos
 660  60  LEVEL - II (SAQ)
  
 2   2 
1. If tan - tan = m and cot - cot = n, prove
 CD  C  D  1 1
 cos C  cosD  2 cos  2  cos  2   that cot  α - β  = - .
     m n
A: tan - tan = m
 720   600  0 0 1 1
 8 cos   cos    8 cos 36 .cos 30  m
 2   2  cot α cot β
cot   cot
 5  1 3 m cot   cot   n
8 .   
5 1 3 cot   cot
 4  2 n n
 m  cot   cot  
 15  3  RHS cot  cot m

 660  60   660  60  cot  cot   1

 4.2 cos   cos   LHS cot ( -  ) =
cot   cot 
 2   2 
n
1
= m
n
n  m
=
nm

Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 104

First Year Maths - IA
n m 2 π 2 π 3
=  2
4. Prove that sin θ + sin  θ +  + sin  θ -  = .
 n m n m  3   3 2
1 1  π  π
=   RHS 2
A: sin θ  sin  θ 
2
  sin2  θ  
m n  3  3
2
2. Prove that tan90 - tan 270 - cot 270 + cot90 = 4. 2  π π
 sin θ   sinθ cos  cos θ sin  
A: tan90 - tan 270 - cot 270 + cot90  3 3
= (tan90 + cot90) (tan 270 - cot 270) 2
 π π
 sin 9 cos 9   sin 27
0 0
cos 27  0 0
 sin θ cos 3  cos θ sin 3 
 0
 
0   0
   
 cos 9 sin9   cos 27 sin 270 
  a  b    a  b   2 a2  b2 .
2 2
 
sin2 90  cos2 90 sin2 270  cos2 270
   π π
sin90 cos 90 sin 270 cos 270  sin2 θ  2  sin2 θ.cos2  cos2 sin2  .
 3 3
1 1
 0 0

sin 9 cos 9 sin 27 cos 270
0
 1 1
 sin2 θ  2 sin2 θ.  cos2 θ. 
2 2  4 4
 0 0

2 sin 9 cos 9 2 sin 27 cos 270
0
 1  1

2

2 
 2 
  3
2

sin2 θ  cos2 θ .  
0
sin18 sin 540
3
 5  1 5  1
 8
   
2
sin2 θ  cos2 θ 

 5 1 
  3
 1
= 2(2) 2
= 4. 3
 .
2
sin  α + β  a+b
3. If =
sin  α - β  a - b prove that atan = π 2π 3π 4π 5π
5. Prove that cos cos cos cos cos .
btan. 11 11 11 11 11
 2 3 4 5
x a A: Let C = c os cos cos cos cos
If  u sin g componendo and dividendo 11 11 11 11 11
y b
A: x y ab  2 3 4 5
 S = sin sin sin sin sin
x  y ab 11 11 11 11 11

Using C and D   2 2 3 3
C.S.= sin cos sin cos sin cos
sin       sin      11 11 11 11 11 11
a b a b
 4 4 5 5
sin       sin      a b a b sin cos sin cos
11 11 11 11
2 sin  cos  2a
 1  2 3 4 5
2 cos  sin  2b C.S. = sin sin sin sin sin
32 11 11 11 11 11
tan  a 1
  b tan   a tan  . C. S .  S
tan  b 32
1
C= .
32
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 105
First Year Maths - IA
3 5
6. If cos  = , cos  = ,   are acute 36
5 13 2 0 2 0  1800
α-β 1  sin 36 x sin 72 
angles show that sin2  = . 5 5
 2  65
2 2
 10  2 5   10  2 5 
  x 
 4   4 

10  2 5 10  2 5
 x
16 16
A: cos () = cos cos + sin sin 100  20

3 5 4 12 16 x 16
= x x x
5 13 5 13 5

15 48 63 80
  
= . 16 x 16
65 65 65
5
 1  cos  
sin2  16
2 2

     1  cos      cos3A
sin2   9. Show that cosA = Hence find
 2  2 2cos2A - 1
cosA.
63
1 4 cos3 A  3 cos A
= 65
2 
A: RHS = 2 2cos2 A  1  1

65  63
=
2 x 65 
cos A 4 cos2 A  3 
2
=
 4 cos 2
A  2 1  = CosA

= Let A = 15
2 x 65
cos 45
1 cos15 =
= . 2cos 30  1
65
1
π 2π 3π 4π 5 2
7. Prove that sin sin sin sin = . = 3
5 5 5 5 16 2 x 1
2
3  2  2
A: sin  sin      sin
5  5  5 1 3 1
x
4   
= 2  3 1  3 1
sin  sin      sin
5  5 5
3 1 3 1
= 
 2 2  2  3  1 2 2
LHS sin sin sin sin
5 5 5 5
 2
 sin2 x sin2   1800
5 5
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 106
First Year Maths - IA

LEVEL - II (LAQ) 3. If cotA + cotB + cotC = 3 , prove that ABC

is equilateral.
1. If sin(y+z-x), sin(z+x-y), sin(x+y-z) are in A.P, A: Let cotA = a, cotB = b, cotC = c
then show that tanx, tany, tanz are in A.P.
A: Given: sin(y+z-x), sin(z+x-y), sin(x+y-z) are in A.P. then cotA + cotB+ cotC = 3 becomes
If a, b, c are in A.P then b-a = c-b a+b+c= 3 ..............(1)
Here sin(z+x-y)-sin(y+z-x) =sin(x+y-z)-sin(z+x-y)

   
z+x-y+y+z-x z+x-y-y-z+x A+B+C = 1800 A+B = 1800 - C
 2 cos sin
2 2
cot (A+B) = cot (1800 - C)
2 cos   sin  x+y-z-z-x+y 
x+y-z+z+x-y
= 2 2
 cotA cotB - 1
cotB + cotA = -cot C
 sinC - sinD = 2cos  C+D  sin  C-D 
2 2  cotA cotB-1 = -cotB cotC - cotC cotA
 cos z sin(x-y) = cosx sin (y - z)
 cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA =1
 cos z (sinx cosy - cosx siny) = cosx (siny cosz - cosy sin z)
 cosx cosy cosz  ab + bc + ca = 1 .............(2)
 tanx - tany = tany - tanz
Consider (a-b)2 + (b-c)2 + (c-a)2
 tanx + tanz = 2tany
 tanx, tany, tanz are in A.P = a2 - 2ab + b2 + b2 - 2bc + c2 + c2 -2ca + a2

= 2(a2 + b2 + c2) -2(ab + bc + ca)

sin α + β 1- m
((

))

2. If cos α - β = 1 + m then show that = 2[(a+b+c)2 -2(ab+bc+ca)] -2(ab+bc+ca)

tan π
4 
- α = m tan π + β .
4   = 2[ 3 2 - 2(1)] - 2

sin ( α + β ) 1 - m = 2(3-2) -2
A: Given cos( α - β ) = 1 + m
By componendo and dividendo, =0
sin ( α + β )+cos( α - β ) 1 - m + 1 + m
 =  a - b =0, b-c = 0 and c-a = 0
sin( α + β )-cos( α - β ) 1- m - 1- m
sin (α + β)+sin  - ( α - β )  a=b=c
 2  2
 =
sin(α + β)-sin  - ( α - β )  2m
 2   cotA = cotB = cotC
 α + β +- α + β   α + β - + α - β 
2 sin  2  cos  2  But cotA + cotB + cotC =
 2   2  3
   
    -1
 =
 α + β +- α + β   α + β - + α - β  m  cotA + cotA + cotA = 3
2 cos  2  sin  2 

 2 


 2 

     3cotA = 3
tan   +  
4  -1
 =m
tan     1
 4  cotA = 3

tan +  
4  1
 =m  A = 600 = B = C
tan    
4 
Hence ABC is equilateral.
 
 m tan  +   tan  - 
4 4 .  
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 107
First Year Maths - IA
4. In triangle ABC, prove that
 A B  A B  C  D 
A B C  2 cos    sin    sin  
cos + cos - cos  2   2   2 
2 2 2
A   B   C   A  B C D   A B C D 
 4 cos   cos   cos  .  A  B   2  2   2  2 
 4   4   4  2cos   2cos  sin 
A : Given that A + B + c =   2   2   2 
    
A B C
4 cos   cos   cos    A B  A  C   B  D   A  B  C  D 
 4   4   4   4cos   cos   sin  
 2   4   4 
 πA  π  B  π C
 2 2 cos 
AB 2BD BD  2BC BC 
 cos    cos  
  4   4   4  4cos cos sin 
 2   4   4 
  π A π B  π A π B   A  B 
 2 cos      cos     cos 
  4 4 4 4   4 4 4 4   4   A  B  C  D  2 
 π A B A B  A B  A B    B  D     B  C 
 2 cos     cos  cos    4cos   cos      sin    
 2 4  4   4   2   2  2   2  2 

  A B  A  B  A B A B BD B  C

 2   sin   cos  cos   4 cos   sin   cos  
     2   2   2 
  4   4   4 
 A  B   2   A  C   2   A  D 
 A B  A B  A B  A B  4cos   sin   cos  
 2cos   cos  4   2sin  4  cos  4   2   2 2
 4          
 A B  A  C   A  D 
 A B A B  A B A B  A B  4 cos   sin     cos  
 cos      cos     sin2   2   2   2 
 4 4 4 4  4 4 4 4  4 
 A B A C  A D
A B  A B   4 cos   sin   cos  
 cos  cos  sin    2   2   2 
2 2  2 
R.H.S. Hence proved.
A B C
 c os  cos  cos . 6. If A + B + C + D = 2,
2 2 2
prove that cos2A + cos2B + cos2C + cos2D
5. If A + B + C = 2, then prove that = 4 cos (A + B) cos(A + C) cos(A + D)
sinA - sinB + sinC - sin D
A: Given that A + B + C + D = 2
A +B A +C A +D L.H.S. cos2A + cos2B + cos2C + cos2D
= - 4cos sin cos
2 2 2  2cos(A  B)cos(A  B)  2cos(C  D)cos(C  D)
A : Given that A + B + C + D = 2
L.H.S. : sinA - sinB + sinC - sinD 2cos(A B)cos(A B)  2cos 2 (A B) cos(C D)
 A B  A B  C D  CD  2cos(A  B)cos(A  B)  2cos(A  B)cos(C  D)
 2cos   sin    2cos   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
 2 cos(A  B) cos(A  B)  cos(C  D)
 A B  A B   A  B   C  D 
 2cos   sin   2cos      sin 
 2   2    2   2    A  C  B  D 
 2cos A  B 2cos 
 A  B  A B  A  B   C  D   2 
 2cos  sin   2cos  sin 
 2   2   2   2   A  D  B  C 
cos 
 2 
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 108
First Year Maths - IA


 
 2cos  A  B  2cos 

 A  C  3600   A  C    8. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, prove that
A B C
 
 2  sinA + sinB - sinC = 4sin sin cos .
 2 2 2

 A  D  3600   A  D 

cos 
  A: Given A + B + C = 1800.
sinA + sinB - sinC.

 2  
  A B  A B C C
= 2 sin   cos    2 sin cos
  
 2cos  A  B 2cos A  C  1800 cos A  D  1800 
    2   2  2 2

 cos(- ) = cos , cos (1800

- ) = - cos  C  A B C C
 2cos cos    2 sin cos
2  2  2 2
  
 2cos  A  B 2cos 1800   A  C cos 1800   A  D 
  
 A B  1800  C  C
 2cos  A  B  2  cos  A  C   cos  A  D   sin    sin    cos
 2   2  2
 4 cos(A  B)cos(A  C)cos(A  D)
C  A B C
 RHS  2 cos cos    sin 2 
2   2  
Hence proved.
C  A B  A  B 
7. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, prove that  2 cos  cos    cos  
2  2   2 
cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = - 4cosAcosBcosC-1.
A: Given A + B + C = 1800. C A B
 2 cos .2 sin sin
2 2 2
cos2A + cos2B + cos2C.
A B C
= 2cos(A + B) cos(A - B) + cos2C. = 4 sin sin cos .
2 2 2
= 2cos(1800 - C) cos(A - B) + cos2C.
9. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then prove
= - 2cosC.cos(A + B) + 2cos2 C - 1.
that
= -1 - 2 cosC[cos(A - B) - cos C]. sin2A + sin2B - sin2C = 2sinA sinB cosC.
A. Given A + B + C = 1800.
= -1 - 2 cosC[cos(A - B) - cos {1800 - (A + B)}].
sin2A + sin2B - sin2C
= -1 - 2 cos C [cos(A - B) + cos (A + B)] = (1- cos2 A) + sin2B - sin2C.
= -1 - 2cos C.2cosA cosB. = 1 - (cos2A - sin2B) - sin2C.
= 1 - cos(A + B) cos(A - B) - sin2C
= -1 - 4 cosA cosB cosC.
 cos2A - sin2B = cos(A + B) cos(A - B).
= - cos(1800 - C) cos(A - B) + (1- cos2C)
= 1 + cosC cos(A - B) + cos2 C
 cosC (1800 - ) = - cos.
= cosC [cos(A - B) + cosC].
= cosC [ cos(A - B) + cos{1800 - (A + B)}].
= CosC [cos(A - B) - cos (A + B)]
= cosC . 2sinA sinB.
 cos(A - B) - cos (A + B) = 2sin A sinB.
= 2 sinA sinB cosC.

Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 109

First Year Maths - IA

10.If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, then 3π

12.If A + B + C = , then prove that
prove that 2
sin2A + sin2B - sin2C = - 4sinA sinB cosC.
A B C A B C
sin2 + sin2 - sin2 = 1- 2cos cos sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2 A: Given A + B + C = 3π .
2
2 A 2 B 2 C
sin  sin  sin sin2A + sin2B - sin2C
2 2 2
= 2 sin(A + B) cos(A - B) - 2 sin C cosC.
A 2 B C
 1  cos  sin2  sin = 2 sin (2700 - C) cos(A - B) - 2sinC cosC.
2 2 2
= - 2 cosC cos(A - B) - 2 sin C cosC.
 A B C
 1   cos2  sin2   sin2  sin (2700 - ) = - cos.
 2 2 2
= - 2cosC [cos(A - B) + sinC].
 A B  A B C = - 2 cosC {cos(A - B) + sin {2700 - (A + B)}].
 1  cos   cos    sin2
 2   2  2 = - 2cosC[cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)].

C C = - 2cosC. 2 sinA sinB.

 A B
 1  sin  cos    sin 
2  2  2 = - 4sinA sinB cosC.

C  A B  A  B  13.If A + B + C = 2S, then prove that cos(S-A) +

 1  sin  cos    cos   cos(S - B) + cos(S - C) + cos S =
2  2   2 
A B C
C A B 4 cos cos cos .
 1  sin 2 cos cos 2 2 2
2 2 2 A: Given A + B + C = 2S,
A B C {cos (S - A) + cos(S - B)} + {cos (S - C) +
 1  2 cos cos sin . cosS}.
2 2 2
S  A  S B S A SB
 2cos   cos  
11. If A + B + C = 00, then prove that  2   2 
cos2A + cos2B +cos2C = 1 + 2cosAcosBcosC. SCS SCS
2 cos   cos  
A: Given A + B + C = 00.  2   2 
cos2 A + cos2B + cos2C.
C   A  B  A B C
= cos2A + (1 - sin2B) + cos2C.  2 cos cos       2 cos   cos
2   2   2  2
= 1 + (cos2A - sin2B) + cos2C
 cos(-) = cos
= 1 + cos (A + B) cos(A - B) + cos2C
C  A B  A B C
 cos2A - sin2B = cos (A + B) cos(A - B).  2cos cos    2 cos   cos
2  2   2  2
= 1 + cos( - C) cos (A - B) + cos2C.
= 1 + cosC cos(A - B) + cos2C. C  A B  A  B 
 2 cos  cos    cos  
 cos(- ) = cos. 2  2   2 
= 1 + cosC [cos(A - B) + cosC]. C A B
 2 cos 2cos cos .
= 1 + cos C{cos (A - B) + cos {-(A + B)}]. 2 2 2
= 1 + cosC [cos(A - B) + cos(A + B)]
A B C
= 1 + cosC [ 2cosA cosB].  4 cos 2 cos cos .
2 2 2
= 1 + 2 cosA cosB cosC. *********
Trigonometric Ratios andTransformations 110
First Year Maths - IA

7. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:
General solution is  = n + (-1)n 

Tri.equation Its General Solution  = n + (-1)n 3 , n  Z.

1. sin  = 0  = n, n  Z π

2. Solve : cot2x - ( 3 + 1)cot x + 3 = 0 in 0 < x < 2 .

π A: Given trigonometric equation is

cos  = 0  = (2n + 1) ,nZ
2 cot2x - ( 3 + 1) cot x + 3 =0
tan  = 0  = n, n  Z  cot2 x - 3 cot x - cot x + 3 =0
 π π  cot x (cot x -
2. sin =sin = n+ (-1)n ,nZ,   - , 3 ) -1 (cot x - 3)=0
 2 2

 (cot x -1) (cot x - 3)=0
cos = cos   = 2n+ , n  Z,  [0, ]
 π π  cot x -1 = 0 cot x =
tan  = tan   = n+ , n  Z,   - ,  3
 2 2  1
cot x = 1 tanx = 3
3. sin2  = sin2 
cos2  = cos2   = n+ , n  Z tanx = 1
tan2  = tan2  π
tanx = tan π
4 tanx = tan 6

4. Common solution of two trigonometric equations is π

General solution is x = n + 4 , n  Z and
 = 2n +  if Q1
= 2n +  if  Q2 π
x = n + 6 , n  Z.
= 2n +  if  Q3
π π
= 2n + (2 if  Q4 Required solutions in 0 < x < 2 are 6 , π4.

LEVEL - I (SAQ) 3. Find the general solution for the trigonometric

equation sin7 + sin4 + sin = 0.
1. Solve: 2cos2 - 3 sin + 1 = 0 A: Given trigonometric equation is
A: Given trigonometric equation is
sin7 + sin4 + sin = 0
2cos2 - 3 sin +1 = 0
(sin7 + sin) + sin4 = 0
 2(1-sin2) - 3 sin + 1 = 0
2sin4 cos3 + sin4 = 0
 2 - 2sin2 - 3 sin +1 = 0
sin4 (2cos3 +1) = 0
 2sin2 + 3 sin - 3 = 0
sin4 = 0 2cos3 +1 = 0
 2 sin2 + 2 3 sin - 3 sin - 3 = 0
sin4 = 0 cos3 = -1 2
2 = cos 3
 2sin (sin+ 3 )- 3 (sin+ 3 )=0
 (2sin - 3 ) (sin + 3 ) = 0 General solution is 3 = 2n + 23 , nZ

 2sin - sin +
3 =0 3 =0 4 = n, n  Z  = 2n 2
3 + 9 , nZ
 sin = 3 sin = - 3 which is impossible
2
 = n4 , n  Z.

 sin = sin 3

Trigonometric Equations 111

First Year Maths - IA
4. Find the solution set of tan + 3cot = 5sec. 6. Solve : 2 (sinx + cosx) = 3.
A: Given trigonometric equation is A: Given trigonometric equation is
tan + 3cot = 5sec
2 (sinx + cosx) = 3
sin 3cos 5
cos  sin  cos  sinx + cosx =
3
2
This is valid when cos  0 and sin  0
2 2
dividing throughout by a +b  2
sin23cos2  5
cos cos 1 1
 sinx 2 + cosx. 2 = 3
2
 sin2 + 3(1-sin2) = 5sin
  + cosx cos  = 3
sinx sin 4
 sin2 + 3 - 3 sin2 = 5sin 4 2
 2sin2 + 5sin - 3 = 0  ) = cos 
 cos (x - 4 6
 2sin2 + 6sin - sin - 3 = 0
 (2sin -1) (sin + 3) = 0 General solution is

 2sin -1 = 0 sin + 3 = 0  = 2n + 

x- 4 6
1 =sin 
sin = 2 sin = -3 is impossible 
6   , n  Z.
x = 2n + 6 + 4

General solution is  = n + (-1)n 6 , n Z.
7. Solve: 4sinx sin2x sin4x = sin3x
Hence, the required solution set is

{ n + (-1)n 6 : n  Z } A: Given trigonometric equation is
4sinx sin2x sin4x = sin3x
5. Solve: 1 + sin2 = 3sin cos.  2sinx (2sin4x sin2x) = sin3x
 2sinx [cos(4x-2x) -cos(4x+2x)] = sin3x
A: Given trigonometric equation is
2sinA sinB = cos (A-B) - cos(A+B)
1 + sin2 = 3sin cos  2sinx [cos2x - cos6x] = sin3x
 2cos2x sinx - 2cos6xsinx = sin3x
dividing throughout by cos2,
 sin3x + sinx - 2cos6x sinx = sin3x
1 + sin2 = 3sincos  2cos6x sinx - sinx = 0
cos2 cos2 cos2  sinx (2cos6x -1) = 0
 sec2 + tan2 = 3tan
sinx = 0 2cos6x -1 = 0
 1+tan2 + tan2 = 3tan 1 =cos 
cos6x = 2 3
 2tan2 - 3tan +1 = 0
 2tan2 - 2tan - tan + 1 = 0 General solution is
 2tan (tan -1) - (tan -1) = 0 
x = n, n Z 6x = 2n + 3
 (tan -1) (2tan  -1) = 0
n 
 tan -1 = 0 2tan-1 = 0 x = 3 + 9 , n  Z.

 
tan =1 = tan 4 tan = 21 =tan
8. Find the solution set for sin2x-cos2x = sinx -cosx
1
where = tan-1 2
A: Given trigonometric equation is
General solution is
sin2x - cos2x = sinx - cosx
 = n + 4 , n Z; = n + Tan-1 21 , nZ.  sin 2x - sinx - (cos2x - cosx) = 0

 2cos 3x x 3x x
2 sin 2 +2sin 2 sin 2 = 0
Trigonometric Equations 112
First Year Maths - IA

 x [cos 3x + sin 3x ] = 0
2sin 2 (a2 + b2)cos2 - 2ca cos + (c2 - b2) = 0 ........(1)
2 2
x =0 Since , are solutions of the given equation and
 sin 2 sin 3x 3x
2 +cos 2 =0
(1) is a quadratic in cos, thus
sin 3x 3x
2 =-cos 2 2ca
Sum of the roots, cos + cos =
a2 b2
General solution is
c 2 b2
Product of the roots, cos cos =
x
2 = n, nZ  Tan 3x  

2 =-1=Tan 4
a2 b2
11. If  1, 2 are the solutions of the equation
.

 x = 2n, nZ 3x = n + 
2  
4
acos2 + bsin2 = c, then find the values of
i) tan1 + tan2 ii) tan1 tan2
x = 2n  -  , nZ.
3 6 A: Given equation is acos2 + bsin2 = c
 Solution set for the given equation is
{2n : nZ}  { 2n  -  : nZ}.
  2
 
a 1-tan 2 + b 2tan2 = c
1+tan  1+tan 

3 6
 a(1-tan ) + 2btan = c(1+tan2)
2

9. If tan( cos ) = cot ( sin ), then prove that  (c + a) tan2 - 2b tan + (c - a) = 0

 
cos θ- 4 =+ 1 .
2 2 This is a quadratic equation in tan and 1, 2 are

A: Given trigonometric equation is the solutions of the given equation.

tan ( cos  ) = cot ( sin )
sum of the roots tan1 + tan2 = c2b
 tan ( cos  ) = tan (  - sin  )
2
+a
General solution is Product of the roots tan1 tan2 = c + a .
c-a
 - sin
 cos  = n + 2
1
cos + sin = n + 2 12. Find the values of x in (-, ) satisfying the

cos + sin = 2n+1

2   equation 81+ cos x + cos2x + ...........  = 64 .

dividing throughout by 2 , A: Given that 81 + cosx + cos2 x + ....... = 82

cos 1  sin 1  2n+1 1

2 2 2 2 
8 1 cos x = 8 2
coscos   2n+1
4  sinsin 4  2 2 
1
2
1  cos x
cos    2n+1
4)  2 2 ,n  Z
(

1
 1  cos x 
 1 2
 cos   4 ) = + 2 2 for n = -1, 0.
(

1    
 cos x   cos  cos  
2 3  3 
10. If ,  are the solutions of the equation
acos + bsin = c, then show that    
2ac c 2 - b2 In (-, ), x   , .
i) cos + cos = 2 2 ii) cos cos = 2 2 3 3 
a +b a +b
A: Given equation is LEVEL - II (SAQ)
acos + bsin = c
bsin = c - acos 1. If x in acute and sin(x+100) = cos(3x - 680), find
Squaring on bothsides, x in degrees.
b2 sin2 = c2 - 2ca cos + a2 cos2 A: sin(x+100) = cos(3x - 680)
sin(x + 100) = sin [900 - (3x - 680)]
b2 (1 - cos2) = c2 -2ca cos + a2cos2
= sin (1580 - 3x).
Trigonometric Equations 113
First Year Maths - IA
x + 100 = 1580 - 3x or x + 100 = 1800 - (1580 - 3x). 4. Solve tan + sec = 3 0 <  < 2.
4x = 1480 x + 100 = 220 + 3x sin 1
1480 A: + = 3
x=  37 0 12 = 2x
0
cos cos
4
x = - 60 sin + 1 = 3 cos 
is not possible,
since x is acute 3 cos - sin = 1
 x = 37 . 0 dividing throughout by
3 1 1
2. Solve the equation 3 sin - cos = 2 cos  - sin  =
2 2 2

 3  
2
1
A: Dividing through out by + (-1)2 = 2 cos cos - sin sin =
6 6 2
3 1 2
sin - cos = cos ( + /6) = cos /3
2 2 2 PV  + /6 = /3
  3 GS  = 2n ± 
sincos - cos sin =
6 6 2  + /6 = 2n ± /3
 = 2n + /3 - /6
 3 
sin ( - )= = sin n = 0,  = /3 - /6 = /6
6 2 3 n = 1,  = 2 /3 - /6
  = 3/2 but tan is not defined at  = 3/2
Principal value is  -
6
=
3 
General solution is  = n + (-1)n  solution set =  6  .
 
 
- = n + (-1)n 5. Find the general solution of  which satisfies
6 3
  1 3
 = n + (-1) n
+ , n  Z. both the equations sin = - and cos = 
3 6 2 2

1 A: Here sin  is negative and cos is negative.

3. 0 <  < , solve cos  cos 2 cos3 = . So  Q3.
4
A: 4 cos cos2 cos3 = 1 PV  =  + /6 = 7/6
(2 cos3 cos ) 2 cos2  = 1 GS  = 2n + 
[cos ( + ) + cos ( - )] 2 cos2 = 1  = 2n + 7/6, n  Z.
 General solution of q which satisfy both the
 2 cos A cosB = cos(A + B) + cos (A - B)
equation is  = 2n + 7/6, n  Z ?
2 cos4 cos2 + 2cos22 - 1 = 0
 2cos2 A - 1 = cos2A
2 cos4 cos2 + cos4 = 0 2π 3
6. If x + y = and sinx + siny = , find x and y..
cos4 (2cos 2 + 1) = 0 3 2
cos4 = 0 = cos /2 2 cos2 + 1 = 0 A: sinx + siny = 3/2
1 x+y x-y 3
cos2 =  = cos 2/3 2sin cos =
2 2 2 2
Principal value is 4 = /2 Principal value is 2 = 2/3 x-y 3
General solution is  =2n +  GS 2 = 2n + 2/3 2sin /3 cos =
4 = 2n + /2 = n + /3 n  Z 2 2
 = n/2 + /8, n  Z x-y 3
n = 0,  = /8 n = 0,  = /3 cos = = cos /6
2 2
3 5 PV = /6
n = 1,  = , n = 1, = 2/3 x - y = /3
8 8 x + y = 2/3
n = 2, = 7/8
x = /2, y = /6.
  3  5  π 7π 2π 
solution set =  , , , ,
8 8 8 3 8 3 
,  .
********
Trigonometric Equations 114
First Year Maths - IA

8. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:
1. sin-1 (-x) = -sin-1 x
LEVEL - I (SAQ)
cos-1 (-x) = - cos-1 x 3 +cos-1 12 = cos-1 33 .
1. Prove that sin-1 5
tan-1 (-x) = -tan-1x 13 65
A: Here we use the result
2. cos-1 x + sin-1 x = /2
tan-1x + cot-1 x = /2 cos-1x + cos-1y = cos-1 [xy - 1 - x2 1 - y2 ]
sec-1x + cosec-1 x = /2
Now sin-1 3 -1 12
5 + cos 13
1
3. sin-1 x = cosec-1
x -1 4
 cos 12
-1
= cos 5
13
1
cos-1 x = sec-1
x
 cos  5
-1 4 12
 13  
 1 - 16 1 - 144 
25 169 
1  cos
-1  4  12   3  5 
tan-1 x = cot-1  5 13 5 13 
x
 cos  48  15 
-1

2x 2   65 65 
4. 2sin-1 x = sin-1 1- x
   cos 33
-1
65
2cos-1 x = cos-1 [2x2 - 1]
4 +2tan-1 1 =  .
2. Show that sin-1 5
2x 1- x
2
2x 3 2
2tan-1 x = sin-1 2 = cos-1 2
= tan-1 2 4 + 2tan-1 1
1+ x 1+ x 1- x A: Now sin-1 5 3 -1 -1 1 - x2
 2tan x  cos
5. 3 sin x = sin [3x - 4x ]
-1 -1 3 1 + x2
3 cos-1 x = cos-1[4x3 - 3x] 1- 1
= sin 4  cos 9
-1 -1
 3x - x3  5 1+ 1
9
3 tan-1 x = tan-1  1 - 3x2 
 
= sin 4  cos 8
-1 -1
5 10

6. sin-1x+sin-1y = sin-1  x 1- y + y 1- x 
2 2 -1 4 -1 4
 sin  cos
  5 5
 sin x  cos x  
-1 -1

cos x + cos y = cos  xy -

2 2 2
-1 -1 -1 1- x 1- y
 
 .
x+y
2
7. tan x + tan y = tan
-1 -1 -1
when x > 0, y > 0, xy < 1
1  = sin  4tan -1 1 
3. Provethat cos  2tan
1- xy -1

x+y
7  3 .
tan-1x+ tan-1 y =  + tan-1 when x > 0, y > 0, 1 = and tan-1 1 =
1- xy A: Let tan-1 7
xy > 1 3
x+y  tan   71 and tan   1
3
tan-1x+ tan-1 y = -  + tan-1 when x < 0, y < 0,
1- xy
xy > 1 LHS  cos  2 tan
-1 1
x-y
 7
tan-1x - tan-1 y = tan-1 1 + xy .   cos2
x + y + z - xyz 1 -tan2
tan-1x + tan-1 y + tan-1 z = tan-1 1 - xy - yz - zx  
1 +tan2
InverseTrigonometric Functions 115
First Year Maths - IA

1- 1
49
= tan
-1
 56+9
72-7 

 1 + 1
49 = tan 65
-1
65
48
  50 -1
= tan 1

  24
25  =π
4.

2. 1
tan2  
2tan 
= 3 =2 9 = 3
1 - tan2 1 - 1 3 8 4  5. If sin-1x + sin -1 y + sin-1 z = , then prove that

9 x 1 - x 2 + y 1 - y 2 + z 1 - z 2 = 2xyz .

RHS  sin  4tan

-1 1
 3 A: Let sin-1x = A, sin-1y = B, sin-1 z = C
= sin 4β  sinA = x, sinB = y, sinC = z
cosA = 2
= sin 2(2β) 1 - x 2 , cosB= 1 - y , cosC
2tan2 
 = 1 - z2
1 +tan2  2  
Now sin-1x + sin-1y + sin-1z =  becomes
2  3  A+B+C=
  49 consider (sin2A + sin2B) + sin2C
1+ = 2sin(A+B) cos(A-B) + sin2C
16
= 2sin( - C) cos (A-B) + 2sinC cosC
 3  16
2 25 = 2sinC[cos(A-B) + cosC]
 24
= 2sinC[cos(A-B) + cos{ - (A+B)}]
25 = 2sinC [cos(A-B) - cos(A+B)]
 LHS = RHS = 2sinC. 2sinA sinB
 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
 cos  2tan
-1 1  sin  4tan -1 31  .
 7    2sinA cosA + 2sinBcosB + 2sinCcosC = 4sinA
sinB sinC
 sinAcosA+sinBcosB+sinCcosC=2sinAsinBsinC
4. Prove that ta n -1 1 + ta n
-1 1 + t a n -1 1 = π .
2 5 8 4
 x 1 - x 2 + y 1 - y 2 + z 1 - z2 = 2xyz .
A: We use the formula
x+y
tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1  1 - xy  6. If cos-1p + cos-1q + cos-1r = , then prove that
  p2+q2+r2 + 2pqr =1.


Now tan 1 + tan 5
-1
2
-1 1
 + tan -1 1
8 A: Given cos-1p + cos-1q + cos-1r = 

 1+ 1   cos-1p + cos-1q =  - cos-1r

= tan  2 5  + tan 1
-1 -1
1 1 8
cos-1 pq - 1 - p 1 -q  = - cos-1 r
1- . 2 2
 2 5   
= tan
-1
 107 x 109  + tan -1 1
8  pq - 1 - p2 1 -q2 = cos ( - cos r)
-1

= -cos (cos-1 r)
= tan 7 + tan 1
-1 -1
9 8 = -r

 7 1
+
 pq + r = 1 - p2 1 -q2
-1  9 8 
= tan
1 - 7. 1 Squaring on bothsides, we get
98
 (pq + r)2 = (1-p2) (1-q2)
InverseTrigonometric Functions 116
First Year Maths - IA

 p2q2 + 2pqr + r2 = 1-p2-q2+p2 q2  tan

-1
 4x+1+2x+1
8x +6x+1-1
2 = tan
-1 2
x2
 p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pqr =1.
 6x+2  22
28x +6x x

7. If tan-1x + tan-1y + tan-1z = 2 , then prove that
 3x+1  12 .
xy + yz + zx =1. 28x +6x x
  3x + x = 8x2 + 6x
3 2
A: Given: tan-1x + tan-1y + tan-1z = 2

 
tan-1x + tan-1y = 2 - tan-1 z
3x3 - 7x2 - 6x = 0

x+y  x [3x2 - 7x - 6] = 0 3x2 - 7x - 6


 tan 1 - xy = 2 - tan-1 z
-1
 x (x - 3) (3x + 2) = 0 = 3x2 - 9x + 2x - 6
x+y 
 1 - xy = tan( 2 -tan z)
-1
 x = 0, 3, -2
3 = 3x(x-3)+2(x-3)
x+y
 1 - xy =cot(tan z)
-1
= (x-3) (3x+2)
x+y -1 1
 10. Solve:
1 - xy =cot (cot z )
x+y 1


1- xy = z
xz + yz = 1 - xy
3sin
-1
 1+2xx  - 4cos  11+- xx  +2tan  12x- x  = π3
2
-1 2
2
-1
2 .
A: Given that
 xy + yz + zx =1.
3sin
-1
 1+2xx  - 4cos  11+- xx  + 2tan  12x- x  = 3
2
-1 2
2
-1
2

8. Solve: tan
-1 x - 1 + t an -1 x + 1 =  .
x-2 x+2 4 
 3(2tan-1x) -4(2tan-1x) +2(2tan-1x) = 3
A: Given: tan x - 1 + tan -1 x + 1 = 
-1
x -x2- 1 x + 1x + 2 4 
  6tan-1x - 8tan-1x + 4tan-1x = 3
x-2 x+2  
-1
 tan
1- x - 1
x-2 x +2
x
 
+ 1 4
  
2tan-1 x = 3


 x +x-2+ x -x-2
2 2
 tan  = 1
tan-1 x = 6
x2 - 4 - x2 + 1 4

 x = tan 6
2- 2 x2
(

 =1
-3  x=
1
.
3
 x - 2 = -3
2
2
 x =2-  1
2 3
2 2 11. If cos
-1
 pa +cos  bq = α , then prove that
-1

x 1 .
2 p 2 2pq q2 2
- cos  + 2 = sin 
a 2 ab b
 2x1+1 + tan  4x1+1 = tan  x2  .
.
-1 -1 -1
9. Solve: tan

A: Given equation is
2
A: Given: cos
-1
 pa  + cos  bq  = 
-1

tan
-1
 2x1+ 1 + tan  4x1+ 1 = tan  x2 
-1 -1
2

 cos -1  pa . bq  1-
p2
a2
1-
q2 

b2 

 2x1+ 1 4x1+ 1 
 1 - 1 . 1   tan x22
-1 -1
 tan  p 2   q2 
 2x + 1 4x + 1   pq
ab
 1 -  1 - 
 a2   b 2 
 cos
  
InverseTrigonometric Functions 117
First Year Maths - IA

 pq
ab
 cos  1
p2
2

q2 p 2q2
 41
a b 2 a2b2 Let cosec
1
.
Squaring on bothsides 4

p2q2 2pq p2 q2 p2q2 41


2
cos cos  = 1  2  2  2 2  cos ec  
ab
2 2 ab a b ab 4
4
 tan  
 p2  q2  2pq
2 2
2
cos = 1- cos  5
a b ab
p2 2pq q2 41
 2 
2
cos  2  sin  cot 1 9  cos ec 1
a ab b 4
1 4
 tan1  tan1
LEVEL - II (SAQ) 9 5
 1 4 
4 5 16 π 1
 95 
1. Prove that sin
-1
+ sin-1 + sin-1 = . = tan  
5 13 65 2  1  1  4 
 9 5
1 4 5
A: Let sin A and sin1 B  5  36 
5 13  45 
1
= tan  
4 5  45  4 
sin A  and sin B   45 
5 13  
3 12  41  
 cos A  cos B  = tan1   =
5 13  41  4
cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB
3. If sin-1x + sin-1y + sin-1z = , then prove that
3 12 4 5 16 x4+y4+z4+4x2y2z2 = 2(x2y2+y2z2+z2x2).
x  x 
5 13 5 13 65 A: Let sin-1x = , sin-1y =  , sin-1z = 
16  sin = x, sin =y, sin = z
A  B  cos1
65 Now sin-1 x + sin-1y + sin-1z =  becomes
4 5 16  + +  = 
 sin1  sin1  cos1  cos ( +  ) = cos ( - )
5 13 65
 cos cos - sin sin = -cos
4 5 16
sin1  sin1  sin1  1 - x 2 1 -y 2 - xy = - 1 - z2
5 13 65
16 16  1 - x 2 1 -y 2 = xy - 1 - z 2
 cos1  sin1 Squaring on bothsides
Thus 65 65
  (1 - x2) (1 - y2) = x2y2 -2xy 1 - z2 +1-z2
 .
2  1 - x2 - y2 + x2 y2 = x2y2 -2xy 1 - z2 +1 - z2
 2xy 1 - z2 = x2 + y2 - z2
-1 -1 41 π
2. Prove that cot 9 + cosec = . Again, on squaring
4 4
4x2y2 (1-z2) = x4+y4+z4+2x2y2-2y2z2-2z2x2
1 1 1
A: cot 9  tan 4x2y2 - 2x2y2 + 2y2z2 + 2z2x2 = x4+y4+z4+4x2y2z2
9
 2(x2y2 + y2z2+z2x2) = x4+y4+z4+4x2y2z2.

InverseTrigonometric Functions 118

First Year Maths - IA

π
4. Solve sin-1 1- x  - 2sin -1x = . 4 3
2  cos A  and sinB 
5 34

A: sin 1  x  
1
 2 sin1 x 3 3
2 tan A  and tanB 
4 5
  tan A  tan B
sin  sin1 1  x    sin   2 sin1 x  Now tan(A  B) 
 2  1  tan A tan B
1 - x = cos(2 sin-1 x) 3 3

1 - x = 1 - 2 sin2 (sin-1 x)  4 5
1 - x = 1 - 2x2 3 3
1 .
2x2 - x = 0 4 5
x(2x - 1) = 0  15  12 
x = 0 (or) x = 1/2  20 
 
But x = 1/2 does not satisfy the given equation  20  9 
Hence the only solution is x = 0 only.  20 
 
27
5. Prove that 
4  7   117  11
sin -1   + sin -1   = sin -1  .
5  25   125   27 
 A  B  Tan1  
4  7   11 
Let sin1    A and sin1    B
5  25  4  3  1  27 
cos1    sin1    Tan  
5  34   11 
4 7
 sin A  and sinB 
5 25
3 24  3 5 
cos A  and cosB  7. Find the value of tan sin -1 + cos -1 .
5 25  5 34 
Now sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB 3 5
Let sin1  A and cos1 B
 4   24   3   7  5 34
       
 5   25   5   25 
3 5
96  21  sin A  and cosB 
 5 34
125
117 3 3
 tan A  and tanB  .
125 4 5
 1 3 5 
 117   tan  sin  cos 1 
 A  B  sin1    5 34 
 125 
 tan  A  B 
1 
4  7   117 
sin    sin1    sin1   tan A  tanB
5  25   125  
1  tan A tanB
3 3
4  3  -1  27 

6. Prove that cos-1   + sin-1 
 = Tan   .  4 5
5  34   11  3 3
1 .
1  4  1  3  4 5
A: Let cos    A and sin  B
5  34 
InverseTrigonometric Functions 119
First Year Maths - IA
 15  12 
 20  Now cos  2A  B 
 
 cos 2A cosB  sin 2A sinB
 20  9 
 20 
   7   5   24   12 
       
27  25   13   25   13 
 .
11 35  288

325
-1 13   -1 2 
8. Show that cot sin  = sin Tan . 323
 17   3  
325
1 13 2
A: Let sin  A and Tan1  B 323
17 3  2A  B  cos1
325
13 2 3 5 323
 sin A  and tanB  Thus 2 sin1  cos1  cos1 .
17 3 5 13 325
10.Provethat

tan
-1 1 + tan -1 1 = cot -1 201 + cot -1 18 .
7 8 43
-1 1
 tan 1
-1 -1 -1
 13  A: LHS = tan 7  tan x  tan y
LHS  cot sin1  8
 17    
1 1
= tan  7 8 
-1
 tan
-1 x+y
 cot A 1 1  1 - xy 
 1 - 7 . 8 

 
2 56
 = tan 15 x 55
-1
13 56
 2
RHS  sin  Tan1 
 3
3
 tan-1 11  
 sinB
RHS = cot 201  cot 18
-1 -1
2 43

3 = tan 43  tan-1 1
-1
 LHS  RHS 201 18
43  1
 13   1 2  = tan 201 18
-1
Thus cot  sin1   sin Tan 1 - 43 . 1
 17   3  201 18
-1 43 18 + 201
3 5 323
(

9. Prove that 2sin-1 - cos -1 = cos -1 .  tan 201 18 - 43

(

5 13 325
3
1 5  tan-1 774 + 201
3618-43
A: Let sin  A and cos1  B.
5 13 -1 975
3 5  tan
 sin A  and cosB  3575
5 13 -1 3
12  tan
11
sin 2A  2 sin A cos A and sinB 
13  LHS = RHS
3 4 -1 201
 2. . Hence tan
-1 1 -1 1 -1
5 5 7 + tan 8 = cot 43 + cot 18
24

25 *******
7
 cos 2A 
25
InverseTrigonometric Functions 120
First Year Maths - IA

9. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:
-1 1  1+ x 
tanh x = loge  
2
x + x + x + .......... .
1. ex = 1 + 1! 2! 3!
3
2  1- x 

x + x2 - x3 + ..........
e-x = 1 - 1!
 
coth -1x = 21 loge xx +- 11
2! 3! 7. sinh(x + y) = sinhx coshy + coshx sinhy
sinh (x - y) = sinhx coshy - coshx sinhy
x -x
e -e cosh(x + y) = coshx coshy + sinhx sinhy
2. sinh x = cosh(x-y) = coshx coshy - sinhx sinhy
2
tanh x  tanh y
x -x tanh(x+ y) =
e +e 1  tanh x tanh y
cosh x = tanh x  tanh y
2 tanh(x - y) =
1  tanh x tanh y
x -x x cos hx  1
e -e 8. tanh
2
 .
tanh x = x -x 2 coshx  1
e +e
1
coth x = tanh x
LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
3
1 1. If sinh x = , find cosh 2x and sinh 2x
sech x = cosh 4
x
3
A: Given that sinh x =
4
1
We know that cosh2 x - sinh2 x = 1
cosech x = sinh x  cosh2 x = 1 + sinh2 x
2
3
= 1+  
3. cosh2x - sinh2x = 1 4
9
= 1+
1 - tanh2x = sech2x 16
25
coth2x - 1 = cosech2x =
16
4. sinh 2x = 2sinhx coshx = 2 tanh x / 1 - tanh2 x 5
 cosh x = .
4
cosh 2x = cosh2x + sinh2x = 2cosh2 x - 1 = 1+ 2 Now sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
sinh2x  3  5 
= 2  
1 + tan h2 x  4  4 
=
1 - tan h2 x 15
=
tanh 2x = 2 tanhx/(1 + tanh2x) 8
cosh2 x = 1 + 2sinh2 x
5. sinh 3x = 3sinhx + 4sinh3x 2
3
cosh 3x = 4cosh3 x - 3 coshx = 1+ 2  
4
3 tanhx + tanh3 x  9 
tanh 3x = = 1+ 2  
1 + 3tan h2 x  16 
89
6. sinh-1x = loge  x + 1
2 =
+ x
  8
17
cosh-1x = loge  x - 1
2 =
+ x .
  8
Hyperbolic Functions 121
First Year Maths - IA
1 4.Prove that (cosh x - sinh x)n = cosh nx - sinh nx.
2. If sinh x = , find the value of cosh 2x + sinh 2x.
2 n
 ex + e-x ex - e-x 
A: We know that cosh x = 1+ sinh2 x A: Now (cosh x - sinh x) =  n - 
 2 2 
2
 1  e x + e-x - e x + e-x 
n
cosh x = 1+  
 2 = 
 2 
1 n
= 1+  2e-x 
4 = 
 2 
5 = e-nx - (1)
=
2 Also cosh nx - sinh nx
 cosh 2x + sinh 2x = (1 + 2sinh2 x) + 2sinh x cosh x
2 enx + e-nx  enx - e-nx 
 1  1  5  = - 
= 1+ 2   + 2     2  2
2  2   2   
enx + e-nx -enx + e-nx
=
 1  5  2
=1+ 2  +  
 4   2  2e -nx
=
2
1 5
= 1+ + = e-nx - (2)
2 2 From (1) & (2)
(cosh x - sinh x)n = coshh nx - sinh nx.
3+ 5
= .
2 5. Prove that sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x.
A: sinh 3x = sinh(2x + x)
5
3.If coshx = then find (i) cosh(2x) (ii) sinh(2x). = sinh 2x cosh x + cosh 2x sinh x
2
5 = 2sinh x cosh x cosh x + (1+2sinh2 x) sinh x
A: Give coshx = then
2 = 2sinh x (cosh2 x) + sinh x + 2sinh3 x
2
5 25  4 = 2sinh x (1 + sinh2 x) + sinh x + 2sinh3 x
sinh x  cosh2 x  1     1
2 4 = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x.
21 21
  6. Prove that cosh 3x = 4cosh3 x - 3cosh x.
4 2 A: cosh3x = cosh(2x + x)
2 = cosh 2x cosh x + sinh 2x sinh x
2 5
(i) cosh(2x)  2 cosh x  1  2    1 = (2cosh2 x - 1) cosh x + 2sinh x cosh x sinh x
 2
= 2cosh3 x - cosh x + 2cosh x sinh2 x
 25  25 23
 2   1 1
 4  2 2 = 2cosh3 x - cosh x + 2 cosh x (cosh2 x - 1)
= 4 cosh3 x - 3 cosh x.
(ii)sinh(2x)  2 sinh x cosh x
5  21  5 21 3
 2. .   7. Prove that tanh 3x = 3tanh x + tanh x
2  2  2 1 + 3tanh2 x
A: tanh 3x = tanh(2x + x)

tanh 2x + tanh x
=
1+ tanh 2x tanh x 122
Hyperbolic Functions
First Year Maths - IA
LEVEL - II (VSAQ)
2tanh x
+ tanh x
1 + tanh 2
x 1. Prove that cosh2x - sinh2x = 1.
= A: LHS = cosh2x - sinh2x
 2tanh x 
1+   (tanh x) 2 2
 1+ tanh2 x   ex  ex   ex  e x 
   
 2   2 
2tanh x + tanh x + tanh3 x
=
e   e   ex
   e   2 ex ex 
2 2 2 2
x
1+ tanh2 x + 2tanh2 x
x
 2 ex ex x

  
4  4 
3tanh x + tanh3 x  
= .
1+ 3tanh2 x e2x  e2x  2  e2x  e2x  2 4
   1  RHS
8. Prove that sinh(x - y) = sinhx coshy - coshx sinhy 4 4
A: sinh x cosh y - cosh x sinh y.
 ex - e-x  ey + e-y   ex + e-x  e y - e-y  2. Prove that 1 - tanh2x = sech2x.
=   -    A: LHS = 1 - tanh2x
 2  2 2  2
     

ex+y - e-x+y +ex-y - e-x-y - [ex+y +e-x+y - ex-y - e-x-y ]

   
2 2
=  ex  ex 
2
ex  ex  ex  ex
4  1  x x 

 
2
e e  ex  ex
2[ex-y - e-x+y ]
=
e   e     e 
 2ex ex   ex  2 ex ex 
2 2 2 2
4 x x x

e x-y - e-(x-y)  
= 
e  e 
2
x x
2
= sinh(x - y)
2
 sinh(x - y) = sinh x cosh y - cosh x sinh y..  
4 2
  x   sech2x  RHS
9. If sinh x = 3, then show that x = log e (3 + 10 ) . ex
 ex 
2
 
 e  ex  

A: Given that sinh x = 3
 x = sinh-1 3  sinh-1 x = loge (x + x2 +1) 3.Prove that (cosh x + sinh x)n
= cosh (nx) + sinh (nx).
= log(3 + 32 +1)

= log(3 + 10) .
A: LHS   cosh x  sin h x n
1 1 -1
10. Show that tanh = loge 3 . n
2 2  ex  ex ex  ex 
  
A: We know that tanh-1x =
1  1+ x   2 2 
loge  
2  1- x  n
 ex  ex  ex  ex 
 1  
-1 1 1  1+ 2   2 
 tanh = log    
2 2  1- 1  n
   2 ex 
 2  
 3   2 
 2 
1
 log      e nx  
2  1 
  2  
 
1
 loge3 .
2
Hyperbolic Functions 123
First Year Maths - IA
RHS  cosh nx  sinh nx
2xet = (et)2 -1
nx nx nx  nx
e e e e
  (et)2 - 2xet - 1 = 0.
2 2
enx  enx  enx  enx 2x + 4x 2 + 4
  et =
2 2
nx
2e
 2x ± 2 x 2 + 1
2 =
2
 enx   = x± x2 +1

From  and  (coshx + sinhx) = cosh nx + sinh nx.

n
et  x  x 2  1  et > 0

4. Prove that cosh4x - sinh4x = cosh(2x). By the definition of logarithm,

A: LHS = cosh4x - sinh4x t = loge(x + x2  1 )

= (cosh2x)2 - (sinh2x)2  sinh-1x = loge(x + x 2  1 ).
= (cosh2x + sinh2x) (cosh2x - sinh2x)
7. For any x  [1, ), prove that
= [cosh(2x)] (1) = cosh(2x) = RHS.
cosh-1 x = loge(x + x2 - 1 )
5. Prove that A: Let cosh-1 x = t
cosh (x + y) = cosh x . cosh y + sinh x . sinh y.  x = cosh t
A: RHS = cosh x . cosh y + sinh x . sinh y
et + e-t
x=
2
 e x  e  x   e y  e  y   e x  e x   e y  e  y 
      2x = et 
1
 2  2   2  2  et
 e x e y  e x e  y  e x ey  e  x e y   2xet = (et)2 + 1
   (et)2 - 2xet + 1 = 0.
 4 
2x ± 4x 2 - 4
 ex e y  ex e y  e x ey  e x e y  et =
  2
 4 
2x ± 2 x 2 - 1
=
x y
2e e  2e e 2 e x  y  e( x  y) 
x y
2
 
4 4
 x  x2  1
xy ( x  y)
e e
  cosh(x  y)  LHS
2 Since x  [1, ), et  1

 et = x + x 2 - 1
6. Prove that sinh -1x = log(x + x 2 + 1) , for x R.
A: Let sinh-1 x = t t = loge (x + x 2 - 1)
 x = sin ht
 cosh1 x = loge (x + x2 - 1) .
et - e-t
x=
2
1
 2x = et 
et
Hyperbolic Functions 124
First Year Maths - IA

-1 1  1+ x  10.If coshx = sec then prove that

8. Prove that tanh x = loge   for x (-1, 1)
2  1- x  x θ
tanh2 = tan2 .
A: Let tanh x = t -1
2 2
 x = tanh t
x cosh x  1 sec θ  1
et - e-t tanh2
 
x= 2 cosh x  1 sec θ  1
et + e-t 1 θ
1 2 sin2
1 e t + e-t A: cos θ 1  cosθ 2  tan2 θ
 =  
x e t - e-t 1 1  cos θ θ 2
1 2 cos2
By componendo and dividendo, cos θ 2

1  x et + e-t  e t  e  t 11. Verify sinhx, coshx are even or odd.

 =
1  x e t + e-t  et  e  t
ex  e  x
(i) sinh x 
2et A: 2
=  ex  e x 
e x  e x
 sinh  x  
-t
2e      sinh x
= e2t 2  2 
By the definition of logarithm,
 1+ x   sinh(  x)   sinh x
2t = loge  
 1- x   sinh x is an odd function
1  1+ x 
t = loge   ex  e x
2  1- x  (ii)cosh x 
1  1+ x  2
 tanh-1x = log  .
2  1- x  e x  ex e x  e x
 cosh(  x)    cosh x
2 2
cothx cothy - 1 cos(-x) = coshx  coshx is an even function.
9.Prove that coth(x - y) =
cothy - cothx

 ex  e x   e y  e y 
12.If sinhx = 5 then show that x = loge 5 + 26 .  
 x x   y y 
1 A: Given that sinhx = 5
e  e  e  e 
A:

 e y  e y   e x  e x 
 y  x
2

x = sinh-1 (5) = loge 5  5  1 
y  x 
e  e  e  e 
Hence, x = loge 5   26 
e x
 e x  e y
 
 e y  e x  e x  e y
 e y 

e x
e x
 e y
e y
  e x
e x
 e y
e y
  e 
 sinh1 x  log x  x 2  1 
 



e x e y  e x e  y  e  x e y  e x e  y  e x e y  e x e  y  e  x e y  e  x e  y 
e x e y  e x e  y  e  x e y  e  x e y e e x y
 e x e y  e x e y  e  x e y 
2e x e y  2e  x e y ex  y  e(x  y)
 
2e x e y  2e x e y ex  y  e( x  y )
 coth(x  y)  LHS.
Hyperbolic Functions 125
First Year Maths - IA
tanhx tanhx θ
13. Prove that + = - cosechx . 1  tan
sechx - 1 sechx +1 2

θ
tanh x tanh x 1  tan
A: LHS =  2
sec hx  1 sec hx  1
eu + e-u
tanh x(sec h x  1)  tanh x(sec h x  1)  cosh u =
 2
(sec h x  1)(sec h x  1)
  
1 + tan 1 - tan 
tanh x sec h x  tanh x  tanh x sec h x  tanh x 1 2 2
=  + 
 2  
sec h2 x  1 1 - tan 1 + tan 
 2 2 
2  
2
  
2
  1  tan    1  tan  
2 tanh x sec h x 2 sec h x cosh x 1  2  2 
   = 
2  tanh x  sinh x   
 tanh x 2
 1  tan2 
cosh x  2 

  2  
2  2  1  tan 2  
   2cosec h x  RHS 1  
sinh x = 
2 2  
 1  tan 2 
 
coshx sinhx 1
14.Prove that + =
1 - tanhx 1 - cothx cos
= sinhx+coshx, for x  0. = sec.
cosh x sinh x

A:
1  tanh x 1  coth x ******
cosh x sinh x
 
sinh x cosh x
1 1
cosh x sinh x

cosh2 x sinh2 x
 
cosh x  sinh x sinh x  cosh x

cosh2 x  sinh2 x

cosh x  sinh x
 cosh x  sinh x.

 
15. If u = loge tan  +  then prove that
4 2
cosh u = sec .
π θ
A: Given that u = loge tan  + 
 4 2
π θ
 eu  tan  + 
 4 2

Hyperbolic Functions 126

First Year Maths - IA

10. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES

DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:
7) Area of the triangle
1) Sine rule :
1 1 1
a b c = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C
In a ABC, = = =2R where R is the 2 2 2
sinA sinB sinC
circum radius of ABC. abc
=
4R
2) Cosine Rule :
a2= b2+c2 - 2bc cos A  = s(s - a) (s - b) (s - c)

b2 = c2+a2 - 2ca cos B 2

Δ = 2R sin A sinB sinC = rr1 r2 r3
c = a +b -2ab cos C
2 2 2 8) In a ABC, if r is the radius of the incircle
r = /s
3) Projection Rule :
r=(s-a) tan A/2 = (s-b) tan B/2 = (s-c) tan C/2
a = b cos C + c cos B
r=4R sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2
b = c cos A + a cos C
c = a cos B + b cos A 9) If r 1 is the radius of the excircle opposite to
the vertex A
B-C b-c Δ B
4) Tangent Rule : tan = cot A r1 = = s tan A/2 = (s - b) cot C/2 = (s - c) cot
2 b+c 2
s-a 2

5) Mollweide’s Rule : r1 = 4 R sin A/2 cos B/2 cos C/2

Similarly formulae can be written for r2 and r3.
 A -B
cos  
a+b  2  1 1 1 1
=
C 10) r + r + r  r
c
sin 1 2 3
2
r r1 r 2 r 3 =  2 .
 A -B 
sin  
a-b
=
 2  LEVEL - I (SAQ)
c C
cos
2
1. In ABC, prove that b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca cos B.
Y
3 In a  ABC, sin
A  s - b  s - c  A:
=
2 bc
A(c cosB, c sinB)

A s s-a  c b
cos =
2 bc

X
B(0, 0) a C(a, 0)
A (s - b)(s - c)  (s - b) (s - c)
tan = = =
2 Δ s(s - a) s(s - a) Take the vertex B of ABC as orgiin and its side
BC along X-axis as shown in the figure.
A s(s - a) Then B = (0, 0), C = (a, 0)
cot =
2 
137
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA
s s-c = 7k  c = 8k
= [s - a + s - b + s - c]
Δ a : b : c = 12k : 10k : 8k
s
= [3s - (a + b + c)] = 12 : 10 : 8
Δ
=6:5:4
s
= [3s - 2s]
Δ
9. Show that
s
= .s
Δ A B C ab + bc + ca - s2
s2 tan + tan + tan = .
= = RHS. 2 2 2 Δ
Δ
A B C
a 2  b2  c 2 A.: tan + tan + tan
7. Show that cotA + cotB + cotC = . 2 2 2
4
  
A.  cosA + cosB + cosC =  
sinA sinB sinC s(s  a) s(s  b) s(s  c)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= b +c - a + c +a - b + a +b - c  (s  b)(s  c)  (s  a)(s  c)  (s  a)(s  b) 
2bc sinA 2ca sinB 2bc sinC
= 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2  s(s  a).(s  b).(s  c) 
= b +c - a + c +a - b + a +b - c
4Δ 4Δ 4Δ
 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = [s -sb-sc+bc+s2-sa-sc+ac+s2-as-bs+ab]
= b +c - a + c +a - b +a +b - c 2
4Δ
1
 a +b
2 2+ c2
4 . = [3s2 - 2s(a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca]

1
8. In ABC, if cot A B C
2 : cot 2 : cot 2 = 3 : 5 : 7, = [3s2 - 4s2 + bc + ac + ab]

show that a : b : c = 6 : 5 : 4.
C ab  bc  ac  s2
A: Given cot A B
2 : cot 2 : cot 2 = 3 : 5 : 7 =

s s-a s s-b s s-c L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(

)
(

)
(

  :
 :
 =3:5:7
9. In ABC. show that
 s-a : s-b : s-c = 3 : 5 : 7

Let k be the proportionality constant (b-c)2 cos2 A 2 2 A

2 +(b+c) sin 2 = a .
2

 s-a = 3k, s-b = 5k, s-c = 7k A. In ABC, (b-c)2 cos2 A 2 A

2 + (b+c) sin 2
2

on addition, we get
= (b2 + c2 -2bc) cos2 A 2 A
2 + (b + c + 2bc)sin 2
2 2

s-a + s-b + s-c = 3k+5k+7k

= (b2 + c2) [cos2 A 2 A
2 + sin 2 ]
 3s-(a+b+c) = 15k
 3s -2s = 15k - 2bc [cos2 A 2 A
2 - sin 2 ]
s = 15k = b2 + c2 -2bc cosA
= a2
s-a = 3k  a = 12k
 (b - c)2 cos2 A 2 A
2 + (b+c) sin 2 = a .
2 2

s-b = 5k  b = 10k

139
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First Year Maths - IA
13(a). If a = (b + c) cos , then prove that
2R sin A 2R sinB 2R sin C
  
2 bc A cos A cosB cos B
sinθ = cos 
b+c 2
sin A sinB sin C
  
b 2 - c 2 sin B - C  cos A cosB cosB
14. In ABC, show that =
a2 sin B + C  .  tan A  tan B  tan C
A = B = C
b2  c 2 ABC is an equilateral triangle.
A: In ABC,
a2
1 1 1 1 a2 + b2 + c 2
 2R sinB    2R sinC  18. Show that r 2 + r 2 + r 2 + r 2 =
2 2
Δ2 .
 1 2 3
 2R sin A 
2

A: We know that r =  Δ Δ Δ
s , r1 = s-a , r2 = s-b , r3 = s-c .



4R 2 sin2 B  sin2 C  1 + 1+ 1 + 1
4R sin A2 2 Now r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2
1 2 3

sinA  sin 180 0

 B  C   sin B  C   s 
2 s-a 2 s-b 2 s-c 2

)
(

)
(

)
 
Δ2 Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ2
sin B  C  sin B  C 
 1
= [s2 + (s-a)2 + (s-b)2 + (s-c)2]
sin2 B  C  Δ2
1
sin B  C  =
Δ2
[s2+s2 -2as+a2 +s2 -2bs+b2 +s2 - 2cs+c2]
 .
sin B  C  1
= [4s2 - 2s (a +b+c)+a2+b2+c2]
Δ2
15. Show that 1
= [4s2 -2s(2s) + a2+b2+c2]
cos A cos B cos C a + b + c 2 2 2 Δ2
+ + = .
a b c 2abc a2 + b2 + c 2
= .
Δ2
cos A cos B cos C
A: + +
a b c 19. Prove that 4(r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1) = (a+b+c)2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b +c -a c +a -b a +b -c Now 4(r1 r2 + r2r3 + r3r1)
= + +
2abc 2cab 2cab
b 2 + c 2 - a 2 + c 2 + a 2 - b 2 + a 2 + b2 - c 2  4   .    .    .  
=  s-a s-b s-b s-c s-c s-a 
2abc
2  
a2 + b2 + c 2  4  1  1  1

= .  (s-a) (s-b) (s-b) (s-c) (s-c) (s-a) 
2abc
2  
 4  s - c + s - b + s - a 
 (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
a b c 2  3s-(a+b+c) 
16. If cos A = cos B = cos C , then show that  4  
 (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
ABC is an equilateral. 2  
 4  s .s

a b c  s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
A. Given that cos A  cos B  cos C

141
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

 4R sin A B C A B C  2R 2  2 sin A cos A  2 sinB cosB  2 sin C cos C 

2 cos 2 cos 2 - 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 =2R
C C  2R 2  sin 2A  sin 2B  sin 2C 
 4R sin A B B
2 [cos 2 cos 2 - sin 2 sin 2 ] = 2R
 2R2 2 sin  A  B  cos  A  B   2 sinCcos C
A
 4R sin 2


B+C 
cos 2  = 2R 
 
 2R2  2 sin 1800  C cos  A  B   2 sin Ccos C
 
 sin2 A 1
2 = 2
 2R 2 2 sin C cos  A  B   cos C
1
 sin A
2 = 2
 
 2R 2  2 sin C cos  A  B   cos 180 0   A  B  
  
 A2 = 45
0
 2R2  2 sin C cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
 A = 900
Hence the triangle is right angled at A.  2R2 .2sinC.2sin A sinB
1
25. If A, A1, A2, A3 are the areas of incircle and   2R sin A  2R sinB  2R sinC 
excircles of a triangle respectively, then prove
R
1 + 1 + 1 = 1 abc
 .
that A A A A . R
1 2 3
A: If r, r1, r2, r3 are the inradius and exradii of the circles
of a triangle respectively, then 27.If cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1, then show that
A = r2, A1=r12, A2 = r22, A3 = r32 ABC is right angled.
A: Given cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1........(1)
 A = π . r, A 1 = π . r1 ,  cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C
A2 = π . r2 , A 3 = π . r3 = cos2 A + cos2 B + 1 - sin2 C
= 1 + cos2 A + cos(B + C) cos (B - C)

1  1  1 = 1 + cos2 A - cos A cos (B - C)
A1 A2 A3
= 1 + cos A [cos A - cos (B - C)]
 1  1  1 = 1 - cos A [cos (B + C) + cos(B - C)]
 .r1  .r2  .r3 = 1 - 2cos A cosB cos C
 1  s-a  s-b  s-c  ( A + B + C = , cos (B + C) = - cos A).
       1 - 2 cos A cos B cos C = 1
1  3 s - (a + b + c)   2 cos A cos B cos C = 0

     A = 900 or B = 900 or C = 900.
 1  3 s - 2s  ABC is right angled.
   

 1 s
    a 2  b2 sin C
28.If  , prove that ABC is
1 .1 a b
2 2
sin(A  B)

 r either isosceles or right angled.
 1 .
A a 2  b2 sin C
A: Given 
a b
2 2
sin(A  B)
abc
26. Show that a2 cotA + b2cotB + c2 cotC = . a2  b2 sin(A  B)
R  
A: a2 cotA + b2cotB + c2 cotC a2  b2 sin(A  B)
cos A 2 cosB 2 cos C By componendo and dividendo
  2R sin A    2R sinB    2R sinC 
2

sin A sinB sin C a 2  b 2  a2  b2 sin(A  B)  sin(A  B)

 
2 2
 4R sinAcosA  4R sinBcosB  4R sinCcosC 2
a b  a b
2 2
 2 2
 sin(A  B)  sin(A  B)

143
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

1 (a+b+c)+ R (sin2A+sin2B+sin2C)
=2 1 A B C
2 1- 2 sin sin sin
= 
r 2 2 2 
= If A+B+C = 1800, sin2A+sin2B+sin2C
= 4sinA sinB sinC
1  2R A B C
=s+ R 1- 2 sin sin sin
2 4sinA sinB sinC
= 
r  2R 2 2 2 
1 (2R2 sinA sinB sinC)
=s+ R 1 r 
1-
= 
r  2R 

=s+ R (  2R2 sinA sinB sinC = .) 1 1 r
= - .
r r 2R
r1 r2 r
4. In ABC, prove that + + 3 = 1- 1 . 1 1
bc ca ab r 2R = - .
r r2 r r 2R
A: In ABC, 1 + ca + 3
bc ab
5. Show that, in triangle ABC,
ar1+br2 +cr3 r
 abc sin2 A 2B 2 C
2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 1 - 2R .
A
 
1  2R sin A  s tan A
abc  2  A: In ABC, sin2 2 +sin2 B 2 C
2 + sin 2 .
sin A = 1 - cos A + sin B + sin C
2 2 2
 2RS  2 sin A cos A . 2 2 2 2
abc 2 2
cos A
2
2 A B 2 C
= 1 -  cos - sin2  + sin
 4RS  sin2 A  2 2 2
abc 2

abc 
 4RS sin2 A  sin2 B  sin2 C
2 2 2  = 1- cos 
 A B A B
+  cos  -  + sin
 2 2  2 2
2 C

2
 4RS 1 - cos2 A  sin2 B  sin2 C  C  A B 2 C
4R  2 2 2
= 1- sin cos  -  + sin
2  2 2 2
 
1 A B 2 C
1 -  cos2 - sin2  + sin
= 
Δ/s  2 2 2  C  A B C
= 1- sin  cos  2 - 2  - sin 
2 2
1 A B  A B 2 C
1- cos  +  cos  -  + sin
 2 
 
=  2 2  2 2 C
r  A B A B
= 1- sin cos  -  - cos  + 
2  2 2  2 2
1 C  A B 2 C C A B
= 1- sin cos  2 - 2  + sin
r 2 2  = 1- sin 2 sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
1 C A B C  = 1- 2 sin sin sin
= 1- sin  cos  2 - 2  - sin   2 2 2
r 2 2  2R A B C
= 1- 2 sin sin sin
2R 2 2 2
1
= 1- sin
r
C
2 
 A B
2 2 
A B 
cos  -  - cos  + 
 2 2 

 = 1-
r
2R
.

1 C A B
1- sin 2 sin sin
= 
r 2 2 2 

145
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First Year Maths - IA
9. If r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6 and r = 1, prove that a = 3, = 4R2sinA sinB[1-cos2 C
2]
b = 4 and c = 5.
A: Given that r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6 and r = 1. = 4R2 sinA sinB sin2 C
2
We know that 2 = r r1 r2 r3.
2 = 1(2) (3) (6) = 36 = 62 ab - r1 r2 4R2  2sin A

cos A   2sinB cosB  sin2 C
 =
2 2  2 2 2
r3 4Rcos A cosB sinC
 2 2 2
  6 but r 
s C
= 4R sin A B
2 sin 2 sin 2
 rs = 6.
 (1) (s) = 6. =r
s=6 Similarly, we can show that
bc-r2 r3 ca-r3 r1
 r1  r2 r
Now r1 
sa
ab-r1 r2 bc-r2 r3 ca-r3 r1
6 Hence r3  r1  r2 .
 6a  3
2
a  6  3  3 11. If p1, p2, p3 are the altitudes drawn from vertices
A, B, C to the opposite sides of a triangle
 respectively, then show that
Also r2 
sb 1 1 1 1 (abc)
2
+ + =
i) p p2 p 3 r ii) p1p2p3 = 8R 3

 sb  1
r2 1 1 1 cotA + cotB + cotC
iii) 2
+ 2+ 2 = .
6 p1 p 2 p 3 Δ
 6b  2
3 A: Given that p1, p2 , p3 are the altitudes drawn from
vertices A, B, C to the opposite sides of ABC.
 b624 1 1 1
= ap1 = bp2 = cp3
 2 2 2
and r3  p1 =
2
, p2 =
2
, p3 =
2
sc a b c
1 1 1
 + + a b c
 sc  i) p p p =
2 
+
2 
+
2 
r3 1 2 3
a+b+c
=
6 2
 6c  1 2s
6 =
2
c  6 1 5
1 1
 a = 3, b = 4, c = 5. =
  
s
=
r
.

10. Show that

ab-r1 r2 bc-r2 r3 ca-r3 r1
r3 = r1 = r2 . ii) p1p2p3 =    
2
a
2
b
2
c
A: Now ab - r1r2 = (2R sinA) (2R sinB) - 8 3
=
(4R sin A B C A B C abc
2 cos 2 cos 2 ) (4R cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 )

ab - r1r2 = 4R2 sinA sinB - 4R2 cos2 C A A

=8   
abc 3
4R
1
abc
2 (2sin 2 cos 2 ) 8(abc)2
=
(2sin B B
2 cos 2 )
64R3
(abc)2
= 4R2 sinA sinB - 4R2 cos2 C
2 sinA sinB
= .
8R3
147
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA
(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) (s b)(s c) (s a)(s c) (s a)(s b)
= 4R  , ,
abc
bc ac ab
s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
 4R  abc = 4R are in H.P.
s 4R 
2 bc ac ab
   , ,
s. (s b)(s c) (s a)(s c) (s a)(s b)
 
s are in A.P.
= r. (s a)(s b)(s c)
Multiply each by we get
abc
B - C
3. Prove that  r + r1  tan  =0. sa sb sc
 2   , , are in A.P..
B - C a b c
A: Now   r + r1 tan  
 2  s s s
 , , are in A.P..
a b c
B - C 
=       tan  
 s s-a   2  1 1 1
 , , are in A.P..
B - C
=    1  1  tan  
a b c
 s s-a   2   a, b, c are in H.P.

  b-c A
=   s - a + s  cot A 5 c 2
s s-a  b+c 2 6. If tan = and tan  determine the
(


2 6 2 5

 b +c
  b - c  s s-a relation between a,b,c.
(

=  
s s-a  
(

b+c A 5 c 2
A: Given that tan = and tan 
2 6 2 5
  b  c 
A c  5  2  1
bc c aab then tan .tan      
2 2  6  5  3
 0.
(s  b)(s  c) (s  b)(s  a) 1
 
A B C s(s  a) s(s  c) 3
4. If cot , cot , cot are in A.P., then prove
2 2 2
that a, b, c are in A.P. sb 1
   3s  3b  s
s 3
A B C
A: cot , cot , cot are in A.P.. s = 3b  a+b+c = 3b
2 2 2
 a+c = 2b  a,b,c are in H.P..
s s  a s  s  b s  s  c 
 , , are in A.P..
   7. If rr2  r1r3 , then find B.
 (s - a), (s - b), (s - c) are in A.P.
- a, - b, - c are in A.P. A: Given that rr2  r1r3
a, b, c are in A.P.
   
.  .
2 A B C s sb sa s c
5. If sin , sin2 , sin2 are in H.P., then show
2 2 2
(s  c)(s  a)
that a, b, c are in H.P. ( s - a )( s - c ) = s( s - b ) = 1
s(s  a)
2 A B C
A: Given sin , sin2 , sin2 are in H.P..
2 2 2 B B
 tan
2
 1 then tan  1  45 
2 2

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Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

PQ
sin450 =
AP
 PQ = AP sin 450

=15 2  3 +1 x 1
2

= 15  
3 +1 m

Height of the tower  15  

3 1 m.

th
3
Extend the line AB to D such that 3. The upper portion of a vertical pole
4
BAQ  300  DBC 3
-1
subtends an angle Tan   at a point in
PAB  450  300  150 5
the horizontal plane through its foot and at
Now
PBD  600  300  300 a distance of 40m from the foot. Given that
APB  1800  300  1500 the vertical pole is at a height of less than
100 m from the ground, find its height.
 In  ABP

APB  180 0  150 0  15 0  15 0
From  ABP (Apply sin rule)
30 AP  1
  sin 180  30   sin 30  
0 0 0
0
sin15 sin1500  2

30 30 1
 AP = xsin300 = x
sin15 0
 3 -1  2
 
 2 2 

1 2 2
 AP = 30 x x In the figure, BD represents the height of the
2 3 -1 vertical pole and A is the point of observation.

30 2 3 +1 1  3 
= x Given that AB = 40m and  = Tan  .
3 -1 3 +1 5
3
   tanβ 
15
30 2 3 +1 5
=
2 h/4 h
Now in ABC, tan α  
40 160
= 15 2  
3 +1 metres
h
In ABD, tan  α  β  
40
From APQ
tan α  tan β h
 
1  tan α tan β 40
151
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

 1800  C   A B Also r2  r3

 2cos   cos    cosC
 2   2  A B C A B C
 4Rcos sin cos  4Rcos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
C  A B 2 C
A B C
 2 sin cos    1  2 sin 2 C B
2  2   4R cos sin cos  cos sin 
2 2 2 2 2
C  A B C A B C
 1  2 sin  cos    sin   4R cos sin  
2  2  2 2  2 
A A
C  A B  A  B   4R cos cos
 1  2 sin  cos    cos   2 2
2  2   2 
A
C A B  4R cos2 .
 1  2 sin .2 sin sin 2
2 2 2 2 A A A
  r2  r3  sec  4R cos2 sec 2  4R 
A B C 2 2 2
 1  4 sin sin sin Similarly, we can prove that
2 2 2
B
A B
4Rsin sin sin
C r3  r1  sec 2  4R 
2
 1 2 2 2
R Combining , ,  we get
r
 1 . C A B
R r1  r2  sec 2  r2  r3  sec 2   r3  r1  sec 2
2 2 2
7. Show that r1(r2 + r3 )
8. Prove that =a.
r1 r2 + r2r3 + r3r1
C A B
r1 + r2  sec 2 = r2 + r3  sec 2 =  r3 + r1  sec 2 . A: Consider r1 r2 + r2r3 + r3r1
2 2 2
 .    .    . 
 s-a
Now r1  r2 s-b s-b s-c s-c s-a
A B C A B C  
 4R sin cos cos  4R cos sin cos  2 1 1 1
 (s-a) (s-b)  (s-b) (s-c)  (s-c) (s-a) 
2 2 2 2 2 2  
s - c + s - a + s - b
 4R cos
C A B A B
sin cos  cos sin 
 2  (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
 
2  2 2 2 2
 
C  A B  2 3s-2s
 (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
 4R cos sin   
2 
 2   
 2 s .s
 s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
C  180  C 
0  
 4R cos sin   2
2  2   2 . s2

C C 2
 4R cos cos s
2 2
C Also r1 (r2 + r3)
 4R cos2
2     

s-a  s-b  s-c 
C C C
  r1  r2  sec 2  4R cos2 sec 2  4R  2  s-c+s-b 
2 2 2 
s-a  (s-b) (s-c) 

 s .2 a
s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c)
153
Properties of Triangles