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Table of Contents
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Urine history: Urine’s physical character
9. They were testing the viscosity and even the sweetness. For sweetness, they were observing
the attraction of the ants to urine.
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urine history: Urine sugar test in ancient time
Urine Composition
1. The kidneys continuously form the urine as an ultrafiltrate of the plasma. Reabsorption of
the water and filtered substances are essential to the body’s function, converting roughly
170,000 mL of filtered plasma to the average daily urine output of 1200 mL.
2. Urea. It is produced in the liver by the breakdown of proteins and amino acids.
1. This is 50% of the dissolved solid substances in the urine.
2. Organic substances like creatinine and uric acid.
3. Inorganic substances. The major substance is chloride (CL¯), followed by Na+ and K+.
1. The dietary intake makes it difficult to decide on the normal level.
4. Water.
5. Other substances found are:
1. Hormones.
2. Drugs.
3. Vitamins.
4. Cells.
5. Cast.
6. Crystals
7. Bacteria.
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Urine formation and functions of kidneys
1. Advise urea and creatinine; these are present in high concentrations than any other body
fluids and confirm that the specimen is urine.
Transparency Clear
pH 5 to 7
Blood 1. Negative
2. Rarely 2 to 3 RBCs/HPF
White blood cells 1. ≤2 to 5 HPF
2. Male = 1 to 2 /HPF
3. Female = 0 to 5 /HPF
Yeast Negative
Bacteria Negative
Protein Negative
Nitrite Negative
Bicarbonate Negative
Uric acid (Source 4) 1. With a normal diet = 250 to 750 mg/24 hours
2. With a purine-free diet = <400 mg/24 hours
3. With a high-purine diet = <1000 mg/24 hours
4. Another source = 0.4 to 1.0 g/24 hours
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