2/19/2024

University of Raparin
College of Science
Department of MLS
1st. Class Year

Practical Human Physiology

Lab. 7
Urine Formation and urinalysis
(part 1)

Lecturer: Saman M. Sulaiman

2023 - 2024

What is urine?
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans
and in many other animals.

• Urine plays an important role in the earth's nitrogen

cycle. In balanced ecosystems, urine fertilizes
the soil and thus helps plants to grow

A Doctor Examining Urine. Trophime Bigot.

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What is urine analysis?

Urine analysis, also called Urinalysis – one of the oldest

laboratory procedures in the practice of medicine. It
composed of 95% water and 5% solids.

The concentration of substances found in the urine is also

affected by factors such as dietary intake, body
metabolism, endocrine function, physical activity, body
position, and time of day.

Substances reabsorbed in the kidneys

• Water
• Glucose
• Amino acids
• Electrolytes

Substances excreted in the form of urine

• Urea
• uric acid
• Creatinine
• ammonia

• The major electrolytes lost are chloride, sodium,

and potassium.

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Why urinalysis?
1- General evaluation of health
2- Diagnosis of disease or disorders of the kidneys or
urinary tract
3- Diagnosis of other systemic disease that affect
kidney function
4- Monitoring of patients with diabetes
5-Screening for drug abuse (eg. Sulfonamide or
aminoglycosides)

Clinical Examination of Urine (GUE)

1– Macroscopic or physical examination

2– Chemical examination
3 – Microscopic examination of the sediment
4-Urine culture

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Specimen collection
• The specimen must be collected in a clean dry, disposable
container.
• The container must be properly labeled with the patient name,
date, and time of collection.
• The labels should be applied to the container and not to the lid.
• The specimen must be delivered to the laboratory on time and
tested within 1-2 hr,

• If not tested, it should be Refrigerated or have an appropriate

chemical preservative added. eg. Toluene, thymol, formalin or
boric acid).

Macroscopic examination of urine

Examination of physical characteristics

• Volume
Normal- 1-2.5 L/day
Oliguria - Urine Output < 400ml/day
Polyuria - Urine Output > 2.5 L/day
Anuria - Urine output < 100ml/day
Nocturia: excessive urination during night.
Hematuria:

• Color
Normal- clear, pale yellow in color due to pigments.
Color of urine depending upon it’s constituents.

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• Appearance of Urine and Causes

(clarity and turbidity)

• Odor : it depends on normality and abnormality of urine

• PH : 4.5 to 8 (slightly acidic)

• Specific gravity
It is measurement of urine density which reflects the
ability of the kidney to concentrate or dilute the urine
relative to the plasma from which it is filtered.

Sp.gravity of urine = (Normal :- 1.001- 1.040.)

Sp.gravity of water =1
Sp.gravity of plasma = 1.0205

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Chemical Examination of Urine analysis

1.PROTEIN
2.GLUCOSE
3.KETONES
4.BLOOD
5.BILE SALTS
6.BILIRUBIN AND UROBILINOGEN
7.NITRITE
8.LEUKOCYTE ESTERASE

Dry reagent strips:

The presence of normal and abnormal chemical
elements in the urine are detected using dry reagent
strips called dipsticks.
• When the test strip is dipped in urine the reagents are
activated and a chemical reaction occurs.