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Permutations and Combinations, Probability
1. If the probability that Stock A will increase in value during the next month is 0.54, and the
probability that Stock B will increase in value during the next month is 0.68. What is the greatest
value for the probability that neither of these two events will occur?
A. 0.22 B. 0.32 C. 0.37 D. 0.46 E. 0.63

2. Ms. Barton has four children. You are told correctly that she has at least two girls but you are not
told which two of her four children are those girls. What is the probability that she also has two
boys? (Assume that the probability of having a boy is the same as the probability of having a girl.)
(A) ¼ (B) 3/8 (C) 5/11 (D) ½ (E) 6/11

3. How many different 5-person teams can be formed from a group of x individuals?
(1) If there had been x + 2 individuals in the group, exactly 126 different 5-person teams could
have been formed.
(2) If there had been x + 1 individuals in the group, exactly 56 different 3-person teams could
have been formed.

4. Right triangle PQR is to be constructed in the xy–plane so that the right angle is at P and PR is
parallel to the x–axis. The x and Y coordinates of P, Q, and R are integers that satisfy the
inequalities –4≤ X≤ 5 and 6≤ y≤ 16. How many different triangles with these properties could be
constructed?
A. 110 B. 1100 C. 9900 D. 10000 E. 12100

5. A box contains 100 balls, numbered from 1 to 100. If three balls are selected at random and with
replacement from the box, what is the probability that the sum of the three numbers on the balls
selected from the box will be odd?
A. ¼ B. 3/8 C. ½ D. 5/8 E. ¾
𝑥
6. If x is to be selected at random from T, what is the probability that 4 − 5 ≤ 0?
(1) T is a set of 8 integers.
(2) T is contained in the set of integers from 1 to 25, inclusive.

7. A magician has five animals in his magic hat: 3 doves and 2 rabbits. If he pulls two animals out
of the hat at random, what is the chance that he will have a matched pair?
A. 2/5 B. 3/5 C. 1/5 D. ½ E. 7/5

8. If two of the four expressions x + y, x + 5y, x – y, and 5x – y are chosen at random, what is the
probability that their product will be of the form of x2 –(by)2, where b is an integer?
A. 1/2
B. 1/3
C. 1/4
D. 1/5
E. 1/6

9. If an integer n is to be selected at random from 1 to 100, inclusive, what is probability n(n+1)

will be divisible by 4?
A. ¼ B. 1/3 C. ½ D. 2/3 E. ¾

10. A photographer will arrange 6 people of 6 different heights for photograph by placing them in
two rows of three so that each person in the first row is standing in front of someone in the
second row. The heights of the people within each row must increase from left to right, and each
person in the second row must be taller than the person standing in front of him or her. How
many such arrangements of the 6 people are possible?
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 24 (E) 36
11. A palindrome is a number which reads the same when read forward as it does when read
backward. How many 5–digit palindromes are there?
(A) 720 (B) 800 (C) 890 (D) 900 (E) 950

12. Of the three–digit positive integers whose three digits are all different and nonzero, how many
are odd integers greater than 700?
(A) 84 (B) 91 (C) 100 (D) 105 (E) 243

13. Of the three–digit integers greater than 700, how many have two digits that are equal to each
other and the remaining digit different from the other two?
(A) 90 (B) 82 (C) 80 (D) 45 (E) 36

14. How many integers between 0 and 1570 have a prime tens digit and a prime units digit?
(A) 295 (B) 252 (C) 236 (D) 96 (E) 76

15. A credit card number has 6 digits (between 1 to 9). The first two digits are 12 in that order, the
third digit is bigger than 6, the fourth is divisible by 3 and the fifth digit is 3 times the sixth. How
many different credit card numbers exist?
A. 27 B. 36 C. 72 D. 112 E. 422

16. How many positive integers less than 10,000 can be formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and
8?
A. 5000 B. 4096 C. 6560 D. 4095 E. 8000

17. How many four–digit positive integers can be formed by using the digits from 1 to 9 so that two
digits are equal to each other and the remaining two are also equal to each other but different
from the other two ?
A. 400 B. 1728 C. 108 D. 216 E. 432

18. How many positive integers of four different digits, each greater than 3000, can be formed with
the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6?
A. 240 B. 1728 C. 108 D. 216 E. 432

19. How many positive integers of three different digits, each less than 400 can be formed from the
digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6?
A. 60 B. 1728 C. 108 D. 216 E. 432

20. A 5–digit code consists of one number digit chosen from 1, 2, 3 and four letters chosen from A,
B, C, D, E. If the first and last digit must be a letter digit and each digit can appear more than once
in a code, how many different codes are possible?
A. 375 B. 625 C. 1,875 D. 3,750 E. 5,625

21. A 4–letter code word consists of letters A, B, and C. If the code includes all the three letters, how
many such codes are possible?
A. 72 B. 48 C. 36 D. 24 E. 18

22. Of the three–digit integers greater than 600, how many have two digits that are equal to each
other and the remaining digit different from the other two?
(A) 120 (B) 116 (C) 108 (D) 107 (E) 72

23. How many 3-digit integers can be chosen such that none of the digits appear more than twice
and none of the digits equal zero?
A. 729 B. 720 C. 648 D. 640 E. 576
24. How many different 7–digit numbers are there the sum of whose digits are even?
A. ½ * 9 * 106 B. 9 * 106 C. 106 D. 107 E. None of these

25. Six cards numbered from 1 to 6 are placed in an empty bowl. First one card is drawn and then
put back into the bowl; then a second card is drawn. If the cards are drawn at random and if the
sum of the numbers on the cards is 8, what is the probability that one of the two cards drawn is
numbered 5?
A. 1/6 B. 1/5 C. 1/3 D. 2/5 E. 2/3

26. If a committee of 3 people is to be selected from among 5 married couples so that the committee
does not include two people who are married to each other, how many such committees are
possible?
A. 20 B. 40 C. 50 D. 80 E. 120

27. A company plans to assign identification numbers to its employees. Each number is to consist of
four different digits from 0 to 9, inclusive, except that the first digit cannot be 0. How many
different identification numbers are possible?
(A) 3,024 (B) 4,536 (C) 5,040 (D) 9,000 (E) 10,000

28. A basket contains 5 apples, of which 1 apple is spoiled and the rest are good. If you select 2 apples
simultaneously and at random, what is the probability that the 2 apples will include the spoiled
apple?
(A) 1/5 (B) 3/10 (C) 2/5 (D) 1/2 (E) 3/5

29. In how many ways can a teacher write an answer key for a mini-quiz that contains 3 true-false
questions followed by 2 multiples-choice questions with 4 answer choices each, if the correct
answers to all true-false questions cannot be the same?
96 24 48 60 72

30. Six mobsters have arrived at the theater for the premiere of the film “Goodbuddies.” One of the
mobsters, Frankie, is an informer, and he's afraid that another member of his crew, Joey, is on to
him. Frankie, wanting to keep Joey in his sights, insists upon standing behind Joey in line at the
concession stand. How many ways can the six arrange themselves in line such that Frankie’s
requirement is satisfied?
6 24 120 360 720

31. If the probability of rain on any given day in Chicago during the summer is 50%, independent of
what happens on any other day, what is the probability of having exactly 3 rainy days from July
4 through July 8, inclusive?
(A) 1/32 (B) 2/25 (C) 5/16 (D) 8/25 (E) ¾

32. A small, experimental plane has three engines, one of which is redundant. That is, as long as two
of the engines are working, the plane will stay in the air. Over the course of a typical flight, there
is a 1/3 chance that engine one will fail. There is a 75% probability that engine two will work.
The third engine works only half the time. What is the probability that the plane will crash in any
given flight?
(A) 7/12 (B) ¼ (C) ½ (D) 7/24 (E) 17/24
33. At a certain car dealership, the 40 vehicles equipped with air conditioning represent 80% of all
cars available for sale. Among all the cars, there are 15 convertibles, 14 of which are equipped
with an air-conditioning system. If a customer is willing to purchase either a convertible or a car
equipped with air conditioning, what is the probability that a randomly selected vehicle will fit
customer specifications?
21/50 31/50 37/50 41/50 47/50

34. Sammy has x flavors of candies with which to make goody bags for Frank's birthday party.
Sammy tosses out y flavors, because he doesn't like them. How many different 10-flavor bags
can Sammy make from the remaining flavors? (It doesn't matter how many candies are in a bag,
only how many flavors).
(1) If Sammy had thrown away 2 additional flavors of candy, he could have made exactly
3,003 different 10-flavor bags.
(2) x = y + 17

35. The 4 sticks in a complete bag of Pick-Up Sticks are all straight-line segments of negligible width,
but each has a different length: 1 inch, 2 inches, 3 inches, and 4 inches, respectively. If Tommy
picks a stick at random from each of 3 different complete bags of Pick-Up Sticks, what is the
probability that Tommy CANNOT form a triangle from the 3 sticks?
(A) 11/32 (B) 13/32 (C) 15/32 (D) 17/32 (E) 19/32

36. Two integers between 1 and 100, inclusive, each randomly and independently chosen, are either
added or multiplied, with an equal chance of either operation. What is the probability that the
result is even?
(A) 1/3 (B) ½ (C) 5/8 (D) 2/3 (E) 7/8

37. Each of three investments has a 20% of becoming worthless within a year of purchase,
independently of what happens to the other two investments. If Simone invests an equal sum in
each of these three investments on January 1, the approximate chance that by the end of the year,
she loses no more than 1/3 of her original investment is
(A) 90% (B) 80% (C) 70% (D) 60% (E) 40%

38. A dice with its faces numbered 1 through 6 is rolled twice, first landing on a and then landing
on b. If any roll of the dice yields an equal chance of landing on any of the numbers 1 through 6,
what is the probability that a + b is prime?
(A) 0 (B) 1/12 (C) 5/12 (D) 7/18 (E) 4/9

39. Two pieces of fruit are selected out of a group of 8 pieces of fruit consisting only of apples and
bananas. What is the probability of selecting exactly 2 bananas?
(1) The probability of selecting exactly 2 apples is greater than ½.
(2) The probability of selecting 1 apple and 1 banana in either order is greater than 1/3.

40. Every trading day, the price of CF Corp stock either goes up by $1 or goes down by $1 with equal
likelihood. At the end of 5 trading days, what is the probability that the price of CF Corp stock is
up by exactly $3 from its initial price?
(A) 1/16 (B) 1/8 (C) 5/32 (D) 9/32 (E) 3/8

41. An integer between 1 and 300, inclusive, is chosen at random. What is the probability that the
integer so chosen equals an integer raised to an exponent that is an integer greater than 1?
(A) 17/300 (B) 1/15 (C) 2/25 (D) 1/10 (E) 3/25
42. The Simplastic language has only 2 unique values and 3 unique consonants. Every noun in
Simplastic has the structure CVCVC, where C stands for a consonant and V stands for a vowel.
How many different nouns are possible in Simplastic?
(A) 9 (B) 12 (C) 36 (D) 72 (E) 108

43. Each of four different locks has a matching key. The keys are randomly reassigned to the locks.
What is the probability that exactly two of the keys fit the locks to which they are reassigned?
(A) 1/8 (B) 1/6 (C) ¼ (D) 3/8 (E) ½

44. A football team has 99 players. Each player has a uniform number from 1 to 99 and no two
players share the same number. When football practice ends, all the players run off the field one-
by-one in a completely random manner. What is the probability that the first four players off the
field will leave in order of increasing uniform numbers (e.g., #2, then #6, then #67, then #72,
etc)?
(A) 1/64 (B) 1/48 (C) 1/36 (D) 1/24 (E) 1/16

45. A group of four women and three men have tickets for seven adjacent seats in one row of a
theatre. If the three men will not sit in three adjacent seats, how many possible different seating
arrangements are there for these 7 theatre-goers?
(A) 7! – 2!3!2! (B) 7! – 4!3! (C) 7! – 5!3! (D) 7 × 2!3!2! (E) 2!3!2!

46. In a shipment of 20 cars, 3 are found to be defective. If four cars are selected at random, what is
the probability that exactly one of the four will be defective?
(A) 170/1615 (B) 3/20 (C) 8/19 (D) 3/5 (E) 4/5

47. A random 10-letter code is to be formed using the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and I (only the “I”
will be used twice). What is the probability that a code that has the two I’s adjacent to one
another will be formed?
(A) 1/10 (B) 1/8 (C) 1/5 (D) ¼ (E) ½

48. In October 2005, there was a record 75% chance of rain in New York City on any given day (along
with a 25% chance of no rain). Assuming that each day’s weather was independent of the
weather on any other day, what was the probability that in a given week, it rained at least 5 days
in a row?

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.
49. Mike recently won a contest in which he will have the opportunity to shoot free throws in order
to win $10,000. In order to win the money Mike can either shoot 1 free throw and make it, or
shoot 3 free throws and make at least 2 of them. Mike occasionally makes shots and occasionally
misses shots. He knows that his probability of making a single free throw is p, and that this
probability doesn't change. Would Mike have a better chance of winning if he chose to attempt 3
free throws?
(1) p < 0.7 (2) p > 0.6

50. A woman has seven cookies―four chocolate chip and three oatmeal. She gives one cookie to each
of her six children: Nicole, Ronit, Kim, Deborah, Mark, and Terrance. If Deborah will only eat the
kind of cookie that Kim eats, in how many different ways can the cookies be distributed? (The
leftover cookie will be given to the dog.)
(A) 5040 (B) 50 (C) 25 (D) 15 (E) 12

51. A certain bag of gemstones is composed of two-thirds diamonds and one-third rubies. If the
probability of randomly selecting two diamonds from the bag, without replacement, is 5/12,
what is the probability of selecting two rubies from the bag, without replacement?
(A) 5/36 (B) 5/24 (C) 1/12 (D) 1/6 (E) ¼

52. If p2 – 13p + 40 = q, and p is a positive integer between 1 and 10, inclusive, what is the probability
that q < 0?
(A) 1/10 (B) 1/5 (C) 2/5 (D) 3/5 (E) 3/10

53. A license plate in the country Kerrania consists of four digits followed by two letters. The letters
A, B, and C are used only by government vehicles while the letters D through Z are used by non-
government vehicles. Kerrania's intelligence agency has recently captured a message from the
country Gonzalia indicating that an electronic transmitter has been installed in a Kerrania
government vehicle with a license plate starting with 79. If it takes the police 10 minutes to
inspect each vehicle, what is the probability that the police will find the transmitter within three
hours?
A) 18/79 B) 1/6 C) 1/25 D) 1/50 E) 1/900

54. There is a 10% chance that it won't snow all winter long. There is a 20% chance that schools will
not be closed all winter long. What is the greatest possible probability that it will snow and
schools will be closed during the winter?
(A) 55% (B) 60% (C) 70% (D) 72% (E) 80%

55. If 40 percent of all students at College X have brown hair and 70 percent of all students at
College X have blue eyes, what is the difference between the minimum and the maximum
probability of picking a student from College X who has neither brown hair nor blue eyes?
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.4 (D) 0.6 (E) 0.7

56. The maître’ d at an expensive Manhattan restaurant has noticed that 60% of the couples order
dessert and coffee. However, 20% of the couples who order dessert don't order coffee. What is
the probability that the next couple the maître’ d seats will not order dessert?
(A) 20% (B) 25% (C) 40% (D) 60% (E) 75%

57. Each factor of 210 is inscribed on its own plastic ball and all of the balls are placed in a jar. If a
ball is randomly selected from the jar, what is the probability that the ball is inscribed with a
multiple of 42?
1/16 5/42 1/8 3/16 ¼
58. If a jury of 12 people is to be selected randomly from a pool of 15 potential jurors, and the jury
pool consists of 2/3 men and 1/3 women, what is the probability that the jury will comprise at
least 2/3 men?
24/91 45/91 2/3 67/91 84/91

59. Leila is playing a carnival game in which she is given 4 chances to throw a ball through a hoop.
If her chance of success on each throw is 1/5, what is the chance that she will succeed on at least
3 of the throws?
1/625 3/625 16/625 17/625 19/625

60. A family consisting of one mother, one father, two daughters and a son is taking a road trip in a
sedan. The sedan has two front seats and three back seats. If one of the parents must drive and
the two daughters refuse to sit next to each other, how many possible seating arrangements are
there?
28 32 48 60 120

61. A palindrome is a number that reads the same forward and backward, such as 121. How many
odd, 4-digit numbers are palindromes?
40 45 50 90 2500

62. In a room filled with 7 people, 4 people have exactly 1 sibling in the room and 3 people have
exactly 2 siblings in the room. If two individuals are selected from the room at random, what is
the probability that those two individuals are NOT siblings?
5/21 3/7 4/7 5/7 16/21

63. In how many ways can a four-letter password be chosen, using the letters A, B, C, D, E, and/or F,
such that at least one letter is repeated within the password?
(A) 720 (B) 864 (C) 900 (D) 936 (E) 1,296

64. Gita, Hussain, Inge, Jeong, Karen, and Leila are seated in a row of six chairs. How many seating
arrangements are possible if Gita cannot sit next to Inge and Jeong must sit next to Leila?
(A) 288 (B) 240 (C) 144 (D) 120 (E) 96

65. On Tuesday, Kramer purchases exactly 3 new shirts, 2 new sweaters, and 4 new hats, On the
following day and each subsequent day thereafter, Kramer wears one of his new shirts together
with one of his new sweaters and one of his new hats. Kramer avoids wearing the exact same
combination of shirt, sweater, and hat for as long as possible. On which day is this no longer
possible?
Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
1. B
2. E
3. D
4. C
5. C
6. E
7. A
8. E
9. C
10. A
11. D
12. B
13. C
14. B
15. A
16. D
17. D
18. A
19. A
20. E
21. E
22. D
23. B
24. A
25. D
26. D
27. B
28. C
29. A
30. D
31. C
32. D
33. D
34. D
35. C
36. C
37. A
38. C
39. C
40. C
41. C
42. E
43. C
44. D
45. C
46. C
47. C
48. C
49. B
50. D
51. C
52. B
53. D
54. E
55. B
56. B
57. C
58. D
59. D
60. B
61. C
62. E
63. D
64. C
65. E