1: Fundamentals of Communication

1.1.Introduction to Communication and its process

1.2.Barriers in Communication
1.3.Forms of Communication
1.4.Levels of Communication
1.5.General and technical Communication
1.6.Nonverbal Communication
1.7.Body language and its significance
1.8.Communication across cultures

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
“For communication to be effective there has to be both information and meaning. And
meaning requires communication”. Peter Drucker
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1. Introduction to Communication and its process:
‘Communication’ typically to mean talking or composing or making an impression on
someone else. ‘Communication’ is extremely considerably more than that. It includes
various decisions and choices however being normal and unnoticed in casual
circumstances. In formal circumstances, our correspondence should be more powerful
and deliberately picked, that is, we have to design our ‘Communication’.

Etymological meaning of the term Communication:

The word “Communication” is derived from Latin word “Communicare” or
“Communis” it means “to share it”. It stands for a natural activity of all human beings to
convey opinions, feelings, information, and ideas to others through words (written or
spoken), body language, or signs.

Definitions of Communication:
Definition of Communication is “a process of sending and receiving a message between
two parties.” Actually Communication is the process of transferring information and
understanding from one of more people one or more people. In the most clear from,
communication means interaction between two parties.

Robert Anderson, “Communication is interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information,

by Speech, Writing, or Signs”.

Process of Communication:
Fundamental for communication to happen is the collaboration between two gatherings,
one dynamic or at the giving end and the other inactive or at the less than desirable end.
The sender chooses proper images to suit the circumstance and understands the
significance through discourse or composing relying on the socially controlled
prerequisites or self-saw needs. At the less than desirable end the images are
distinguished and recognizable proof clearly suggests acknowledgment and
acknowledgment of importance through the interpretive procedure.

The process of Communication may be summarized as follows:

Systematic=Step by Step=Process

Components/Elements of Communication:
These are the imperative components of the Communication procedure:

1. SENDER/ENCODER: The sender otherwise called the encoder settles on the message
to be sent, the best way that it can be sent. The majority of this is finished remembering
the collector. In a word, it is his/her business to conceptualize.
The sender might need to ask him/herself questions like: What words will I utilize? Do I
require signs or pictures?

2. MEDIUM: The medium is the prompt shape which a message takes. For instance, a
message might be conveyed as a letter, as an email or vis-à-vis as a discourse.

3. CHANNEL: The channel is what is in charge of the conveyance of the picked message
shape. For instance post office, web, and radio.

4. RECEIVER/ DECODER: The receiver or the decoder is in charge of

separating/translating significance from the message. The receiver is additionally in
charge of giving criticism to the sender. In a word, it is his/her business to interpret.
5. FEEDBACK: This is vital as it decides if the decoder got a handle on the expected
importance and whether communication was fruitful.

6. CONTEXT: Communication does not occur in a vacuum. The setting of any

correspondence demonstration is nature encompassing it. This incorporates, in addition to
other things, put, time, occasion, and states of mind of sender and recipient.

7. NOISE: (Obstruction): This is any factor that curbs the conveyance of a message. That
is, anything that hinders the message being precisely gotten, translated and reacted to.
Commotion might be inside or outer. An understudy stressing over an inadequate task
may not be mindful in class (inner commotion) or the hints of overwhelming drizzle on an
aroused rooftop may curb the perusing of a storybook to second graders (outer clamor).

The communication procedure is dynamic, constant, irreversible, and relevant. It isn't

conceivable to take an interest in any component of the procedure without recognizing the
presence and working of alternate components.

1.2. Barriers in Communication:

1. Listening barriers:
• Interrupting the speaker.
• Not maintaining eye contact with the speaker.
• Rushing the speaker to complete what he/she has to say.
• Making the speaker feel as though he/she is wasting the listener's time.
• Being distracted by something that is not part of the ongoing communication.
• Getting ahead of the speaker and completing his/her thoughts.
• Ignoring the speaker's requests.
• Topping the speaker's story with one's own set of examples.
• Forgetting what is being discussed.
• Asking too many questions, for the sake of probing.

2. Barriers while speaking:

• Unclear messages
• Lack of consistency in the communication process
• Incomplete sentences
• Not understanding the receiver
• Not seeking clarifications while communicating

3. Environmental barriers:
 • An individual's subjective viewpoint towards issues/people, which leads to
assumptions
• An emotional block, which can lead to an attitude of indifference, suspicion or
hostility towards the subject
• An emotional block or bias that is based on a third party's view point, or on what
you have read/heard
• Words can have different meanings to different people, thus blocking
communication
• Use of negative words.

4. Cultural barriers:

A. Social and Economic Conditions: People may not speak with each other
because of a distinction in the status they hold in the public eye. For instance individuals
holding higher positions or posts or those with a higher position in the public eye may
encounter trouble in speaking with people holding lesser positions or those on a lower
economic wellbeing. Similarly, those in a decent monetary condition may not discuss
straightforwardly with individuals in a generally bring down money related status. This
is seen at both individual and expert levels. For instance, individuals from rich families
may discover a correspondence hole in collaborating with individuals from the center or
lower white collar class. A poor monetary condition or lower status in the public eye can
make one feel mediocre. Also, a great financial condition or higher societal position can
make one feel unrivaled, in this manner making a correspondence hole between these two
gatherings.

B. Cultural Background: Individuals originating from various nations may not

discover comfort in conveying or organizing effortlessly with each other. At the point
when individuals from various nations meet up, their state of mind differs. Some may be
modest to convey, while others open for correspondence. Attributable to the distinction in
their social foundations, there is a distinction in their childhood, because of which there's
a distinction in their perspectives and convictions. Indeed, even the correspondence
decorum varies over the distinctive nations, in this manner making it troublesome for
correspondence to try and begin.

C. Language and Accent: Dialect is one social boundary that is seen in individuals
originating from various parts of the world. Huge numbers of us delay to speak with an
outsider since we can't comprehend his dialect or complement. For instance, An Asian
may not feel great conversing with an Australian, inferable from his/her overwhelming
English articulation.
 D. Behavior and Nature: Conduct and human instinct can be hindrances in
correspondence. Culture impacts one's identity and the persona thusly impacts the
manner in which one considers, carries on and conveys. For instance, vain individuals
may ward off themselves from speaking with the others around. Thus, individuals with a
feeling of inadequacy may think that it’s hard to convey uninhibitedly. Additionally, a
distinction in identities can prompt a correspondence hole in individuals. Outgoing
people can start speak with no trouble while contemplative people can’t? Great
correspondence is conceivable just if the two gatherings are prepared to impart, can
comprehend identities distinctions as a part of their identities and keep their own
disparities aside.

E. Religion: Being from various religions or stations can go about as a hindrance to

impart on an individual or expert level. Once in a while, a man may feel awkward
speaking with individuals from different religions. This is for the most part a direct result
of the distinction in the convictions they share. Religious perspectives affect the way one
considers and can prompt contrasts of assessment. However, one must comprehend the
purposes for these distinctions and handle them deliberately. On the off chance that this is
done, religion would never again remain a social obstruction to correspondence. Be that
as it may, because of globalization and spread of training, the negative effect of this sort of
obstruction is by all accounts diminishing.

5. Individual/Psychological barriers: Outlook of sender or collector. It might be an

aftereffect of a person's perceptual and individual distress. Notwithstanding when two
people have encountered the same even their psychological recognition may/may not be
indistinguishable which goes about as an obstruction. Style, specific observation, corona
impact, poor consideration and maintenance, protectiveness, close mindedness, lacking
filtration are individual or mental hindrance.

Level of dramatization/motions, Amusingness, Quickness, Mindlessness, Poor

maintenance, Protectiveness to an unpalatable message, Shut personalities, absence of
foundation information, absence of readiness, separating

6. Organizational Barriers:
It incorporates poor association's way of life, atmosphere, stringent standards, directions,
status, relationship, many-sided quality, insufficient offices/chances of development and
change; though; the nature of interior and outside condition like vast, working territories
physically isolated from others, poor helping, staff lack, obsolete gear and foundation
clamor are physical hierarchical hindrance.
Interference from relative status and power of participants, incompatible needs and
expectations
• Organizational culture impacts freedom and trust
• Organizational rules and regulations
• Status relationship
• Complexity in organizational structure
• Inadequate facilities and opportunities
• Lack of cooperation between senior and subordinate.

7. Interpersonal barriers: Absence of trust in representatives; absence of learning of

nonverbal pieces of information like outward appearance, non-verbal communication,
motions, stances, eye to eye connection; contrast encounters; deficiency of time for worker;
no thought for representative's needs; wish to catch specialist; dread of losing intensity of
control; bypassing and educational over stacking, while obstruction from workers
incorporates absence of inspiration, absence of co-task, trust, dread of punishment and
poor association with the business.

8. Attitudinal barriers: It happens because of issues with staff in the association.

Confinement in physical and mental capacity, insight, understanding, assumptions, and
doubted source separates the consideration and make a mechanical obstruction which
influences the state of mind and conclusion.

9. Channel barriers: On the off chance that the length of the correspondence is long, or the
medium chose is consolidate, the correspondence may separate; it can likewise be an
aftereffect of the relational clashes between the sender and recipient; absence important to
convey; data sharing or access issues which can hamper the channel and influence the
clearness, precision and adequacy.

10. Physical and mechanical barriers: Physical boundaries might be caused by outside
specialists. E.g. uproarious speakers, climate conditions, outer clamor or people
interfering with our discussion. Mechanical hindrance may result from the
disappointment because of the instruments or gadgets used to convey. E.g. issues with fax
machine, mike, or electronic gadgets used to convey.

11. Language/Semantic obstruction: Semantic allude to the methodical investigation of

the significance of the words and signs. Straightforwardness, lucidity, and curtness lessen
semantic boundaries of correspondence. Issue emerging from articulation or transmission
of significance are called semantic boundaries. Dialect is the most vital device of
correspondence. In any case, it reckless utilize can be perilous. Language hindrances are
as per the following: -

(I) Words with different meaning: Communication is basically brought through talked
and composed words. In any case, a few words pass on different meaning to various
individuals. Individuals decipher similar words contrastingly because of contrasts in their
monetary, social, and instructive foundations.

(ii) Denotations and Connotation: the strict importance of a word is known by its
denotative significance. It just names objects without proposing positive or negative
characteristics. Then again suggestive excite subjective judgment and individual response.
A portion of these words resemble genuine and equipped has positive undertone. Because
of distinction in meaning, a sender's compliment might be translated by collector as
affront.

(iii) Bad Expression: When the message isn't planned and displayed in the correct way,
the recipient neglects to grasp it and misconception happens. Seriously communicated
messages lose their effect. A seriously communicated message causes loss of significant
time and cash as it requires assist remedies and elucidations.

(iv) Faulty Interpretation: Frequently individuals decipher words in exacting sense, in

this manner losing the soul behind the word. Off base interpretation prompts
misconception and disarray. At the point when diverse piece of the message is opposing,
the collector gets confounded over their unwavering quality and legitimacy.

(v) Unclarified Assumption: the sender of the message frequently makes some
supposition. At the point when these suspicions are ambiguous and obscure to the
recipient correspondence endures.

1.3. Forms of Communication:

Communication takes place by exchanging symbols to describe our ideas and experience.
Language is a common symbol system which is used for sharing our experiences with
others. We can also use other symbols like pictures, colors, signs and sounds to
communicate. We do communicate a number of things by our facial expressions,
movements, clothing and so on, though we do not speak. Communications through
words are called Verbal Communication; communications through symbols are called
non-verbal communication.

1. Verbal communication:
We use verbal communication for most purposes. Verbal communication may be oral or
written.

a) Oral communication:
Oral Communication is more normal and quickly accessible for reacting to a
remark/articulation. In regular and casual circumstances, we talk promptly decisively
keeping in mind the end goal to speak with others; however in a formal and authority
circumstance, numerous people feel apprehensive and can't talk effortlessly. It needs
preparing, practice and expertise to talk adequately in a formal circumstance.

Oral Communication requires the nearness and synchronous consideration of both the
people. Requirement for individual nearness makes certain requests on the abilities of
both; each must have the capacity to react to the non-verbal communication of the other,
and must have the capacity to make quick reaction to what alternate says.
Oral communication occurs in situations like conversations, telephone talk, interviews,
presentations, group discussions, and meetings.

1. Face-to-face conversation:
Oral communication is more normal and quickly accessible for reacting to a
remark/articulation. In regular and casual circumstances, we talk promptly decisively
keeping in mind the end goal to speak with others; however in a formal and authority
circumstance, numerous people feel apprehensive and can't talk effortlessly. It needs
preparing, practice and expertise to talk adequately in a formal circumstance.

Oral communication requires the nearness and synchronous consideration of both the
people. Requirement for individual nearness makes certain requests on the abilities of
both; each must have the capacity to react to the non-verbal communication of the other,
and must have the capacity to make quick reaction to what alternate says.
2. Telephone talk:
Telephone talk depends altogether on the voice and its quality. It doesn't have the upside
of physical nearness or outward appearances since there is no choice to take a gander at
others physical appearance at live.

Clearness of discourse and capable utilization of voice are imperative in this sort of
communication. There can be perplexity between comparative sounding words like "pale"
and "parcel", or amongst "light" and "like". Names and addresses conveyed on the phone
are at times wrongly got. It is hence standard in telephonic discussion to elucidate
spellings by saying G for God, P for pen and so on.
3. Presentation:
It has face to face setting. It is a formal, all around arranged chat on a particular subject,
conveyed to educated and intrigued crowd. It looks odd and sleeps if the introduction
isn't invited by the group of onlookers to which it is exhibited. On occasion a dash of
diversion dependably advances the introduction. The reason for such sort of
communication is to give/pass on the data as opposed to influencing them to dull and
lethargic.

4. Public speech:
A public speech or lecture has an eye to eye setting, however here the space between the
speaker and group of onlookers do matters. This separation increments as the group of
onlookers gets bigger, as in an outside open gathering. Along these lines of
correspondence much relies upon the speaker's expertise in utilizing motions and
utilizing the amplifier in the right request.
5. Interview:
An interview is a gathering at which one individual or board of people, who are the
questioners, talk about an issue with someone else or make inquiries of someone else, who
is the interviewee. The intention is, more often than not to survey, to judge whether it is
advantageous to go into an association with the other. An interview is of organized
inquiry and answer sort of communication.

6. Meeting:
Usually a meeting includes numerous people; there is a seat individual or pioneer who
leads and aides the communication and keeps up idealize arrange. There is a settled plan,
that is, a rundown of issues to be talked about at the meeting. Meetings are of numerous
sorts, from the little board meeting comprising of three or four people to the huge
gathering or the investors' gathering. This sort of oral communication is upheld up by
note-taking and reviewing of minutes.

Advantages and disadvantages of oral communication

Advantages of oral communication

Oral communication involves many advantages. In a recent survey about communication

it is clear that more than 55% of the executives choose this communication. The advantages
of oral communication are as follows:

1. Time saving: When action is required to be taken immediately it is best to transmit a

message orally. If the executives work load is high then they stop writhing and by oral
instructions they complete their message transmission and released their work load and
also it saves time.
2. Cost savings: Cost is involved in any communication. When the communication is
needed within the organization and if it and is completed in orally, it has not needed any
paper, pen or stamp or computer. So it saves the money of the organization.
3. More powerful: Speech is a more powerful means of persuasion and control. Therefore,
executives often prefer to transmit messages orally.
4. Effectiveness: With the help of variations in the tone, pitch and intensity of voice, the
speaker can convey shades of meaning. This factor also contributes to the effectiveness of
oral communication.
5. Immediate feedback: The speaker can get immediate feedback on whether it is creating
a favorable impression on the receiver or whether the receiver will protest or whether the
receiver has receiver has clearly understood his meaning or is feeling perplexed or baffled
and he can mold and adjust his message accordingly.
6. More suitable: The employees felt more suitable when the message transmits in orally.
They get an opportunity for feedback and clarification.
7. A relationship develops: Oral communication is mostly carried out helps to promote
friendly relations between the parties communicating with each other.
8. Flexibility: By the demand of the situations, oral instructions can be changed easily and
for these cases maintain the formalities are not necessary. So it is very much flexible and
effective.
9. Easiness: It is so easy method of communication. It needs little preparation to send a
message. No need of pens, pencils and other writing equipment’s which are needed in
written communication.
10. Correction of errors: If any error is expressed at the time of oral communication. It was
possible to rectify at that time or within a very short time.
11. Informal communication: In oral communication, no need to maintain such
formalities which are needed in written communication. So it is easy and helpful to any
organization.
12. Motivation: In oral communication system, top executives and sub ordinates staff can
sit face-to-face and exchange their views directly, so sub-ordinates are motivated day by
day.
13. Special applications: Oral communication is more helpful in communicating
messages to groups of people at assembly meetings etc.
14. Maintaining secrecy: Interested parties of oral communication can maintain the
secrecy of messages easily.
Disadvantages of oral communication

Oral communication contains many advantages. In spite of this, there are oral some
disadvantages which are given below:
1. No record: In oral communication, messages are difficult to record. So it is impossible to
preserve the message for future.
2. Expensive: It is also expensive media of communication. Sometimes the audience can be
managed by paying T. A and D. A. On the other hand Technological devices that are used
in this system are costly.
3. Distortion of the word: If distortion of the word occurs in oral communication, then main
goals of the organization may be filed.
4. Inaccuracy: There is very possibility of inaccurate messages to reach the destination. So,
the reverse result of expected plan may be occurred.
5. Limited use: The scope of usage of oral communication is limited. It is not suitable for
lengthy messages. It should be sued for short message.
6. Probability of omitting main subject: Sometimes, main subject may be omitted to express
a word for communicating. So, expected result may not be achieved.
7. Confused speech: Sometimes the receiver fails to understand the meaning of a message
due to habitual productions of the speaker.
8. No legal validity: there is any legal validity of the oral message. As, the oral messages are
not taped and kept records, so it can be denied easily if the situation goes against the
speaker.
9. Late decision: It takes time to reach a decision. At the beginning stage, sometime is killed
in the discussion of any personal matters. Besides some time is also wasted for irrelevant
discussion. In this way decision making is delayed.
10. Less important: In oral communication, meaningless speech can mislead the main effects
of the communication. But when the information comes out in written, we take it
seriously.
11. Lack of secrecy: In oral communication, the important and secret information may be
disclosed.
12. Defective: Oral communication is defective for company’s policy, procedure, programs,
law and other important information.
13. Creates misunderstanding: The speaker often gives message without having properly
organized it earlier. So, it is possible that he may not be able to make himself properly to
communicate with the receiver. As a result, misunderstanding May develops.

b) Written communication:
“True ease in writing comes from art, not chance,
As those move easist who have learned to dance”.
-Alexander Pope

Written/Composed Communication is utilized for some reasons. Numerous sorts of

records are required for official work. Letters, fliers, reminders, notification, reports and
 minutes are continually arranged and traded in and between associations. All has an
arrangement and format which is settled by custom.
1. Letter:
2. Memo:
3. Notice:
4. Circular:
5. Report:
6. Minutes:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Written Communication
Some advantages of written communication are:
• No need for personal contact - you can tell an employee he or she has to work overtime
through an email instead of face-to-face.
• Saves money - you can send an email instead of calling long distance.
• Written proof - provides written proof in case of a dispute.
Some disadvantages of written communication are:
• Delay in communication - it may take a while to get to the intended recipient.
• Lack of secrecy - once it's on paper, anyone can read it.
• Costly - if the sender and receiver are sitting next to each other, you still have to spend
money on paper or Internet service.

2. Non-verbal communication:
What is non-verbal communication?
When we communicate with others, we constantly give and get silent signs. The greater
part of our nonverbal practices—the signals we make, the manner in which we sit, how
quick or how noisy we talk, how close we stand, how much eye to eye connection we
make—send solid messages. These messages don't stop when you quit talking either.
Notwithstanding when you're quiet, regardless you're imparting nonverbally. Generally,
what leaves our mouths and what we convey through our non-verbal communication are
two entirely unexpected things. At the point when looked with these blended signs, the
audience needs to pick whether to trust your verbal or nonverbal message, and, as a rule,
they will pick the nonverbal in light of the fact that it's a characteristic, oblivious dialect
that communicates our actual emotions and expectations in any given minute.

Types of nonverbal communication

There are many different types of nonverbal communication. Together, the following
nonverbal signals and cues communicate your interest and investment in others.

a. Sign Language:
1. Facial expressions
Since the visual sense is predominant for a great many people, eye to eye connection is a
particularly vital sort of nonverbal correspondence. The manner in which you take a
gander at somebody can convey numerous things, including interest, warmth,
antagonistic vibe, or fascination. Eye to eye connection is likewise imperative in keeping
up the stream of discussion and for measuring the other individual's reaction.
2. Eye contact (Oculesics)
Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important
type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many
things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in
maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person’s response.

3. Posture:
Consider how your view of individuals are influenced by the manner in which they sit,
walk, stand up, or hold their head. The manner in which you move and convey you
imparts an abundance of data to the world. This sort of nonverbal communication
incorporates your stance, bearing, position, and unpretentious developments.
4. Gesture:
Gestures are woven into the texture of our day by day lives. We wave, point, call, and
utilize our hands when we're contending or talking animatedly—conveying everything
that needs to be conveyed with signals regularly without considering. In any case, the
significance of motions can be altogether different crosswise over societies and districts, so
it's vital to be mindful so as to maintain a strategic distance from error.
5. Personal appearance: Personal appearance: In oral types of communication, the
presence of both the speaker and the surroundings are imperative to the fruitful transport
of a message. "Regardless of whether you are addressing one individual up close and
personal or to a gathering in a gathering, personal appearance and the presence of the
environment pass on nonverbal boosts that influence dispositions—even feelings—at the
talked words," as indicated by Murphy and Hildebrandt. For instance, a speaker's
garments, haircut, utilization of beautifying agents, tidiness, and stature may make an
audience shape impressions about her occupation, financial level, fitness, and so on.
Likewise, such points of interest of the surroundings as room estimate, furniture,
embellishments, lighting, and windows can influence an audience's mentalities toward
the speaker and the message being introduced. The significance of nonverbal hints in
environment can be found in the craving of business directors to have a corner office with
a view instead of a desk area in a swarmed work zone.

6. Adornment: Dress, cleanliness, jewelry, tattoos, piercings

B. BODY LANGUAGE

Body language is a powerful tool that can help you connect with others, express what you
really mean, and build better relationships.

1. Kinesics:
Kinesics communication is conveying by body development and is maybe the most
understood non-verbal type of communication, in spite of the fact that it isn't the best way
to chat with others without words. Body movements, for example, shrugs, foot tapping,
drumming fingers, clicking pens, winking, outward appearances, and motions.
2. Proxemics:
Study of physical space.
Related to behavioural norm.
Culture variations.
In the United States, there are four types of “distance” which people use to communicate
on a face-to-face basis.
a. Intimate zone (distance) (0-2 ft.)
b. Personal zone (distance) (2-4ft.)
c. Social zone (distance) (4-12 ft.)
d. Public zone (distance) (>12 ft.)
a. Intimate Zone (distance): is what is utilized for exceptionally secret communication. This
zone of separation is described by 0 to 2 feet of room between two people. A case of
private separation is two individuals embracing, clasping hands, or standing one next to
the other. Individuals in imply separate offer an extraordinary level of solace with each
other. The individuals who are not happy with somebody who approaches them in the
cozy zone will encounter a lot of social distress or clumsiness.

Example: Family members and close relatives.

b. Personal Zone (distance): is utilized for chatting with family and dear companions. In
spite of the fact that it gives a man somewhat more space than imply remove, it is still
close in closeness to that of closeness, and may include contacting. Individual separation
can go from 2 to 4 feet. Like private separation, if a more abnormal methodologies
somebody in the individual zone, he or she is probably going to feel awkward being in
such nearness with the outsider.

Example: Friends, colleagues and peers.

c. Social Zone (distance): is utilized as a part of business exchanges, meeting new

individuals and collaborating with gatherings of individuals. Social separation has a
substantial range out yonder that it can consolidate. From 4 to 12 feet, obviously social
separation relies upon the circumstance. Social separation might be utilized among
understudies, collaborators, or associates. For the most part, individuals inside social
separation don't take part in physical contact with each other.

Individuals might be extremely specific about the measure of social separation that is
favored. A few people may require considerably more physical separation than others.
Ordinarily, if a man comes excessively near another individual, the individual is probably
going to back up and give himself the measure of room that he feels more good in.

Example: Strangers, occasional visitors.

d. Public Zone (distance): is estimated at least 12 feet between people. A case of this is
outlined in the accompanying picture, where two men sit far separated on a recreation
center seat, with a specific end goal to safeguard their open separation.

Every one of the past sorts of nearness are intensely impact by individuals' view of what
the "right" kind of separation ought to be in a specific circumstance.

Culture contexts & Space meanings.

▪ Low context cultures: North America, Germany, England, French, Italy,

Scandinavia.
▪ High Context cultures: Japan, china, Arab, Greece, Mexico, Spain.
▪ Arabs of the same sex stand much closer than North Americans.
▪ People in U.S require more room.

Culture affects zone distances.

▪ Europeans often maintain intimate distance of only 23-25 centimeters.
▪ Confusion arises while adjusting to culturally comfortable distances.
▪ Lack of awareness leads to misconception.

3. Paralinguistic: Paralinguistic are the parts of oral communication that doesn't include
words. These may include pronunciation and accent of importance to what individuals
say.
Non-verbal communication, motions, outward appearances, tone and pitch of voice are
for the most part cases of paralinguistic highlights.

In the classroom
Paralinguistic highlights of dialect are critical as they can change message totally. Tone
and pitch of voice is usually managed at all dialect levels, yet a more full thought of
paralinguistic is frequently left to extremely propelled courses.

Features of paralinguistic or voice:

a. Voice modulation:
It's not exactly what you say, it's the means by which you say it. When we talk, other
individuals "read" our voices notwithstanding tuning in to our words. Things they focus
on incorporate your planning and pace, how noisy you talk, your tone and enunciation,
and sounds that pass on seeing, for example, "ahh" and "uh-huh." Consider how
somebody's manner of speaking, for instance, can demonstrate mockery, outrage, love, or
certainty.

b. Pitch: pitch, in discourse, the relative height or lowness of a tone as seen by the ear,
which relies upon the quantity of vibrations every second created by the vocal lines. Pitch
is the principle acoustic relate of tone and sound.
Pitch variations
• Vocal cords vibrate in the production of sounds.
• Pitch changes are called inflections.
• Pitch variations convey feelings.
• Speech without variation becomes monotonous.

c. Articulation: the development of clear and particular sounds in discourse: the

explanation of vowels and consonants.
▪ Speak the words distinctly:
▪ Avoid chopping/slurring/mumbling
▪ Ought to - otta
▪ Didn’t - dint
▪ Don’t know - dunno
▪ Want to - wanna

d. Pauses: The last component of good verbal communication is the pause.

Remaining peacefully before the gathering of people and watching out and examining the
group passes on an emanation of expert and certainty. pause, so long the group of
onlookers may begin thinking something isn't right.
At long last, when you know they're starting to ponder – open your discourse. This can be
a to a great degree successful strategy for catching the group of onlookers' consideration
quickly.

“The right word may be effective but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed
pause.”
― Mark Twain
Features;
▪ Pause is a short silence in speech.
▪ Pauses emphasize/dramatize a point.
 ▪ Separate one unit of thought from another.
▪ Signal both the beginning and end of a speech.

e. Chronemics: Study of time, utilization of time; delaying, pausing, accelerating.

“Time talks and space speaks.”- Edward T Hall.
▪ A commodity in professional world.
▪ Reveals your personality.
▪ Varies from culture to culture.
Use of time
▪ Helps in planning.
▪ Reflects professionalism & courtesy.
▪ Careful use of time during communication leads to success.

f. Silence: Long stops, withholding data, mystery.

“Silence is better than unmeaning words.”― Pythagoras.
Thought process
Reactions
Introspection
Decision making

g. Vocalic: Tone, timbre, volume All through this section, if you don't mind allude back to
this rundown as you figure out how to list cases of how nonverbal dialect is perceived
and what impact it has on communication.
• Degree of loudness/softness of voice
• Voice levels vary depending upon listeners
• Be audible
• Adjust to acoustics of the room
• Avoid speaking too loud

h. Pace/rate
▪ Both too fast and too slow delivery is faulty.
▪ Pace to be decided as per audience.
▪ Variety adds spice to one’s speech.
▪ Complex matters require slow delivery.
i. Pronunciation
▪ Received pronunciation
▪ Word stress
▪ Sentence stress
▪ Intonation
j. Word and Sentence stress
• Put stress at the right syllables.
• Stress the right words in a sentence.
• Modulate your voice to express intended meaning.
• Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs and personal pronouns do not take
stress.
k. Intonation
• Rise and fall in the pitch of the voice.
• Falling tone: statements, commands, wh-questions.
• Rising tone: request, yes-no questions, question tags, protests.
4. Haptic Communication (Touch):
We convey an extraordinary arrangement through touch. Consider the messages given by
the accompanying: a feeble handshake, a meek tap on the shoulder, a warm loving
squeeze, a consoling slap on the back, a belittling congratulatory gesture on the head, or a
controlling grasp on your arm.

Meaning: Haptic is a Greek word meaning ‘I touch’.

• Systematic study of touch behavior.
• Sensation of touch can be used for information gathering.
Touch generates feelings
▪ Warmth
▪ Friendliness
▪ Regard
▪ Togetherness
▪ Affection
Forms of Touch
▪ Patting on the back
▪ Touching the head with palm
▪ Touching the feet
▪ Hugging
▪ Kissing the forehead
▪ Holding somebody’s hand/arm
▪ Handshakes
Differences in Haptic behaviour
• India: Verbal greeting followed by handshake/ folding of hands
• U.S. & U.K.: Handshake as commonest form.
• Arab & Asian countries: Restricted handshake.
Types of handshakes
 1. Sweaty Palms: Sweaty palms indicate nervousness, as the sympathetic nervous
system gets activated and produces more sweat when a person experiences discomfort or
is nervous.
2. Dead Fish: Just like a dead fish, this handshake is something that signifies the
indifference and is a numb shake of the hand, making it seem as though the person has no
bones. This type of a handshake indicates a reserved or a passive personality.
3. Hand Crusher:
This type of handshake where the person crushes the hand of the other until the receiver
cringes is often referred to as the bone crusher. Although not a conscious move to test the
strength, this type of a handshake is seen as being intimidating.
This is a handshake where the hands do not meet and it is rather just the fingers that
greet. This sort of handshake is usually seen between people of a higher order (like the
queen) when they are to encounter a handshake with their subordinates, while few
women also tend to maintain this handshake when with men and it signifies the need for
personal space.

4. The Hand Hug:

Usually seen among Politicians, this type of handshake is said to convey the meaning of
warmness, friendly, honest and trustworthy. In this type of handshake the traditional grip
is by placing the left hand covering the person’s right hand.

5. The Dominator:
When a person displays his / her palm downwards during a handshake it is said to
indicate a sense of domination or superiority. Occasionally, you have often noticed
people while shaking hands that their hand is on the higher position with their palm
pointing towards the ground.

5. Locomotion: Walking, jumping, swaying, and moving with a wheelchair.

1.4. Levels of communication:

Human communication takes place at various levels.
1. Extrapersonal Communication
2. Intrapersonal Communication
3. Interpersonal Communication
4. Organizational Communication
a. Internal operational b. External operational c. Personal
5. Mass Communication

1. Extrapersonal Communication:
Communication between individuals and non-human substances is extrapersonal. For
instance, when your pet canine comes to you pursuing its tail when you come back from
work, it is a case of extrapersonal Communication. A parrot reacting to your welcome is
another case. More than some other shape, this type of correspondence requires culminate
coordination and comprehension between the sender and the beneficiary as no less than
one of them transmits data or reacts in communication through signing as it were.

2. Intrapersonal Communication:
This happens inside the person. We realize that the mind is connected to every one of the
parts of the body by electrochemical framework. For instance, when you start to 'feel hot',
the data is sent to the cerebrum and you may choose to turn on the cooler, reacting to
guidelines sent from the mind to the hand. For this situation, the important organ is the
sender, the electrochemical motivation is the message, and the cerebrum is the collector.
Next, the mind accept the part of sender and sends the criticism that you should switch on
the cooler. At that point the procedure is finished.

This sort of communication relates to considering, which is the premise of data preparing.
Without such interior discourse, you can't continue to the further level of communication
relational and authoritative. Truth be told, while we are speaking with the other party,
inside discourse with oneself constant simultaneously arranging, weighting, considering
and handling data. You may have seen that on occasion you rouse yourself or
intentionally make plans to finish certain errand. Self-inspiration, self-assurance, and so
forth occur at the intrapersonal level

3. Interpersonal Communication:
Communicational at this level alludes to the sharing of data among individuals. To
contrast it and different types of correspondence, we have to look at what number of
individuals are included, that they are so near each other physically, what number of
tangible channels are utilized, and the input gave.

Relational communication contrasts from different types of communication in that there

are couple of members included, the intercalants are in close physical closeness to each
other, there are numerous tangible channels utilized, and input is quickly. Additionally,
the parts of sender and collector continue substituting. This type of communication is
beneficial in light of the fact that immediate and quick input is conceivable. On the off
chance that an uncertainty happens, it can be right away elucidated. Note that nonverbal
communication assumes a noteworthy part in the translation of a message in this type of
communication because of the closeness of the general population included.

4. Organizational Communication:
Communication in an association happens at various progressive levels. It is to a great
degree essential for the sustenance any association. Since countless are associated with a
few distinct exercises, the need to convey winds up more noteworthy in an association.
With a legitimate systems administration framework Communication in an association is
conceivable even without coordinate contact between representatives. The sort of
Communication can be additionally isolated in to:
a. Internal operational:
All correspondence that happens in leading work inside an association is named interior
operational.
b. External operational:
The business related Communication that an association does with individuals outside the
association is called outer operational.
c. Personal:
All correspondence in an association that happens without reason concerning as business
is concerns called individual correspondence.

5. Mass communication:
For this sort of communication we require a go between to transmit data. These ate a few
broad communications, for example, diaries, books, TV and daily papers, witch intercede
such Communications. Since the messages are for an extensive gathering of people that is
heterogeneous and unknown, the approach is indifferent. Press interviews given by the
director of huge firm, commercials for a specific item or benefit and so forth happen
through broad communications. This kind of communication is more enticing in nature
than some other type of correspondence and requires at most care with respect to the
sender in encoding message. Oral communication through broad communications
requires some hardware, for example, receivers, enhancers, and so on, and the composed
shape needs print or visual media.

1.5. General and Technical Communication

Difference between General and Technical Communication:

SL. General Communication Technical Communication

NO
1 Contains a general message Contains a technical or official
message
2 Informal in style and approach Mostly formal style
3 No set pattern of communication Follows a set pattern
4 Mostly oral Both oral and written
5 Not always for a specific audience Always for a specific audience
6 Does not involve the use of technical Frequently involves jargon , graphics
vocabulary or graphics etc etc,
7. No specific topic, time, person. specific topic, time, person are pre-
determined
8 No single purpose It has its own purpose.
9. Not expect discipline It expects discipline and more rules
have to follow.
10 Not required experience It expect more perfection, accuracy
hence it required experience.

1.6. Nonverbal Communication.

Verbal communication exists together close by non-verbal communication, which can

influence individuals' discernments and trades in inconspicuous however critical ways.
Non-verbal communication incorporates non-verbal communication, for example, signals,
outward appearances, eye to eye connection and stance. Contact is a non-verbal
communication that not just shows a man's sentiments or level of solace, yet delineates
identity attributes too. A firm handshake or warm embrace demonstrates something
altogether different than a free praise or a bashful handshake does. The sound of our
voice, including pitch, tone and volume are likewise types of non-verbal communication.
The significance behind somebody's words is regularly completely not the same as the
strict interpretation, as is found in examples of mockery and joke. The apparel we wear
and the manner in which we outline our living space are additionally types of non-verbal
Communication that as often as possible shape individuals' judgments about others,
paying little respect to regardless of whether the observations are valid.

1.7. Body language and its significance.

Which means:
Body Language is a non-verbal communication where messages are sent through
postures, eye-contacts, movements, usage of space and change in the intonation of voice
etc. instead of using words and speech to communicate.

The study of Body Language is also called “Kinesics” derived from the Greek word
“Kinesis” meaning “motion”.
Body Language operates on all three states of human consciousness, i.e. conscious state,
subconscious state and unconscious state.

Numerous questioners have said an aural feeling of association with a few competitors
which were autonomous of their looks of the body and the words they talked. Numerous
patients give high indicates their specialists because of their capacity to peruse the implicit
piece of a sentence, and have the capacity to go - "I get what you are stating… "

Body Language includes numerous examinations like outward appearances, dissecting

the requirement for individual space, reflecting your body development with others,
seating positions and different signs.

Identities are frequently depicted as far as their propensity to be open or shut. It implies
that while a few people give off an impression of being intelligent even from a separation,
the same can't be said of a not many whose Body Language seems, by all accounts, to be
cryptic, close, and quiet.
Body language will be appeared in a different way as it follows:

1. Open Body Language

People with open personalities are expressive, interactive, and hands-on. They also are, at
times, aggressive and argumentative. They tend to make extensive use of hands while
speaking.

2. Uncrossed Legs
This is a relaxed person who wants to have a conversation. However, a person with
uncrossed legs and leaning forward to put his elbows on this thighs could be worried
about something.

3. Uncrossed Arms
Open arms may point at a frankness of opinion and presents an open and honest image.
Politicians normally use their arms to wave at people and raise them with open palms to
sign trust and faith.

4. Closed Body Language

People with closed personalities are the ones with hidden motives. They tend to cross
their arms, cross their legs, keep hands close to their body while speaking, and a one-tone
voice.

5. Crossing of Arms
This stance gives the impression that you have already taken your decision and you are
going to defend it no matter what. It’s hostile and discourages discussion.

6. Crossing of Legs When Seated

Putting one leg over the other leg’s knee is both a defensive and an aggressive message. It
tells the person talking to you to not waste time explaining his points.
 7. Arms in Front of Body
It is normally a sign of nervousness and can be seen in people who are either aspirants in
an interview or first-time employees on their first day.

8. Crossing of Legs in Standing

It could either mean a relaxed frame of mind or an interest to have a conversation on a
topic. People crossing legs while standing like to share their knowledge on a particular
subject.

Gestures:
▪ Pointing with Finger: People getting pointed at will be intimidated with this gesture. It is
normally used to show dominance and authority.
▪ Wagging Finger Side To Side: This gesture is used to deny an action or negate a
statement. It’s used as the substitute to the head wagging from side to side.
▪ Wagging Finger Up To Down: This motions people to sit down, and if used while
presenting points, this gesture helps in underlining important parts of the speech.
▪ Pointing Thumb Upwards: Pointing thumbs upward means appreciating some task that
is well-done and meets your standards of approval.
▪ Pointing Thumb Downwards: Pointing thumbs downward, on the other hand, signifies
disappointment in the effort. It also means ‘no’ in taking opinions on something.
▪ Index Finger Touching Thumb: This is the ‘Okay’ sign and signifies that everything is
fine and meets your requirement. This was made famous by the US president, Martin Van
Buren during his presidential campaign.

Eyes:

Eyes are considered to be the mirrors to a man’s mind. While combined with other
gestures, eyes can give much information about the thoughts running inside a person’s
mind.

▪ Looking to Left: Looking to the left and down while talking signifies that the speaker is
either recollecting facts. Looking at left and straight means the speaker is having a self-
conversation before re-engaging in a debate or conversation.
▪ Glancing: While looking at sideways, it means you are either hearing certain sounds or
you are interested in imagining a story. Many children have this look in their eyes when
they are asked to write on an imaginary situation.
▪ Looking to Right: Looking to the right and down while speaking signifies self-doubt,
whereas looking right and straight/up signifies lying. Looking to the right activates
imagination and left activates memory.
▪ Eye-contact: When speaking, this could mean the person is being honest in his speech.
When someone maintains eye-contact with you when he is listening to what you are
saying, it means he is interested in the conversation.
▪ Eyes Widening: Eyes widening may signal wonder and surprise too. It can also be the
reaction when you hear a joke at a time you least expected it.
▪ Eyes Rolling: Rolling eyes are a sign of disbelief. People who don’t trust what you are
saying tend to use this expression. It could also mean frustration.
▪ Eyes Blinking: Frequent blinking of eyelids means either you are participating in
something that is too exciting or in something that is outright boring.
▪ Eyes Winking: Winking eyes suggest mischief and is normally used in between friends to
pull off a joke on a seemingly unaware person.
▪ Rubbing Eyes: People rubbing eyes are either tired, sleepy or are in disbelief of what you
are saying to them. It also signals frustration and irritation.

1.7. Body Language and its significance:

The significance of body language is intricate to say the least. It works in conjunction with
verbal aspects of communication to create a sometimes blunt, sometimes nuanced
message. The sender and receiver each have a role to play, and if their interpretation or
perception of each other’s message differs at all, the communication becomes muddled at
best and downright conflicting at worst.

1. Upgrading our Communication System.

We are born with a very sophisticated and effective system to communicate and
understand each other. It's quite amazing, especially when you take into account that
nobody actively taught us about it.

But even so, it's seems that some people are just better at it. We call such people
perceptive and sharp because they possess a special social awareness, they act as if they
have an extra sense that allows them to know what's going on and how to react.

Learning to understanding body language is like upgrading our current system of

communication. We all get the "basic kit", but if we want to improve we need to manually
grasp control and actively become more observant.

The difference between someone who knows how to read body language and someone
who doesn't is in the significance they give to nonverbal information. The non verbal cues
are present to both, but only the former knows to look for them and to trust his gut
because he knows they have a meaning.
What we like to call intuition is not some otherworldly idea that appears out of nowhere;
its roots are in the nonverbal channel, in things unsaid but visible to the eyes and ears. The
question is: how good is your "radar" at picking up these signals and understand what
they can mean?

So the aim is to train yourself to trust your instincts and read signals better, you may not
become Sherlock Holmes, but you'll know more than enough to get by in most
interactions. It's a social awareness – either you got it, or learn to improve it.

And what about what the signals we send to others?

2. Avoid Being Manipulated by Others.

You don't need me to tell you that there are people who will try and take advantage of
you, if you give them the chance. So give yourself an edge when dealing with such types.
Becoming more perceptive will alert you of falsehood and keep you on your toes
automatically. We all get that "gut feeling" when we feel something is wrong and
someone is lying to us. Sadly, often we ignore that feeling by convincing ourselves with
other "logical" explanations. That gut feeling is actually picked up by our subconscious
mind, and tries to warn us that something "smells".

So learn to listen to it, once you know why you got that feeling you'll have a more
objective mind to deal with it. It's not always 'right', but at least you'll have a better chance
knowing why.

The subconscious mind picks up many nonverbal signals you're not actively aware of,
while your conscious mind is focused more on the verbal channel. When there is a conflict
between the verbal and the nonverbal channels we feel that something is wrong.
Incongruence in the messages we receive means that actions don't match words, and since
lying with words is way easier than with the body... You can realize why reading body
language is an important asset to police investigators.

3. First Impression Leaves Big Impressionge

You probably know this one already. We all try to impress on our first date and to appear
our best during a job interview.

So the bad or good news, depends on how you see it, is that we have very little control
over it. You may want to be open and not judgmental, but your system automatically
classifies people without your permission, and it does that very quickly. That's a good
thing basically – more often than not, it's critical to identify with whom you're dealing
with and whether or not you can trust them.

What make things even more complicated is that once an impression is set, it's pretty hard
to change it. Our brain dislikes the notion of changing set ideas - it makes living much
harder. It simply easier for us to believe things that support something we already know
rather than changing our minds about it.

These two facts combined tell us one thing - be great at first impression. And guess
what's here to help you...

So make the first step right, prepare yourself.

First impression can be changed in future encounters if we work hard enough, it won't be
an immediate change, but it can be done. Sometimes, however, we don't get a second
chance - if it's an all or nothing situation, knowing how to use body language can be
priceless.

4. It's the Universal Language

The last point is about curiosity. Because I believe that learning body language isn't all
about personal benefits, but it can also enrich your life and teach you about other cultures.

Body language is universal. We all have the capacity to understand others intuitively and
share a lot of universal expressions regardless of our background - such as facial
expressions. It's a unifying notion, because it's what we call being human, to recognize
something you know and feel in others.

Of course, we do have differences - different notions about personal space, customs and
gestures. Such variation is fascinating, even if you're not an anthropologist, but as an
outsider you'll quickly understand that your notion of what is right and obvious isn't so in
other places.

So a lot of the material in this site is dedicated to the background of non-verbals - how
they came to be and how they can be different. Allow yourself a second glance at what's
considered common knowledge and realize it's not that simple or straightforward.

5. Meaningful communication can be possible.

6. Effective communication can be possible.
7. Avoid misunderstanding during communication.
8. Attract the viewer’s towards the communicator.
9. Create better image of the person or an individual.
 10. Body language can instantly help to evaluate the interest of people.

1.8. Communication across cultures:

Meaning: “It seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures
behave, communicate and perceive the world around them cultures”. Interacting with or
comparing two or more cultures and understanding their values, beliefs and norms.
“Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication.
Communication requires coding and symbols that must be learned and shared.”
-Alfred G Smith,

Cultural Contexts
High context culture (Japan, China and Arab countries): Intuitive, contemplative, stress
on non-verbals, meaning to physical and social setting.
Low context culture (North America, Scandinavia,
France and Germany): Logical, analytical and action- oriented. Values individualism.

Communication Contexts
▪ International: Study of the flow of communication between and among countries.
▪ Global: Trans-border transfer of information by groups/ institutions and
government.
▪ Cross cultural: Comparing phenomena across culture.
▪ Intercultural: Face to face interactions among people of diverse cultures.

Superstition
• In Mexico Saloon where people gather to drink pulque, a distillate of cactus, is
considered good fortune to get worms in your cup.
• In Japan: Maneki neko (beckoning cat).
• In China: Phonetic sound of 8 is most fortuitous of numbers auguring prosperity.

In Hong Kong
A license plate with the number 8 is quite valuable.
4 can be read as shi, a homophone for death.
In Arabs:
Arabs of the same sex stand much closer than North
Americans.
U.S: People in U.S. require more room.

Generalized Nonverbal Behaviours by Ethnic/Cultural background.

Cultural Haptic Oculesics Kinesics Vocalics Posture Proxemics Chronemic
Background (Touch) (Eye (Body (Tone, (Body (Use of s
contact) motions, volume) position, space) (Tim
gestures) Stance) e, speed,
waiting)
Typical Generally Eye Used to Wide Wide 30” apart Often in a
American like contact signal; range range; hurry
touch; expected head varies by erect
shake nods gender, posture
hands; affirm age, admired
youth Wide social
show range situation
affection signal;
in public head
nods
affirm
Africans More Quick eye Nod ——— Erect More Varies
formal; contact heads formal
expect to show distance
respect listening until
know
others
Asians Limited Avoid Smiling Never Erect and ——— ———
touch, direct covers interrupt balanced
both eye many due to posture
bowing contact emotions respect valued
and
shaking
hands; no
public
affection;
do
push in
crowds

The following is a brief review of cultural preferences:

• The current predominant culture in the U.S.: Haptics—Americans may wish to be

touched during difficult times or by close friends but generally stand 30 inches apart.
Americans do shake hands. Young Americans do demonstrate affection publicly.
Oculesics—Americans are taught to make eye contact. In terms of general kinesics,
Americans use hand gestures to indicate “okay,” give “a thumbs up” for a good job, and
use head nodding to affirm a speaker’s message.

•Africans generally behave in a more formal manner, showing politeness with quick eye
contact, erect posture, a nod of the head, and careful listening. They may be less interested
in touching. When in the States they also expect to be treated with the same courtesy. This
will differ somewhat by country and station in life; the more affluent and well educated
Africans tend to be more formal.
• Asian cultures (Chinese, Pacific Islanders, Japanese, and Koreans share much of the
following): Haptics—Asians are generally not a touch oriented society, although many
cultures now use handshaking as well as bowing; public displays of affection are avoided,
but pushing in a crowd is common. Oculesics—Direct eye contact is typically avoided.
Facial expression—Smiling covers a wide range of emotions, so be certain to reflect back
what you see to clarify. Posture—Erect, balanced posture is highly valued. Silence while
being spoken to be offered as a Cultural Sensitivity in Nonverbal Communication sign of
respect; great care is taken not to interrupt. People from Taiwan follow behaviors similar
to these but are more likely to use handshaking than any other greeting.

Every country has its own communication style and habits. Different styles do not
translate well and businesses need to pay special attention to communication with foreign
clients.
Americans like to use slang words and phrases that even other Americans don’t always
understand. I am jazzed when that happens!
Japanese people do not like to refuse something, so they that it will be discussed “latter”.
Latter meaning never.

It is used to be that the study of body language across culture was as academic pursuit
interesting but not really vital in the course of daily living. Now, however, with our
globalized economy and greater exposure to diverse cultures, understanding differences
in body language can have a huge impact on many aspects of work, business, and
personal life.

Forms of greeting practicing in different countries.

1. Handshakes:
United States and Canada: Firm handshake.
France: Soft, quick handshake.
Japan: Handshake with arm fully extended, accompanied by a bow.
Germany: Firm handshake. Men traditionally accompany the handshake with a slight
bow.

2. Hugging and kissing:

Native Hawaiians hug and exchange breaths in a custom called “aha”.
Mexicans will usually hug upon greeting (the abrazo).
Men in many parts of the world exchange kisses on cheek and places where this is a
common practice include Cuba, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Eastern Europe, and the middle
east.
3. Bowing:
Asians: Many people bow in greeting.
Japan: People bow with their hands at their sides, and the depth of the bow is related to
the level of respect due to the other person.
Pakistanis: use the Salam, and bow with the palm of the right hand on their foreheads.

4. Eye contact:
Western culture: People make intermittent eye contact while speaking to demonstrate
interest and trust worthiness.
Middle East: use very intense and prolonged eye contact to gauge someone else’s
intentions.
Japan: Direct eye contact is interpreted as invasion of a person’s privacy and act as
rudeness.

5. Smiling:
North American: Smile automatically when greeting others.
Asian: Smile less than Westerns.
Korien: Smile usually indicates embarrassment and not pleasure.

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE:

1. Define the term ‘communication’. Explain the demerits of written communication.

2. Elucidate the merits and demerits of oral communication.
3. Discuss the significance of body language; List some differences in body language
usage across cultures.
4. What do you understand by Interpersonal Communication? Illustrate with
examples.
5. What is Para linguistics? Write a note on the significance of Para linguistic features
in communication.
6. Write a note on semantic barriers.
7. Discuss the different forms of communication.
8. Discuss how the idea of ‘space’ can be related to communication.
9. Is ‘personal appearance’ a part of our body language? Justify.
10. Imagine you need to deliver a seminar. List the features will you keep in mind to
make your communication more effective and leave an impact on the audience.
11. ‘Non-verbal communication plays an important role in day today life’. Justly the
statement with your views.
12. ‘Psychological barriers is one of the common barriers which affect communication’.
Analyze.
13. Define the term ‘communication’. Identify what are the traits of leaders need to be
effective communicators?
14. Elucidate the process of communication with the help of diagrammatic
representations.
15. Classify the cultural differences with appropriate example. Why does require to
have a knowledge of cultural differences in a communication perspective.
16. Explain the terms, ‘gestures’, ‘postures’ and ‘eye contact’ with suitable examples.
17. How can communication be improved illustrate with examples?
18. Explain how ‘clothing’, ‘appearance’ and ‘smile’ help in effective non-verbal
communication.
19. Briefly describe various barriers of communication and its remedies.
20. Describe different ways to improve interpersonal communication.
21. Elaborate the benefits oral communication with suitable examples.
22. “Most of the employees lose their jobs due to their inability to communicate
clearly” justify the statement.
23. Elucidate the skills displayed by effective communicators during presentation.
24. Appearance, facial expression, and voice modulation are part of nonverbal
communication”. If you agree the statement give reasons.
25. Explain the various types of communication involves in interpersonal
communication.
26. The way we behave and perform is an outcome of our intrapersonal level of
communication. Do you agree? Justify.
27. What kind of an impact does paralinguistic features have on our speech patterns?
28. Discuss how communication varies across cultures.
29. The way we behave and perform is an outcome of our interpersonal level of
communication. Do you agree? Justify.
30. Discuss how the idea of ‘space’ can be related to communication.
31. Discuss how communication varies across cultures.
32. The way we behave and perform is an outcome of our interpersonal level of
communication. Do you agree? Justify.
33. Does communication pattern vary across gender? Discuss.
34. Psychological barrier is one of the common barriers which affect communication.
Elaborate the statement with examples.
35. “Actions speaks louder than words”. Explains this statement
36. Do you think that using the same language can overcome the misunderstandings in
cross-cultural communication? Explain your stand.
37. Differentiate verbal and nonverbal communication.
 38. Write a note on semantic barriers.
39. What is Para linguistics? Write a note on the significance of Para linguistic features
in communication.
40. Why proxemics has to be practiced in a professional scenario?
41. In what way gender sensitization helps in better communication at workplace.
42. Think of examples from your own experience of the way in which ―space speaks.
43. How is communication possible? Explain with a sketch.
44. What is the study of ‘space’ in communication known as? Explain with examples.
45. Is body language and listening co-related? Justify
46. Explain the various forms of communication.
47. Whenever the meaning of non-verbal message conflicts with the meaning of verbal
message, we are likely to believe the nonverbal message. Elaborate the statement.
48. Encoding the matter is an effective of communication. Elaborate.
49. Feedback enhances effectiveness of communication. Justify with examples.
50. Communication need not be made in words alone. Support your answer with
examples.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UNIT-2: Listening and Speaking Skills:

2.1. Definition of Listening, Listening Vs Hearing 2.2. Types of Listening 2.3. Barriers to
listening 2.4.Significance of listening 2.5. Improvising Listening Skills 2.6. Effective
speaking 2.7. Presentation Strategies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.1. Definition of Listening, Listening V/s Hearing.

Do you think there is a difference between hearing and listening? You are right, there is!
Hearing is simply the act of perceiving sound by the ear. If you are not hearing-impaired,
hearing simply happens. Listening, however, is something you consciously choose to do.
Listening requires concentration so that your brain processes meaning from words and
sentences. Listening leads to learning.

Most people tend to be "hard of listening" rather than "hard of hearing."

Adults spend an average of 70% of their time engaged in some sort of communication, of
this an average of 45% is spent listening compared to 30% speaking, 16% reading and 9%
writing. (Adler, R. et al. 2001).
Hearing v/s Listening-difference:
When someone is speaking to them, they say, “I hear what you are saying” rather than, “I
am listening to what you are saying”. In reality there is a huge difference between hearing
and listening.

What is hearing?
Hearing is an action in which, just the sound is perceived by the ear, and it requires no or
very little concentration. Very little or no effort is required as your mind is occupied in
other thoughts or perhaps you are engaged in a different task while the other person is
sharing his or her thoughts with you. Words spoken are just heard. This is a passive
process.

What is listening?
Listening is an action where you choose to actively concentrate on what you hear and
your brain processes the information into knowledge. You need to put in a lot of effort in
terms of attention, processing, thinking, analyzing and concentrating. You do not think
about anything else, or get engaged in any other tasks, but you sit down and listen to
what the speaker is saying, word by word. You look into the feeling and meaning of what
is being said. Words spoken are listened to and processed. This is an active process.

Listening:
When you need to listen, you need to pay attention, because you need to interpret and
respond in the end. Listening is a skill which is diminishing and this can be due to
advancement in digital technology, not wanting to concentrate or too much of information
to handle. Listening is a skill that can be improved with a little bit of hard work,
dedication and determination. Everywhere and in every relationship we come across this
complaining phrase quite often, “You never listen” or “You do not want to listen”.

As Ernest Hemingway quotes, “When people talk, listen completely. Most people never listen.”

"Listening is not merely not talking," said poet Alice Duer Miller.
 Thomlison (1984) and Hamouda defined listening as the ability to recognize and
understand what others are telling. This process includes understanding a speaker's
pronunciation, the speaker’s grammar and vocabulary, and understanding of meaning.

Morley said listening involves auditory discrimination, aural grammar, selecting

necessary information, remembering it, and connecting it to the process between sound
and form of meaning.

Hearing v/s Listening

SL.
Hearing Listening
No.
It is a physical ability and not a It is a skill and is a conscious act
1.
conscious act (Physiological) (Psychological)
2. Is hearing randomly Is listening intentionally and analyzing
Everyone hears unless there is a
3. Not everyone listens.
physical disability
Making an effort to hear and it involves
4. Perceiving sound by the ear. reception, analysis, interpretation and
response.
5. Involuntary Voluntary
You just hear sound and noise but You understand what is being said or
6.
do not understand much. heard.
7. Does not need focus. Needs focus and care
Hearing uses only one of the five Listening uses hearing, seeing and
8.
senses which is hearing. sometimes the sense of touch too.
Observing the behavior and adding
9. Receiving sound vibrations.
meaning to what the speaker says.
10. Passive. Active.

2.2. Types of listening

Listening is broadly categorized into two types. These are: Active and Passive Listening.
1. Active Listening:
▪ We must listen with our mind, heart and imagination.
▪ Hearing and listening are not the same. Hearing is a physical act. Listening is a cognitive
act.
▪ We speak at 125-130 wpm, but listen and comprehend at 600wpm.

2. Passive listening: Passive listening is equivalent to hearing. Passive listeners do not

▪ React to the message.
▪ Exhibit either verbal or non-verbal responses.
▪ Participate actively in the communication process.

Difference between Active and Passive listening.

Active listening Passive listening

Cognitive No cognitive purpose
Comprehension Need not necessarily
comprehend.
Paraphrasing No paraphrasing
Asking questions No questions
Exhibit non-verbal No non-verbal signals.
responses.

There are five types of Active listening.

1. Discriminative Listening
2. Comprehensive Listening
3. Therapeutic Listening
4. Critical Listening and
5. Appreciative Listening.
6. Empathetic listening.

1. Discriminative listening:
Discriminative listening is the place the goal is to recognize sound and visual jolts. This
target doesn't consider the significance; rather the emphasis is to a great extent on sounds.
In a fundamental level class this can be as straightforward as recognizing the sexual
orientation of the speaker or the quantity of the speakers and so forth. As specified before
the attention isn't on understanding; yet on accustoming the ears to the sounds. On the off
chance that one supposes s/he can see this is the place L1 listening starts - the kid reacts to
sound boost and before long can perceive its folks' voices in the midst of every other
voice. Contingent upon the level of the understudies, the listening can be separating
sounds to recognizing singular words.

2. Comprehensive listening:
The following stage past segregating between various sound and sights is to comprehend
them. To appreciate the significance requires first having a dictionary of words readily
available and furthermore all guidelines of punctuation and sentence structure by which
we can comprehend what others are stating.
The same is valid, obviously, for the visual parts of communication, and a comprehension
of non-verbal communication causes us comprehend what the other individual is
extremely meaning.
In communication, a few words are more essential and some less along these lines, and
understanding frequently profits by extraction of key realities and things from a long
spiel.
Comprehensive listening is otherwise called content tuning in, instructive listening and
full listening.
Example: Students listening to the instructor.

3. Therapeutic listening:
Therapeutic is one sort of listening where the audience's part is to be a thoughtful
audience absent much verbal reaction. In this sort of listening the audience enables some
individual to talk through an issue. This sort of listening is imperative in building great
relational relations.

Example: This additionally occurs in work circumstances, where directors, HR

individuals, mentors and mentors look to enable representatives to learn and create.

4. Critical listening:
Critical listening will be listening with a specific end goal to assess and judge, shaping
sentiment about what is being said. Judgment incorporates evaluating qualities and
shortcomings, assertion and endorsement.
This type of listening requires huge constant subjective exertion as the audience examines
what is being stated, relating it to existing information and guidelines, while all the while
tuning in to the progressing words from the speaker.
Example: Listening to a sales representative before making a buy, tuning in to lawmakers
influencing their race to battle discourse includes basic tuning in.

5. Appreciative listening:
The last one is Appreciative listening where the emphasis is on getting a charge out of
what one tunes in. Here my understudies raised the point that when they tune in to
English music, regardless of whether they don't comprehend, despite everything they
appreciate in this manner testing the idea of far reaching tuning in as the reason for other
three kinds of tuning in. At that point we considered the act of tuning in to melodies in
the dialect lab. By and large my understudies tune in to the melodies once and endeavor
to make out the verses previously listening a second time with the verses. At that point
they reviewed that they valued the tune better amid the second time and could see the
connection between how one would appreciate something that s/he can understand.

Example: Listening to a comic, performer, performer and so forth.

6. Empathetic listening: When we listen sympathetically, we go past sensitivity to look

for a more genuine see how others are feeling. This requires amazing segregation and
close thoughtfulness regarding the subtleties of enthusiastic signs. When we are by and
large really compassionate, we really feel what they are feeling.
 With a specific end goal to motivate others to uncover these profound parts of themselves
to us, we additionally need to exhibit our sympathy in our mien towards them, asking
delicately and in a way that supports self-revelation.
Example: A medical caretaker tuning in to a patient.

2.3. Barriers to listening:

Poor listening skills result in ineffective communication, which will usually have an
adverse impact on the productivity of the individual, the team and the organization. Here
you can find about ten barriers to effective listening.

Effective communication is a valuable skill in the workplace, and listening properly is the
most important part of effective communication.
Poor listening skills definitely make a huge, negative impact on team morale and
productivity. This situation usually results in conflicts and misunderstandings among
team members, and it creates a negative environment.

1. Excessive Talking: Good conversational skills are an asset, and a person with these
skills are more likely to achieve professional success. However, talking more than
necessary is a barrier to effective communication. People hesitate to interact with a person
who talks excessively without listening to them. They may also get bored, and excessive
talking may be perceived as aggression.

2. Prejudice: Prejudice is a preconceived opinion of feeling, which is usually irrational.

Prejudice is very dangerous and has the potential to bring animosity into the team and to
break team spirit. The reason for a prejudice may be the speaker's race, religion, age or
appearance. A prejudiced person will not make any effort to listen and understand.

3. Distractions: The four main types of distractions are physical, mental, auditory and
visual. Here's how to avoid this common barrier:
• Face the person who is speaking.
• Maintain eye contact while the other person is speaking.
• Ensure that you are comfortable.
• Switch off the cell phone.

4. Expecting Others to Share Your Personal Beliefs and Values: Everybody has their own
personal beliefs and value systems, and it's natural to want to apply them to others
around us. Learn to appreciate that others don't have to share your beliefs. In fact, their
unique perspectives may shine light on problems and issues that you haven't been able to
deal with before!
 5. Misunderstanding: The inability to hear correctly is one of the many reasons for
misunderstanding what a speaker is trying to communicate. You may think that it's
impolite to ask the speaker to clarify his words or intentions, but that's not the case at all.
Most people will appreciate the fact that you are making a focused effort to really
understand what they are trying to say.

6. Interrupting: Interrupting a conversation with improper body language or

inappropriate words will have a negative impact in effective communication. Here's some
tips to help you avoid this barrier to effective listening:
• Listen without interrupting while the other person is speaking.
• If you seek to clarify something, use appropriate body language such as raising your hand
or ask politely for more details (like "I am sorry to interrupt you...").

7. Faking Attention: The person who is faking attention is just "hearing" but not
"listening." There may be some eye contact and the person may even be nodding, but the
mind is elsewhere. The person may be thinking about what to have for lunch or what to
wear for the party that evening. Faking attention is a habit for some people, but it conveys
lack of respect and dishonesty.

8. Bringing in Emotions: Emotions erect barriers to effective communication. A listener's

senses are not likely to be functioning at their optimum level when he or she is angry.
Likewise, it is not possible to understand or appreciate what the speaker is saying if the
listener is excessively sad.

9. Noise: Noise is any unwanted sound. It is a great impediment to clear communication.

It is impossible to listen in a noisy environment – it becomes a frustrating experience for
both the speaker and the listener.

10. Fear: Fear is a great barrier to listening. People who are afraid during a conversation
are not likely to listen. They become defensive and tend to argue.

2.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF LISTENING

▪ Understand and follow instructions.
▪ Minimize the risk of error and deviation at work or school.
▪ Settle quickly into the working environment.
▪ Pay attention and absorb information during speeches.
▪ Learn faster and easily during on-the-job training.
▪ Enjoy an improved brain absorption rate.
▪ Enjoy smoother and faster revision of lesson notes.

2.5. IMPROVISING LISTENING SKILLS

• Hearing or Receiving: At this stage, a lot of attention is required but anything that
vibrates the eardrum can cause distractions, especially when it is a very loud sound.
Hearing problems such as earaches, surrounding environmental factors such as bright
lights and funny comments etc. may cause distractions. Tips: If necessary, use hearing
aids, naturopathic ear drops, oil drops or warm compressors for earaches. You may see an
otolaryngologist for peculiar hearing problems. Pay attention to and gaze at the speaker
or sound source to avoid visual distractions. Avoid multitasking when listening.

• Understanding (Comprehension): The stage where you try to decipher the meaning of
the message or sound you have just heard. Your ability to understand depends on various
factors including language, knowledge etc. Tips: Get yourself accustomed to the work-
place-language(s) by learning the meaning of certain jargons, technical words, acronyms,
sirens etc. Ask questions for clarity if necessary and try not to stop the speaker in his
tracks.

• Remembering: This is the stage where information is not only absorbed but retained also.
Main points must be absorbed into the long-term memory whiles trivial ones should be
discarded. Tips: Rehearse the main points in your mind. Memory pills or memory
retention courses may be helpful.

• Evaluating: Here, you sort information and dissect them into facts and opinions, make
your judgment on what is prejudice or what is exaggerated, which part was biased and
what was the intent of the speaker’s message etc. Tips: Be objective in your judgment.

• Feedback: At this stage, you are still a listener and not the speaker. Tips: Focus on
addressing the most important issues. Do not complete the speaker’s statements nor
deviate from the subject.
• Slow you’re listening down. Take a minute to breathe and think about listening and to be
aware and present. Listen from your head to your toes. Listen as if what you are hearing
could change your life. Factoid: We speak an average of 120 words per minute, but listen
four times faster. Your mind fills the gap by thinking of other things and wandering off.
Stay focused. Slow down your listening and listen more than you talk.
• Pay attention. Watch out for shiny objects!
Stay focused. Don’t get distracted, but rather offer a statement of observation. For
example: say, “It sounds like you’re angry” (or sad/upset/frustrated, etc.). Listen and
watch for the tone of voice, body language, and facial expressions of the person you’re
talking to.
2.6. EFFECTIVE SPEAKING

Aspects of effective speaking

1. Confidence
The greater part of the general population have a tendency to wind up on edge or
apprehensive before accomplishing something vital out in the open. We should know
how to defeat from anxiety or stage dread with the goal that we feel certain as well as
show up so before our gathering of people. The accompanying are a couple of tips to
defeat anxiety before a discourse.

• Believe that dread is your companion; it makes your reflexes shaper, uplifts your vitality
as more adrenaline is directed into your blood when you are anxious or focused.'
•Given a decision, pick a subject you really like. In the event that you are given a
particular subject, create honest to goodness enthusiasm for it.
•Prepare, get ready and plan until the point that you end up OK with conveying the
subject. Through arrangement is the counteractant.

•If you are an amateur speaker, at that point plan more than the required material with
the goal that you don't go clear amid your discourse on any primary or subtopics.
•Give a mock discourse in front of your companions and discover your qualities and
shortcoming.
•Try the positive representation procedure that expects you to focus on how great you are
and think everything is great.
•Anticipate simple and troublesome inquiries and plan answers for the same.
•Take two or three moderate, full breaths previously you begin your discourse.
•Look at the friendliest faces in the group of onlookers.
•Do not remark on apprehension.
•Remember that apprehension does not demonstrate even one-tenth as much as it feels.

2. Clarity
Audience members, not at all like receiver, can't look into a lexicon or re-read the words to
grasp the importance of the words they tune in to. A speaker's significance must be
quickly justifiable; it must be clear to the point that there is for all intents and purposes no
possibility of misunderstanding. Regardless of whether speakers sped hours in planning
for their introductions and convey it unquestionably, and gathering of people may not see
most piece of the talks if there is no clearness I their discourse. A discourse may need
clearness, if the speaker.
 Speaks either quick of moderate.
Does not understandable the words appropriately.
Gives wrong accentuation on words.
Does not have a well – sorted out material.
Uses an excessive number of new words.

The accompanying a portion of the manners by which the clearness of discourse can be
progressed.

1. The accompanying activities that includes discourse organs, for example, jaw, tongue,
and so on, ought to be précised.

Open your mouth wide and after that nearby. Rehash it a few times.
Touch the internal parts of your tongue or turn your tongue, in this manner contacting
all parts of your mouth.
Make wide biting movement while murmuring tenderly.
Stretch your jaw muscles while moving your jaw sideways and in circles.
Puff air in to your mouth, keep for a couple of moments, and afterward discharge it.
Rehash it a few times.

2. One ought to learn rectify elocution of words while planning for a discourse.

3. While talking, the volume ought to be balanced remembering the quantity of crowd, the
span of the room and so on.

4. Straightforward and unambiguous words and articulations ought to be utilized.

5. Recording one's introductions may help may know how one sounds and where the
issues lie.
6. Every one of the words in each sentence of one's discourse isn't similarly vital.

3. Fluency
Ask following inquiries to ourselves and endeavor to answer them.
Do I say ummm… ' ah… .' Because I don't ge the correct words to proceed with my
announcements?
Di I utilize certain articulations, for example, you know, I mean, really, ec.,
Do I talk gradually and precisely on the grounds that I feel that I may confer botches?
Do I murmur a few words since I don't know about my articulation?
To enhance one’s speaking skills some components need to be kept in mind. They are 7 Cs
every time we need to communicate something and we'll always know we're delivering
the clearest message possible.
1. Clear: Make the goal of our message clear to our recipient. Ask ourselves what the
purpose of our communication is.
2. Concise: Our message should also be brief and to the point. Why communicate our
message in six sentences when we can do it in three?
3. Concrete: Ensure our message has important details and facts, but that nothing
deters the focus of our message.
4. Correct: Make sure what we're writing or saying is accurate. Bad information
doesn't help anybody. Also make sure that our message is typo free.
5. Coherent: Does our message make sense? Check to see that all of our points are
relevant and that everything is consistent with the tone and flow or our text.
6. Complete: Our message is complete when all relevant information is included in
an understandable manner and there is a clear "call to action". Does our audience
know what we want them to do?
7. Courteous: Ensure that our communication is friendly, open, and honest,
regardless of what the message is about. Be empathetic and avoid passive-
aggressive tones.

2.7. PRESENTATION STRATEGIES

Effective presentation is an integral part of modern communication. Through effective
presentation the sender would be able to convince the receiver and achieves desired
result. At each and every stage of life effective presentation enhances good result. This
makes us curious to know the strategies of effective presentation. The following are the
main points that will help you to make effective presentation:
i) Defining purpose
(ii) Analysis audience and locate
(iii)Organizing contents
(iv)Preparing an outline of the presentation
(v) visual aids
(vi)Nuances of delivery
(vii)Body language and effective presentation

Let's try to discuss each component of effective presentation. The first important
component is defining purpose.

Defining purpose: Generally presentation is arranged for an explanation of particular

issue to bring general awareness among the workers, for teaching purpose, and to divert
your target mass in particular direction. Presentation may be for collaboration, for
problem solving, for making a major decision, for increasing audiences' understanding of
 a particular subject. In short, presentation includes, information, analyzation, explanation
and persuasion.

Organizing contents:
It becomes very important for the speaker to organize the content logically. The speaker
comes with different kinds of information regarding the topic of presentation. If this
information is not logically connected the problem of communication gap may occurred.
The content can be arranged/organized in three categories:
1. Introduction
2. Body
3. Conclusion

1. Introduction: This section of the presentation talks about the relevance of the topic,
definition of the topic or starts with any suitable quote, anecdote or brief story of the topic
which leads the audience to understand the importance of the topic.

2. Body: The body of the presentation contains the main or central idea. It is the duty of
the speaker to make the body of presentation logically organized. It must be supported
with relevant examples, details and data.
The following are different way to organize the body of the presentation:
1. chronological
2. Categorical
3. Cause and effect
4. Problem-solution
5. Contrast and comparison.

3. Conclusion: this section contains brief summary of the points which are discussed in
the body. Appropriate words should be used to conclude the topic.

▪ Preparing an outline for the presentation:

Preparing an outline is a mechanical framework in which the contents of
presentation arranged in order to deliver. An outline serves as a guide to show the
speaker the right part for the presentation. Knowing the outlined sequence like
introduction, body and content well in advance gives the speaker the confidence to
control his or her speech anxiety.

▪ Use of visual aids:

Chinese proverb: "a picture is work thousand words" It means visual medium is the best
medium of presentation. Visual aids may be used to as notes to emphasis and clarify the
 points of the topic. It also increase audiences' interest in the presentation. In order to
understand abstract ideas visual aids become an important medium. It includes use of
charts, picture, power point presentations etc.

▪ Nuances of delivery (modes/meanings of delivery)

In oral presentation the style or the shade of delivery is very important Basically there are
four modes of delivery.
▪ Extemporaneous: It is very popular as it is a spontaneous over flow of the subject. It does
not require detailed preparation but to look the main points and in front of the audience.
It requires best oratory skills.
▪ Manuscript: another mode of deliver is manuscript. It means the speech is written in a
paper and speaker has to read only. It is the easiest mode of presentation since the speaker
is not required to recollect any matter and no need to memorize it. Simply louder reading
of text would serve the purpose.

▪ Impromptu: It is an informal style of presentation. It is used for informal speech or at

familiar group. It is generally used at non business gathering. It is very natural in tone so
gives no stress to speaker and listener understands it easily.

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1. What is active listening? Explain with example?
2. Write a note on ‘Critical listening’.
3. Is there a co-relation between body language and listening? Justify.
4. List out the key points helps to make the presentation effective.
5. Good listening improves our interpersonal skills. Elaborate.
6. Discuss the meaning of Listening and its significance in effective oral
communication.
7. Differentiate between listening and hearing.
8. Explain various poor listening habits which you observed in real life situation.
9. Explain the Various types of Listening.
10. What are the ways would you suggest to improve good listening habits?
11. Describe the verbal nonverbal signs of attentive or active listening.
12. Compare and contrast active listening and empathic listening.
13. Why is listening important for employees at workplace?
14. What is listening comprehension? How to improve listening comprehension?
15. Write different types of listening which occur in daily life.
16. Explain how listening is different from hearing.
17. Which kind of listening would happen when you judge a performance?
18. Do you think listening helps to improve our communication skills? Justify.
19. Does our body language contribute when we listen? Justify.
20. Elaborate how listening is a psychological process.
21. “A good listener can be a good speaker”, Justify.
22. Write a short note on descriptive listening.
23. Describe what you have discovered about your listening.
24. Which habits seem to pop up in your listening? What can you do to replace these
habits with more productive behaviour?
25. Differentiate between poor listener and effective listener.
26. Explain the importance of listening skill.
27. “Listening requires more intelligence than speaking”. Analyze this statement.
28. What is positive body language of an attentive listener?
29. Explain how psychological barriers affect listening?
30. Differentiate active and passive listening.
31. Write a short note on descriptive listening.
32. Describe what you have discovered about your listening.
33. Explain how listening is different from hearing.
34. Write different types of listening which occur in daily life.
35. What are the key skills required for active listener?
36. Why do we need to listen? What would be the result if not listen?
37. List out the behaviours of active listener.
38. To establish good contact during listening what one should do. Discuss.
39. How do you encourage the speaker while you listening to speaker?
40. “Listening begins with sending non-verbal signals like eye-contact, Body language
etc.” Justify the statement.
41. What are the characteristics of passive listener?
42. List the non-verbal signs people using in daily life situation as a listener.
43. Correct me if I am wrong’, ‘as I understand it.’ these paraphrasing confirms to
speaker how much listener has understood”. Justify the statement.
44. What are the characteristics of active listener?
45. How can we notice when someone is not really listening when we speak?
46. What are the positive listening skills?
47. List the verbal signs people using in daily life situation as a listener.
48. Being an effective listener what type of questions you would ask to speaker
illustrate with examples.
49. You suggests some tips to improve listening skill for bad listener.
50. Explain verbal and non-verbal signs of listening.