Lesson 22-1: The Scientific Revolution Name: ___________________

I. (642) Early Science

a. During the ________________ & the Age of _____________, people developed new ways to learn about
nature. Science is any ____________ study of the physical world.
b. The people of ancient civilizations developed science to solve __________
c. The ancient _______ developed a large amount of scientific information. Their studies helped them develop
_________ - an explanation for how or why something happens.
d. The Greek philosophers _________, for example, gathered facts about plants and animals. He then
____________ living things by arranging them into groups and differences. Classical thinkers – based their
conclusion on “________ _______” which led to many false beliefs. For instance, during ________ times, the
Egyptian-born astronomer _________ stated that the sun and the planets moved around the Earth. His
___________, or Earth-centered, theory was accepted in Europe for more than 1,400 years.
e. During the ________ _______, most Europeans were interested in religious ideas. Many classical writings
were poorly ___________.
f. At the same time, ______ & ________ in the Islamic empire preserved Greek and Roman science. They
copied many Greek & Roman works into _______ - they also came into contact with the _______ system of
numbers that is used today. This system of numbers is now called _______-________
g. Even with achievements, scientists in the Islamic world did not conduct _______________
h. During the ______, EU thinkers began to have more contact with Islamic peoples. Thomas Aquinas & other
Christian thinkers showed Christianity & ______ could work together. EUs began building new ___________
i. Voyages of ___________ added to scientific knowledge in Europe
II. New ideas about the Universe
a. In the 1500s, new way of thinking led to the ____________ ____________ (SR). First affected ___________
b. Nicolas __________ was a Polish astronomer.
c. In 1543, Copernicus wrote a book – disagreed with Ptolemy’s theory that Earth was the center of the
universe – developed a ______________, or sun-centered theory
d. His theory disagreed with church teaching, as a result, publication of his book was _____________ - he
reportedly did not receive the first copy until he was __________
e. A German astronomer named Johannes ________ made more advances – Kepler added the idea that the
planets move in oval paths called ___________ in stead of circular paths in Copernicus theory.
f. Also, Kepler stated that planets do not always travel at the same ________
g. An Italian scientist named _________ Galilei made the next great discovery. Galileo’s experiments – objects
fall at the _______ speed no matter what they weigh.
h. heard about an early __________ & designed one of his own - found evidence that supported Copernicus
i. Galileo used idea to make a clock that had a swinging ________
j. In 1593, he invented a water _____________ - could now measure changes in temperature - an assistant
then built the first ____________ - measures air ___________
III. New Scientific Advances
a. According to tradition, Newton was sitting in his garden one day when he saw an ________ fall to the
ground – the fall led him to the idea of ________ - the pull of the Earth or other bodies in space
b. In 1687 – published a book called Prinicipia – gave his laws, or well-tested _______, about the motion of
objects on earth – most important was the law of gravitation
c. Since ancient times, the teachings of the Greek physician _______ had influenced European doctors
 d. In 1500s, the Flemish doctor Andreas ___________ advanced medical research – began ______________
dead human bodies.
e. In early 1600s, an English scientist named Robert ________ began using a microwscope. He soon discovered
_______, which are the smallest units of living matter. Then the Dutch merchant Antonie van ____________
improved the microscope to discover tiny organisms later called __________
f. In the mid-1600s, the Irish scientist Robert ________ proved all matter is made up of __________
g. By 1783, Antoine __________ proved that materials need _______ in order to burn.
IV. The Triumph of Reason
a. By using _______, people could study nature & use them to solve many human problems
b. ________ became a major center of scientific thought. In 1637, the French Rene ___________ wrote a book
called Discourse on Method – one fact seemed beyond dowubt – his own ___________. To summarize this
idea, Descartes wrote the phrase, “_____________________________”
c. In his work, Descartes claimed that ______________ is the source of scientific truth. Descartes is viewed as
the founder of modern ______________ - the belief that reason is the main source of knowledge
d. During 1600s, Blaise _______ studied science – at 19, he invented a ____________ machine.
e. In 1600s, the English thinker Francis _________ influenced scientific thought.
f. He developed the scientific _______ - an orderly way of collecting & analyzing evidence
g. First, scientists ________ facts. Then, they try to find a ____________, or an explanation of the facts.
Scientists conduct _____________ to test the hypothesis. Repeated experiments may show that hypothesis
is true, then it is considered a scientific _____.