SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT:

A LITERATURE REVIEW

M. Ovul Arioglu Salmona1, A. Aycim Selam2*, and Ozalp Vayvay3

Abstract

Sustainable supply chain management, which can be regarded as the improved management of supply chains
through the integration of environmental, economic and social issues, has attracted significant attention both in the
supply chain and environmental management literature and also among practitioners in companies world-wide. The
main drivers for this transition have been the rapid consumption and increasing pollution of natural resources due
to massive economic development and uncontrolled urbanization. The vast environmental degradation has called
forth the sustainability principle, turning environmental aspects into important criteria in business decision-making.
This situation has ultimately resulted in binding environmental legislation and pressures imposed by the internal
and external customers together with the stakeholders. The sustainable management of supply chains initiated by
these drivers has soon taken a voluntary path due to some indispensable returns such as increased efficiency,
reduced costs, increased internal and external customer satisfaction, increased sales a nd market share together
with a more effective risk management. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the literature on sustainable
supply chain management thoroughly in order to reveal the collective findings that will lead to further research.

Keywords: Supply chain management, Sustainability, Environmental approaches, Collective evaluation, Research
opportunities

1
Marmara University, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Turkey, +90 216 3471360, ovul@marmara.edu.tr
2
*(Corresponding Author) Marmara University, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Turkey, +90 216 3471360,
aselam@marmara.edu.tr
3
Marmara University, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Turkey, +90 216 3471360, ozalp@marmara.edu.tr

ICOVACS 2010 – International Conference on Value Chain Sustainability

1. Introduction
In the past 100 years, world population has tripled, and the world economy has grown 20 times with an increased
fossil fuel consumption by a factor of 30 and industrial expansion by a factor of 50 (Stanners & Bourdeau,1995).
This massive economic development together with uncontrolled urbanization (PRB, 2010) have resulted in the rapid
consumption and increasing pollution of natural resources. The vast environmental degradation, which has
deteriorated the quality of human life and reached threatening levels in various forms such as global warming,
stratospheric ozone depletion, acidification and loss of biodiversity, has called forth the sustainability principle and
turned environmental aspects into significant criteria in business decision-making (Arioglu Salmona, 2010). Thus,
the need for sustainability and regarding required changes in industrial practice and consumption patterns was the
focus of WCED in 1987 dated Brundtland Report (Dehghanian & Mansour, 2009).
WCED (1987) defines sustainable development (SD) as “a development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Dehghanian and Mansour (2009)

 Maintain a high and stable level of economical growth and employment;

state that the following objectives should be met for a sustainable development:

 Effective protection of the environment; and

 Provide social progress which recognizes the needs of everyone.
The fact that the wastes and emissions caused by supply chains (SCs) have become one of the main sources of
serious environmental problems such as global warming and acid rains (Bloemhuf-Ruwaard, van Beck, Hordijk, &
van Wassenhove, 1995) has ultimately resulted in binding environmental legislation and pressures imposed by the
internal and external customers together with the stakeholders. Hence, global companies such as IBM, Hewlett-
Packard and Xerox have rapidly integrated this perspective of sustainability into their supply chains by taking the
necessary environmental steps including design of reusable products (Sheu, Chou, & Hu, 2005).
In addition to corporate interest, sustainability in supply chains has also attracted significant attention among
academics (Seuring & Müller, 2008; Seuring, Sarkis, Müller, & Rao, 2008). Research integrating environmental
issues with supply chains can be traced to the last 10-15 years. The early 1990s, while supply chain management
was rapidly gaining popularity, was a time for understanding the notion of environmentally sound supply chain
systems through frameworks and models (Seuring, Sarkis, Müller, & Rao, 2008).
Sustainable supply chain (SSC) can be defined as “management of raw materials and services from suppliers to
manufacturing/service producer to customer and back with improvement of the social and environmental impacts
explicitly considered” (NZBCSD, 2003). As for SSC Management (SSCM), it is “the management of material,
information and capital flows as well as cooperation among companies along the supply chain while taking goals
from all three dimensions of sustainable development, i.e., economic, environmental and social, into account which
are derived from customer and stakeholder requirements” (Seuring & Müller, 2008).
Along this line, the aim of this study is to analyze the literature on SSCM thoroughly in order to reveal the
collective findings that will lead to further research. To this end, the second part of the study focuses on SSCM
through its drivers and barriers together with design needs. The third part of the study briefly outlines related studies
in the literature. Finally, the fourth part elaborates the conclusions of the study and possible areas of future research.

2. Integration of Sustainability into SCM

The SC includes the flow and transformation of goods and information from raw material stage, through to the
end user (Seuring & Müller, 2008). The optimization of operations has extended to the entire supply chain rather
than a specific facility or organization during the last two decades (Linton, Klassen, & Jayaraman, 2007).
Sustainability in SCM must also include product design, manufacturing by-products, by-products produced during
product use, product life extension, product end-of-life, and recovery processes at end-of-life, in addition to the core
SC activities (Linton, Klassen, & Jayaraman, 2007).

2.1. SSCM Needs

The above mentioned integration calls for an extended set of needs for the design of SSCM, among which
sustainable management systems are considered the most significant with respect to economical, environmental and
social customer requirements (Buyukozkan Feyzioglu & Erkut, 2008). These needs are provided in Table 1.

2.2. The Drivers, Barriers and Benefits of SSCM

Sustainable development has the potential to affect future government policy, current production operations, and
identify new business models, with new initiatives being proposed or adopted by both the public and private sectors
(Linton, Klassen, & Jayaraman, 2007). Such binding legislations resulting from the urge for sustainability together
with the pressures imposed by the customers have been the main drivers in the adoption of environmental
approaches in SCM for companies world-wide (Zhu & Sarkis, 2004; Sheu, Chou, & Hu, 2005; Srivastava, 2007;
Buyukozkan Feyzioglu & Erkut, 2008). Based on an extensive literature review, Walker, Di Sisto, & McBain (2008)

ICOVACS 2010 – International Conference on Value Chain Sustainability

have identified the drivers and barriers to supply chain environmental management (SCEM) practices (from both the
private and public sector perspectives) as in Table 2.

Table 1. SSCM Design Needs (Buyukozkan, Feyzioglu, & Erkut, 2008)

Employee Training Fuel Monitoring-Control Devices

Certification Programs for the Employees
Balanced Working Hours
Security in Material Handling & Stocking
Optimization in Warehouse Design & Work-Flows
Reusable Packaging Options
Optimization in the Product Collection Process
Consolidation
Minimization of the Obsolete & Damaged Inventory
Traceability of the products
Optimization of the Transportation Roads & Routes
Regular Vehicle Maintenance
Fuel Saving Transportation Means
Local or Overseas Suppliers
Fair Payments to the Suppliers
Long-term Supplier Options
Collaboration with the Suppliers
Optimization of the Supply Chain & Logistic Network
Accuracy Rate in the Forecasting Methods
Sustainable Management Systems
Utilization of Decision Support Systems
Efficiency in Product Returns
Efficient Distribution Strategies
External Resource Use in Reverse Logistics Operations
Establishment of a Central Return Unit

Table 2. Drivers and Barriers of SSCM (Walker, Di Sisto, & McBain, 2008)

Drivers
Internal
Organizational Factors:
Skillful policy
entrepreneurs
Desire to reduce costs
Investor Pressure
Manage economic risk
Improve quality
Extension of founder’s
and/or owner’s value
Employee Involvement
Manager’s improving
position in company
External
Regulatory:
Legislative and regulatory
compliance
Pro-active action pre-
regulation
ISO 14000 certification
Customers:
Pressures by customers to
green supply chain
Customer demand
Collaborate with customers
E-logistics and environment
Marketing Pressures
Barriers
Internal External
Costs: Regulation:
Cost concern hinders Inhibits innovation
Lack of understanding on
Poor supplier commitment
how to incorporate green into
Unwilling to exchange
buying
information
Focus on cost reductions at
expense of green practices Industry specific barriers
Lack of training and
management commitment
Lack of buyer awareness
Accounting methods limit
green reporting
Pressure for lower prizes

Competition: Lack of legitimacy

Gaining competitive PR exercise as greenwash
advantage
Improve firm performance
Society:
Stakeholder encouragement
Potential publicity
Public Pressure
Reduce risk of consumer
criticism
Non-economic stakeholders
Pressure by environmental
advocacy groups
Suppliers:
Collaborate with suppliers
Supply integration

In today’s competitive business markets where globalization and customer satisfaction stand at the forefront, the
sustainable and thus efficient management of supply chains initiated by these drivers has soon taken a voluntary
path due to some indispensable returns, such as increased profitability (Porter & van der Linde, 1995a,b; van Hoek,
1999; Sarkis, 2003; Vachon & Klassen, 2007; Darnall, Jolley, & Handfield, 2008; Seuring, Sarkis, Müller, & Rao,
2008). Thus, the short-term investments in sustainability are compensated in the long run (Vachon & Klassen,
2006). In fact, Vachon and Mao (2008) have shown statistically at the country level that a trade-off between
“economic development and wealth creation” and sustainability does not exist. The benefits of SSCM for companies
are given in Table 3.

ICOVACS 2010 – International Conference on Value Chain Sustainability

Table 3. Benefits of SSCM for Companies (Porter & van der Linde, 1995a,b; van Hoek, 1999; Sarkis, 2002; Zhu &
Sarkis, 2004; Rao & Holt, 2005; Wilkerson, 2005; Büyüközkan & Vardaloğlu, 2008; Routroy, 2009)

Decreasing system costs Decreasing problems in decision-making

Decreasing resource (i.e., materials, work force, and Increasing adoptability through innovative processes
energy) usage and continuous improvement
Increasing profitability Gaining competitive advantage
Increasing efficiency Acquiring a good public image
Improving customer satisfaction level Decreasing wastes
Decreasing risks and gaining agility with Enabling recycling
accelerating innovation
Joining global markets more easily Increasing ecological effectiveness
Empowering the control mechanism Increasing job satisfaction and social life quality

3. SSCM: A Literature Review

As an interdisciplinary area wherein physical and social sciences interact with each other (Linton, Klassen, &
Jayaraman, 2007), sustainability has inter-generational, multi-dimensional and multi-scale aspects which makes
research in this area significantly challenging when combined with the already complex nature of SCM (Seuring,
Sarkis, Müller, & Rao, 2008). Since the early 1990s, a wide range of research has been conducted in SSCs. The
initial studies in this area have defined the sustainability concept and its relation with SCs, emphasizing its
significance and benefits. These studies, which are more limited in context, have taken into account the areas under
the environmental dimension individually; lacking an integrated perspective. The increasing need for the subject has
revealed a systematic and integrated point of view over time; and thus, in addition to empirical research, modeling
and network design studies have significantly gained importance (Srivastava, 2007). Moreover; although, still
insufficient, the number of studies in social aspects such as corporate social responsibility has also risen.
In this review; in order to determine the shortcomings of existing and possible areas of future research, together
with overall frameworks and literature reviews, recent methodologies, models, approaches, case studies, and
research on social aspects have been analyzed. Briefly, some of the topics focused on are SSCM approaches, effects
on competitiveness, efficiency and economic performance, strategies, decision-making methods, standardization,
eco-efficiency, corporate social responsibility and key performance measures. The details on these studies have been
provided in Appendix 1-Table 1.

4. Conclusions
In today’s competitive and global business environment, wherein sustainability ineluctably stands in the forefront
in various areas, SSCM integrating environmental and social aspects into the SCs, has gained significant recognition
in the corporate world and also SCM and environmental literature. The sustainable management of supply chains
initiated by binding environmental legislations and pressures imposed by the customers and stakeholders has soon
voluntarily been accepted by the business world due to substantial returns including increased efficiency, reduced
costs, increased internal and external customer satisfaction, increased sales and market share together with a more
effective risk management.
Following a general introduction to the topic, this study has mainly aimed at providing a brief review of the
literature, starting with the initial research mainly focusing on definitions, significance and frameworks through to
the most recent studies, especially those on the social aspects of SSCM, which have relatively been less considered
compared to the environmental and economic ones. It has been observed that the need for sustainable applications in
companies together with their significant returns have led the academics to more systematic perspectives integrating
SCM areas and all three dimensions of sustainability. Hence, in addition to empirical research; modeling,
methodology and network design studies have started to gain more significance. Only some of the topics focused in
the literature are SSCM requirements, approaches and strategies; its integration into various business environments;
conception of SSCM and differing applications in different companies and industries; sustainability guiding policies
and leading to global standards; internal and external drivers and barriers; effects with respect to competitiveness;
eco-efficiency; environmentally conscious production strategies; multi-criteria decision-making in SCs; relationship
between SSCM and environmental management systems (EMSs); environmental performance assessment of SCs
and suppliers; the role of organizational learning, management support, corporate culture and supplier participation
in SSCM applications; and corporate social responsibility (CSR) together with corporate environmental
responsibility (CER).
Despite the vast body of literature on the topic, it has frequently been stated in the reviewed studies and observed
clearly by the authors that the integrative nature of sustainability calls for more detailed research, especially in the
social arena and the balance between environmental and social issues. Some areas of further research are SSCM in
the public sector and differences both in perspectives and applications between public and private sectors;
environmental performance assessment of SCs and suppliers; and the roles of suppliers and SMEs in the success of
SSCM activities. The effects of internal and external social drivers and barriers on SSCM performance including

ICOVACS 2010 – International Conference on Value Chain Sustainability

organizational learning, environmental attitude, management support, corporate culture and CER together with the
relationship of SSCM with applications of sustainability in the other areas of organizations also need further
investigation. Moreover; various SSCM applications and their differences in different countries and industries, the
role of cultural and national characteristics in environmental SC attitudes, and the policy-driving effects of SCs on
environmental demand across industrial and regional boundaries are wide open for research. The SSCM approaches
and activities in developing countries are especially important in this regard. Finally, further research can be
conducted on certain aspects of the complementing relationship between EMSs and SSCM such as their application
order and the required resources.

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 Appendix 1 – Table 1. Research on SSCM
Author(s) Sustainability
Methodology Research Area Major Findings
& Year Dimension
Bonifant Environmental Environmental investments and regulations providing
Theory Environmental
et al. investments & flexibility and competitive advantage in different
Building & Economic
(1995) regulations industries.
Porter and Environmental
van der Theory Environmental improvement, The positive effects of well-designed environmental
Linde Building & Economic resource productivity standards on organizations and regarding suggestions.
(1995a,b) and innovation
Environmentally The need to perceive ECMSs as an integral part of the
Sarkis and
Theory Environmental conscious corporate strategy; tools and techniques being required
Rasheed
Building & Economic manufacturing for the assessment of environmentally responsible
(1995)
strategies (ECMS) technologies and processes.
Ecological footprint, Reverse logistics alone not being enough,
van Hoek Theory challenges of green categorization of green approaches, and suggestions
Environmental
(1999) Building steps and green for developing greening approaches as a competitive
supply chain (GSC) initiative with measures of success.
A new approach combining goal programming and
Model Environmental, SSC optimization of
Zhou et al. analytical hierarchical process, being able to solve
Development/ Economic & continuous process
(2000) large-scale, multi-objective problems with conflicting
Case Study Social industries
constraints; an application to petrochemical complex.
The role of supply Firm’s internal drivers (Strategic purchasing and
Bowen et Environmental management supply process; proactive corporate environmental
Survey
al. (2001) & Economic capabilities in green approach) having a significant role on GSC
supply Management (GSCM) applications.
SCEM from the Strategies from the suppliers’ perspectives (including
Lippmann Environmental supplier perspective environmental performance in purchasing decisions;
Case Study
(2001) & Economic and current trends in incentives; effective communication and collaborative
SCEM approaches with suppliers).
Relationship between
Sarkis et Theory Environmental The aspects of traditional GSCM functions that are
e-logistics and the
al. (2004) Building & Economic related to e-logistics.
natural environment
Relationship between GSCM significantly affecting the operational and
Zhu and GSCM and environmental performance of manufacturing
Environmental
Sarkis Survey economic and enterprises; QM programs enhancing GSCM
& Economic
(2004) environmental practices, negative moderation effects of JIT on
performance internal environmental management.
Handfield Model
Environmental Environmental SC Methodology for environmental SC management and
et al. Development/
& Economic strategies suggestions for successful implementation.
(2005) Case Study
GSC approaches and Reasons behind the gap between the aimed and actual
Theory
Preuss Environmental environmental situations in corporate SC greening (i.e., problems
Building/
(2005) & Economic management with supplier performance evaluation, corporate
Case Study
applications resources and perspectives); possible solutions.
Potential linkages
Rao and Model between GSCM, Greening different phases of supply chain leading to
Environmental
Holt Development/ economic an integrated GSC, which in turn results in
& Economic
(2005) Survey performance and competitiveness and economic performance.
competitiveness
Eco-conscious design of tooling being required, to
Eco-efficiency in a
English et Environmental improve the eco-efficiency of the intermediate unit
Case Study cold roll forming
al. (2006) & Economic processes; a need for a system that enables optimized
company
production rate to improve economic stability.
A methodology to compare existing and new products
Michelsen Eco-efficiency in in terms of eco-efficiency; information about relative
Methodology/ Environmental
et al. extended supply performance of products and significant effect of a
Case Study & Economic
(2006) chains small and realistic change of end-of-life treatment on
eco-efficiency of a product.
Current trends in
The interdisciplinary nature of sustainability; the
SSCs intersecting
Environmental, mutual cause-and-effect relationship between changes
Linton et Theory with operations
Economic & in policy and SCM research and practice; the need for
al. (2007) Building management;
Social managerial and operational changes together with
research opportunities
critical and tactical issues in order to stay competitive.
and challenges
In addition with a fuzzy logic process, a decision
Multi-objective
Lu et al. Environmental making method based on analytical hierarchical
Methodology decision analysis in
(2007) & Economic process, for measuring and evaluating suppliers’
GSCM
performance.

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 Appendix 1 – Table 1. Continued
Author(s) Sustainability
Methodology Research Area Major Findings
& Year Dimension
Methodology and
Srivastava Literature approaches with
Environmental Research opportunities in GSCM.
(2007) Review mathematical tools/
techniques on GSCM
Vachon Impact of
Environmental technology decisions being driven
(2007) environmental supply
more by supplier-related than customer-related
Vachon Environmental chain activities on the
Survey interactions; potential contribution of supply chain
and & Economic investment decisions
applications to sustainability development in the
Klassen in environmental
service sector.
(2007) technologies
Analyzing the power A regular pattern for predicting success not existing;
and effectiveness of a contract specifications, process implementation,
Theory
Bala et al. public university in market characteristics, SC profiles being the factors
building/ Environmental
(2008) introducing green that must be taken into account; the definition of
Case Study
initiatives to its available instruments for overcoming barriers being
suppliers more relevant for success.
Buyuk-
Quality Function SSCM design needs ordered in terms of significance
ozkan Model Environmental
Deployment based with respect to economic, environmental and social
Feyzioglu Development/ Economic &
SSCM model design customer requirements; benefits highly compensating
and Erkut Empirical Social
and application the short-term investment in the long run.
(2008)
Buyukoz-
Environmental
kan and Conceptual GSC concept and
Economic & GSCM key success factors.
Vardalog- Framework operations
Social
lu (2008)
A set of propositions SR agenda being adopted for strategic, altruistic or
about diffusion of coercive reasons; organizations that are able to
Conceptual
Castka & ISO 26000 and social balance the cost of implementing the standard against
Framework/
Balzarova Social responsibility (SR) perceived benefit choosing to adopt the standard;
Theory
(2008) practices amongst organizations being most likely to adopt the standard
Building
business if their most salient stakeholders recognize and value
organizations ISO 26000.
Case Study/ Practices, difficulties Success of companies probably being related to their
Ciliberti et Interview/ of SMEs to transfer unique positioning in their market; consumer behavior
Social
al. (2008) Theory socially responsible not being a CSR driver; some interesting managerial
Building behaviors to suppliers implications.
Opportunities to Opportunities do exist to improve the environmental
improve supply chain performance of SMEs; time and financial
Côté et al. environmental resources (to a lesser degree) being identified as the
Case Study Environmental
(2008) performance of SMEs major barriers; cumulative benefits of adopting
linked in supply environmental actions among supply chains in SMEs
chains being significant.
Relationship between
Organizations adopting EMSs more frequently
Darnall et Environmental EMSs and GSCM
Survey implementing GSCM practices; EMSs and GSCM
al. (2008) & Economic within the
being complementary in terms of sustainability.
sustainability context
Corporate Companies in different industries with different
environmental customers facing the same environmental demands;
responsibility, environmental responsibility in the supply chain
Kovács Environmental
Case Study upstream and leading to new ways of collaboration with the
(2008) & Social
downstream of suppliers; supply chains acting as mediators of
product and process industry regulation due to the global standards
supply chains resulting from accumulated environmental demand.
GSC initiatives for
Lee Drivers of suppliers' willingness to participate in green
Survey Environmental small and medium-
(2008) supply chain initiatives.
sized suppliers
The reuse program being adaptive for similar batch
A reuse program in
French Environmental blending environments; product disposal costs being
Case Study batch blending
(2008) & Economic significant even if the product is not hazardous
environment
whereas product reuse costs being relatively low.
The existing and Cooperation between purchasing and environmental
potential role of functions frequently not being sufficiently achieved in
Nawrocka
Interview/ ISO14001 in implementation of ISO14001; close relationships with
et al. Environmental
Survey environmental supply suppliers being important to overcome initial
(2008)
management difficulties; having an ISO14001 certificate seldom
practices being an absolute requirement for supplier.

ICOVACS 2010 – International Conference on Value Chain Sustainability

 Appendix 1 – Table 1. Continued
Author(s) Sustainability
Methodology Research Area Major Findings
& Year Dimension
A wider set of issues, performance objectives together
Literature review on
Seuring Literature with cooperation among partnering companies being
Environmental SSCM emphasizing
and Review/ needed in SSCM; shortcomings of existing research
Economic & major areas and
Müller Conceptual (esp. social issues); areas of future research (esp.
Social limitations of
(2008) Framework supplier management for risks and performance and
research in this field
SCM for sustainable products).
Environmental
Environmental performance indicators for supply
Tsoulfas performance analysis
Model chains; a model for multi-criteria decision-making in
and Pappis Environmental and multi-criteria
Development supply chains taking into account management and
(2008) decision-making in
motivational issues as well.
SCs
Internal and external drivers and barriers in
Factors that drive or
Literature Environmental environmental SCM; organizations coming across
Walker et hinder organizations
Review/ Economic & more drivers than barriers; being more influenced by
al. (2008) to implement
Interview Social external than internal drivers; barriers being both
environmental SCM
internal and external.
Vachon Environmental Relationship between
Supply chain strength being positively related to all
and Mao Survey Economic & SC strength and
three dimensions of sustainable development.
(2008) Social dimensions of SD
Correlation between
organizational GSCM practices having significant positive
Zhu et al. Environmental
Survey learning and relationships with organizational learning mechanisms
(2008) & Social
management support and organizational support.
and GSCM practices
Organizational Organizational citizenship behaviors positively
Boiral Theory Environmental citizenship behaviors affecting the applicability and success of
(2009) Building & Social & corporate environmental practices in corporations; possible areas
environmental man. of future research.
Multi-objective programming model for multi-
Dehgha-
Model Environmental, Designing a objective optimization of sustainable recovery
nian &
Building/ Economic & sustainable recovery network of scrap tire; weighted percentage of
Mansour
Case Study Social network deviation being a good measure to guide decision
(2009)
makers’ preferences.
Influences of Organizational support for innovation, the quality of
organizational factors human capital, and organizational
Lin et al. on the knowledge accumulation being significantly
Survey Social
(2009) implementation of correleted with the implementation of green
green innovations in innovations in the logistics industry; possible areas of
the logistics industry future research.
Top management commitment and government’s
Overall Antecedents and
initiative identified as antecedents; green sourcing,
Routroy Evaluation/ Environmental drivers for GSCM in
green design, green operations, green packaging,
(2009) Theory & Economic manufacturing
green logistics, environmental management systems,
building environment
green innovation and customer awareness as drivers.
Environmental
Tuzkaya Model Environmental, An integrated fuzzy multi-criteria
performance
et al. Development/ Economic & decision-making methodology for the evaluation of
evaluation of
(2009) Case Study Social suppliers’ environmental performance.
suppliers
Emerging and future
SD emerging as an influential concept for
Hall et al. Literature Environmental research directions
entrepreneurship; recent research in the area and
(2010) Review & Social about SD and
suggestions for further research.
entrepreneurship
Kolk and Five dimensions in international business literature, a
Literature
Tulder Social CSR and SD future research agenda on international business, CSR
Review
(2010) and SD.
Design of sustainable The deterministic programming model for uncertain
Model
Lee et al. Environmental logistics network characteristics of SLN; two-stage stochastic
Building/
(2010) & Social (SLN) under programming model; a case study involving a large-
Case Study
uncertainty scale SLN in Asia Pacific region.
Literature Measures for
Olugu et Environmental Key performance measures on the forward and reverse
Review / performance of
al. (2010) & Economic chains.
Survey automobile GSC

ICOVACS 2010 – International Conference on Value Chain Sustainability