Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Region 7, Central Visayas

 Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Region 7, Central Visayas

ECOLOGY
&
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Forester Luisito T. Babaran, J.D., Ph.D.
Development Management Officer IV
OIC, Management Services Division
DENR-PENRO Bohol
09424743884/09173250609
What is Environment?

All of the external factors affecting an

organism is called Environment.

2 Factors:

1. biotic (living organisms)

2. abiotic (nonliving variables)
abiotic factors (nonliving variables)
 temperature (poikilotherms,
homoiotherms and heterotherms)
 Sunlight (tolerance)
 day length (photoperiodism)
 Moisture (humidity)
 rainfall/water
 wind and
 ocean currents
What is Ecology?
Ecology - derived from Greek words:
“oikos” - “Household”
“logos” – “study”
•The study of the environmental house
includes all the organisms in it and all the
functional processes that make the house
habitable.
• It is the study of the relationship of
plants and animals to their physical and
biological environment.
Primary Concerns of Ecology

Ecological system or ecosystem is the interaction of the

community (biotic) and the non-living environment
(abiotic) .
- All the populations and the physical surroundings.
Population is group of individuals of the same
species in a certain area at a given time.

Community refers to all the populations that live

together or occupying the defined
area.
 5 DIVISIONS OF ECOLOGY
1. Autoecology
• deals with the interrelations of individual
organisms and their environment.

2. Synecology

• interrelations of two or more organisms and

their environment
Cont…. 5 DIVISIONS OF ECOSYSTEM

3. Genecology
• deals with the genetic variations of organisms
in relation to their environment.
4. Ecosystem analysis
• the functional dynamics of the ecosystems.

5. Paleoecology
• how to reconstruct past vegetation and climate
from fossil evidence.
 TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM

A. Terrestrial Ecosystem
• an ecosystem that exists on continent and
islands of the world
•comprehends a series of dynamic open
interaction system that include living and non-
living

Components of the terrestrial ecosystem:

1. Physical component – this includes temperature,
humidity (amount of moisture in the
atmosphere), wind (movement of air),
precipitation, light, etc.
 TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
A. Terrestrial Ecosystem
2. Soil -It is the loose surface materials of land in
which plants grow.
 composed of a mixture of
Solid/mineral particles or disintegrated rocks (45%)
(25%) air which is mostly carbon dioxide.
(25%) water, and
(5%) organic matter which is decayed plant and
animal bodies
 Physical Properties of Soils
Soil color (This
is indicative of the mineral content
of soil.)
COLOR INDICATOR
Black soils - usually rich in organic matter
Red soils - Redness in soil varies from very red to dark
reddish brown. The difference in intensity
of the red color depends on the amount of
iron in the soil. Reddish soils are generally
acidic and are poor in quality.
Gray soils - either low in fertility, poor drainage or both
White soils - Result from very low content of either
organic matter or iron or both
 Chemical Properties of Soils
1. Cation Exchange
 Cations – the positively charged ions.
 It is the interchange between cation absorbed in charged
surface and cations in the soil solution.
 Most plant nutrients are cations.
 The fine textured soils such as clay will hold more
because of greater surface area.
 CEC is important because the greater the CEC the greater
the ability to supply nutrition.
 Chemical Properties of Soils
2. Soil pH
 Measures the acidity and alkalinity of the soil.
 Effect of pH on plant growth
- pH has little or no direct effect on plant growth but it
greatly affect the availability of nutrients
- when soil is highly acidic, the following will happen:
a. deficiency of exchangeable bases Ca, Mg, K
b. toxicity of microelements such as Al, Fe, Mn, Zn
c. lessened microbial activity (bacteria and other
microorganism affected by too much acid condition)
 This is the problem in most denuded area.
 Chemical Properties of Soils
3. Liming
 Lime is any Ca or Mg containing compound which when
added increase pH
 Ex.. CaCO3, CuO, Mg, CO3, Ca(OH)2
 to counter act too much acidity
 • Components:
3. Plant component
a. Forestland – dominated by trees.
b. Brushland –dominated by brushes and shrubs.
c. Grassland – dominated by grasses.
d. Cropland – a community seasonally planted with
cash crops or permanent agricultural crops.
e. Marginal land – a community characterized by denuded
soils with a few numbers of flora and fauna lived.
f. Mangrove – a community found on tidal flat along the
seacoast, extending along the streams where the water is
brackish.
Classification of Plants according to their
relationship on water
a. plants that grow in wet or
watery places - (Hydrophytes)

b. in moist places - (Mesophytes)

c. in dry places - (Xerophytes)

d. in brackish or salty water - (Halophytes)

4. Animal component – this includes
the mammals, reptiles, and birds or
avian group of species.
5. Saprobe component – this includes
the virus, fungi and bacteria.
B. Freshwater Ecosystems
• exists on ponds, marshes, swamps, lakes, and
streams where living and non-living entities are
interacting upon each other to produce an
exchange of energy and materials to each
component.
3 Series:

1. Lentic Ecosystem –. lakes and ponds

2. Lotic Ecosystem –. springs, brooks, creeks and rivers
3. Wetland Ecosystem –. marshes and swamps
 C. Marine Ecosystem
•exists in the oceans at their shores and estuaries
where living and non-living entities are interacting
upon each other.
Category of Sea (Zonation):
1. Neritic zone – the shallow water zone on the
continental shelf.
2. Intertidal/littoral zone – the shore area between high
and low tides.
3. Bathyal/oceanic zone – a region of the continental
slope and rise where it is characterized by trenches
and canyons
4. Hadal/abyssal zone – the very deep area of the ocean.
 Classes of Organisms according to
daily cycles or rhythms

1. Organisms that are active at night - Nocturnal

2. active in daylight - Diurnal

3. active at dawn - Crepuscular

Major parts of an ecosystem
1. Producers -(Green plants)

All life in an ecosystem depends on primary

producers to capture energy from the sun,
convert it to food that is stored in plant cells,
and pass this energy on to organisms that eat
plants.
Photosynthesis -process by which green plants and certain
other organisms use the energy of light to convert carbon
dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose. In so
doing, photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for
virtually all organisms. An extremely important byproduct
of photosynthesis is oxygen, on which most organisms
depend

6 CO2 + H O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 2
6 = C = 6
12 = H = 12
18 = O = 18
Role of Primary Producers -
 Energy is required for all life processes.
 Energy flows from the sun or inorganic
compounds to autotrophs (producers)
Heterotrophs (consumers) eat producers to get
energy
 Without a constant input of energy, living system
cannot function.
 The primary source of energy on earth is the sun.
Role of Primary Producers -
 Autotrophs “self feeder’ (plant, some bacteria)
are called primary producers.
 The first producers of energy-rich compounds
that are later used by other organisms
 some of their self-made energy is stored and
available to other organisms that eat them.
Role of Primary Producers –
 Autotrophs – “self feeder’
 Most use sunlight to create carbohydrates via
photosynthesis
Oxygen created as a by-product
Ex: plants, some protists (algae) and some
bacteria
 Some bacteria create organic compounds from
inorgaic chemicals in a process called
chemosynthesis
Live in remote place.
Also can make carbohydrates and oygen
2. Consumers (herbivores and carnivores).
 Heterotroph – “different feeder”
 Cannot harness energy directly from the
physical environment.
 Must ingest food to obtain energy
 Ex: animals, fungi, some bacteria, some protists
2. consumers (herbivores and carnivores).
 Primary consumers are animals that feed on
plants. This group includes some insects, seed-
and fruit- eating birds, rodents, and larger
animals that graze on vegetation, such as deer.
When primary consumers eat primary
producers (plants), the energy in plant cells
changes into a form that can be stored in animal
cells.
 Secondary Consumers are diverse group of animals.
Some eat primary consumers and some eat other
secondary consumers. These animals that eat
smaller primary consumers include frogs, snakes,
foxes, and spiders. Animals that eat secondary
consumers include hawks, wolves and lions.
Types of Heterotrophs – “different feeder”
 Herbivores eat plants.
 Carnivores eat animals
 Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
 Detritivores feed on plant and animal remains
and other dead matter.
 Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi,
breakdown organic matter.
 Scavengers consume carcasses of animals that
have been killed by other predators.
3. decomposers (fungi and bacteria).
 Include worms, mushrooms, and microscopic
bacteria. These organisms breakdown dead
plants and animals into the nutrients needed by
plants to survive, and

4. abiotic (nonliving)
 consist of dead organic matter and nutrients in
the soil and water.
DECOMPOSERS,
PRODUCERS AND
CONSUMERS ARE
CONNECTED TO ONE
ANOTHER ACCORDING TO
THE FOOD THEY PROVIDE
OR THE FOOD THEY EAT
Food Chain or food cycle

• It occurs when plants (producers) are

consumed by animals, and these plant
consumers (herbivores) are consumed
by larger animals (carnivores).
• Man can either herbivore or carnivore
STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF
ECOSYSTEM
An example of a food chain.
An example of a longer food chain
Global Environmental Problems
& Issues
Global Environmental Problems & Issues

o Global warming and greenhouse effect

o Ozone depletion
o Decrease in biodiversity
o Acid rain
o Urban smog
o Persistent organic pollutants
What is greenhouse effect?

It is the rise in temperature that the earth

experiences because certain gases in the
atmosphere trap energy from the sun. Without
these gases, heat would escape back into
space and Earth’s average temperature would
o
be about 60 F colder.
Caused by water vapor and atmosphere gases (e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2),
ozone, methane)
Causes a rise in the global temperature
What are greenhouse gases?
water vapor (36-72%), Carbon dioxide (9-
26%), methane (4-9%), Nitrous oxide, Ozone
(3-7%), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).
5 Characteristics of Greenhouse gases
1. Global
2. Long term
3. Ethical
4. Potentially catastrophic
5. Contentious
Caused by atmospheric gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur Oxides and
Nitrogen Oxides
What is climate change?

Refers to any change in climate over

time, whether due to natural variability
or as a result of human activity.
 Environmental
Protection
• Is the preservation and safeguarding
of one’s surroundings, territory or
domain.
Environmental
Laws
 1987 Philippine Constitution

The constitution provides for the protection and

advancement of the right of the people to a
balanced and healthy environment in accord with
the rhythm and harmony of nature (Art. 2, Sec.
16). It also provides to protect the Filipino from
disasters like floods or landslides, and from
threats to environmental and economic security
like wood and water shortage, biodiversity loss,
air pollution and drought.
 PD 1586
(Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System)

This law requires private corporations,

firms or entities including agencies
and instrumentalities of the
government to prepare and
environmental impact statement (EIS)
for every proposed project and
undertaking which significantly affect
the quality of the environment.
 RA 6969
(Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste)

The Act provides the legal framework

for the Philippines to control and
manage the importation, manufacture,
processing, distribution, use,
transport, treatment and disposal of
toxic substances and hazardous and
nuclear wastes.
 RA 7161
(Forest Charges Act of 1991)

This act prohibits the cutting of

mangrove trees. “All mangrove
species whose cutting shall be
banned, x x x” Section 4 thereof.
Mangrove is a type of forest growing along tidal mudflats and
along shallow water coastal areas extending inland along rivers,
streams and their tributaries where the water is generally
brackish. The mangrove ecosystem is dominated by mangrove
trees as the primary producer interacting with associated aquatic
fauna, social and physical factors of the coastal environment.
 ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC
BENEFITS/FUNCTIONS OF
MANGROVE
Banacon Is., Getafe, Bohol
Mangroves provide nursery grounds for fish,
prawns and crabs, and support fisheries
production in coastal waters.
Mangroves produce leaf litter and detrimental
matter, which are valuable sources of food for
animals in estuaries and coastal waters.
Mangroves protect the environment by
protecting coastal areas and communities
from strong surges, waves, tidal currents and
typhoons.
Mangroves produce organic biomass (carbon)
and reduce organic pollution in nearshore
areas by trapping or absorption.
Mangroves serve as recreational grounds for
bird watching and observation of other wildlife.
Mangroves seeds and propagules can be harvested and
sold. Fish, crustaceans and mollusks can also be
harvested from mangroves. Aquaculture and commercial
fisheries also depend on mangroves for juvenile and
mature fish species.
mangroves are sources of tannin, alcohol and
medicine.
 RA 8749
(Clean Air Act of 1999)

An act providing for

Comprehensive Air Quality
management policy and program
which aims to achieve and
maintain healthy air for all
Filipinos.
The undesirable change in
physical, chemical and
biological conditions of the
environment is POLLUTION
Major Air Pollutants
The following air pollutants have been identified
as most widespread and serious:
1. Particulates
2. Hydrocarbons and other volatile organic
compounds
3. Carbon Monoxide
4. Sulfur Oxides, mainly sulfur dioxide (SO2)
5. Lead and other heavy metals
6. Ozone and other photochemical oxidants
7. Acids, mainly sulfuric and nitric acids
Impacts of Waste on the Environment
Air Pollution
 a transportation hazard -Visibility deterioration due
to particulates and smog
 Occurrence of obnoxious odor
 Global warming
 Depletion of Ozone layer
 Lead emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles is
neurotoxic, lead poisoning occurs when lead level
in blood exceeds 40 micrograms per 100 grams.
 Inhalation of Carbon Monoxide gas paralyzes the
central nervous system. It can impair visions,
cause headache, and strain the heart
 PROHIBITED ACTS

 Ban on Smoking

 Open Burning
 Fines and Penalties

 Ban on Smoking:
imprisonment of 6 months and one (1) day
to one (1) year or a fine of P10,000.00

 Open Burning:
a fine of not less than P10,000 and not more
than P100,000, or 6 years imprisonment
Fines and Penalties…

 Stationary Sources

 Minimum of P10,000 and a maximum

daily fine of P100,000

 penalties for gross violation:

Imprisonment of not less than six (6)
years but not more than ten (10) years at
the discretion of the court.
 RA 7160
Local Government Code

 Mandating all provinces, Cities,

municipalities and barangays, through
appropriate ordinances to consolidate, or
coordinate their efforts, services and
resources for purposes of jointly addressing
common solid waste management
problems and or establishing common
waste disposal facilities (sec. 33).
 RA 9003
(Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)

 It provides the legal framework for the

country’s systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste management
program that shall ensure protection of
public health and environment.
 It requires segregation of wastes at source,
proper collection and disposal of wastes
 RA 9003
(Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)

 lgu as the lead agency for enforcement

 denr-emb provides technical assistance
 no open dumpsites allowed/operated from
January 6, 2004
 the operation of existing dumpsites shall be
shifted to controlled disposal
 controlled dump facilities shall be allowed to
operate for a period of 5 years after which these
should be converted into sanitary land fills
 Life Span of Waste
Item Time to Disintegrate
Glass bottle = 1000 years
Plastic Bags = 200-1,000 years
Monofilament Fishing Line = 600 years
Disposable diaper = 550 years
Plastic Bottles = 450 years
Aluminum can = 200-500 years
Rubber tire = 50-80 years
Rubber-Boot Sole = 50-80 years
Plastic container = 50-80 years
Foamed Plastic Cups = 50 years
Tinned Steel Can = 50 years
 Life Span of Waste
Item Time to Disintegrate
Leather Shoes = 25-40 years
Piece of wood/lumber = 10-15 years
Cigarette Butts = 10-12 years
Milk Cartoons = 5 years
Cigarette filter = 2-5 years
Wool Sock = 1-5 years
Plywood = 1-3 years
Wool mitter = 1 year
Orange Peels = 6 months
Cotton Glove = 3 months
Cardboard = 2 months
 Life Span of Waste
Item Time to Disintegrate

Apple Core = 2 months

Cotton sock = 1-5 months
Newspaper = 1.5 months
Paper Bag = 1 month
Banana peel = 3-5 weeks
Paper Towel = 2-4 weeks
Paper gum wrapper = 2-4 weeks
 RA 9147
(Wildlife Act of the Philippines)

An act providing for the Conservation

and Protection of Wildlife Resources
and their Habitats, appropriating
funds therefor and other purposes.
 RA 9147
(Wildlife Act of the Philippines)

Generally, killing and destroying of

wildlife species is prohibited
When the wildlife is
killed or destroyed
after it has been used
in authorized research
or experiment
 RA 9175
(Chainsaw Act of 2002)

All chainsaw owners shall apply for registration.

All persons, partnerships, corporations who

own or are otherwise in possession of
chainsaws must be register with the
CENRO who shall issue the corresponding
Certificate of Registration
 A serialized sticker will be attached
to the chainsaw indicating the
certificate of registration number,
date of registration and expiry date
(Sec. 7).
 Persons authorized to own, possess and use chainsaw (Sec. 6):

 holder of a subsisting Timber Lease Agreement (TLA), Production Sharing

Agreement, Co-Production Sharing Agreement, or a Private Land Timber
Permit/Special Private Land Timber Permit (PLTP/SPLTP), Community-
Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA), Integrated Forest
Management Agreement (IFMA), Socialized Industrial Forest Management
Agreement (SIFMA), or similar tenurial instruments;
 Orchard or fruit tree farmers;

 industrial tree farmers;

 licensed wood processor and the chainsaw shall be used for the cutting
of timber that has been legally sold to said applicant;

 any one who shows satisfactory proof that the possessor and/or use of
chainsaw is for a legal purpose;

 agencies of the government, government-owned and controlled

corporations (GOCC) that use chainsaw is some aspects of their
functions.
 Requirements for Certificate of Registration (Sec. 8):

 duly accomplished application form;

 copy of business permit from the LGU or affidavit that

chainsaw is needed in applicant’s work/profession and
will be used for legal purpose;

 detailed specification of chainsaw(s) to be registered

(brand, model, engine capacity, serial number),
purpose of use, areas/location where it is to be used,
name of owner, date of purchase and name of dealer;

 registration fee (P500.00/chainsaw registered).

 R.A. No. 9175 (Chainsaw Act)
Chapte Description of Imprisonme Fines, Confiscation,
r IV Violation nt or Forfeiture
Section Actual Minimum Fine not less than
4 unlawful use of (not less Php30,000.00 but
chainsaw than 6 years) more than
Php50,000.00;
Maximum imprisonment or
(not more fine or both at the
than 8 years) discretion of the
court
 RA 9275
(Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004)

The law aims to protect the country’s water

bodies from land-based pollution sources
(industries and commercial
establishments, agriculture and
community/household activities).
It provides for a comprehensive and integrated
strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through
a multi-sectoral and participatory approach
involving all the stakeholders.
 Impacts of Waste on the Environment
• Water Pollution
Soluble organic wastes cause depletion of dissolved oxygen
resulting to fish kills and migration
Acids, alkalis and other toxic substances have the potential for
causing fish kills. Bio-degradation of the dead fish also leads to the
depletion of dissolved oxygen causing more fish kills
Trace quantities of synthetic detergents and other aromatic
organics render fish inedible due to offensive or objectionable odor
Hot wastewater kills fish and other aquatic life. It also reduces
solubility of oxygen in water
Excessive nitrogen and phosphorus can cause algal overgrowth
which could lead to eutrophication of water bodies, especially lakes
Toxic heavy metals may cause adverse health effects
 Prohibited Acts
• Pollution of water body

•Groundwater pollution

•Facility discharge
without permit
 Prohibited Acts
• Disposal of infectious waste
from vessel

•Unauthorized
transport

•Chemical dumping
 Prohibited Acts
• Illegal facility
• Sewerage development/expansion against
EIA
• Illegal discharge
 Fines, Damages and Penalties
• Prohibited Acts
– Fined amount of not less than P10,000 nor more than
P200,000 for every day of violation
– Increased by 10 % every two (2) years
– PAB may order closure, suspension of development
or construction, or cessation of operations or, where
appropriate disconnection of water supply
 RA 9512
(Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008)

An act to promote environmental

awareness through Environmental
Education (EE) and covers the integration
of EE in the curricula at all levels, be it
public or private, including day care, pre-
school, non-formal, technical, vocational,
indigenous learning, and out-of-school
youth courses or programs.
 RA 9729
(Climate Change Act of 2009)

This law aims to systematically

integrate the concept of climate
change in the policy formulation and
development plans of all government
agencies and units, to the end that the
government will be prepared for the
impact of climate change.
 PD 705
(Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines)
 Is cutting of trees
strictly prohibited?
 Land Status Species
1. Title = Mahogany, gmelina, etc.
2. Title = Narra, Molave, Teak, etc.
3. Title = Toog, Dita, Tipolo, etc.
4. Title = Lomboy, Nangka, caimito
5. Timberland = Mahogany, gmelina,
6. Timberland = Narra, Molave, Teak
7. Timberland = Toog, Dita, Tipolo,
8. Timberland = Lomboy, Nangka, caimito
 CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS
(1987 Phil. Constitution)

1. Agricultural Land/A &D

2. Timber Land/Forest Land
3. Mineral Land
4. National Park
Agricultural/Alienable and - Title
Disposable Land

Timberland/Forestland - Tenurial Instrument

 Presidential Decree No. 705 (Revised
Forestry Code of the Philippines) as
amended by EO No. 277, Series of 1987
SEC. 77. Cutting, Gathering and/or
collecting timber, or other forest
products without license. Any person
who shall cut, gather, collect, or remove
timber or other forest products from any
forest land, or timber from alienable and
disposable land, or from private land,
without any authority, or POSSESS
TIMBER OR OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS
WITHOUT THE LEGAL DOCUMENTS AS
REQUIRED UNDER EXISTING FOREST
LAWS AND REGULATIONS, shall be
punished with the penalties imposed
under Articles 309 (theft) and 310
(qualified theft) of the Revised Penal
Code:
Provided, that in case of
partnerships, associations, or
corporations, the officers who
ordered the cutting, gathering,
collection or possession shall be
liable, and if such officers are
aliens, they shall in addition to the
penalty, be deported without
further proceedings on the part of
the Commission on Immigration
and Deportation.
The Court shall further order
the confiscation in favor of
the government of the timber
or any forest products cut,
gathered, collected, removed,
or possessed, as well as the
machinery, equipment,
implements and tools illegally
used in the area where the
timber or forest products are
found.
It must be noted that the afore-quoted
law even prohibits private land
owners from cutting, collecting,
gathering and removing naturally
growing timber within their private
land without any authority under a
license agreement, lease, license, or
permit issued by the DENR.
 Therefore, before the private land
owner could cut, gather, collect and
remove the naturally growing timber
on his land, he must secure a permit
for the purpose from the Department.

This section punishes but one

offense: illegal logging.
What is Logging?

•It is essentially the

extraction of wood-based
products from our forests.
What constitute illegal logging?

•the unauthorized cutting and/or

gathering of trees, rattan,
mangroves and other forest
products as well as the
transport buying and/or selling
of illegally acquired forest
products.
 There are, however, three ways or modes of committing it.
These are:
1. Cutting, gathering, collecting or removing of
timber or other forest products from any
forest land without authority.

Element 1 Element 2 Element 3

there must be the timber or

the cutting,
cutting, other forest
gathering’
gathering, products is
collecting or
collecting or cut, gathered,
removing is
removing of collected or
without
timber or other removed from
authority
forest products any forest land
 PERMITS ISSUED IN CUTTING TREES:

In timberland areas, tree cutting is legalized under:

1. Naturally-grown

a) Timber License Agreement (TLA)

Timber License Agreement (TLA) is the

most popularly known authority granted by the
government for the extraction of timber. It is a
long term license which entitles the grantee to
cut, remove, and utilize timber in public forest
for a duration of 10 to 25 yrs. The government
receives a fixed license fee and does not share
in the timber produced.

Integrated Annual Operations Plan (IAOP)

 In timberland areas, tree cutting is legalized under:

2. Plantations
a) IFMA/SIFMA (DENR Adm. Order No. 99-53)
 Comprehensive Development and
Management Plan (CDMP)
 Harvesting Plan
 ECC
 Permit to Harvest
b) CBFMA (DENR Adm. Order No. 2000-29)
 Affirmed Community Resource
Management Framework (CRMF)
 Annual Work Plan (AWP)
 ECC
 Resource Use Plan (RUP)
2. Cutting, gathering, collecting or removing
of timber from alienable or disposable
public land or from private land

Element 1 Element 2 Element 3

the timber is the cutting,

there must cut, gathered, gathering,
be cutting, collected or
collecting
gathering, removed from
or
collecting (i) alienable
removal of
or or disposable
public land or timber is
removing of
(ii) from private without
timber
land authority

The cutting of timber even from private or titled lands requires a

license or permit (for those naturally grown trees).
In private lands, tree cutting is legalized under:

1. Naturally-grown
a) Private Land Timber Permit [PLTP]
(DENR Adm. Order No. 2000-21)
Letter of application
Authenticated copy of land title/CLOA
with approved sketch map
Development plan for 10 hectares or
larger with at least 50% of the area
covered with forest trees
Endorsement from LGU
Inventory fee
Environmental Compliance Certificate
(ECC)
 In private lands, tree cutting is legalized under:

2. Premium species
b) Special Private Land Timber Permit [SPLTP]
(DENR Adm. Order No. 2000-21)

 Letter of application
 Authenticated copy of land title/CLOA
with approved sketch map
 Development plan for 10 hectares or
larger with at least 50% of the area
covered with forest trees
 Endorsement from LGU
 Inventory fee
 Environmental Compliance Certificate
(ECC)
 LIST OF PREMIUM SPECIES
[SPLTP]
Akle Bolong-eta
Ipil Manggis
Banuyo Teak
Lumbayao Almaciga
Supa Dao
Batikuling Kalantas (lanipga)
Betis Molave (tugas)
Apanit Narra
Ebony Tindalo (bayong)
Kamagong (mabolo) Lanete (bulbolan)
 Sangilo
 In private lands, tree cutting is legalized under:
3. Plantation species
Certificate of Tree Plantation
Ownership (CTPO)
Generally, CUTTING PERMIT of
plantation species like mahogany,
gmelina, mangium, falcata and the
like shall no longer be required
from the plantation owner in
harvesting his mature plantation.
However, planted premium species
requires a special permit
(SPLTP) [DMO 99-20, Sec 2]
3. Possession of timber or other forest
products without the legal documents as
required under existing forest laws and
regulations
Element 1 Element 2

His possession of
The accused timber or other forest products
possessed is without the legal documents as
timber or other required under
forest products existing forest laws and
regulations

In this mode, the source of timber or other forest products is not specified. The
provisions is silent as to the source, under this mode, can only imply that all types of
land are covered. The intent of the law is to punish the mere act of possessing timber
and other forest products without legal documents, whatever may be the source.
Accordingly, unlawful possession of timber or forest products comes from public forest
land, alienable and disposable land, or even private land.
 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

1. from timberland:
a) Naturally-grown
 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

1. from timberland:
a) Naturally-grown
 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

1. from timberland:
a) Naturally-grown
 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

1. from timberland:

b) Plantations
 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

1. from timberland:

b) Plantations
 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

2. from private lands:

 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

2. from private lands:

Finished products – whole end-product ready for use without

need of further manufacture.
Ex. Doors, door jambs, picture frames, tool handles, wooden
shoes, toothpicks, chopsticks, boxes (assembled), plywood, toys,
Finished product – whole end-product ready for use
without need of further manufacture.

Ex. doors, door jambs, picture frames, tool handles,

wooden shoes, toothpicks, chopsticks, boxes (assembled),
plywood, toys, drawer sides, decorative articles, floor
parquet, pallets (assembled), etc.

Semi-finished product – whole end-product requiring

final stages of manufacture and/or assembly.

Ex. Window components, mouldings, table tops, veneer

 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

2. from private lands (backyard)

• Certificate of Verification (CoV)

 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

2. from private lands:

Example: Gmelina, Mahogany, Eucaplytus, Mangium, etc.

 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

2. Imported logs, lumber and unprocessed rattan canes/poles

being transhipped from the local port of entry to final domestic
destination
 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

4. Plantation species from lumber dealer transported to another

lumber dealer, wood processor or furniture manufacturer, end-
user (outside province)
 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE TRANSPORT OF
TIMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS

5. Lumber and lumber products transported from source to

buyer/end-user within the confines of the province
 Persons Liable
Cutter
Gatherer
 Collector
 remover
Possessor or any and all persons who appear to be
responsible for the commission of the offense
(owner of conveyances and owners of tools and
implements)
In case partnership, associations, or corporatios,
the OFFICERS who ORDERED the cutting,
gathering collection ot possessor
 BASIS AND PENALTIES FOR ILLEGAL
LOGGING

The basis of the penalty for illegal

logging, as theft and qualified theft,
is the value of the timber or forest
products subject of the offense. The
penalty is imprisonment from
arresto menor to reclusion
temporal. The duration of the
penalties are shown in the following
table.
 Penalties for Illegal Logging
VALUE PENALTY DURATION

18 yrs. 2 mos. & 21 days to 20 yrs (1

Reclusion Temporal in its medium
More than P22,000.00 yr for each add’l P10,000.00 but
and maximum periods total penalty shall not exceed 20 yrs)

More than P12,000.00 up to Reclusion Temporal in its medium 14 yrs. 8 mos. & 1 day to 20
P22,000.00 and maximum periods yrs.

Prision Mayor in its maximum

More than P6,000.00 up to
period to Reclusion Temporal in its 10 yrs. & 1 day to 12 yrs.
P12,000.00
minimum period
More than P200.00 up to Prision Mayor in its medium and
8 yrs. & 1 day to 12 yrs.
P6,000.00 maximum periods

Reclusion Temporal in its medium 8 yrs.& 1 day to 14 yrs. & 8

More than P50.00 up to P200.00
and maximum periods mos.

Reclusion Temporal in its medium

More than P5.00 up to P50.00 8 yrs. & 1 day to 12 yrs.
and maximum periods

Prision Correccional in its medium

P 5 or less 2 yrs. 4 mos. & 1 day to 6 yrs.
and maximum periods
 Prohibitions
(Section 12 of DAO No. 2000-21 & Section 3 of P.D. 953)

No cutting of trees within 20 meters on both

1 sides of the road unless such trees have been
determined to pose danger to life and property.
No cutting of trees on a strip 20 meters wide on
2
both sides of creeks or river bordering or
traversing private land, for stream bank
protection.
In areas covered by the logging ban/
3
moratorium, no round logs or lumber shall be
transported outside the province where the
PLTP/SPLTP is located unless authorized by
the Secretary.
 Prohibitions
(Section 12 of DAO No. 2000-21 & Section 3 of P.D. 953)

4 No cutting of Almaciga trees nationwide

(DAO No. 74-87)
 Prohibitions
(Section 12 of DAO No. 2000-21 & Section 3 of P.D. 953)

5 No cutting of narra trees during flowering and

fruiting season (DAO NO. 58-93)
 Prohibitions
(Section 12 of DAO No. 2000-21 & Section 3 of P.D. 953)

Selective cutting shall be undertaken in

6
areas 18% in slope or more.

7 Mangrove species pursuant to RA No.

7161.
 Persons authorized to make
apprehensions and effect seizure (DENR
Adm. Order No. 97-32)
1. Forest Officers (officials and
employees of the DENR charged
with the enforcement of forestry
laws, rules and regulations.
2. Deputies (other government
officials and private citizens duly
deputized by the DENR Secretary
or his duly authorized
representative.
3. Members of law enforcement
agencies.
4. Private citizens as provided by
law.
WHY SHOULD FOREST PRODUCTS
BE CONSIDERED ILLEGAL?
Any forest products that are
removed, cut, collected, processed and
transported:

a. Without the requisite authorization

or permit;
b. With incomplete required supporting
documents;
c. With genuine authorizations or
permits and/or supporting
documentation that have an expired
validity, have been cancelled or that
contain forged entries;
WHY SHOULD FOREST PRODUCTS
BE CONSIDERED ILLEGAL?
d. With spurious (fake)
authorizations, permits and/or
supporting documentation.
e. The quantity or volume of a
shipment or stock of forest
products exceeds what is
authorized, documented,
manifested or declared by 5% or
more for timber and 2% or more
for lumber
f. Upon discovery of a
misdeclaration on the quantity
and species being verified
 MODUS OPERANDI OF
ILLEGAL LOGGERS
• RECYCLED DOCUMENTS – illegal
loggers in connivance with some
DENR personnel will use their
supporting documents/permits more
than once which is contrary to law.

• “PALAMAN” or EXCESS – the logs

being shipped is more than what had
been stated in the document. This can
only be done with the connivance of
DENR scalers who conduct the scaling
or measurement of these logs
 MODUS OPERANDI OF
ILLEGAL LOGGERS
• TAMPERED DOCUMENTS – some
entries in the documents are being
tampered in order to recycle the
document or transport more than what
had been duly authorized.

• DIFFERENT ORIGIN – in areas

where concessions are suspended or
cancelled, shippers would secure the
necessary document from other places
where concessions are granted
 MODUS OPERANDI OF
ILLEGAL LOGGERS
• TABLED DOCUMENT – the illegal
cut logs are being smuggled to an area
where the spurious documents are
processed by some scrupulous DENR
personnel.

• “SANDWICH OR COVERED
LOGS” – illegal cut logs are being
packed with coco-lumber in such a
way that only the coco-lumber can be
seen while the illegal lumbers are
covered.
 MODUS OPERANDI OF
ILLEGAL LOGGERS

• CONTAINERIZED LOGS
– illegally cut logs are loaded
on a containers van and
declared as some other
cargoes;
What to Do of the
Apprehending Officer?
• Upon interception of conveyance
loaded with forest products,
determine if transport thereof is
covered with appropriate DENR
transport documents.

• If with valid (legal/authentic and

genuine transport documents),
mark documents as
verified/inspected and conveyance
proceeds to consignee/destination.
What to Do of the
Apprehending Officer?
If found without valid or
questionable documents,
apprehend the conveyance and its
cargo (forest products):

• notify the nearest DENR office

and turn over the seized forest
products to the
CENRO/PENRO/RED for proper
investigation and disposition.
What to Do of the
Apprehending Officer?
• Immediately after seizure of the
forest products together with the
tools, conveyances and instrument
used in the commission of the
offense,
• He shall execute his sworn
statement/ affidavit surrounding
the facts of the case.
• He shall also take the affidavits or
statements of witnesses
 TREE FACTS
• A single tree can absorb 10 pounds of air pollutants per year.
• One large tree can provide a supply of oxygen for two people.
• Trees absorb CO2 through photosynthesis to produce oxygen
for us to breathe, and intercept air borne particles on leaf
surfaces.
• Trees play a critical role in capturing the six common air
pollutants and toxic gases: ground-level ozone, particulate
matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and
lead and
• Trees properly placed around buildings can reduce air
conditioning needs by 30 % and save 20-50% in energy used
for heating
 A tree living for 50 years will:

generate P1,593,750 worth of

oxygen
provide Php 2,652,000 worth of air
pollution control
control soil erosion and increase
soil fertility to the tune of
Php1,593,750
recycle Php1,912,500 worth of
water and
provide a home for animals worth
of Php1,592,768.76.
This figure does not include the value of the fruits, lumber or
beauty derived from. Just another sensible reason to take
care of our forests.
 Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Region 7, Central Visayas

ECOLOGY
&
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Forester Luisito T. Babaran, J.D., Ph.D.
Development Management Officer IV
OIC, Management Services Division
DENR-PENRO Bohol
09424743884/09173250609
 End of Presentation

Sal ama t
Kaa yo