Introduction

Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining due to the injury of the mucosal
layer that serves as a protectant from stomach acid. Exposure of the mucosa to
stomach acid can lead to swelling, inflammation, and pain.

Acute gastritis refers to a sudden onset of inflammation of the stomach lining,

also known as the gastric mucosa. With acute gastritis, a disruption in the gastric
mucosa triggers an inflammatory immune response that attracts white blood cells to the
site of injury. If the mucosal damage is severe enough, acute gastritis can progress to
erosive gastritis, which consists of shallow lesions of the stomach lining (i.e., gastric
erosions), painful ulcerations or sores, and small areas of bleeding within the mucosa.

The causative agents are; Helicobacter pylori, long term use of NSAIDS, aspirin,
excessive amounts of caffeine, high stress levels, smoking, intolerance to spicy/citric
food.

Diagnosis of acute gastritis is usually based on an assessment of medical

history, although in some cases, it can be confirmed by demonstrating inflammatory
changes through a biopsy of the gastric mucosa. Treatment of acute gastritis depends
on the underlying cause of inflammation and may include lifestyle changes, acid-
reducing medications, or antibiotics. The Diagnostic Test that will be conduct is
extraction of gastric mucosal sample (biopsy) via endoscopy.

Objective

General:

This case study aims that the students will gain knowledge and understanding about
Acute Gastritis.
 NURSING HEALTH HISTORY

I. BIOGRAPHIC DATA

NAME Precious Tiffanny E. Seragon

AGE 16 years old
SEX Female
MARITAL STATUS Single
RELIGION Christian
OCCUPATION None
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT High School Level
ADDRESS P2. Bacjao, Almagro Samar
IMPRESION/FINAL DIAGNOSIS Acute Gastritis c MOD DHN
DATE AND TIME ADMITTED April 26, 2023, 11:35 PM
ATTENDING PHYSICIAN Dr. Nicolas

II. CHIEF COMPLAINT OR REASON FOR VISIT

“5 days vomiting and headache”

III. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS

“5 Days PTH, + vomiting x, 3 burts/day + abdominal discomfort persistence prompted consult”

IV. PAST HISTORY

a) CHILDHOOD AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

- Common cough and cold as verbalized by the patient’s mother

b) IMMUNIZATIONS
- Incomplete

c) ALLERGIES
- No known allergies to food and medication

d) MEDICATIONS TAKEN
- No medication taken

e) INJURIES
- No injuries stated
 f) PREVIOUS HOSPITALIZATION
- No known illness, no previous admissions

V. FAMILY HISTORY OF ILLNESS (GENOGRAM)

No family history of illness stated.

VI. ADDITIONAL DATA FOR PEDIATRIC PATIENT

(NOT APPLICABLE)

VII. FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS (NARRATIVE FORMS)

No data obtained.
XI. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Digestion occurs the same in children and infants as it does in adults beginning with the

mouth, where food is broken down into small particles and mixed with the saliva. Digestion

continues in the stomach and small intestine.

Digestion begins even before the food enters the mouth. At the junction of the esophagus and

the stomach is the gastroesophageal sphincter. A sphincter is a section is a section of circular

muscle. At the distal end of the stomach is the pyloric sphincter. The small intestine is divided

into three sections: the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum. The large intestine is divided into the

cecum, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon,

and the rectum.

Accessory structures are salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.

The mouth - Digestion begins even before the food enters the mouth. When a person smells or

thinks of food or eating, the salivary glands begin producing saliva. Once the food is inside of

the mouth: saliva moistens it. the teeth and tongue break it down mechanically. an enzyme in

the saliva, salivary amylase, breaks it down into starch. Chewing and amylase digestion will

convert the food into a small, round blob, or bolus. This enables a person to swallow it easily.

The esophagus - After swallowing, the bolus enters the esophagus, where gravity and muscle

contractions help move it down to the stomach through a process called peristalsis. Peristalsis

is the slow contraction of smooth muscles along and around the digestive system. As the bolus

moves through the esophagus, these contractions push it toward the stomach.

The stomach - The bolus enters the stomach through a ring-like muscle called the lower

esophageal sphincter. This sphincter relaxes, allowing the bolus to enter the stomach.

In the stomach, the following processes occur: The stomach stores the food temporarily. Cells

in the stomach secrete gastric juices. These include hydrochloric acid, which maintains the pH

of the stomach. Stomach has three muscular layers that churn and mix its contents. These

processes turn the food into a thick paste, known as chyme.

Hydrochloric acid is essential for: destroying microorganisms, such as bacteria, breaking

down proteins and plant fibers, activating pepsin, an enzyme that helps digest proteins. The

acid, however, can harm the stomach lining, so some cells produce mucus to protect the lining
from damage. The stomach does not absorb many nutrients from the chyme into the

bloodstream, so the chyme enters the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter.

The small intestine - absorbs around 90% of the nutrients from food into the bloodstream.

There are three sections: The duodenum: This receives chyme from the stomach and digestive

enzymes from the liver and pancreas. The jejunum: Most of the chemical digestion and

absorption occur here. The ileum: This contains the ileocecal valve, a sphincter through which

food passes to the large intestine. Once the food is fully broken down, the villi absorb the

nutrients, which enter the bloodstream. Villi are tiny, finger-like projections that line the walls of

the small intestine. Within the villi are tiny capillaries called lacteals. By increasing their surface

area, the villi maximize their absorption of nutrients.

The large intestine - Any unabsorbed food and nutrients now pass to the large intestine, or

colon. The material is now feces.

The large intestine consists of the: cecum, a pouch through which food enters from the

small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon. From the

large intestine, the body absorbs water and electrolytes. Food travels slowly through the colon

to allow the body to absorb water, and trillions of gut bacteria break down any undigested food.

Next, peristalsis moves the feces toward the rectum.

The rectum - As the digested food moves into the rectum, nerves in the wall of the rectum

known as stretch receptors detect when the chamber is full and stimulate the desire to defecate.
XVI. DISCHARGE PLAN

o Instruct to continue medication as

prescribed by the doctor.

MEDICATION o Report any if patient experiencing

adverse effects and thinks that the
medicine is not helping, they must see
the doctor for new prescriptions.

o If the patient's family cannot afford to

ECONOMIC purchase the medications, they might

advise the doctor that they prefer
generic drugs that are less expensive.

o Explain to the mother the importance

TEACHING of taking the medication for the

patient’s recovery.

o Encourage the mother to keep the

patient clean and dry in order to avoid

HYGIENE an infection that might harm her

health.
o Emphasize the importance of keeping
the patient and the surroundings
clean.

o Encourage the mother to consult with

a health care practitioner.

OUTPATIENT o Advise the mother not to be afraid to

consult or call a doctor in case of an
emergency.

o Advise to make certain dietary

changes, such as eating a bland diet

DIET consisting of soups, vegetables, lean

meats, fish, and non-carbonated
drinks.
SEXUALITY/SPIRITUALITY o Advise mother to continue religious
rituals and practices.