GROUP 3

▪ a construction product
produced by casting concrete
in a reusable mold or "form"
which is then cured in a
controlled environment,
transported to the
construction site, and lifted
into place.

GAVINO, ROMINA
GAVINO, ROMINA
GAVINO, ROMINA
▪ multistory structures
composed of large wall and
floor concrete panels
connected in the vertical and
horizontal directions so that
the wall panels enclose
appropriate spaces for the
rooms within a building

GAVINO, ROMINA
Precast frames:

▪ linear elements
▪ spatial beam-column sub-
assemblages

GAVINO, ROMINA
▪ rely on shear walls to
sustain lateral load effects,
whereas the slab-column
structure resists mainly
gravity loads

GAVINO, ROMINA
GAVINO, ROMINA
GAVINO, ROMINA
Hollow core slab Double Tee

• construction of floors in multi- • capable of withstanding high

story apartment buildings loads while having a long span
GAVINO, ROMINA
• horizontal components that support deck
members like double tees, hollow-core and
solid slabs, and sometimes other beams.
GAVINO, ROMINA
• used to support beams and spandrels in applications such
as parking structures and precast concrete structural
systems of all types
GAVINO, ROMINA
• panelized and erected in either a horizontal or
vertical position and used on all types of structures
from residential to commercial, institutional to
industrial GAVINO, ROMINA
▪ made of solid concrete as
opposed to including
integral insulation

GAVINO, ROMINA
▪ designed to be loadbearing and
support floor and roof components

▪ an ideal structural element for this

purpose, typically by casting a thicker
interior wythe to provide the
necessary support

GAVINO, ROMINA
▪ thin-shell wall panels consist of a thin,
outer-wythe of concrete typically
ranging between 1.5 and 3 inches in
thickness

▪ GFRC - exterior wythe of concrete

contains alkali-resistant glass fibers that
is typically sprayed into forms

GAVINO, ROMINA
GAVINO, ROMINA
Prepared By: Guillen, Ralp Tristan D.
• The precast factory often has
specialist workshops for the
manufacture and maintenance of
moulds, and for the production of jig-
built reinforcing cages and
connections.

GUILLEN, RALP TRISTAN

GUILLEN, RALP TRISTAN
▪ A release agent is sprayed onto
the casting mould to make sure
that the precast concrete will
separate easily to the mould
after curing
GUILLEN, RALP TRISTAN
GUILLEN, RALP TRISTAN
GUILLEN, RALP TRISTAN
 For most concrete structures, the curing
period at temperatures above 5º C (40º
F) should be a minimum of 7 days or
until 70% of the specified compressive
or flexural strength is attained. The
period can be reduced to 3 days if high
early strength concrete is used and the
temperature is above 10º C (50º F).

GUILLEN, RALP TRISTAN

GUILLEN, RALP TRISTAN
GUILLEN, RALP TRISTAN
GUILLEN, RALP TRISTAN
Prepared By: Lamarca, John Wilfred
Advantages & Limitations of Precast Concrete
ADVANTAGES
- SUPERIOR QUALITY IS PRODUCED
- STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
- ECONOMICAL
- FLEXIBLE AND SUITABLE
- RAPID INSTALLATION
- ENHANCES SAFETY
- WEATHER ISN’T A PRIMARY CONCERN
- ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY
- OPTIMIZE SKILL-TRADE RESOURCES
- TIME-SAVING
LIMITATIONS
- Difficulty in transportation
- Complicated connections
- Limited panel size
- Requires special equipment for
lifting and moving precast units
- Camber in beams and slabs
LAMARCA, JOHN WILFRED
Prepared By: Lacsina, Crestell Ann N.
Beams are typically considered structural components and
are made in one of three key shapes:
▪ Rectangular
▪ Inverted Tee Beams
▪ L Beams
▪ AASHTO (I Beams)

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

▪ Typical sizes: Practically any size needed to satisfy structural requirements
▪ Typical depths: 16 to 40 in. (400mm-1016mm)
▪ Typical widths: 12 to 24 in. (300mm-610mm)
▪ Typical span-to-depth ratios: 10 to 20
▪ Finishes: Since beams are cast upright, the bottom, sides, and ledges are cast
against a form and will typically be provided with an "as cast" finish that results in a
smooth, hard finish. The top is troweled by the finishing crew and can be smooth,
roughened to simulate the finish of supported double tees (as in a parking
structure), or intentionally roughened to create a bond with cast-in-place concrete
that may be poured on top of it.

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
▪ Typical beam width: 12” or 16” (300mm to 400mm)
▪ Spans up to 50’-’’
▪ Typical designation: 16RB24 ( 16:width in inches, 24:depth
in inches)

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
▪ Typical beam width: 12”
▪ Depths of 20”, 28”, 36”, 44”. 52” and 60”
(500mm-1530mm)

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

▪ Precast columns are modular in design in order to be made
into different heights
▪ Widths: 16”-24” (400-600mm)
▪ Columns are not structural, but can be used as such only
after a structural engineer has adapted them to a building
▪ Precast column can be produced as either single story
corbel or multistorey corbel column

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

▪ Typical sizes: Sizes can vary as required structurally and
to match varying riser sections that they support.
▪ Typical widths: 16 to 24 in.
▪ Finishes: Typically, three sides will have an "as cast" finish
that results in a smooth, hard finish. The fourth side is
troweled by the finishing crew to match the other sides as
closely as possible

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
▪ Precast concrete wall panels may be solid, hollow or
sandwiched with an insulating core.
▪ Can be a flat, or have architeral features such window and
door openings, ribs, reveals, textures, sandwich(insulating
core), sculptured, etc.
▪ Wall panels available in standard 8’-0” widths.

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

▪ Solid wall panel simply refers to walls being made of solid concrete
as opposed to including integral insulation
▪ Typical widths: 4 to 15 ft.
▪ Typical heights: 10 to 50 ft.
▪ Typical thickFinishes: Since wall panels are cast in a flat
orientation, the form side is typically the side that will be exposed to
view in the final construction. This face can be made with virtually
any type of finish. The back face is typically troweled smooth or may
have a light broom finish 4 to 12 in.

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
▪ The difference between typical panels and insulated sandwich wall panels is that
the latter are cast with rigid insulation "sandwiched" between two layers, or
wythes, of concrete
▪ Typical widths: 4 to 15 ft.
▪ Typical heights: 8 to 50 ft.
▪ Typical thicknesses: 1.5 to 3 in
▪ Finishes: As with typical wall panels, the panels are cast in a flat orientation, so the
form side is typically the side that will be exposed to view in the final construction.
This face can be made with virtually any type of finish. GFRC panels allow for great
aesthetic details and extensions such as cornices, due to the manufacturing
process. The back face is typically troweled smooth, but is not left exposed. The
back-up systems are often used to attach drywall and/or other finish materials.

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
▪ Thin-shell wall panels consist of a thin, outer-wythe of
concrete typically ranging between 1.5 and 3 inches in
thickness. This is connected to a "back-up" system, usually
constructed of steel framing or studs, or sometimes
concrete.
▪ Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) is a thin-shell
system where the exterior wythe of concrete contains
alkali-resistant glass fibers that is typically sprayed into
forms. The fibers increase tensile, flexural and impact
strengths

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

▪ Typical shapes: Rectangular with rectangular openings to
create openness
▪ Typical sizes: 12 to 16 in. in width greater than the stem-
to-stem spacing of the supported double tees
▪ Finishes: Lite walls are cast in a horizontal position, with
three of the four sides created with a form. These finishes
are very smooth and most often remain "as cast" in the
finished construction. The fourth side is typically troweled
to match the other three sides as closely as possible.
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
Solid Slabs

▪ Solid slabs are used as structural deck components similar to hollow-

core slabs. They can be made in a long-line pre-tensioning facility
and reinforced with prestressing strand or cast in individual forms
with either prestressing strand or conventional reinforcing bars. They
are typically cast in the same position as used in the structure.

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

▪ Typical widths: 4 to 12 ft.
▪ Typical spans: 8 to 30 ft.
▪ Typical thicknesses: 4 to 12 in.
Finishes: The form side (bottom) is smooth as cast and typically will
remain that way in the finished construction. When it is an exposed
surface, it can remain as is or painted without additional treatment.
The top side is troweled to the desired degree of smoothness or may
be intentionally roughened to receive a cast-in-place concrete
topping that will act compositely and provide additional strength.

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
▪ Hollow-core slabs are used predominantly for floor
and roof deck components for various structures such
as residential, hotel, office buildings, schools, and
prisons.

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

▪ Typical widths: 2, 4, and 8 ft; some precasters offer 10 and
12 ft widths
▪ Typical depths: 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, and 16 in.
▪ Typical span-to-depth ratios: Floors: 30 to 40 / Roofs: 40
to 5

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
▪ Named for its shape, double-tees are used primarily as floor and roof
deck components for any type of structure, including parking
structures and all types of buildings. They are made either:
▪ Pre-topped using a flange thickness of 4 in., which creates the
wearing surface in parking structures; or
▪ Field- topped with a 2-in. flange, on which a cast-in-place concrete
composite topping of 2 to 4 in. is added in the field. For roof
construction, there is typically no need to add topping on the 2 in.
flange

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

▪ Typical widths: 8, 10, 12, and 15 ft.
▪ Typical depths: 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34 in.
▪ Typical span-to-depth ratios: Floors: 25 to 35 / Roofs: 35 to 40
▪ Finishes: Form side will generally be “as cast,” resulting in a smooth,
hard finish. This generally remains as is and is not painted, although it
can be if desired. The top-of-flange side will be smoothed for roof
construction, left rough if it will receive a field topping or broomed
(either transversally or longitudinally), or circular swirl-finished if it
will be used as the wearing surface in a parking structure.

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN

LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
LACSINA, CRESTELL ANN
▪ These are intended to transfer vertical loads to the
supporting structure or foundation. Bearing should be
provided at no more than two points per panel, and at just
one level of the structure.
- DIRECT CONNECTIONS
- ECCENTRIC CONNECTIONS
▪ These are primarily intended to keep the precast concrete
unit in a plumb position and to resist wind and seismic
loads perpendicular to the panel.
▪ These are generally welded and serve primarily to provide
restraint for longitudinal forces in the plane of the panel.
They usually also carry loads perpendicular to the panel,
acting as a tieback connection as well.
▪ These are used to adjust precast concrete units’ relative
positions with respect to adjacent units; they do not usually
transfer design loads.
▪ These are used when precast concrete panels serve as
covers over steel or cast-in-place concrete columns and
beams. The cover units are generally supported by the
structural column or beam and carry no load other than
their own weight, wind, and seismic forces
▪ These can be made by modifying many of the tieback
connections previously discussed. If long, flexible hanger
elements are used, a lateral brace may be provided for
horizontal stability
▪ These are used to join precast or cast-in-place concrete
floor or roof members to precast concrete bearing walls.
They transfer any vertical load from the horizontal system
and, sometimes, diaphragm action and on rare occasions
provide moment resistance.
▪ Along the (non-bearing) sides of floor or roof slabs may be
required to transmit lateral (diaphragm) loads and should
either allow some vertical movement to accommodate
camber and deflection changes in the floor units, or be
designed to develop forces induced by restraining the
units.
▪ These are primarily intended to position and secure the
walls, although with proper design and construction, they
are capable of carrying lateral loads from shear walls or
frame action as well.
1. Comfortable • 1. It requires careful supervision
and more skilled workers for
2. Safe producing the members.
3. Versatile • 2. Uniform spacing between
beams are required in the
4. Healthy
structure, which can become
5. Optimised difficult.
6. Durable • 3. Some members are broken up
and wasted during the time of
7. Ecological transportation from the factory to
the construction site.
8. Fast
• 4. The molds that are used for
9. Affordable casting are little costly, so the
10. Sustainable construction will be economical
when a lot of members are
produced.
HOLLOW CORE

Commonly known as hollow core slabs,

these types of slabs are extruded and
contain voids in all of its longitudinal
extent. They are usually used as
mezzanines and roof slabs in hotels,
offices, housing and mixed use buildings
RECTANGULAR BOX
SLAB
These slabs may vary in thickness and
are used for the construction of
mezzanines according to project
specifications. They are very similar to
hollow-core slabs, the difference is that
these are solid instead of being hollow.
SINGLE T AND
DOUBLE T
These slabs are perfect for buildings that
require large spans such as conference
rooms, parking garages, theaters,
warehouses and any other project that
requires of large surface areas with open
spaces without the interference of
columns
▪ This section shows typical details for some of the more
commonly used connections for cladding panels and
loadbearing precast concrete walls, as well as other
connections that may be useful in special applications.
▪ The details included are not exhaustive. They should not be
considered as “standard,” but rather, as concepts on which
to build. Detailed design information, such as component
sizes, weld and anchorage lengths, joint sizes, and bearing
pad thicknesses is purposely omitted.
▪ The question of which work should lead, cast-in-place or precast, often comes up in
the design concept stage. The best answer is to do the cast-in-place work first
because:
1. Development of fabrication shop drawings, tool-up time, and casting schedules
are generally such that the general contractor can do his cast-inplace work ahead of
time.
2. Once the cast-in-place section forms an anchor for erecting the precast elements,
the risk posed by earthquake or high winds is reduced.
3. The overall construction time will be reduced.