SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING

B.ARCH. DISSERTATION REPORT

By
POOSHAN MAHAJAN
University Roll No A20104016022

2020

Amity School of Architecture & Planning (ASAP)

Amity University Campus, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur
 SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL
NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING

B.ARCH. DISSERTATION REPORT

By

POOSHAN MAHAJAN
University Roll No A20104016022

2020

Amity School of Architecture & Planning (ASAP)

Amity University Campus, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur
 DECLARATION

I, Pooshan Mahajan, student of fifth year, 9th Sem. (2016-20 Batch) of five years Bachelors of
Architecture Degree Programme of Amity School of Architecture & Planning, Amity
University Rajasthan, hereby confirm that this dissertation entitled “Sustainable Residential
Neighbourhood Planning” submitted for the partial fulfilment of the Degree of Bachelor of
Architecture is my own work and only 20 percent of the matter into the report is being referred
from the outside sources.

I also confirm that I have not submitted this work for any other Degree/ Diploma/ Certificate.

_____________
Dated: Pooshan Mahajan
Place: Jaipur Enroll. No. A20104016022
 RECOMMENDATION

I hereby recommend that the Dissertation Report entitled “Sustainable Residential

Neighbourhood Planning” has been prepared by Pooshan Mahajan, student of the fifth year,
9th Sem. (2016-20 Batch) of five years Bachelors of Architecture Degree Programme of Amity
School of Architecture & Planning, Amity University Rajasthan, under my guidance. The
report may be accepted as requirement for the partial fulfilment of the Degree of Bachelor of
Architecture.

Dated:

________________
Ar. Prashant Vijayvargiya
Dissertation Guide

___________________ ___________________
Ar. Prashant Vijayvargiya Dr. Anurag Varma
Dissertation Coordinator Director, ASAP-AUR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to my guide Ar. Prashant Vijayvargiya for timely discussion and
encouragement, which enabled me to complete the report.

I would like to thank to Prof. (Dr.) Anurag Varma (Director, Amity School of Architecture &
Planning, Amity University Rajasthan & Ar. Prashant Vijayvargiya (Dissertation Coordinator) for
approving my topic and completing the official formalities of the project work.

I would like to express my special thanks to my family members who supported and encouraged
me all the time to complete my work.

At last but not least, I am thankful to my friends and classmates who have encouraged me and
gave their moral support to complete the report.

Thank You!

Pooshan Mahajan
 CONTENT
1. Declaration……………………………………………………………………………I
2. Recommendation…………………………………………………………………….II
3. Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………III
4. List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………IV
5. List of Table……………………………………………………………………………V
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background study……………………………………………………………………1
1.2. Aim…………………………………………………………………………………….2
1.3. Objective……………………………………………………………………………...2
1.4. Research question…………………………………………………………………..2
1.5. Research Methodology…………………………………………………………...2-3
1.6. Scope & Limitation…………………………………………………………………..3

CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW ON CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABILITY,

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & NEIGHBOURHOOD
2.1 Sustainable Development………………………………………………………….4
2.2 Dimensions of Sustainable Development………………………………………..4
2.3 Conceptualization of Neighbourhood…………………………………………….5
2.4 Neighbourhood Unit……………………………………………………………...6-7
2.5 Summary of Chapter……………………………………………………………..8-9

CHAPTER 3 - SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING

3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………10
3.2. Sustainable Neighbourhood Planning…………………………………...10
3.3. Principles of Sustainable Neighbourhood Planning………………...11-13
3.4. Achieving Sustainable Neighbourhood…………………………………..13

CHAPTER 4 – CASE STUDY

4.1. Bo01,Western Harbour, Malmo………………………………………..14-17
4.2. Neighbourhood Planning in capital city of Chandigarh……………...17-22

CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………..23-24

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….25

ANNEXURE………………………………………………………………………….26-29

PLAGIARISM REPORT
 List of Figures
Figure 1: Three Pillars of Sustainability
Figure 2: Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit
Figure 3: Street network showing 18km street length per square km
Figure 4: Western Harbour’s sustainable transportation and car-free streets; an electric car
sharing vehicle; a car-free public space; and car-free streets.

Figure 5: Western Harbour’s public open spaces; a canal; promenade (Sundspromenaden); a

skate park; a park (photo: Primož Medved).

Figure 6: Le Corbusier’s Master Plan of Chandigarh

Figure 7: Sector Layout in Chandigarh (Source: Chandigarh Master Plan 2031)
Figure 8: Sector 22 Layout (Source: Chandigarh Master Plan 2031)
 List of Tables

Table 1: Dimensions of sustainable development with their related issues.

Table 2: Achieving sustainable neighbourhood.
Table 3: Principles of Sustainable neighbourhood planning achieved in Western Harbour
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Study

The concept of sustainable development was formed on the basis of the 1992 United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. Sustainable
improvement became the answer to the environmental degradation problems mentioned
through the Brundtland Commission. Sustainability is a very important term for today's
world. This term is directly linked to the ecosystem. The ecosystem is defined as a single
unit consisting of biotic, as well as abiotic functioning as a whole. A single lake,
neighbourhood or whole place can be taken into account as an ecosystem. An ecosystem
can be as big as everyone else, or as small as a city or building. Most ecosystems are
autotrophic, i.e. they capture enough energy to support their own lives.

During the past century due to the rate of population growth in urban areas, and need of
social, economic, physical development by considering the needs of coming generation,
the concept of sustainable development emerged. Basically, sustainable development is
to provide new principles and lifestyle of living all over the world, therefore; sustainability
cannot be an end product, unlike sustainability can be a vision and process [4] which
means and demands of it, is to create substantial change for all the humans. The concept
of sustainable development has been used in different forms and definition. In this
contexts, numerous scholars mentioned if the current and future urban areas want to
develop and use natural resources with the same level as present time without concerning
the future requirements, environmental, social and economic problems are inescapable.

Accordingly, new approaches in urban design and planning were applied in order to
achieve sustainable development in cities. At this peak time where we need to save our
natural resources (which we get from nature) to sustain the living on earth. This time is
based upon the TINA FACTOR i.e. there is no alternative factor. This explains that we
don’t have any other alternative than creating the environment sustainable because this is
the only option left for saving the life on earth for the next decades.

Neighbourhood is an abstract term which allude hardly any blocks around neighbouring
houses or structures. It incorporates a little territory containing squares and hardly any
hundred inhabitants with some essential comforts. It is a spot with its own novel character
and capacity, where individuals can live, work, shop, and associate with their neighbours.
The most supportable areas will in general display elevated levels of walkability, a feeling
of spot, social union and strength, and neighbourhood versatility in the midst of changing
monetary and socio political conditions.

1
 Neighbourhoods always also has a strong physical reality inside cities with distinctive
physical, social and economic characteristics. They are main unit of city which play
important role in formation of cities. Urban neighbourhoods are where people live and
spend most of their time. Thus, planning and design of urban neighbourhood must be
comprehensive to meeting resident’s requirements and accommodating new development
by considering the needs of future generation. Accordingly, planning and design of urban
neighbourhood as a significant geographic and social unit has crucial role for creating a
sustainable cities. Consequently, designing sustainable neighbourhoods is initial steps
towards achieving sustainable urban settlements [1; 3].

1.2 Aim
The study is concentrated on clarifying the fundamental factors and principles which have
direct effect on sustainability of urban neighbourhoods and goals and objectives of
sustainable neighbourhoods.

1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 To understand the meaning of sustainability.

1.3.2 Explaining the meaning of sustainable residential neighbourhoods.

1.3.3 Describing the key features of sustainable neighbourhoods.
1.3.4 To formulate the fundamental principles that must be considered to
understand the planning of sustainable residential neighbourhood.

1.4 Research Questions

1.4.1 What is Sustainability and Sustainable Development?

1.4.2 What are fundamental effective principles to design and create sustainable
neighbourhoods in cities?
1.4.3 How could an existing residential neighbourhood be turned into a sustainable
one?

1.5 Research Methodology

This study, which is based on research into sustainability criteria in residential
neighbourhoods, would require several types of methods. However, this study focuses
on two methods, which are quantitative and qualitative. First, a review of the literature
analyzes existing perceptions of sustainability, and the concept of neighbourhood. The
discussion covers the following topics: definition of environmental sustainability,
economic sustainability and social sustainability, residential neighbourhoods and factors
that help them approach the sustainable area. The conclusions of the literature review
will be examined in the case study.

Secondly, with the help of case study, the determinant sustainable residential
neighbourhood criteria shall be analyzed. Since the research is more like an exploratory
research, rather than a quantitative one, the evaluation of the case study will be based
on online observation. The results of the education will also be explored to formulate
guidelines for adequate Sustainable Residential Neighbourhoods.

2
1.6 Scope & Limitation
Challenges are very basic, yet they are big. The scope of researcher is limited to planning
aspects of sustainable residential neighbourhoods and would not include/cover other
design related areas.

3
 Chapter 2

2 REVIEW ON CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABILITY,

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & NEIGHBOURHOOD
2.1 Sustainable development
The expression "Sustainable Development", was first being utilized since 1972 in "As far
as possible to Growth"; with an overall association with different fields, for example,
building plan and urban courses of action, which began in the mid 90's. However, the
contemplations of sustainability inside modern urban development has a place with a
broad foundation [3].

Sustainable development mirrors the source management and it lets the objectives of a
general public meet in a broad time. Consequently, the term sustainability alludes to the
limit of the natural environment in obliging the human exercises; and it only allocates to
the gatherings of exercises that are fundamental for the financial advancements over the
long haul. As per one meaning of sustainable turn of events, which is generally
acknowledged among individuals, sustainable development is 'the advancement that
addresses the issues of the present without trading off the capacity of people in the
future to address their own issues' [3]. A less difficult meaning of this term is given by the
British government, which know
Sustainable development as an approach to guarantee higher life quality for the general
population, in the present and future [3].

2.2 Dimensions of Sustainable Development

There are three main elements in sustainable development: ecological integrity, social
equity, and economic opportunity. Ecological dimensions guarantee that the
environment has the capacity and ability to recover and regenerate, reinforce
biodiversity and maintain the environmental functions for ecosystem wellbeing. Social
values comprise diverse subjects such as indigenous and local rights, accessibility to
sources, and participation of residents for decision making procedures, safety and
security. Likewise, economic attitudes of sustainability support people livelihoods and
face them with the basic and main needs of life (clothing, food, accommodation, water)
.Ecological wellbeing and ecological degradation are oftentimes connected to economic
and social incoherences. There are different suppositions on achieving sustainability,
particularly having adequate levels of government supports to accomplish sustainable
development criteria and schemes. Nevertheless, recently there are more concentration
on generating sustainability through local measurements.[9]

It seems, by all accounts, to be, basic to feature the various close interconnections that
these estimations have. They should likewise not to be viewed as self-sufficient,
however rather as a fundamental structure of segments that comparably add to
accomplish a similar goal. In this manner, each game plan or activity should think about
these interrelations. An advancement with one or several of these measurements, won't
prompt supportable turn of events.

4
 Figure 1: Three Pillars of Sustainability (Source)

2.3 Conceptualization of Neighbourhood

In 1920s Clarence Arthur Perry proposed a model of neighborhood Unit. Perry depicted
the local unit as that populated zone which would require and uphold a grade school with
an enrollment of somewhere in the range of 1,000 and 1,200 understudies. This would
mean a populace of somewhere in the range of 5,000 and 6,000 individuals. Created as
a low-thickness abiding locale with a populace of 10 families for every section of land,
the local unit would involve around 160 acres of land and have a shape that would
deliver it superfluous for any kid to walk a separation of more than one-quarter mile to
class. Around 10% of the territory would be assigned to amusement, and through traffic
conduits would be bound to the encompassing roads, inward roads being restricted to
support access for occupants of the area. The unit would be served by shopping offices,
places of worship, and a library, and a public venue, the last being situated related to the
school. Perry’s thought of the area was additionally done and sent by various others.
Clarence Stein made a specific expansion to Perry’s Idea. He expanded the quantity of
steps in the order, upholding little areas, gatherings of neighborhood or locale joining to
frame the city. He broadened the idea of the neighborhood past the city into the area. In
1930 Walter Gropius built up the natural arrangement: house, road, neighborhood, and
town; and comparable to his tall loft block, the equal arrangement: abiding, condo
square, neighborhood, and town. In 1961 Geoegi Minervin presented another section of
a neighborhood called "micro-district". This micro districts, which had population of 6000-
8000 individuals, were furnished with schools, shops, and social offices, and were
isolated from principal streets by stretches of greenery, and were obviously like the local
unit.

Neighborhood arranging is still at the beginning phase of advancement. It is important

and produces the best results – both in improving the nature of the neighborhood
manufactured climate and making economic development, improving people’s personal
satisfaction, and securing the natural environment.

5
2.4 Neighbourhood Unit

In 1929, the Regional Plan of New York has characterized the "neighborhood unit" and
animated it by a monograph. That monograph was designated "The Neighborhood Unit,
a Scheme of Arrangement for the Family-Life Community", and was created by Clarence
Arthur Perry [5].
It is critical to characterize the boundaries of the ideal neighborhood, for example,
densities, population, measurements, business, and investment segments. The
standards of neighbourhoods should go comprehensively to mirror the traditions,
climate, and site conditions. In this way, some principle essential planning rules will
make reference which are:

Figure 2: Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit (5)

6
2.4.1 Decided Center and Edge to the Neighbourhood when somebody enter to
the neighbourhood, it must be substantial for him/her that he/she is entering
another territory.
2.4.2 Walkable Size - The size of the area is significant since it must be walkable
and sufficient size is characterized from 16-81 hectare .400 meters in radius is
a fine benchmark which additionally keeps it walkable.[6]
2.4.3 Mix of Land Uses and Housing Types: Mixed use gives a scene that
habitants can live, work, sport, engage, talk, social connection and shop right
up front and walkable separation. The measure of private uses and
nonresidential uses differ from one neighborhood to another [7].The area
gives a wide scope of various housing opportunities as far as staying size, yet
in addition as far as moderateness and residency. This gives the premise to a
blended network illustrative of society everywhere as opposed to having a
restricted social core interest.
2.4.4 Special area for Civic Purpose: Perfect neighbourhood incorporate a few
spots for civic purposes. Community structures and open spaces with different
capacities and Facilities, for example, parks, play areas, courts, and
greeneries must be thought of. [3].
2.4.5 Drawing in local communities in discussion: about how they see their area
and their needs and yearnings for the future. The dialogue ought to be
straightforward, open, progressing and with a genuine duty to changing plans
and plans to mirror individual’s perspectives.
2.4.6 Long term management and maintenance: The acknowledgment that long
term administration and maintenance are as significant as the underlying plan.
New advancement must be planned considering the administration and
maintenance, not simply as far as the selection of materials and landscape,
yet additionally with an away from who will be liable for what and a promise to
pay for the support over the long haul [5].
2.4.7 Density: Housing densities are most noteworthy around the edges of the town
or district center, along the chief transport routes prompting neighboring
centers and neglecting parks, waterfront areas, and different amenities.
Densities lessen towards the edge of the walking catchment [6].
2.4.8 The provision of quality public transport services: This is a fundamental
prerequisite in reducing reliance on the car [5].

7
2.5 Summary of the chapter
In general, primary issues which are considered in sustainable development in terms of
different levels can be outlined in table 1

Table 1: Dimensions of sustainable development with their related issues (Source-multiple)

A neighborhood as a major structure square of the network assumes a vital function to

characterize maintainability for the greater size of urban areas. Without a doubt, without
having a supportable area, accomplishing maintainable urban communities is unimaginable
and worldwide maintainability will get not in excess of an illusion. Neighborhood is a unit
wherein social connections happen every day and straightforwardly is in relationship with
individuals who are living there. In this chapter idealized neighborhoods with its diverse size
and attributes/characteristics have been presented which can be drawn out in following
manner:

8
2.5.1 Determined Center and Edge to the Neighborhood
2.5.2 Walkable Size
2.5.3 Mix of Land Uses and Housing Types
2.5.4 Integrated Network of Walkable Streets
2.5.5 Special areas for civic purposes
2.5.6 Drawing in local communities in discussion
2.5.7 Long term management and maintenance
2.5.8 Density
2.5.9 The provision of quality public transport services

9
 Chapter 3

3 SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING

3.1 Introduction
Urbanization and metropolitan development have happened quickly in the course of recent
a long time in many developing nations. The fast pace of urbanization in urban areas has
come about because of two central point including common populace development and
metropolitan provincial movement. Colossal expansion in populace development gave
ascend sought after to lodging stock and infrastructural offices. Post industrialisation the
neighbourhoods which are near modern and business improvement were in full interest at
that point, for individuals to live in view of closeness to the working environment.

Towns and urban areas required modest homes as the Industrial Revolution kept on
developing. There were barely any structure guidelines at that point and those that existed
were much of the time disregarded. Proprietors and manufacturers had a freehand to work
as they wished. Benefit turned into the principle spark. Consequently, a house was set up
rapidly and pitifully – and the same number of were worked as was conceivable. This
drove the Neighbourhood to develop heedlessly by obliging more number of lodging
stocks without appropriate arranging. This development prompted smaller lodging,
unlawful developments and infringements which caused extraordinary natural, monetary
and social issues and dangers over the globe prompting major issues like environmental
change, catastrophes, and ecological debasement.

This made individuals leave the disintegrated neighbourhoods looking for new ones where
the climate is liberated from contamination. This is likewise one of the primary
explanations behind the advancement of gated networks on the edges of the city which is
causing Urban Sprawl outlining the current normal assets.
3.2 Sustainable Neighbourhood Planning
Each part of the Sustainable Urban Neighbourhoods shows a fundamental rule.
Sustainability implies the limit of the region and more broad urban systems to be kept up
as time goes on and to limit their environmental impact. Urban demonstrate to both the
zone area and to its actual character while neighbourhood relates to the social and
economical sustainability of the locale and these two standards integrate into the network
in relationship with encompassing region [4].

A sustainable community can be portrayed as a gathering that completes venture went for
long term organization of normal assets for natural prosperity, money related improvement
adjusted towards supporting key necessities, and social worth [4].

There are assorted methodologies that handle the utilization of sustainability to

neighbourhoods which among them, stay on both social and environmental as two
particular anyway consolidated perspectives is striking. Egan Review report 'Skills for
Sustainable Communities' as social perspective, portray the covering scope of both the
articulations "neighbourhood" and "network" could be used to understand the definition. It
determines sustainable communities as a network that meets the different requirements
of existing and future occupants along with the high caliber of life and gives opportunity
and alternative.

10
3.3 Principles of Sustainable Neighbourhood Planning
UN-Habitat as an organization that has support for better urban future, recommended 5
principles include “Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network, High
density, Mixed land-use, Social mix and Limited land-use specialization” as main
principles of planning for a sustainable neighbourhood which they will be explained in the
following[2]:
3.3.1 Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network
The objective of this rule is to build up an appropriate and productive degree of road
network which can work for a vehicle, public transportation and particularly for walker and
cycling. Moreover, the road network assume significant function to arrangement and
molding the local structure which can characterized example of advancement blocks,
structures, open public spaces, and scene. Subsequently, this standard gives the premise
to sustainable neighbourhood development. Besides, to create sustainable
neighbourhood by zeroing in on the mobility dimension, the accompanying qualities ought
to be considered in street design:
3.3.1.1 Street must be walkable and cyclist-friendly;
3.3.1.2 Public transportation must be encouraged
3.3.1.3 Street hierarchy must be extremely
interconnected
3.3.1.4 Parking area must be adequate

Figure 3: Street network showing 18km street length per

square km
3.3.2 High Density
Because of issues which arose by fast urbanization, worldwide population blast and never-
ending suburbia, accomplishing high density is fundamental which is establishment of
sustainable neighbourhood. High density implies a convergence of individuals and their
exercises. High density development has numerous economic, social, and environmental
benefits just as high density is a savvy decision and is situated in the focal of sustainable
urban planning. In the following, a few of primary advantages of high density development
are referenced:
3.3.2.1 Efficient land use slows down urban sprawl because high density
neighbourhoods can accommodate more people per area.
3.3.2.2 Reduced public service costs. High density neighbourhoods
tend to decrease the costs of public services such as police
and emergency response, school transport, roads, water and
sewage, etc
3.3.2.3 Support for better community service.
3.3.2.4 Reduced car dependency and parking demand, and increased
support for public transport.
3.3.2.5 Provision of social equity.
3.3.2.6 Support for better public open space.
3.3.2.7 Increased energy efficiency and decreased pollution.

11
 3.3.3 Mixed Land-Use
Purpose behind this standard is concentred on building up a scope of very much
coordinated exercises and land uses close to one another inside reasonable spots and
adaptable enough. Also, Mixed land use has endeavour to make "neighbourhood
occupations, improve nearby economy, decline vehicle reliance, energize walker and
cyclist traffic, decrease scene discontinuity, offer nearer open types of assistance and
backing blended networks". During century current urban planning presented the idea of
land-use drafting approaches which single capacity territories arose all through the urban
communities around world. This idea make difficult issues for urban areas, for example,
gridlock and vehicle reliance. Subsequently, to understand these issues, blended land-
use idea advanced by new urbanism. Mixed land-use idea give condition to consolidate
of housing, commercial, modern, workplaces and different capacities. Hence, when variety
of capacity are blended in one area, housing and economic exercises ought to be planned
even and all around coordinated.

3.3.4 Social Mix

This principle has expects to advance the union and communication among various social
gatherings inside same area and give equivalent access to existing urban opportunities
by arranging various types of private houses. This rule gives the establishment of solid
informal organizations. Mixed land-use and social mix are commonly reliant and uphold
one another. Moreover, social mix can be accomplished by mixed land-use and
reasonable polices. Moreover, in a mixed land-use area, chance of employment is created
for the assorted degrees of occupants with various pay. Consequently, individuals with
various degrees of pay live and work in an area and shape an informal organization. At
last, social blend can be characterized as a socio-spatial idea with the accompanying
purposes:
3.3.4.1 To promote more social interaction and social cohesion across
groups
3.3.4.2 To generate job opportunities
3.3.4.3 To overcome place-based stigma
3.3.4.4 To attract additional services to the neighbourhood
3.3.4.5 To sustain renewal/regeneration initiatives

3.3.5 Limited land-use specialization

The aim of this principle is concentrated to restrict the utilization of utilitarian drafting to
energize blended land-use procedures. In addition, this principle has centred around the
land-use viewpoint. In the urban areas around the globe, the individual use of land-use
specialization produces various single capacity neighbourhood that they are fundamental
wellspring of contemporary issues in urban environment. To make mixed land-use-utilize
restricting area – use specialization is basic. Subsequently, there are two different ways
to address zoning techniques and apply this standards:

3.3.5.1 To combine compatible land-uses into one block and neighbourhood;

3.3.5.2 To introduce mixed land-use zoning while respecting

12
 Subsequently, these five guideline are incredibly interrelated and strong for one another.
High density gives the occupants and activities foundation for a sustainable area.
Moreover, sufficient street density is the actual base through mixed land-use and social
mix are molded the land use and nature of public activity inside a neighbourhood.
Moreover, the underlying advance toward mixed land-use inside area is Limited land-use
specialization. As needs are, these five principles make an equilibrium among,
development of population and economy, quick urbanization, and sustainable urban
development. Additionally, they are steady in to dispatch another urban framework. In this
new framework, all variables which referenced above will be grown together and gives
condition which urban occupants and urban spaces live and create in agreement.

3.4 Achieving sustainable neighbourhood

Table 2: Achieving sustainable neighbourhood(Source:Author)

13
 Chapter 4

4 CASE STUDY
4.1 Bo01,Western Harbour, Malmo
Western Harbor in Malmö is the most delegate Swedish example of a sustainable
neighbourhood. Western Harbor was basically utilized as a port and modern territory, and
was additionally home to the Kockums shipyard. The urban change measure began with the
conclusion of the Saab manufacturing plant in 1990 at the first site of the Kockums shipyard,
which opened up 140 hectares of alluring area close to the middle and the ocean. The zone
has now been formed into a cutting edge neighbourhood with high sustainability desire.
Western Harbor was created in three stages: Bo01, Flagghusen (Bo02) and Fullriggaren
(Bo03). The whole territory of Western Harbor is as yet under development. New reasonable
development is being made in the territory. As of now, Western Harbor has 4,300 occupants
and gives occupations to 9,000 individuals [10]. The proportion of occupations per occupant
is high on the off chance that one thinks about it to comparable practical neighborhoods
across Europe. At the point when completely created, thirty thousand individuals will work
and concentrate in the changed metropolitan territory. Western Harbor is turning into another
understudy and economic focus of Malmö.

Regarding sustainable energy and natural resource management, the sustainable urban area
in Western Harbor called the Bo01 region was the principal sustainable neighborhood in the
world provided by 100% renewable energy.

Figure 4: Western Harbour’s sustainable transportation and car-free streets; an electric car
sharing vehicle; a car-free public space; and car-free streets.

14
Western Harbor is propelled by urban design from the 1800s with a moderately high
population density. The population density (people/ha) in Western Harbor is 57 and in the city
of Malmö it is 19 (Source). Mixed use structures confronting the central avenue have homes,
administrations or business spaces. There are six-storey structures in the front, confronting
the ocean, and low-highted structures inside. In Western Harbour, the urban design is
likewise extremely heterogeneous. For the area of Bo01 alone, with 1,900 occupants, there
were ten designers and twenty architects (Source). Western Harbor is pedestrian friendly with
many interconnected roads and it has many green regions, a skate park and an enormous
scope open tempest water framework with waterways, pools and wellsprings.

Figure 5: Western Harbour’s public open spaces; a canal; promenade (Sundspromenaden);

a skate park; a park (photo: Primož Medved).

15
Table 3: Principles of Sustainable neighbourhood planning achieved in Western Harbour (Bo01)

16
The table of sustainable neighbourhood urban design characteristics shows that the two areas
accomplished most of the components of interest included in the new urbanism standards . As
portrayed, the main factor (inside the third guideline: mixed-use and variety) that was definitely
not accomplished in both of the areas is associated with the variety of individuals (as far as age,
pay level, culture also, race). Western Harbour didn't accomplish a full checkmark as to the
extraordinary situation of civic uses and sites inside the community since it has not actualized a
significant sustainable neighbourhood component: the neighbourhood community centre. It
likewise missed the mark with respect to public space in the centre in light of the fact that it has
not made a fundamental public gathering space in the middle of the area.

4.2 Neighbourhood Planning in capital city of Chandigarh

Chandigarh a city of crisis, was the result of partition of India in 1947, when territory of Punjab
was left without a capital, with Lahore going to Pakistan. Search before long started to locate a
lasting seat of capital with state government choosing another city on another site liberated by
the conventions of the past. City was considered to fill in as a good example of planning and
architecture for the future new urban areas to come in the nation. Capital city of Chandigarh was
set up on a particular landscape and a protected site incorporated by natural features
characterizing its edges on three sides with the incredible Himalayas toward the north, and two
streams running roughly 7-8 km separated on western and eastern edges. With vacuum existing
in the field of architecture and planning around then in the nation, Albert Mayer, an American
planner, was welcome to set up a Master Plan for the city in 1949. He alongside Matthew Nowicki
arranged the ground-breaking strategy and different subtleties for the city. Nonetheless, the
demise of Matthew Nowicki, answerable for architectural control and supervisory work of the Plan,
in an air crash in August 1950 constrained Mayer to communicate his failure to proceed with the
venture. Le Corbusier, the world popular French architect, alongside three different architects was
then welcome to actualize the planning and make capital city a reality. The present city is the
result of the Master Plan and architectural details put developed by the later.

4.2.1 Le Corbusier’s Plan

All-inclusive strategy developed by Le-Corbusier characterized
Chandigarh as a Horizontal city, on the example of a garden city,
thinking about the economy, socio-economic conditions, and living
propensities for individuals which precluded vertical planning. City
was anticipated a population of 0.5 million to be acknowledged in
two particular phases of advancement. Stage-I (S1) from Sector 1
to 30, covering 3642 hectares for housing 150000 population was
imagined to be a low density development of 41.12 people per
hectare with high order of infrastructure and amenities. Land was to
be apportioned on free hold premise. Stage-II (S2), from Sector 31
to 47 covering 2428 hectares for 350000 population, was intended to be a high density
development of 144.15 people per hectare (3.5 times of stage 1) with differential order of
infrastructure and amenities. The land was to be apportioned on rent hold. Stage-III (S3) Re-
densification of Stage-I (S1), was likewise proposed to oblige extra population of city, when it
surpasses 0.5 million, without bargaining with the personal satisfaction. Accordingly Master Plan
imagined a defined density pattern for the capital city in various stages of development. The
Master Plan of the city, re-drawn by Le-Corbusier in four hectic days of inspiration in February
1951, was generally founded on the Plan arranged by Albert Mayer. It, in any case, changed the
state of the city from a leaf to a square shape, decreasing its size all the while. The essential unit

17
of arranging was transformed from a super-block to sector keeping unblemished the
neighbourhood idea for example city inside a city, The life occupants of the city was
compartmentalized and placed into sealed shut holders of working, living, care of body and soul,
known as sectors. The whole organization of sectors was woven in an effective arrangement of
traffic and transportation represented by the standard of 7 Vs (later changed to 8Vs). The
Industrial zone was put on the southeast of the city to dispose of any chance of hefty traffic
entering the city. A 500 feet wide green belt was given to work as a sink to Industrial exhaust and
commotion. Educational region involved the northwest side with work focuses in the Capitol
Complex, City Centre, and Sub-City Centre area and along the significant pivot. Corbusier Master
Plan zeroed in on four significant capacities, which were major to the agreeable presence of a
city, to be specific, living, work, circulation, and recreation. Planned on the concept of a
rectangular gridiron pattern of roads, a large portion of a mile separated the east-west way and
75% of a mile the north-south way, the Chandigarh plan guaranteed essential amenities of life
even to the least fortunate of the poor to have a noble existence. Safe from traffic, inside simple
reach of all requirements of material, mental and moral food and development, encircled
essentially in a personal network but then portion of a genuine city, was what the visionaries and
organizers imagined for a large portion of 1,000,000 occupants, to be brought into the city in two
periods of development. A particular personal satisfaction was likewise guaranteed to a distinct
class of individuals to be housed in the capital city.

4.2.2 Sector

Figure 7: Sector Layout in Chandigarh (Source: Chandigarh Master Plan 2031)

Sector, as a container of life, was characterized by Le-Corbusier to be rectangular fit as a fiddle,

on the similarity of neighbourhood unit to act naturally contained and independent in everyday
requirements as far as nearby shopping, high/higher auxiliary school, clinic/wellbeing, bank, post
office and recreation. Thinking about the role and significance of Sector, arranging of capital city
of Chandigarh was organized around 46 sectors out of which 41 were private and 5
institutional/business other than industrial Area. The size of the sector depended on the human
scale with measurements fixed on a walking time of 10 minutes to get to any territory of the sector.
Limiting traffic in the area was to be accomplished through giving just four passages, one from
each side. Sector planning was made loner with no entryway opening on to V2 and V3 quick
traffic streets. The size and shape of the sector was so planned as to upgrade the personal quality

18
of life. Every area estimated 800 meters by 1,200 meters, encased by streets allotted to quick
automated vehicle and fixed to coordinate access from the houses, obliging the day by day needs
of its occupants, which was to shift from 5,000 to 25,000 and has a green strip situated
longitudinally extending halfway along with the sector toward the mountains. The green strip was
designed in a way to remain continuous and accommodate schools, sports fields, walks and
recreational activities for the sector. Vehicular traffic is totally illegal in the green strips, where
quietness will rule and the scourge of commotion will not enter. For connecting with Greater
Himalayas, a ceaseless green belt extending North-East to South-West gave in the focal point of
Sector. Green belt was to house Education, Cultural, Religious and Community Buildings. The
majority of the houses gathered around a central green open space. All houses have setback
(open region) in front and back. In spite of the fact that plans of various Sectors not
indistinguishable, but rather they followed similar planning principles. Every Sector has a focal
green cut up by shopping road (V4). A circle street was to convey the traffic inside (V5) converging
the shopping road. Individual houses get access nearer from V6 branching unware of present
loop roads. Gathering of houses and density pattern determined based on income. High income
Sectors have low density and an example of withdrawn houses. For accomplishing higher
densities, low income groups are furnished with patio housing on smaller plots. Sector 7 and 8
are a special case, moved toward Mayer's idea of Super Blocks. The focal point of the Sector was
imagined to be a V4 shopping street, a curved street to hinder traffic with shops on one side
(South-West), and a verandah to give shade to customers and to eliminate of going across on
roads. The market was connected with bordering Sectors, framing a consistent lace. The
assortment of shops went from smaller stalls to bigger Shop-Cum-Flats. Bigger shops planned
as three-storeyed structures with shops on the ground floor and residence for proprietors on upper
floors, according to the inclination of the retailers. Constant verandahs running before shops was
to shield customers from rain and sun as well as to give a concealed walkway. Safe from traffic
and close to nature, area establishes an endeavor to make city inside a city which accommodates
all the fundamental everyday material and social necessities of the residents in simple reach of
the home, and yet connected to the bigger size of the city in terms of transport and administrations
as well as architectural meaning. Sector 22 was the main sector to be planned in the city by Jane
B Drew, which has been followed in the planning of ensuing sectors with minor variations in
anticipating housing clusters however without changing the basic principles.

Figure 8: Sector 22 Layout ( Source: Chandigarh Master Plan 2031)

19
 4.2.3 Issues and Options
With history crossing more than sixty years, Chandigarh arranged and planned as the capital city
of territory of Punjab, has given another theme, direction and significance to the art and science
of Architecture, Town Planning and Landscaping in the Indian sub-landmass. Chandigarh
additionally has the differentiation of accomplishing the achievements of accomplishing its
projected and targeted on population of 5 lakh and making awareness about the significance of
planned development and to demonstrate great urbanism takes in substantial income. These
achievements have been accomplished regardless of the enormous population and
developmental pressures that the city had the option to adapt successfully and proficiently despite
unanticipated developments arising out of changes in geopolitical situation of the area in 1966.
The city in the ongoing past has begun giving indications of gigantic pressure because of
consistently expanding population pressure, quickly changing urban structure, quick evolving
class-structure and regularly expanding unplanned and unanticipated physical and economic
activities. There is a pressing need of measuring these anxieties and recommending appropriate
strategies to limit them. The significant effect of this development and growth has been envisioned
at the neighbourhood level.

4.2.3.1 Population and Density

In spite of following the system of neighbourhood articulated by the Perry, Chandigarh sectors
speak to a differential example of population and density shifting inside various periods of
development and various sectors. Barely any areas have extremely high population and density
while few have low population and density. As against average planned density of 16 people for
every acre of land for the Stage-I (Sectors 1-30), according to 2001 census, it has just
accomplished density of 26 people per acre. Existing residential density fluctuates between 0.3
per acre for sector 6 and 82 people for sector 20. As against the proposed population for every
sector 5000-25,000, population ranges between 35 people for sector 6 and 22,138 for sector
20. Essentially in the Stage – II development ( Sectors 31-47), the variety in density goes from
16 people/acre if there should be an occurrence of Sector 36 to 155 people in Sector 45 as
against density of 60 people per acre. Enormous population varieties have additionally been
noticed going from 4254 to 41077 in these sectors, this is notwithstanding the reality these
areas actually must be completely developed. Master Plan developed by Chandigarh
organization, has set the planned density for Sector 41 at 236 people per acre with a population
of 46049 when completely created. Population of these areas have just gone up with more
population getting gathered in Chandigarh, which accomplished the differentiation of getting one
of the 53 metropolitan community with population of Union Territory put as 10,54,686 according
to 2011 census. These variations are the result of methodology received for planning of
neighbourhoods arising out of carving bigger and smaller plots. This pattern of development
have separated the neighbourhood into top of the line and low end communities. Along these
lines, the individual status in capital city of Chandigarh is currently to a great extent dictated by
the sector numbers. City looks obviously separated and isolated in Northern and Southern
urban areas, with particular variations in quality of life, essential administrations, and comforts
and so on. With huge population getting moved in Southern part, these sectors speak to serious
level of congestion and chaos.

4.2.3.2 Housing
Since Chandigarh was to be a regulatory city, building housing for government personnel was put
on need. Thirteen classes of houses, as indicated by the pay of government representatives,
were proposed. The three most reduced sorts of government housing were sponsored to keep
up the base principles of enhancements of two rooms, space for a kitchen, restroom, and a back

20
open space. The variables of economy, available technology, and local climate administered the
development and plan of every classification of houses. Lower categories of housing were
arranged as terraced housing with little frontages, shared walls, and common circulation areas,
though higher categories of housing was arranged as disconnected and semidetached housing
with enormous plot areas. The lower class housing was additionally spatially planned at various
location inside the sector with prime position going to higher category housing. Few Sectors were
only set apart for higher classifications of government employees. This prompted marking of
Chandigarh neighbourhoods dependent on the housing typologies and the areas. Essentially
private housing in the city was defined into Marla housing (smaller plot area) and Kanal lodging
(bigger plot area) recognizing the general public based on the typology of plots. Further, the
formative controls set up were tougher for lower-class private housing (Frame Control) as against
more loosened up controls of development for bigger plots (Zoning controls). Also, bigger open
spaces were made accessible for the higher category housing when contrasted with smaller
housing. The reality was considerably more articulated if there should arise an occurrence of
lower categories made by the Chandigarh Housing Board, a parastatal office made to give
reasonable housing to the lower segment of the economic pyramid including economically weaker
sections of society.

4.2.3.3 Traffic
Neighbourhood idea had its beginning in the security of the occupants from the dangers of the
mechanical traffic. Likewise, all neighbourhood ideas given to isolation of quick moving and
mechanical traffic from the passer by traffic to make the community safe. Be that as it may, if
there should be an occurrence of Chandigarh, whole planning of sectors spin around V4 to V6
which disperses the traffic to the individual family. This has prompted serious level of vehicular
infiltration inside the neighbourhoods, making community highly unsafe. V4, which is the
shopping road and significant action zone of the sector, draws in an enormous volume of both
inter and intra sector vehicular traffic, prompting congestion as well as number of mishaps.
These roads have accepted the job and capacity of significant streets of the city drawing in
huge volume of vehicular traffic in the areas. Likewise, absence of satisfactory parking in the
shopping area at the area level has additionally prompted the spilling of vehicles on the roads.
Shopping roads of few sectors, specific that of sector 15, 19, 20, 22, 40, 45 have expected city
level importance drawing in enormous vehicles and population over the city. Due to absence of
shopping offices at the sub-sector level, occupants are needed to visit the shopping area at V4,
making even more traffic issues. The absence of pathways has additionally expanded the
vulnerability of individuals at the sector level. Expanded degree of traffic additionally
antagonistically sway the climate and environment at the sector level, which goes in opposition
to the principles articulated for planning the neighbourhood.

4.2.3.4 Size
The size of neighbourhood has extraordinary bearing on the planning of a protected
communities. Huge estimated neighbourhoods have evident constraints in getting ready for
such communities. If there should be an occurrence of Chandigarh size of area has been put at
262 Acres as against 160 Acres specified by the Perry. The bigger size of sector has prompted
larger distance to be gone by the community prompting utilization of mechanical choices for
movement. Further, selection of higher density standards in planning of greater part of the
sectors has prompted acceptance of more individuals, requesting more and more significant
level of luxuries and administrations to make them self-contained and self-sufficient. This has
prompted making arrangement of number of secondary schools in areas as against elementary
school proposed in the neighbourhood concept. This has prompted enlistment of enormous

21
student population and vehicles inside the sector, making different issues of security and
community functioning. Certain sectors have been given the more elevated level of medical
services and educational facilities, making the situation even more noticeably terrible. Had the
size and density been defended, sector would have advanced a superior and more secure
community living.

22
 Chapter 5

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Accomplishing some key attributes of the sustainable neighbourhoods have been one of the
objective of this dissertation. Since there was not existed a total referenced, prepared qualities in
reference, it has attempted to consolidate sustainable development dimensions, idealized
neighbourhood characteristics, and sustainable neighbourhood qualities itself to get more far
reaching qualities for maintainable areas. Likewise, characteristics have been presented in
chapter 2 which positively can be utilized for all neighbourhoods.

In spite of the fact that these attributes are key for all residential neighbourhood, local conditions
of every neighbourhood require a detailed study to accomplish an appropriate rundown of
prerequisites and examination on legitimate nearby choices to accomplish sustainability
characteristics for the selected neighbourhood. As an overall end it is qualified to sustainable
residential characteristics quickly, as in the following:

5.1.1 Mixed land-use: Mixed land use as an amazing trait of sustainable neighbourhood give
facilities inside neighbourhoods for individuals to urge them to walk to work, school, or shops.
Hence, applying the appropriate level of mixed-use should be considered as an indivisible
segment of sustainable neighbourhood.

5.1.2 High level of walkability: Having high level of walkability such that it is very much
associated with occupations and administrations and sufficient space for roads and an effective
road network is exceptionally needed for sustainable neighbourhood. Walk-capable and cyclist
friendly roads, empowering public vehicle, exceptionally interconnected street hierarchy, and
sufficient parking space are fundamental development of this characteristic.

5.1.3 High thickness: Density assumes a critical function to accomplish sustainable

neighbourhood. The decrease in utilizing vehicles and upgrades of eagerness of individuals to
travel shorter distances for their shops and services need are the beneficial outcomes of
increased residential densities. Further, the backing of public transportation frameworks and
improvement of a more elevated level of administration in a more drawn out time of the day are
the outcomes of high densities - more individuals inside a given zone of development.

5.1.4 Building plan and materials: Neighbourhoods comprise of assortments of different

buildings and blocks which together broadly obscure the degree of sustainability of
neighbourhood. In this regard, considering the rules to accomplish sustainable building in
microscale is meaningful.

5.1.5 Designed to save resources: It should be discovered that neighbourhood is very much
overseen and kept up so it doesn't harm the climate. Neighbourhood need to guarantee that
development give adequate green spaces to save and support biodiversity, and lessening
environmental impacts, and development is energy productive. In this regard, lessening inputs,
utilizing local resources, waste management, water, and sewage the management, and power
generations play important roles.

23
5.1.6 Green space: Having high quality, appropriate planning and efficient management of
green spaces is one of the main components of sustainable neighbourhood.

5.1.7 Affordability and social mix: Sustainable neighbourhood must be very much planned
with the goal that it is moderate for various individuals of a society and furthermore well socially
mixed, and not had a place with a particular group of individuals.

5.1.8 Places of different character and limited land-use specialization: Sustainable

neighbourhood inserts distinctive character and diverse land uses so that it's most certainly not
making a solitary zone or one capacity character for the region. The mixed uses ought to be
compatible and covering rates of each function require significant neighbourhood overview.

5.1.9 Benefits of long-term stewardship, hands-on management & engaging local

communities in conversations: Sustainable neighbourhoods won't be created and endure
except if, wise management and local interest in the dynamic decision making act as the
principle centre of the sustainable neighbourhood engine.

5.1.10 Utilize urban economies (EC): Different attributes of sustainable neighbourhood are
just suitable in the event that they can discover a market and it is in urban communities that the
significant business sectors exist. In spite of the fact that the urban economy isn't confined to
the neighbourhood scale however economic activities in neighbourhoods play a vital function to
accomplish sustainability in bigger scopes.

24
REFERENCES

1. Al-Hagla, K. (2008). Towards A Sustainable Neighbourhood: The Role of Open Spaces.

International Journal of Architectural Research, 2(2), Pp. 162-177.

2. Anonymous, 2014. A new strategy of sustainable neighbour-hood planning: five

principles. UN-Habitat (United Nations Human Settlements Programme), Urban Planning
and Design Branch, Nairobi, Kenya.

3. Friedman,2007, Sustainable residential development. Available at:

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pdialjKWKoAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q
&f=false

4. Falk, N., and Carley, M. (2012). Sustainable urban neighbourhoods Building

communities that last.
http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/sustainable-urban-neighbourhoodsfull.pdf

5. Gildroy, C., et al. (2008). What is Neighbourhood Planning?

http://cityofchelan.us/planning/pdf/Neighorhood_Plan/what_is_neighborhood_planning.p
df

6. Lawhon, L. L. (2009). The Neighbourhood Unit: Physical Design or Physical

Determinism? Journal Of Plannıng Hıstory, 111-132.

7. Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J. (1999) Sustainability and cities: Overcoming automobile

dependence, Island Press, Washington, DC.

8. Nagpal, J. (1995). Voices from the developing world: Progress towards sustainable
development. Environment, 11-35.

9. The Three Pillars of Sustainability (2014).

http://www.Thwink.Org/Sustain/Glossary/Threepillarsofsustainability.htm.

10. URL3.
http://www.malmo.se/download/18.7101b483110ca54a562800010420/westernharbour0
6.pdf

11. WCED. (1987) Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development.
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), United Nation, Geneva.

25
 ANNEXURE
1. Literature Data Collection

Main Theme / Subtopics Method of Relevance of Data Source of Information

Topic enquiry
adopted
1.Sustainabili 1. Introduction 1. Google Brief explanation of 1. Friedman,2007,
-ty 2. Need of Books Sustainability to get a Sustainable residential
sustainability 2. Research basic understanding of development. Available at:
Article the need of it. https://books.google.co.uk/
books?id=pdialjKWKoAC&
printsec=frontcover#v=one
page&q&f=false

2. Geddam,2016,Need of
sustainable development.
Available at:
https://www.researchgate.n
et/publication/308746821_
Need_for_Sustainable_Nei
ghbourhoods

2. 1. What is 1. Research Identify and analysing 1. Al-Hagla, K. (2008).

Sustainable sustainable Article the need of sustainable Towards A Sustainable
Development development 2. Google residential Neighborhood: The Role of
and and Books neighbourhood Open Spaces. International
3. Research Journal of Architectural
sustainable sustainable Development.
Paper Research.
residential residential 4. Youtube 2. Geddam,2016,Need of
neighbourho neighbourhood video sustainable development.
od. Available at:
2. Need of https://www.researchgate.n
sustainable et/publication/308746821_
residential Need_for_Sustainable_Nei
neighbourhood ghbourhoods
3. Falk, N., and Carley, M.
3. Three (2012). Sustainable urban
pillars of neighborhoods Building
sustainable communities that last.
development http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/fil
es/jrf/sustainable-urban-
4. Feature neighbourhoodsfull.pdf
s of
sustainable 4. Available at:
residential https://www.youtube.com/w
neighbourho atch?v=BCYgajPrT64
od
5. Friedman,2007,

26
 Sustainable residential
development. Available at:
https://books.google.co.uk/
books?id=pdialjKWKoAC&
printsec=frontcover#v=one
page&q&f=false

6. The Three Pillars of

Sustainability
(2014).http://www.Thwink.O
rg/Sustain/Glossary/Threep
illarsofsustainability.htm.

3.Fundament 1. Adequate 1. Research 5 principles that 1. Anonymous, 2014. A new

al principles space for Article support the 3 key strategy of sustainable
in planning streets and an 2. Research features of sustainable neighbour-hood planning: five
of efficient street Paper principles. UN-Habitat (United
neighbourhoods and
network. Nations Human Settlements
sustainable cities: compact,
2. High density Programme),Urban Planning
residential integrated, connected. and Design Branch, Nairobi,
3. Mixed land-
nieghbourho Kenya.
use
od. 4. Social mix 2. Falk, N., and Carley, M.
5. Limited (2012). Sustainable urban
land-use neighborhoods Building
specialization. communities that last.
http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/j
rf/sustainable-urban-
neighbourhoodsfull.pdf

2. Case Study Data Collection

Case Study 1:
• Name of the Project: Bo01,Västra Hamnen, Malmö, Sweden
• Project type : Urban Residential neighbourhood
• Location of the Project: Malmö, Sweden
• Age of the project/ Year of execution: 2005
• Project Size & its project components: 175 Hectares
• Project development agency: Funding from the variety of organizations such as the State of
Sweden, the City of Malmö, the regional company, the European Commission and private
developers.
• Justification & selection criteria: It is a perfect example of how an area can be turned down
into a properly planned sustainable neighbourhood from an industrial wasteland.
• Distinctive features of the Project:
1. The abandoned shipyard has been used to build a completely new city district.
2. The district combined living, working, education and leisure time and is the first project
of its kind in Scandinavia, which is carbon neutral through its sustainability-oriented
overall concept and received a corresponding environmental certification.
3. The energy supply of the district is completely self-sufficient and is based 100 percent
on wind and solar energy and biogas.

27
 4. The air conditioning of the buildings is done by solar panels and heat pumps,
seawater and groundwater.
5. Besides the high quality of living, Västra hamnen has also a high and diverse
recreational value. The entire area is criss-crossed by green spaces, ponds, artificial
watercourses and fountains. In some places, there are swimming pools that invite to
jump into the water of the Öresund.

S. Main Theme Sub themes/ Method of Relevance of Remarks

No. Subtopics enquiry adopted Data

1 Principles of 1. Adequate 1. Google Toward

planning of space for Books achieving
Sustainable streets and 2. Research sustainable
Residential an efficient Article neighbourhood
Neighbourhood street following
of Vastra network actions based
hamnem 2. High Density on main
3. Mixed land- principle of
use planning of
4. Social Mix sustainable
5. Limited Land- neighbourhood
Use have been
Specialization done

Case Study 2:
• Name of the Project: Chandigarh
• Project type : Neighbourhood
• Location of the Project: Punjab
• Age of the project/ Year of execution: 1951
• Project Size & its project components: 7100 Hectares
• Project development agency : NA
• Justification & selection criteria: As to focus on the sustainable residential neighbourhood,
with indian context this was found to be an appropriate one as we can see that how about the
years it has been developed keeping the character intact.
• Distinctive features of the Project:

S. No. Main Theme/ Sub themes/ Subtopics Method Relevance of Remarks

item to be of Data
studied in the enquiry
case study adopted
1 Sustainable 1. Access Residing in
Residential 2. Location India, so
Neighbourhood 3. Land Use understanding
in Indian according to the needs and
context guidelines

28
 UDPFI according to
guidelines Indian context
4. Sector Division can make the
5. Housing planning of
sustainable
neighbourhood
more efficient.

29