GLOBAL CLIMATE

CHANGE AND
RELATED
PHENOMENA
Present By.
Buquerin
Madriaga
 Content
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND RELATED
PHENOMENA
a. Greenhouse Effect
b. Global Warming
c. El Niño
d. La Niña
e. Ozone Destruction
Greenhouse Effect
Present By.

Anjeline Madriaga
G reenhouse Effect
 The greenhouse effect is the way in which heat is
trapped close to Earth's surface by “greenhouse
gases.”
 These heat-trapping gases can be thought of as
a blanket wrapped around Earth, keeping the
planet toastier than it would be without them.
 The greenhouse effect arises from Earth's
atmosphere. Visible light from the sun, as well as
invisible ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, can
penetrate the gaseous layer that blankets our
world. Roughly 70% of these energetic rays are
absorbed by Earth's oceans, land and atmosphere,
while the remaining 30% are immediately
reflected back into space, according to NASA Earth
Observatory.
Global warming
Present By.
Anjeline Madriaga
G w
lobal arming
 Global warming the gradual heating of Earth’s
surface, oceans and atmosphere, is caused by
human activity, primarily the burning of fossil
fuels that pump carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane and other greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere.
 The scientific community believes that climate
like global warming have occurred throughout
earth’s history and will continue to occur in the
future. Scientist have sent decades figuring out
what is causing global warming.
 Cause of Global Warming

DEFORESTATION
Plants are the main source of oxygen. They take in carbon dioxide and release
oxygen thereby maintaining environmental balance. Forest are being depleted
for many domestic and commercial purposes.
 Cause of Global Warming

USE OF VEHICLES
The use of vehicles, even for a very short distance results in various gaseous
emissions. Vehicles burn fossil fuels which emit a large amount of carbon
dioxide and other toxins into the atmosphere resulting in a temperature
 Cause of Global Warming

INDUSTRAL DEVELOPMENT
With the advent of industrialization, the temperature of the earth
has been increasing rapidly. The harmful emissions from the
factories add to the increasing temperature of the earth.
 Cause of Global Warming

OVERPOPULATION
Increase in population means more people breathing. This leads to
an increase in the level of carbon dioxide, the primary gas causing
global warming in the atmosphere.
El nino
Present By.
Kurt Ivan Buquerin
EN L IÑO

 Means “the little boy” or “Christ Child” in

Spanish .
 El Niño was originally recognized by fishermen
off the coast of South America in the 1600s,
with the appearance of unusually warm water
in the Pacific Ocean.
 The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-
atmosphere climate interaction linked to a periodic
warming in sea surface temperatures across the
central and east central Equatorial Pacific.
 EN L IÑO Year
 The trade winds become weaker, and may even reverse.
 Low pressure develops over the eastern Pacific, with
high pressure to the west.
 Warm water replaces cold water off the coast of Peru.
 Waters off the coast of northern Australia become
cooler.
 Rainfall totals in northern Australia and Indonesia
reduce, and the dry conditions often spread to India and
southeast Asia.
 Rainfall in northwestern South America.
E
effect of
EN l iño

PERUVIAN UPWELLING

Upwelling is the natural process which brings cold, nutrient-rich

water to the surface. A huge upwelling regularly occurs off the
coast of Peru, which enjoys a large fishing industry as a result.
E effect of
EN l iño

FLOOD IN CHILE

El Niño also produces widespread and sometimes severe changes in the atmosphere.
Convection above warmer surface waters bring increased precipitation. Rainfall increases
drastically on the South American coast (here in Chile), contributing to coastal flooding and
erosion.
E
effect of
EN l iño

DROUGHT IN AUSTRALIA

As El Niño brings rain to South America, it brings droughts to Indonesia and

Australia. These droughts threaten the region’s water supplies, impacting
health, hygiene, industry, and agriculture.
E
effect of
EN l iño

MONTANA WINTER

While El Niño brings unusually warm weather to the West

Coast, other parts of North American may endure longer,
colder, and wetter winters.
E effect of
EN l iño

TYPHOON IN TAIWAN

El Niño events can also impact the western Pacific Ocean, normally in an increased number
and severity of cyclones. Typhoon Winnie, above, hit Taiwan and China during a powerful El
Niño event in 1997. Typhoon Winnie killed more than 200 people and caused more than 1
billion dollars in damages.
La nina
Present By.

Kurt Ivan Buquerin

 LN A iña
 La Niña means “The Little Girl” in Spanish.

 La Niña episodes represent periods of

below-average sea surface temperatures
across the east-central Equatorial Pacific.
Global Climate La Niña also tend to be
opposite those of El Niño.
 During a La Niña year, winter temperature are
warmer than normal in the Southeast and
cooler than normal in the Northwest.
LN A IÑA Year
 they involve the build-up of cooler-than-usual
subsurface water in the eastern Pacific Ocean
 very warm waters build up in the western Pacific
 they create severe drought conditions in the eastern
Pacific coastlands/western and southern South
America
 very wet weather can be experienced in northern
Australia and Indonesia
 E L
ffect of A Niña

A group of scouts uses a disassembled

cardboard box as protection against a
heavy rainstorm in Semarang, Java,
Indonesia. La Niña events often bring
wetter-than-normal weather to
Indonesia, northern Australia, and
Malaysia.
Downpour
Ozone Destruction
Present By.

Kurt Ivan Buquerin

O D
ZONE ESTRUCTION

Ozone destruction refers to the

process by which ozone molecules in
the Earth's atmosphere are broken
down and depleted, leading to a
decrease in the amount of ozone
present. Ozone destruction primarily
occurs in the stratosphere, which is the
layer of the atmosphere located
between 10 and 50 kilometers above
the Earth's surface.
 Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion
Ozone layer depletion is a major concern and is
associated with a number of factors. The main causes
responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer are
listed below:
Chlorofluorocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs are the main
cause of ozone layer depletion. These are
released by solvents, spray aerosols, refrigerators,
air-conditioners, etc.
The molecules of chlorofluorocarbons in the
stratosphere are broken down by ultraviolet
radiations and release chlorine atoms. These
atoms react with ozone and destroy it.
 Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion

• Unregulated Rocket Launches

Researchers say that the unregulated
launching of rockets results in much more
depletion of the ozone layer than the CFCs
do. If not controlled, this might result in a
huge loss of the ozone layer by the year
2050.
Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion

Nitrogenous Compounds
The nitrogenous compounds such as NO2,
NO, N2O are highly responsible for the
depletion of the ozone layer.
Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion

Natural Causes
The ozone layer has been found to be
depleted by certain natural processes such
as Sun-spots and stratospheric winds. But it
does not cause more than 1-2% of the ozone
layer depletion.
 Effects Of Ozone Layer Depletion
The depletion of the ozone layer has harmful effects on
the environment. Let us see the major effects of ozone
layer depletion on man and environment.

Effects on Human Health

Humans will be directly exposed to the
harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun due to the
depletion of the ozone layer. This might result in
serious health issues among humans, such as skin
diseases, cancer, sunburns, cataract, quick ageing
and weak immune system.
 Effects Of Ozone Layer Depletion

Effects on Animals
Direct exposure to ultraviolet radiations
leads to skin and eye cancer in animals.
 Effects Of Ozone Layer Depletion

Effects on the Environment

Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to
minimal growth, flowering and
photosynthesis in plants. The forests also
have to bear the harmful effects of the
ultraviolet rays.
 Effects Of Ozone Layer Depletion

Effects on Marine Life

Planktons are greatly affected by the
exposure to harmful ultraviolet rays. These
are higher in the aquatic food chain. If the
planktons are destroyed, the organisms
present in the food chain are also affected.
Ecosystem Degradation
Present By.
Artillagas
Biag
 Content
Ecosystem Degradation
1. Land/Grassland
Degradation
2. Soil Erosion
3. Desertification
4. Deforestation
5. Coral Reef Degradation
6. Mangrove and Sea Grass
Bed Degradation
Ecosystem Degradation
 The decline in an ecosystem asset over an
accounting period due to economic and
other human activity. It is generally
reflected in declines in ecosystem condition
or declines in expected ecosystem service
flows.
 The deterioration of the environment
through depletion of resources such as
quality of air, water and soil; the
destruction of ecosystems; habitat
destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and
and pollution. It is defined as any change or disturbance
to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable.
Land/Grassland Degradation

Present By.
Artillagas
L and/Grassland
D egradation
 Land Degradation is process of decreasing the quality
of land, its top soil, vegetation, water resources caused
usually by excessive exploitation. These incidents
usually occur due to human activity. The picture on
right is the land degradation of Phosphite. That is the
remains of the mining.
 Land Degradation has been considered to be one of the
most important issues of the 21st century due to the
damage in agronomic productivity, the environment and
its effect on food. It has been estimated that up to 40%
of the world agricultural land is seriously degraded.
 Land/Grassland Degradation
Causes
• Land clearance or known as
deforestation.
• Decrease of soil nutrients due to
poor farming actions.
• The overgrazing of livestock.
• Land pollution which includes
industrial waste.
• When vehicles do off-roading.
• Excavation/quarry of stone,
sand, ore and other minerals.
Effects
• The main effect of land
degradation is that the productivity
•ofFor
theexample,
land willwith
be reduced.
soil, the
structure will be loss and all the
nutrients will be reduced.
• Overcutting vegetation will result
in difficulty in finding timber,
fuelwood and others.
• There are many other effects such
as soil erosion, water erosion and
wind erosion.
Soil Erosion
Present By.
Artillagas
S oil Erosion
 Soil erosion is a gradual process that occurs
when the impact of water or wind detaches
and removes soil particles, causing the soil to
deteriorate. Soil deterioration and low water
quality due to erosion and surface runoff have
become severe problems worldwide.
 Soil deterioration and low water quality due to
erosion and surface runoff have become severe
problems worldwide.
 Soil Erosion is the washing or blowing away (by water
or wind) of the top layer of the soil.
 Erosion whether it is by water, wind or tillage, involve
three distinct action – soil detachment, movement &
deposition.
 Types of
Soil Erosion
 Geological Erosion
It is a normal process, representing erosion of
land in natural environment. It id caused by effect
of;
Types of
• Rainfall
Soil • Run-off
Erosion • Wind
• Topography
• Atmospheric Temperature
 Accelerated Erosion
Is due to man made activities, which have
brought about changes in natural cover and soil
condition. The activities include;

Types of
• Land Preparation for rising crops,
Soil • Land use pattern for building house, infrastructures,
Erosion industries, hill cutting, deforestation, lack of soil
conservation and watershed management.
 Wind Erosion
It is primary responsible for creation and
maintenance of desert areas.
Types of
Soil • Finer soil particles from top soil along with organic
Erosion matter and nutrients are easily detachable and
removed by wind velocity.
 WATER Erosion
• The impact of rain drops causes splash erosion.
• Run-off water causes scouring, scraping and
transport of soil particles, leading to sheet, rill
and gully erosion.
Types of • Flood water causes erosion of river banks.
Soil • Water waves cause erosion of bank and sides of
Erosion reservoir, lakes and oceans.
• Subsurface seepage water causes soil boiling,
erosion and removal by piping.
• Glacial erosion causes heavy landslide.
 rill Erosion
• In general the sheet flow is carried out by very
small definable channels called inter rill.
• When the process of soil erosion and
Types of
deposition through inter rill is prolonged, the
Soil
inter rills are widened, leading to formation of
Erosion
small channels called rills.
 GULLY Erosion
• Rills are smaller in size and depth, they can be
destroyed by tillage operation.
• If their occurrence is prolonged, rills become
Types of
larger in size and can not be destroyed by
Soil
tillage operation, and they become gullies.
Erosion
 bank Erosion
• Is the wearing away of the banks of a stream
or river. This is distinguished from erosion of
the bed of the watercourse, which is referred
Types of to as scour.
Soil • The roots of trees growing by a stream are
Erosion undercut by such erosion. As the roots bind
the soil tightly, they form abutments which jut
out over the water. These have a significant
effect upon the rate and progress of the
erosion.
 sheet Erosion
Types of • Is the movement of soil from rain drops splash
Soil and run off water.
Erosion • It typically occurs evenly over a uniform slope
and goes unnoticed until most of the
productive top soil has been lost.
 Land slide Erosion
• A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass
of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides
are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any
down-slope movement of soil and rock under the
Types of direct influence of gravity.
Soil • The term "landslide" encompasses five modes of
Erosion slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads,
and flows. These are further subdivided by the
type of geologic material (bedrock, debris, or
earth).
Desertification
Present By.

Artillagas
D esertification
refers to the process of land
degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry
sub-humid regions due to various factors,
including climate change, human
activities, and natural causes. It occurs
when the land loses its productivity and
becomes a desert, with little or no
vegetation cover, soil erosion, and
reduced water resources.
D esertification
The causes of desertification are complex and can
vary depending on the region. However, human activities
such as overgrazing, deforestation, unsustainable
agriculture practices, and excessive land use are major
drivers. Climate change and natural factors such as
drought, soil erosion, and land-use changes also
contribute to desertification. The impacts of
desertification can be devastating, affecting both human
populations and the environment. Desertification can
lead to soil erosion, water scarcity, loss of biodiversity,
and reduced food security. It can also increase the
frequency and severity of natural disasters such as floods
and droughts, which can displace populations and cause
economic losses.
Deforestation
Present By.

Biag
D E F O R E S TA
T I O N
DEFORESTATION clearing is
the removal of a forest. Example:
conversion of forestland to farms,
ranches, or urban use.
• According to UN conference in
1992 deforestation is defined as
“Land degradation in arid,
semi-arid and sub-humid areas
resulting from various factors
including climatic variation and
human activities”.
use of Deforestati
hifting cultivation
 Most of the clearing of forest is
done for agricultural purposes.
 Poor farmers cut down trees or burn
it and start agriculture.
 Intensive or modern agriculture
destroy the forest on a large scale.
 It is principle cause of deforestation
in some countries like
America(35%), Asia(50%),
Africa(70%).
Commercial Loggin
 It involves cutting trees for sale as
timer or pulp.
 It employs heavy machinery to
remove cut trees and build roads.
 Logging roads enable people to
access the interiors of the forest,
which in results in deforestation.
 In Africa, 75%of land being cleared
by poor farmers is land that has been
previously logged.
Mining and Dams
 Mining, industrial development
and hydroelectric power plant
project are also causes of
deforestation.
 Dams open the previously
inaccessible forest and damage
ecosystems.
 In Brazil, the grand carajas project
occupies 90,000km2.
 It also affect 23 tribal groups and
also cause the high soil, water and
air pollution.
ects of Deforestat
Expansion of Deserts Loss of Fertile Land

Due to action of strong wind mass of Less rainfall result into the loss of
land gradually gets covered to sand fertile land owing to less natural
desert. vegetable growth.
 Economic Losses Loss of Bio-Diversity

Will cause loss of industrial timber Cause the bio-diversity leading to

and non-timber products and loss of disturbances in ecological balance
long term productivity on the site. world wild.
coral reef degradation

Present By.
Biag
Coral Reefs  Made up of limestone skeletons of tiny
marine organisms called coral polyps.
 Hard rocky ridge build up from the sea
bed by many tiny coral animals.
 They are sometimes called the rainforest
of the ocean.
 They are the home to a great number
and variety of fish and other living
organs.
 The word coral reef are shrinking rapidly.
 Global Coral reef Monitoring network estimated that end
the year 2000, 27% of the worlds coral reef had been
permanently damaged due to natural and human factors.
Cause of Coral Reefs degradation
There are two main causes to Coral Reef Degradation:
 Natural Causes
• Hurricanes
• Climate Change
• Natural Predators
 Human Activities
• Over Fishing and other damaging fishing
methods
• Sedimentation
• Pollution
• Coastal Development
• Tourism
Mangrove and sea Grass bed
degradation
Present By.
Biag
M
angrove Degradation
Many thousands of acres of
mangrove forest have been
destroyed to make way for rice
paddies, rubber trees, palm oil
plantations, and other forms of
agriculture. Farmers often use
fertilizers and chemicals, and runoff
containing these pollutants makes
its way into water supplies.
S
eaGrass Bed Degradation
Sediment washing into the water
from agriculture and land
development can also damage
seagrass beds by both smothering the
seagrass and blocking sunlight.
Similarly, dredging can both directly
remove seagrass plants and cause
lower light levels because of
increased amounts of sediments in
the water.
biodiversity loss
Present By.
Dakay
Hinautan
 Content
Biodiversity Loss
a. Measuring Biodiversity
b. The Value of Biodiversity
c. Threats to Biodiversity Conversation
d. Environmental watch groups
e. Environmental Hazards
Measuring biodiversity
Present By.
Dakay
B iodiversity
 A community dominated by one or two species is
considered to be less diverse than one in which
several different species have similar abundance.
 As species richness and evenness increase, so
does diversity.
 Can be quantified in many different ways. Two
main factors taken into account by ecologist
are:
- Species Richness.
- Species Evenness.
Species Richness
Is a measure of the number of different kinds of organisms present in a particular area. This
is a simple count of the species in a community. Each species contributes one count to the
total regardless of whether the species population is 1 or 1 million.

Flower species counts from two Species Richness for two flower
communities communities
Species Evenness
Is a measure of the relative abundance of the different species making up the richness of
an area.
Evenness can be calculated as:

Flower species counts from two Species Richness for two flower
communities communities
The Value of Biodiversity
Present By.
Dakay
 Value of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity provides a variety of environmental services
from its species and ecosystem that are essential at
global, regional and local levels.
• Loss of biodiversity contributes to climate change.
• Forest converts carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen.
• Loss forest cover due to release of carbon dioxide and
other gases due to industrialization which contributes to
“Green House Effect”
Consumptive Use Value
• A straight forward example
is the direct utilization of
timber, food, fuel wood, and • The biotechnologist uses
folder by local communities.
• Contained in the ecosystem
provides forest dwellers with
all their daily needs, food,
building, material, fodder,
medicines and a variety of
the other product.
Productive Use Value
• This category comprises of
marketable goods.
bio-rich areas to prospect
and search for potential
genetic properties in the
plants or animals that can be
used to develop better
varieties of crops.
 Social Use Value
• While traditional societies had
value and preserved the
biodiversity and its resources,
modern man has depleted it up
to the extent leading to
irrecoverable loss due to
extinction of several species.
• Ecosystem people value
biodiversity as a part of their
livelihood, as well as through
cultural and religious sentiment.
Ethical and Moral Value
• Ethical value of biodiversity are
based on the importance of
protecting all from of life.
• Most religious and secular creeds
believe that all form of the life
have the right to exist on Earth.
• Man is only a small part of the
earth great family of species:
plants and animals have an equal
right to live and exist on our
planet.
Threats to Biodiversity Conversation

Present By.
Dakay
 Threats to Biodiversity
• Habitat Destruction – Important to protect habitat in
order to protect biodiversity within it. Huge pressure
from the worlds rapidly increasing population.
• Global Climate Change – Change in a biotic elements of
ecosystem leading to biotic change.
• Habitat Fragmentation – from human activity reduces
ability of habitat to support species.
• Pollution - such as nutrients overloading with nitrate
fertilizer as well as more immediately harmful chemical.
 Threats to Biodiversity
• Over exploitation – this includes the illegal wildlife
trade as well as overfishing, logging of tropical
hardwoods etc.
• Alien Species – Introduced by human to regions where
there are no natural predators.
• Disease – Reduction in habitat causing high population
densities, encourages spread of diseases.
 Conversation of Biodiversity
Conservation is defined as management of human
use of biosphere so that it may yield sustainable benefit
to the present generation while maintaining its potential
to meet the needs and aspirations of posterity.
There are two basic strategies of biodiversity
conservation:
In-situ (on site) and
Ex-situ (off site).
 In-situ Conservation
• Conservation of organism in its natural home through
protection of a group of typical ecosystems by a network of
protected areas, biosphere reserves, sacred forests and sacred
lakes.
• Protected areas: such as National Parks and Wildlife
Sanctuaries are areas of land and/or sea especially dedicated
to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and
of natural and associated cultural resources.
• There are more than 37000 protected areas around the world,
while India has 612 protected areas (99 National Parks and
513 Wildlife Sanctuaries).
• Biosphere reserves: are a special category
of protected areas of land and/or coastal
environments, wherein people are an
integral component of the system.
• A biosphere reserve consists of core, buffer
and transition zones.
• The core zone comprises an undisturbed
and legally protected ecosystem.
• The buffer zone surrounds the core area
and is managed to accommodate a greater
variety of resource use strategies, research
and educational activities.
• The transition zone, the outermost part
of the biosphere reserve, is an area of
active cooperation between reserve
management and the local people,
• Wherein activities like settlements,
cropping, forestry and recreation and
other economic uses continue in
harmony with conservation goals.
• There are 408 biosphere reserves
located in different countries out of
which 13 biosphere reserves located in
India.
 Ex-situ Conservation
• Conservation of organisms in botanical gardens, zoos, conservation
stands, gene, pollen, seed, seedling, tissue culture and DNA banks.
• There are more than 1500 botanical gardens in the world containing
more than 80,000 species and many of these now have seed banks,
tissue culture facilities and other ex situ technologies.
• Similarly there are more than 800 professionally managed zoos
around the world with about 3000 species of mammals, birds,
reptiles and amphibians.
• Many of these zoos have well developed captive breeding
programmers.
• Plants and animals conserved in botanical gardens, arboreta, zoos
and aquaria can be used to restore degraded land, reintroduce
species into wild, and restock depleted populations.
Environmental watch groups
Present By.
Hinautan
 Environmental watch groups are organizations that monitor
and track environmental issues and advocate for environmental
protection and conservation. These groups often consist of
volunteers and activists who are passionate about protecting the
environment and ensuring that government and industry take
action to address environmental issues.
Environmental watch groups can focus on a variety of issues,
such as air and water pollution, deforestation, climate change,
animal conservation, and sustainable development. They may
engage in activities such as organizing protests, lobbying
government officials, raising public awareness, and conducting
research.
 Some examples of prominent environmental watch groups
include:
• Greenpeace
• Sierra Club
• Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
• Friends of the Earth
• the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).
These groups work at local, national, and international levels
to promote environmental sustainability and protect natural
resources.
Types of environmental watch groups
• Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
• Community-based organizations (CBOs)
• Grassroots organizations

The issues addressed by environmental watch groups

• Climate change
• Pollution
• Deforestation
• Biodiversity loss
• Sustainable development
Environmental Hazards
Present By.
Hinautan
E nvironmental Hazards
 Environmental hazards refer to physical, chemical,
biological, or social factors in the environment that
can potentially harm human health or the natural
environment. These hazards can be natural or
human-made, and they can impact people in various
ways, from immediate harm to long-term effects.
 It is important to identify and mitigate
environmental hazards to protect human health and
the natural environment.
E nvironmental Hazards
 This can be done through measures such as
regulation and enforcement of environmental
laws, pollution prevention programs, and
community education and engagement.
Types of environmental hazards
- Physical hazards (natural disasters, UV radiation, etc.)
- Chemical hazards (toxic substances, hazardous waste,
etc.)
- Biological hazards (infectious diseases, zoonotic
diseases, etc.)
- Social hazards (poverty, inequality, discrimination,
etc.)
 Air pollution
The release of harmful
chemicals and particles into the
air can cause respiratory
problems, cardiovascular
disease, and cancer.
 Water pollution
The contamination of water
bodies by chemicals, bacteria, or
other pollutants can cause health
problems for humans and
wildlife, including diseases like
cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis.
Hazardous waste:

Improper disposal of
hazardous waste can cause
contamination of soil and
groundwater, leading to
health problems such as
cancer and birth defects.
 Natural disasters

Earthquakes, hurricanes, floods,

and wildfires can cause physical
harm to people, damage
infrastructure, and harm the
environment.
Chemicals and toxins

Exposure to harmful
chemicals and toxins, such
as pesticides, lead, and
asbestos, can cause a range
of health problems,
including cancer,
respiratory problems, and
neurological damage.
Thankyou for
Listening
Environmental Science
Presentation by:
Artillagas, Jeremy Reizhi
Biag, Jerico
Dakay, Ishi Athaliah Faith
Hinautan, David
Madriaga, Anjeline Niña