O'Leary fika

Genre Of Teks adalah macam-

Genre Of Teks macam atau jenis-jenis teks dalam
bahasa Inggris, Jenis Genre Of
Teks ada 13 yaitu Narrative,
Description, Recount, Report,
Explanation, Analytical
Exposition, Hortatory
Exposition,Producedural,Discussio
n, Anecdote,Spoof, news Item, dan
Riveiw. Mari kita simak
penjelasannya di buku ini .
 Foreword

Praise be to Allah Swt. for His grace and

bounty so that this book of Genre of Texts
can be completed and published. His grace
so that this book Genre Of Text can be
completed and published for dear readers.

Fika Nabila Auliana

Sungai Guntung 07,February,2024

1. Narrative
text is a text that tells about sequence of events in the past. According to
Barbara as cited in Khusnul (2017), the purposes of narrative text are to
entertain, to express the feelings, to inform and to persuade the readers

Generic Structure
1. Orientation Purpose Of Narrative
2. Complication to amuse/entertain the
3. Resolution readers and to tell a
4. Reorientation story

1. Using Past Tense

2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically
arranged

⚫ Accordingto Madison Smart Bell - the narrative design - or what

we call form or structure, is of first and final importance to any work
of fiction. In that structure, we will find elements of story;
characterization, point of view, theme and plot. Plot is the way of the
story constructed. When we read a text, we can call it narrative as we
see the following generic structure inside the text:

o Orientation; the introduction of what is inside the text. What text is

talk in general. Who involves in the text. When and where it happen.
o Complication; what happens with the participants. It explores the
conflict among the participants. Complication is the main element of
narrative. Without complication, the text is not narrative. The conflict
can be shown as natural, social or psychological conflict.
o Resolution; this is the phase where the participants solve the
problem aroused by the conflict. It is not matter whether the
participants succeed or fail. The point is the conflict becomes ended.
⚫ Fabel is a story which depicts animals to speak and do like human.
⚫ What is fairy tale? Commonly people call it fantasy story. It is about
magic things, miracles, and other amazing happenings. Fairy tale is
narrative story that involving fantasy characters in a fantasy world. The
characters are such as fairies, dwarfs, elves, goblins, trolls, gnomes, giants,
witches, and mermaids.
⚫ In popular narrative use, myth is something that some people believe it
but has no fact or scientific support. Myth is commonly associated with
fictitious story and legend. Some stories involve Gods and Goddess,
ghosts, and supernatural objects.
⚫ At first glance these two models folk story - myth and legend - consider
almost the same. But theoretically 2 story that people have differences
that need to be known. The difference between myth and legend is as
follows:
o The myth is a story that is circulating in the community that is in the
writing of the English "myth" usually regarding about matters relating to
the unseen and often seem absurd mythology for Indonesia rice, especially
Java community.
o Legends is a story that circulated widely in the community who is with
the origin of the place, like legend of Toba lake, the legendary city of
Surabaya, etc
⚫ Legend is a story which has a relation to a place, thing, or an object.
Though the story is debatable in the truth of the content, it keeps the the
richness of certain society culture. A legend could be a true story or
something with uncertainty. Sometime, it is included miracles and myth.
Complication becomes the main element of narrative story. In this way
then narrative text is best to take as telling story. So if you will attend a
telling story competition, simply take one of the best narrative text in the
form of legend.
⚫ Most of narrative texts are story. The story is plotted in generic
structure such as orientation, complication and resolution. The way the
structure organized surely determines the
⚫ attractiveness of whole story and that we call it as narrative text.
The term "story" is referring to the events inside the narrative. It means
that a story can be without a narrative sense. The fundamental element
of narrative text is the existence of complications inside the story. A
story with the absence of a problematic sense is what we call a recount
text or in the job employment term, usually we call it personal
narrative.
⚫ For most long stories, the complication and resolution are not
single. So we know there are major complication and minor
complication. We also know that major resolution and minor
resolution to solve the complex complication.
⚫ Text genre narrative very close relation to other forms of folk story,
such as: myth, legend, folk tales, fairy tales or fables. From all forms of
the story, there is one equation that is the exploration of the problems
being faced by the offender in developing a path or a story plot.
Referring to the generic structure of a text, "problem" which is being
faced by participants of the story we know as conflict, and to prepare
the paragraph narrative, conflict occupies a major position even as a
differentiation with other similar types of text, such as the recount.
⚫ If you read the definition of recount text and narrative text, you will
find some similarity between them. However the differences exist
between them through the second element. Since narrative text is about
complication, narrative text is about series of events.
⚫ All narrative texts in whatever story forms should pass some
complication. If there is not any complication, the story should NOT
be labeled as narrative but it may be a recount text.
1.1 MYTH / Mythology
Mythology is a term that refers to a collection of Myths. The word Myth
comes from the Greek Mythos, which means story. Myths are stories relating
to religion and culture and come from a tradition of oral storytelling.

The Story of Cindelaras

Long time ago, there live a handsome, clever, gallant young boy, named
Cindelaras. He was not an ordinary boy because he was also a prince.
He was born from the empress. Because of evil deed of king's concubine,
Cindelaras' mother was forced to go from the palace and lived in the
jungle. One day, Cindelaras found an egg falling from flying eagle. He
took it home and showed it to her mother. They decided to let the egg
hatch. The day they have waited come. The egg hatched and became a
strong rooster.

The rooster told Cindelaras that he was a prince, the son of King Raden
Putra. He asked her mother about it and found the real answer. During
the time, the rooster fought briefly and became a champion among
villagers. The toughness of Cindelaras' rooster was heard by the king
and then invited him to the palace.

Cindelaras' rooster fought with the king's rooster and win. After the
fight, Cindelaras' rooster cackled that his owner is the king's son. The
king was disbelieved. He told Cindelaras to mention his mother.
Cindelaras told the real story that his mother was the empress who gone
from the palace because of the wickedness of the concubine. The story
was supported by the governor.

Finally, Cindelaras and his mother brought back to the palace. The king
also banished the concubine to the jungle.

01
Generic Structure Analysis

Complication : Cindelaras found his true identity. He knew that he

was a prince. He tried to take his right back A

Orientation : Cinderalas and his mother liven in a jungle

Resolution : rooster helped him Cindelaras finally went to palace

with his mother.

If the story is long enough, there will be two or three complications

and resolutions. They are sub-parts of the problem constituting the
major complication and resolution. Most of this typical prince stories
have good ending. The main character succeeded and got what he
should have
1.2 FABLE

A fable is a short story that illustrates a moral lesson. The plot of a fable
includes a simple conflict and a resolution, followed by a maxim. Fables
feature anthropomorphized animals and natural elements as main characters.

The Story of Mouse Deer and Elephant

One day, there was a mouse deer. He was trapped in a hole that had been made
by a group of hunters. The mouse deer screamed for help but no one heard him.
It was hopeless for him to escape from the trap. He waited and waited and
finally an elephant came. He was happy and asked for help but the elephant was
not smart enough to help him. The elephant did not know how to do. In the end,
the mouse deer got a bright idea. He said to the elephant, "Come down here!
Come down to this hole so you can help me get out!" Foolishly the elephant
agreed and followed the mouse deer's order. The elephant jumped down to the
hole. Of course the mouse deer quickly hopped on the elephant's body and then
hopped out of the hole. He was free and leaving the elephant trapped in the hole
in turn.

✔Generic Structure Analysis

Orientation : Introduction figure when and where the story. In the story of the
deer and elephants above, clearly stated that the orientation is the deer itself and
an elephant in once time.

Complication : Conflicts or problems. The basic concept desire problems are

nothing like reality. The deer wanted to get out of the trap but could not. Even
the elephant did not know how to help the deer.

Resolution : In the end, with a little trickery, the deer can get out of the trap
while the elephant helper got trapped on its own.

✔Moral Value
Each of us must strive to do good. Helping is a commendable attitude. However,
having the attitude and good intentions are not enough. We must also smart

02
1.3 LOVE STORY

a story dealing with love. synonyms: romance. type of: story.

a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events.
Sad Love Story of Tom and Angela

In a narrow, quiet street of old apartment buildings, Tom walked along the
pavement, looking at the numbers on the doors, Angela's house. There was
only one street light and it was difficult to see but finally he found Angela's
address. the building had a large glass door. Tom pushed it but it was locked.
There was no bell. He knocked on the door but nothing happened. He
knocked again, louder this time, and listened. Silence. "How can bel" he
thought. He was impatient now and worried. Then he stood back in the
middle of the street and looked up. There were five floors and all the
windows were black. There was no light anywhere. "Why is this apartment so
dark and silence? Tom thought hard. In the end Tom just kept standing in
that street looking up at the dark and silence building. "Angela" he said
quietly to himself, "Angela, where are you now?"

✔ Generic structure Analysis

Orientation : The paragraph became an introduction to the reader. In the
text above, the first paragraph has been informing to the reader THAT an
actor TOM was looking for someone who named Angel. This happened in a
narrow street on apartment buildings that are old.

Complication : Paragraphs that show the problems being faced by the

offender story. In the above example of narrative text, found the problem
which constraints to meet with the person sought. Her home has been found
with difficulty but it seems people are looking for is not in it.

Resolution : Paragraph story that shows how the perpetrator to resolve the
problem. As in the previous discussion. that the resolution could be a happy
ending or a sad ending. In the example above the short narrative text, as the
resolution is bad sad ending story in which actors appear deadlocked in
facing the problem.
03
1.4 LEGEND

A legend is a story associated with people or a nation.

Malin Kundang

A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a
woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her
mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed
away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his
mother. Malin Kundang was a healthy, diligent, and strong boy. He usually
went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother,
or sold the caught fish in the town. One day, when Malin Kundang was
sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of
pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin
Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to
him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get
a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone. Many years
later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped
by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife
too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach
near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the
town; Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is heredz. an old
woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin
Kundangs mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being
lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin
Kundag who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied
meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin
Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said
to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and
ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the
old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and
angriness. Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn
into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really
set sail. In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was
wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was
thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really
too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.
04
Generic Structure Analysis

Orientation : the first paragraph is set to be the story introduction.

Reading the orientation, reader will know that the story is
characterized with Malin Kundang and his mother. Wes Sumatra is
set as the place.

Complication : this is the main element of narrative story. From the

Malin Kundang myth, we know that there are more than one

complication. Many stories are composed with multi complications.

They are minor complication and major complication. When Malin
Kundang and her mother did life hard, it can be the minor
complication. this hard life in the first time was solved by his
successful trading as new merchant. However this narrative sotry is
more interesting when we see the major complication among the
participants Malin Kundang denied his mother after being
successful merchant. In every story, complication must be ended;
happy ending or sad one

Resolution : this is the end of the story, the sad ending one. Malin
Kundang faces his curse of turning into a stone.
1.5 FAIRY TALE

a traditional story written for children that usually involves

imaginary creatures and magic.

The Story of Thumbelina

Once upon a time, there was a very poor woman. There was not a boy or a
daughter who lived with her.
She wished very much to have a child. One day, the poor woman went to a
fairy god mother. The fairy lived near the green meadow in the valley. The
poor woman received a Barleycorn seeds from the fairy. She went home and
planted it in a flower pot. Several days later, the seed grew up into a large
beautiful flower. Surprisingly, the woman saw a little girl inside the flower.
The sweet little girl was as long as a woman thumb. They Gave her the name
of Thumbelina Because she was so small.

✔ Generic Structure Analysis

Orientation : In a text story Thumbelina, the orientation is itself the poor
woman who were living in a time

Complication : Opposition must be paramount in any narrative text. Inside,

Thumbelina story above, starting with the complication package strikes high
against a child

Resolution : a settlement must be performed on each text narrative. A

settlement could be a success or failure at

the end of troubleshooting problems. Preformance Thumbelina story

narrative above, its resolution is a success, a happy ending, in which women
who go to the Fairy finally found a little child in a flowers.

05
2. Description

Descriptive Text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its
purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing

Generic Structure
1. Identification: (contains about the
introduction of a person, place, animal
Purpose of Descriptive Text
or object will be described.) 1. To describe person, thing or
2.Description: contains a description place in specific
of something such as animal, things, 2. To describe a particular person,
place or person by decribing its
thing or place.
features, forms, colors, or anything
related to what the writer describe.

Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense

Example of Descriptive Text :

My Lovely Cat
I have a stray cat as my pet. He is really playful, He loved to play with
me and the new things he found. He has orange and white fur, his fur
is so soft and I like to rubs it for him. He has a long tail. He likes to
play with it. He is also always try to catch his tail sometimes. I also like
to hold him in my hand, when i hold him like that he will fall asleep.

06
1.Descriptive text is a text which describes a person, thing, place and certa
in condition in particular. According to www.sil.org, the example of
descriptive text can be the appearance of a person, detail of location or
requirement for employment. Commonly a descriptive text uses the

2. First and third person pronoun as point of view. Descriptive text

portrays the image which the writers catch and is transferred to the readers.
Descriptive give detail explanation on how the specific thing, person, or
place
looks like.

3. The way descriptive text composed is similar to report text. Both try
more to sho
w less than tell. However descriptive text tends to specify the described
object while report text will describe the
object in general. The goal of the descriptive text is transferring the
experience of the writers. The experience can be what they see, read, or feel.
Descriptive text commonly tries to reveal the

4. Image of certain person, place, animal, or thing. Commonly a

descriptive text will describe a particular thing, place, or someone. A
descriptive text is structured with general identification and followed by
detail description. In Identification paragraph, descriptive text will explore
to answer the question of who, what when and where. The detail
description will include a description to answer how it looks, where it is
sees, what it does, and what it make it special.

07
3. Recount
Recount text is a text that is telling the reader about one story,
action, or activity. Recount text is a text which retells event or
experiences in the past.

Generic Structure Purpose Of Recount Teks

1.Orientation : provides the setting
and introduces participants
2.what sequence Events : tell what
happened, in
3. Re-orientation : optionalclosure
of event
1. to retell something that
happened in the past and to
tell a series of past event
2. to retell events for the
purpose of informing or
entertaining readers

Language Feature
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives

Example Of Recount Teks :

Bring Late
Last morning, Dinar, my roommate woke up late and she had to go to
campus.
When she wanted to take her motorcycle, in fact she couldn’t move it
because there were some motorcycles that blocked up her motorcycle. She
tried to move all of the motorcycles, so that her motorcycle could move
from the garage. But she couldn’t do it. Then, she called Adel who had
that motorcycle which blocked it up. After that, her friend who had that
motorcycle helped her. Finally, she could move her motorcycle and rode it
to go to campus.
08
1. Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling
something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST
TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense,
or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in
chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is
found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is
found in biography.

2. The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure
in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the
participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological
conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In
the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text.
Recount applies series of event as the basic structure .

3. A recount text can be an amazing experience or horrible one,

biography, holiday events, or historical events.

4. Personal experience is a story about an event that has actually done

by the writer. The event is commonly special or very important for the
writer that needs to be shared with others. Subject used in personal
experience story is (I).

5. A recount text in English is about retelling a series of events. It is

really "retelling". It does not about "exposing" or "arguing".

09
4. News Item
a news item text is a kind of a text which aims to inform the
readers about the important, newsworthy events of the day.

Generic Structure Purpose Of News Item

1. Newsworthy event(s) to inform readers about
2. Background event(s) events of the day which are
3. Sources considered newsworthy or
important

Language Feature
1. Using Simple past tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs: time, place and
manner.

Example Of News Item :

12-year-old Student Ready to University
A 12-year-old Sacramento student who already has three community college
degrees and has been accepted to two University of California campuses says
he plans on studying biomedical engineering and becoming a doctor and
medical researcher by the time he turns 18. Tanishq Abraham has been
accepted to UC Davis and received a regents scholarship to UC Santa Cruz,
but he has yet to decide which university he'll attend, reported Sacramento
television station CBS 13 Sunday. Tanishq started community college at age 7
and last year he received associate's degrees from American River College, a
community college in Sacramento, in general science; math and physical
science; and foreign language studies. Professors at the college didn't initially
want him in their classes because of his age. But finally a professor agreed to
let him attend if his mother, a doctor of veterinary medicine, also took the
class.
10
Biology professor Marlene Martinez said he was never afraid to ask
lot of questions. "In lecture he would always pop up with 'so, does
that mean ...' or 'what about this?' " Martinez said.

✔ Generic Structure Analysis:

1.Paragraph newsworthy event: It show the headline of the
news - A boy of 12 years ol has been accepted to enter famous
university

2.Paragraph background events: We can see the detail on the

headline news in the paragraph 2 , 3 and 4
a. Tanishq Abraham has been accepted to UC Davis Santa
b. Tanishq started community college at age 7 and last year he
received associate's degrees from American River College.
c. Professors didn't want him in but finally agreed to let him.

3.Paragraph sources: The last paragraph show from who the

news is validated Biology professor Marlene Martinez said he
was never afraid to ask lot of questions

11
5. Spoof
Spoof Text is a type of text in English that tells about a factual story in the
past and is not predictable at the end of the story and is funny/funny.

Generic Structure
Purpose Of Spoof
1. Orientation
to tell an event with a
2. Event(s) humorous twist and
3. Twist entertain the readers

Language Feature
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Cronologically

Example Of Spoof :
The Story of Nasreddin’s Coat
One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by
wearing old clothes. When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and
nobody gave him a seat. He got no food in the party so he went home and change
his clothes. Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the
party again. The host at once got up and came to meet him. The host offered him
the best table and gave him a good seat and served him the best food. Nasreddin sat
and put off his coat. (e put his coat and said; DzEat the food, Coat!dz the hosts and
guests were very surprised and asked Nareddin; What are you doing?dz Nasreddin
replied calmly; (When ) came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I
went home and put on my best clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all
give me this best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of medz.
Getting Nasreddin's answer, they just shook the head.

✔ Generic Structure Analysis:

Orientation : one day, Nasreddin was invited to a dinner party
Event 1 : He was in the party with his old cloth
Event 2 : He was in the party with his best newest coat
Twist : Among the hosts and guests, he asked his coat to eat the served food
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⚫ The spoof text is commonly written in a story. While we are talking about a
story, Related to narrative and recount text. What and How is narrative, what
is recount and what is spoof text its self are easily differed from one to other by
seeing the generic structure. Spoof, narrative and recount are similar in how
they are constructed in the first step. They recount the event and experience
which introduce the participant, time and place setting. However in the end of
the text, the way they are closed are different from one to other. Narrative will
be closed by a resolution which refers to the conflict. Recount will be
concluded with a reorientation. While spoof will end the story with some
unpredictable way of plot. That unpredictable way is called twist.

⚫ Spoof text is one kind of text that should be studied secondary school
students in Indonesia. Learn English through tek type is known as the
"learning English through text-based approach" This means devices such as the
English language grammar and structure, vocabularies, tenses, etc. were not
studied separately but following types of text again discussed. This is why we
know there is a term "Language Feature" in any kind of text in addition to
"Generic Structure"

⚫ A funny story is always interesting. It really amuses reader. This amusement

is actually the main function of spoof text. How spoof text tries to amuse the
reader is actually including in the way it is structured. We all know that
SPOOF text is built with generic structure of ORIENTATION, EVENTS ant
TWIST. Two phases in the first are commonly found in the other text genres.
Recount text, for example, has the structures of orientation and events too to
hold the readers interest. However the end of the story is what makes spoof
text differ from recount text.

⚫ Reading a spoof text can be very interesting as it has an unpredictable plot

of the story. There
will be a tricky "arrangement". As we build understanding of the plot to
certain condition, a spoof
text will be ended with a special contradictory ending. By reading a spoof text,
of course we also learn past tense, direct and indirect speech, action verb, etc
which all are the language feature of Spoof teks.

13
⚫ According to wikipedia, a twist ending is a plot twist occurring
near or at the conclusion of a story, unexpected conclusion to a
work of fiction that causes the audience to reevaluate the narrative
or characters.There are three common types of twisting ending. the
narrator who does not know they are a mannequin in a store are
some ways to create a twist based on faulty or withheld information.
o Types of Humorous Twist
Many stories have twist with a happy amusing, or heartwarming
ending. It is funny and makes readers amused. Humorous twist
ending sometime is called Lighthearted twist.

o Types of Ironic Twist

Stories with a twist or surprise at the end do not necessarily have to
have a happy ending. Many have been written that have an ironic
twist. This ironic twist ending often reveal something about the
darker side of human nature. Examples of these types of stories
include The Necklace. In otherword ironic twist is tragic

o Types of Misconception
Twist A narrator who has incorrect information built around their
own perception of events that theypass along can build an
unpredictable ending. The ghost who doesn't know he or she has
died, the robot who feels human emotions, the narrator who does
not know they are a mannequin in a store are some ways to create a
twist based on faulty or withheld information.

⚫ The sense of funny produced by that spoof text actually comes

from the unpredictable ending of the story. Spoof text sometime is
tragie. The important thing inside a spoof story is twist. That is all
spoof text with a very short unpredictable ending story. If a story
does not contain an unpredictable in the end of the story, it can be
studies as spoof text
6. Anecdote
An anecdote is a short, self-contained story that usually highlights
one particular theme, lesson, or aspect of a person's character.

Purpose Of Anecdote
to share/retell with others
an account of an unusual,
funny or amusing incident
in fact or imagination
Generic Structure
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident / Reaction
5. Coda (additional conclusion
/moral value)
Language Feature
1. Using exclamation words; it's
awful! ; it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you
know what?
4. Using intensifiers
5. Using material process
6. Using action verb; go, write, etc
7. Using conjunction of time; then,
afterward
8. Using simple past tense

Example Of Anecdote :
Blessing Behind Tragedy
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with
nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and
saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had
taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten
passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner
to America. he entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their
new life in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest
son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the
possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They
were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were
dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned. The
father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the
dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed
tears of disappointment. Hecursed both his son and God for the
misfortune. Five days later, the tragic news spread throughout
Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds
of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the
unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was. The Clark
family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son
by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he
hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked
God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy.

✔ Generic Structure Analysis:

Abstract : Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the
dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it.
What will we feel? What will we do?

Orientation : the Clark family lived in Scotland. They had dream to

travel to America. They prepared well for their plan
Crisis : few days before they went to America, his youngest son was
bitten by a dog. It made they were being quarantined. They had to
forget their plan.

Incident : the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father
was angry with his son and God. The family failed to travel to America
and the father could not accept it.
Coda : the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He
thank to God because of saving the family from sinking. He thought
leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.
7. Argumentation
Argumentation is the process of forming reasons, justifying beliefs,
and drawing conclusions with the aim of influencing the thoughts
and/or actions of others.

Generic Structure Purpose Of Argumentation

1. Thesis To reveal the readers that
2. Arguments something is the important
3. Reiteration/ case
Conclusion

Language Feature
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and
abstract noun
8. Using connectives/
transition

Example Of Argumentation:
Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50.000
people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven
times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die
because of diseases caused by smoking. Ninety percent of lung cancers are
caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more
likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty
cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people
who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and
half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and
pneumonia.
 In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as
substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do
make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is
not good for everybody else.

✔ Generic Structure Analysis

Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writers point
of view about the topic discussed.
Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic.
Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text.

Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text

is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The
series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In
this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3
are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to
support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves.

Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis.

It is something like conclusive paragraph from the previous
arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical
exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers
and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for
Cigarette Companies
8. Producedural
Procedural texts list a sequence of actions or steps needed to make or
do something. Typical examples of procedural texts include recipes,
science experiments, assembly manuals or instructions for playing
games.

Purpose Of Producedural
Generic Structure to help readers how to do
1. Goal/Aim
or make something
2. Materials/Equipments/
completely
Tools
3. Steps/Methods
Language Feature
1. Using Simple Present
Tense
2. Using Imperatives
sentence
3. Using adverb

Example Of Producedural :
How to Cook Pasta
Boil some pasta, give some spaghetti sauce, then we will have the ideal
meal for young adult.The way to boil pasta is very easy; we just need to
follow these instructions below. First, we need to fill a large pot with¾ full
of cold water. Then, we have to turn the burner of the stove to Dz(ighdz
and place the pot on it. We need to wait until the water in the pot boil.
Then, add a tablespoon of salt. More pasta means more salt. Take the
pasta and put it on the boiling water and stir around. Boil the water once
again. Read the instructions on the package and cook the pasta as long as
it is instructed. We have to stir the pasta sometimes so that it will not stick
to each other. To find out if the pasta is done, we can taste it at the earliest
time instructed on the package. The texture should be tender but maybe
still firm to the bite. When we still see a little ring of uncooked pasta, it
means we have to wait for a minute or more before we remove it from the
stove. When it is done, remove from the stove and pour it into a colander
in the sink. We need to shake any excess water. To prevent pasta from
sticking, we can add a couple drops of olive oil.
⚫Procedural text is one of genre in According to the generic structure,
a procedure text is organized through sequenced arrangement, they
are goal, equipment, and steps. All these elements, however, are not
strictly applied to any instructional text. Some procedure text omit the
material or equipment necessarily. The text is written intentionally to
show the steps to completely do projects or things.

⚫ Mostly, procedural text is composed through arranging paragraph

into 3 elements. They are stating goal which is commonly found in the
title, stating the material and equipment, and the last showing the steps
which are needed to completely do the things.

⚫ A procedural text is written in imperative sentences so you have to

be very familiar with such imperative and prohibitive sentences.

⚫ "How to cook text" is characterized by the detail of the ingredients

needed at the beginning and continued by cooking direction.

⚫ "How to use" text is an instruction text to operate something. )n

Dzhow to usedz text, the type of the equipment is usually described
specifically because similar equipment with different type mayhave
different procedure to use it.

⚫ "How to make" text is characterized by detail of the tools and

materials required at the beginning of the text and continued by step-
by-step procedure to make the thing. Sometime, the text is completed
with note and tips.

⚫ The other kinds of procedural text are (How to wear) and (How to
clean)
9. Explanation
explanation is how you tell or say your idea about something
being asked in this you re goal is to tell how you get the answer
on the question.

Generic Structure Purpose Of Explanation

To explain the processes
1. General statement involved in the formation or
2. Explanation working of natural or socio
3. Closing cultural phenomena.

Language Feature
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs, and passive voice
3. Using adverbial phrase, and noun phrase
4. Using technical terms
5. Using general and abstract noun
6. Using conjunction of time and
cause-effect.

Example Of Explanation :
How does Rain Happen?
Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world,
providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for
hydroelectric power plants and crop irrilgation. The phenomenon of rain
is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the sun
heating the Earth's surface water and causing the surface water to
evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth's atmosphere. The water
in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets
grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can
be in the form of rain or snow. However, not all rain reaches the surface.
Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a
phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.
⚫ What is an explanation text and how is the explanation text composed?
Explanation text is structured by the generic level of general statement and
followed with sequenced explanation.

⚫ Explanation text in some way is similar to procedure text. Explanation

passage often make description about how something happens or why the
thing occurs. Meanwhile a procedure text brings the instruction on how to
make something happen completely. Explanation text often use technical
terms related to the thing which is being explained. Explanation text is
commonly compose in the mode of simple present tense.

⚫ Every text genre has its special purpose or social function. However if
we see the generic structure point, we will get the understanding which
both the explanation and procedure text have similar purposes. Both
explain how to make or form something. However the procedure text will
explain how to form or make something completely by instruction way.
That is why most of procedure text is composed in command sentences. In
the other hand, explanation text
will show a knowledge about how thing is formed.

⚫ In one side, Explanation text is structure in the mode of description. It

focuses on the thing which is explained. In the other side, Procedure text is
constructed in the mode of instruction and commend. That is why
Procedure is sometimes called instruction text. It focuses on the second
person to explain how to form the thing.

⚫ The best discourse on how and what is explanation text is answering the
question word "how" and "why". Such question words need detail
explanation on it relates. (owever, explanation text is written in narrative
style and not instructional. If it is written for the purpose of instruction,
then the text genre will be labeled as PROCEDURE.

⚫ Explanation text is compose to describe how something forms and why

something exists and
happens.
10. Riveiw
Review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video
game, musical composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car,
home appliance, or computer; or an event or performance, such as a
live music concert, a play, musical theatre show or dance show.

Purpose Of Riveiw
Generic Structure to critique or evaluate an
1. Orientation art work or event for a
2. Evaluation public audience
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation

Language Feature
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged

Online Shopping Software

Internet makes great impacts on the way we do something, including
running business. Formerly, business had to be physically conducted
by face to face. Now days, it has changed. It may be conducted by
computer to computer. This way is then what we call electronic
commerce, or in short e-commerce. Since internet has spread and
appeared trustful, many businessmen rely on it. They have ability to
run their business in easy way, flexible place and time. They can sell
and buy good and service from others in any scale, small or big
business. The e-commerce software which merchants and buyer
possibly do transactions through internet is shopping cart software. It
is designed specially to run online store business.
It helps merchants to manage their store through internet;
from anywhere, any time and any internet connection.
Commonly shopping cart software is completely supported
with web optimization. It has been designed to have top
page rank in any search engine tool. Besides that, the
facilities such; customer support, security tool, fraud
protection, web customization and handful operation will
be included in a package of a good shopping cart software
11. Hortatory Exposition
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that
is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something
should or should not happen or be done.

Purpose Of Hortatory
Exposition
Generic Structure
1. Thesis
⬛ to persuade the readers
that something should or
2. Arguments
should not be the case or
3. Recommendation be done
⬛ to persuade the readers
to do, think, and consider
as like the writer does

Language Feature
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
⚫ Then what is the basic difference between analytical and
hortatory exposition? In simple word, Analytical is the answer
of (how is/will) while hortatory is the answer of (how should).
Analytical exposition will be best to describe Dz(ow will student
do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do.
But for the question how should student do for his exam? will
be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the
thing should be done.
⚫ So what is the generic structure of the hortatory exposition?
Any text form is structured differently from other types. When
we read a hortatory text we actually read an exposition of
argument from the writer.
⚫ As we know that both analytical exposition and hortatory
exposition are classified as argumentative essay. Both present
argument to support the thesis state in the orientation. This
thesis places the writers position on the essay. From the generic
structure, what make big different is that analytical exposition
ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory
makes a recommendation for readers.
⚫ Analytical exposition is one essay classified as hortatory
exposition in the same genre. Both analytical exposition and
hortatory exposition present arguments for supporting the
issued thesis. What makes them different from one to each other
is the last stage of the text, which the analytical exposition will
end with a reiteration. On the other hand, hortatory will close
the essay with a recommendation. Analytical exposition will try
to influence the reader by presenting some arguments to prove
that the writer' idea is important. Furthermore, hortatory will
try to persuade the reader how should or not do concerning the
writer's idea.
⚫ When we recognize three levels in essay writing intense;
descriptive, argumentative and persuasive, then we have to
include the hortatory in the persuasive essay. Its purpose is
to persuade the reader to follow the writer's act and
opinion, point forward that certain thing should or should
not be done.
⚫ Hortatory is similar to analytical exposition but if we
have to differentiate both from one to each other, we have
one useful tool by making analysis on the generic
structure. What makes hortatory different from analytical
exposition is the last finalizing step which analytical
exposition is ended by a reiteration while hortatory is
finalized by certain a recommendation