Revised - Ringor, Rolf Deronn G - BS Ar 4-C - Research Methods - Chapter 2

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction:
This section contains numerous reviews of the literature to better explain
the idea for the redevelopment of the park. The researcher used the results as a
guide to define the requirements of this project and developed new ideas and
methods in the design and preparation of this project.
Local Literature
Community life requires an urban park area. Public urban parks provide a
variety of activities and opportunities for nature-human interaction, as well as
critical environmental services for community health. Public open areas,
community services, and infrastructure make communities livable, safe, and
sustainable. However, the Philippines lacks public parks and open areas due to
government neglect. Parks and public open space laws do not require the creation
of more. Our unprecedented urban population growth and shifting demographics
are increasing the need for public open space for a variety of activities. Our urban
landscape is rapidly changing to accommodate this growth, but public open space
before all lands were built up is not being sought. Densities, urban population
growth, climate change, and resource loss make public open space more important.
(Assure Inc., Public Parks, and Open Spaces, p. 9)

According to Shish (2016), most of the current public plazas in the
Philippines are now slowly becoming underutilized , thus, ineffective as public
spaces. An ethnographic approach is used to determine how these spaces work and
analyze the behaviors of the users. Furthermore, his study attempts to develop a
system of indicators that can assess plaza usability that enables designers to identify
problematic plazas among the existing ones. Based on this consideration, the results
will lead to the development of proper standards for plaza design and planning.
In the article of Lamudi, (2018), The Department of Budget and
Management calls the Green, Green, Green Program a “unique assistance program
that aims to make cities more livable and sustainable through the development of
public open spaces.” The 2018 state budget provided P2.58 billion. This program
supports UN Habitat's call for 45–50% of city land to be public space to reduce
crowding. Such places improve livability, aesthetics, health, and quality of life. 143
cities proposed funding for parks, plazas, waterfronts, institutional areas, and
streets. Landscape architects, urban planners, and designers on the DBM Technical
Review Team evaluate plans based on accessibility, usability, ecosystem services,
and administrative management. In Cabanatuan City, "Heneral Luna" was highly
acclaimed, and interest in visiting Gen. Antonio Luna's betrayal and murder site
has grown. Tourists who visit the spot in Cabanatuan City are disappointed for they
spot parked cars. This is why Cabanatuan City plans to redevelop Plaza Lucero,
where that key historical site is. To honor our hero, plaza improvements will include
landscaping, pathways, a grotto with a pond, and lights.
The Department of Tourism expresses its complete endorsement of the endeavors
of the national parks and its affiliated agencies to sustain the tourism culture,
encompassing the persistent advancement of our parks, not solely in the National
Capital Region (NCR), but also throughout the Philippines. (Frasco, 2022). She
also added that parks allow us and our families to commune with nature, spend
quality time together, and tell us that no matter how busy life gets, we must always
take time to relax, unwind, and commune with the Earth. The 1st Philippine Parks
Congress, with the theme “Growing healthier, more livable cities through urban
parks,” brought together public and private sector stakeholders in an urban park and
green space development across the Philippines to establish a national framework
for urban park development.
As city dwellers seek areas to relax, socialize, and recharge green and open
spaces are in demand. The Green Spaces Project found that people use parks and
open areas to meet the people’s needs; to join and socialize, personal growth,
livelihood, and a safe, livable environment. Universal even as they reflect local,
cultural, and historical contexts. Green spaces in the metropolis are under threat.
Instead of parks, open spaces soon become parking lots or give way to the
construction of buildings and other infrastructure. But people’s need for these
places is still there,

and despite these constraints, cities and citizens are finding ways to create public
spaces for their own benefit. (Saloma, 2022).
According to Akpedonu (2019), Parks also serve as connections to our
environment, culture, and traditions. In some urban areas, urban green spaces can
function as potential heritage sites. The medieval plazas in Intramuros are an
example of a park with cultural and historical significance. On the other hand, some
can be transformed when historic structures are moved to a more contemporary
park, such as when the Quezon House was relocated to the Quezon Memorial
Circle.
Park maintenance and improvement is also an important discussion point.
Native trees and plants are also important factors in designing and maintaining
these spaces. It links the citizen not just to our natural heritage, but also to our
culture, history, and values. Buño (2019).
Foreign Literature
New forms of cultural expression and the fostering of stronger community
ties are made possible by open green spaces. In addition to improving mental
health, parks have been shown to improve sociability, which strengthens social
bonds. Additionally essential for their environmental advantages are public green
spaces. Urban trees assist in capturing carbon, lower levels of noise and air
pollution, and combat the urban heat island effect. There is proof that public parks
raise the value of nearby properties. Parks and other green spaces additionally
boost local retail businesses' economic activity. Libertun (2022).
According to the article of EarthShare, urban parks are crucial for
maintaining, and in many cases embodying, the cultural and historical relevance
of a city in addition to protecting the natural environment in densely populated
places. Urban parks may be a fantastic method to retain important historical
personalities, events, and eras in the memory of today's residents, whether they
are home to institutions that assist preserve a city's past or the land itself has
historical worth.
The challenge of biophilic design is to address these shortcomings of
contemporary building and landscape design by establishing a new framework for
the gratifying experience of nature in the built environment. Biophilic design
endeavors to create a modern built environment that promotes the health, fitness,
and well-being of humans as biological organisms. (Kellert et al 2008, Kellert 2005,
Kellert and Finnegan 2011, Browning, et al 2014).
Kellert, S. and Calabrese, E. (2015) stated that biophilic design uses a
variety of design strategies, experiences, and traits. Specific building and landscape
use, project size, economic, logistical, and regulatory factors, and societal and
ecological conditions influence design application choices. Biophilic design

requires following the above concepts. Importantly, biophilic design should never
be applied in a fragmented or disconnected manner. Instead, the various
applications should reinforce and complimenting each other to create an
ecologically cohesive whole.
The biophilic design includes three nature encounters. These include room,
place, and direct and indirect nature experiences. Direct contact with nature in the
built world includes natural light, air, plants, animals, water, and landscapes.
Indirect nature experiences include contact with a representation or image of nature,
the transformation of nature, or exposure to natural rhythms and processes. Pictures
and artwork, natural materials like wood furnishings and woolen fabrics,
ornamentation inspired by natural shapes and forms, and environmental processes
like aging, time, information density, and natural geometries have all shaped human
evolution. Finally, space and place refer to natural features that enhance human
health and well-being. Prospect and refuge, organized intricacy, mobility, and
direction-finding.
In this study, qualitative aspects of urban parks are influenced by nature
perception and sensation. This occurs in important places. This study favors
biophilic design. Biophilic means "love of nature" in Latin. Biophilia is humans
adapting to nature.
Biophilic built form and landscape design can reveal biophilic design's historical
significance. Biophilic design has two dimensions: the Place-based or Vernacular
dimension, which emphasizes local context, and the Organic or Natural dimension,
which incorporates nature into the built environment. Downtown, etc. (2017)
According to Li (2022), the design and theoretical development of urban open space
entered a modern phase that was primarily focused on functional zoning and
regional specialization. However, the twenty-first century has witnessed the
emergence of urban open space design theories that emphasize emerging concepts
such as sustainability and human scale, as opposed to specific purposes and
functions. This study suggests that future trends in urban open space design will
gradually incorporate biophilia and explore the potential of biophilic design in
balancing urban ecology and enhancing people's quality of life. In addition, the
application of the biophilic concept as a design and renovation strategy for urban
park projects is novel, with few examples and inadequate theories and standards. In
order to address this deficiency and demonstrate the efficacy of the biophilic
concept, this study will introduce the existing basic principles of urban open space
design and classify them according to their functions, users, style, and
characteristics for specific research. Different functional zoning, connectivity,
social activities, human scale, amenities, and so on are derived from these
classifications.
Radha (2021) stated that one of the most significant impediments to the
positive experience of nature today is the prevailing paradigm of the design and
development of today's modern built environment. Beatley published his book in
2011 to broaden the scope of biophilic design beyond architecture buildings, sites,
and cities. Successful application of biophilic design requires adherence to certain
fundamental principles. These principles represent fundamental prerequisites for
the successful application of biophilic design:
• Biophilic design requires repeated and sustained engagement with nature;
• The biophilic design focuses on human adaptations to the natural world that,
over evolutionary time, have advanced people’s health, fitness, and well-
being;
• The biophilic design encourages an emotional attachment to particular
settings and places;
• The biophilic design promotes positive interactions between people and
nature that encourage an expanded sense of relationship and responsibility
for the human and natural communities;
• The biophilic design encourages mutual reinforcing, interconnected, and
integrated solutions.
Consequently, the primary objective of biophilic design is to create an effective
habitat for people as biological organisms inhabiting contemporary structures,
landscapes, and communities. Further, the biophilic design aims to preserve the
productivity, functionality, and resiliency of natural systems over time. As a result
of massive building construction and development, natural systems are inevitably
altered. As shown in Table 1, biophilic design should promote ecologically
interrelated design solutions at multiple scales, including distinct interior spaces,
the building as a whole, the surrounding landscape, the urban scale, and the
bioregional scale. Within a framework that relates human biological science and
nature to the design of the built environment, Browning et al. proposed fourteen
patterns of biophilic design. There are environmental, physical, and psychological
patterns among these. As shown in Table 2, Kellert and Calabrese introduced in
their book three categories of nature experience comprising 24 attributes and
experiences.
Scales Biophilic design elements
Building Green rooftops, sky gardens, and green

atria, rooftop gardens, green walls,
daylight interior spaces
Block Green courtyards, clustered housing

around green areas, native species yards
and spaces, low impact development
(LID).
Street Green streets, urban trees, vegetated

swales and skinny streets, edible
landscaping, high degree of
permeability.
Neighborhood Stream daylighting, stream restoration,

urban forest, ecology parks, community
gardens, neighborhood parks/pocket
parks, greening grey fields, and
brownfields.
Community Urban creeks and riparian areas, urban

ecological networks, green schools, city
tree canopy, community forests,
religious forests, and greening utility
corridors.
Region River systems/floodplains, riparian
systems, regional, greenspace systems,
greening major transport corridors.
Table 1. The biophilic design elements across scales
Direct Experience of Indirect Experience of Experience of Space and

Nature Nature Place
Light Image of nature Prospect and refuge
Air Natural materials Organized complexity
Water Natural colors Integration of parts to the

whole
Plants Stimulating natural light Transitional spaces

and air
Animals Naturalistic shapes and Mobility and wayfinding

forms
Weather Evoking nature Cultural and ecological

attachment
Natural landscapes, Information richness

ecosystem
Fire Age, change, and patina

of time
Natural geometries
Biomimicry
Table 2. The experiences and attributes of biophilic design
The conclusion drawn from the preceding is that, as the human race is derived from
nature, they tend to their origins. This disposition fosters their innate appreciation
for nature and natural order. Engineers and designers emphasize and preserve this
relationship by enhancing neighborhood aesthetics or minimizing the visual impact
of built environments. Therefore, biophilic design, with its elements and patterns,
may offer strategies for linking effective urban system management with individual
and collective human well-being.
According to Browning, W., et al. (2014), biophilic design patterns, while informed
by science, are not formulas; they are intended to inform, guide, and assist in the
design process and should be considered another instrument in the designer's
toolbox. The purpose of delineating these patterns is to explicate the relationships
between elements of the built and natural environments and the ways in which
people interact with and benefit from them. By establishing these 14 fundamental
patterns, we aim to promote the widespread scientific study, language development,
and application of Biophilia in design.

Nature in space
1. Visual Connection with Nature A view of elements of nature, living

systems, and natural processes.
2. Non-Visual Connection with Nature Auditory, haptic, olfactory, or gustatory
stimuli that engender a deliberate and
positive reference to nature, living
systems, or natural processes.
3. Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Stochastic and ephemeral connections

with nature may be analyzed
statistically but may not be predicted
precisely.
4. Thermal & Airflow Variability Subtle changes in air temperature,

relative humidity, airflow across the
skin, and surface temperatures that
mimic natural environments.
5. Presence of Water A condition that enhances the

experience of a place through the
seeing, hearing or touching of water.
6. Dynamic & Diffuse Light Leveraging varying intensities of light

and shadow that change over time to
create conditions that occur in nature.
7. Connection with Natural Systems Awareness of natural processes,

especially seasonal and temporal
changes characteristic of a healthy
ecosystem.
Table 3: Nature in space patterns

Nature in Analogues patters
8. Biomorphic Forms & Patterns Symbolic references to contoured,
patterned, textured or numerical
arrangements that persist in nature.
9. Material Connection with Nature Material and elements from nature that,
through minimal processing, reflect the
local ecology or geology to create a
distinct sense of place.
10. Complexity & Order Rich sensory information that adheres
to a spatial hierarchy similar to those
encountered in nature.
Table 4: Nature in Analogues patterns

References:
ASSURE INC. (n.d.). Public Parks and Open Spaces - A Planning and
Development Guide. Retrieved from
https://chm.cbd.int/api/v2013/documents/9D0D456A-FAC1-9806-3B90-
21B37D4DEE5B/attachments/207967/Public%20Parks%20and%20Open%20Spa
ces%20-%20A%20Planning%20and%20Development%20Guide.pdf
Shish, R. (2016). Improving the Design and Use of Public Parks in the Philippines.
Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313875117_Improving_the_Design_and
_Use_of_Public_Parks_in_the_Philippines
Philippine Information Agency (2022). Frasco eyes more urban parks in the
Philippines. Retrieved from: https://pia.gov.ph/news/2022/11/29/frasco-eyes-
more-urban-parks-in-the-philippines
Lamudi (2018). Taking a closer look at the Green, Green, Green Program.
https://www.lamudi.com.ph/journal/taking-a-closer-look-at-the-green-green-
green-program/
Ateneo De Manila University. (2019). Finding green space in out cities, for our
citizens. Retrieved from: https://2012.ateneo.edu/ls/ipc/news/features/finding-
green-spaces-our-cities-our-citizens

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section contains numerous reviews of the literature to better explain

methods in the design and preparation of this project.

variety of activities and opportunities for nature-human interaction, as well as

critical environmental services for community health. Public open areas,

community services, and infrastructure make communities livable, safe, and

of more. Our unprecedented urban population growth and shifting demographics

(Assure Inc., Public Parks, and Open Spaces, p. 9)

According to Shish (2016), most of the current public plazas in the

Philippines are now slowly becoming underutilized , thus, ineffective as public

In the article of Lamudi, (2018), The Department of Budget and

Review Team evaluate plans based on accessibility, usability, ecosystem services,

and administrative management. In Cabanatuan City, "Heneral Luna" was highly

landscaping, pathways, a grotto with a pond, and lights.

The Department of Tourism expresses its complete endorsement of the endeavors

green space development across the Philippines to establish a national framework

for urban park development.

places is still there,

spaces for their own benefit. (Saloma, 2022).

According to Akpedonu (2019), Parks also serve as connections to our

function as potential heritage sites. The medieval plazas in Intramuros are an

can be transformed when historic structures are moved to a more contemporary

Park maintenance and improvement is also an important discussion point.

culture, history, and values. Buño (2019).

New forms of cultural expression and the fostering of stronger community

boost local retail businesses' economic activity. Libertun (2022).

According to the article of EarthShare, urban parks are crucial for

of a city in addition to protecting the natural environment in densely populated

places. Urban parks may be a fantastic method to retain important historical

The challenge of biophilic design is to address these shortcomings of

contemporary building and landscape design by establishing a new framework for

the gratifying experience of nature in the built environment. Biophilic design

and well-being of humans as biological organisms. (Kellert et al 2008, Kellert 2005,

Kellert and Finnegan 2011, Browning, et al 2014).

Kellert, S. and Calabrese, E. (2015) stated that biophilic design uses a

ecological conditions influence design application choices. Biophilic design

be applied in a fragmented or disconnected manner. Instead, the various

applications should reinforce and complimenting each other to create an

ecologically cohesive whole.

Indirect nature experiences include contact with a representation or image of nature,

the transformation of nature, or exposure to natural rhythms and processes. Pictures

ornamentation inspired by natural shapes and forms, and environmental processes

In this study, qualitative aspects of urban parks are influenced by nature

biophilic design. Biophilic means "love of nature" in Latin. Biophilia is humans

significance. Biophilic design has two dimensions: the Place-based or Vernacular

regional specialization. However, the twenty-first century has witnessed the

such as sustainability and human scale, as opposed to specific purposes and

gradually incorporate biophilia and explore the potential of biophilic design in

characteristics for specific research. Different functional zoning, connectivity,

development of today's modern built environment. Beatley published his book in

and cities. Successful application of biophilic design requires adherence to certain

fundamental principles. These principles represent fundamental prerequisites for

the successful application of biophilic design:

• Biophilic design requires repeated and sustained engagement with nature;

• The biophilic design encourages an emotional attachment to particular

settings and places;

• The biophilic design promotes positive interactions between people and

nature that encourage an expanded sense of relationship and responsibility

for the human and natural communities;

• The biophilic design encourages mutual reinforcing, interconnected, and

Consequently, the primary objective of biophilic design is to create an effective