Acids: Acids are the substances that furnish H+

ions in aqueous solution. Acids are sour in taste.

They turn blue litmus red.

If in an aqueous solution, concentration of acid is low, it is called

dilute solution and if concentration of acid is high, it is called
concentrated solution
Those acids which dissociates into ions
completely are called strong acids, e.g.,
H2SO4, HCl.

Those acids which do not dissociate

into ions completely are called weak
acids, e.g., citric acid, acetic acid.
 Bases: Bases are those chemical compounds which
are bitter in taste, soapy in touch, turn red litmus blue
and give OH– ions in aqueous solution.

Both acids and bases conduct free electric current in their

aqueous solution due to the presence of free ions
The substances / bases which ionise
completely to furnish OH ions are
called strong bases, e.g., KOH, NaOH,
etc.

The bases which ionise only

partially are called weak bases,
e.g., Mg(OH)2, Cu(OH)2, etc.
Indicators: These are the substances which change
their colour / smell in different types of substances.
Indicators: These are the substances which change
their colour / smell in different types of substances.
Olfactory Indicator: These are the substances whose
smell varies in acidic solution or basic solution.
Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases:
Test for H2 gas: Hydrogen gas released can be tested
by bringing a burning candle near gas bubbles, it
bursts with pop sound.
 e.g., 2HCl + Na2CO3 →2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
HCl + NaHCO3 →NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Test for CO2: CO2 can be tested by passing it through lime water. Lime water turns milky.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
When excess CO2 is passed, milkiness disappears.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → Ca(HCO3)2
 3. Reaction of Acids and Bases With Each Other:

When an acid reacts with base, the hydrogen ion of acid

combines with hydroxide ion of base and forms water. As
these ions combine together, they form water instead of
remaining free, thus both neutralize each other.
Acid + Base → Salt + Water

Since, in the reaction between an acid and a base both

neutralize each other, it is also known as neutralization
reaction.

Example : Sodium hydroxide (a strong base) reacts with

hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride and water.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
 Dilution of Acid and Base
When a concentrated acid or base is diluted,
a vigorous reaction takes place. The process
is called dilution. It is an exothermic process
as a lot of heat is produced.
Common property between all acids and all bases

Acids give hydrogen gas when they react with metal.

This shows that all acids contain hydrogen.
 As H+ ion cannot exist alone so it combines with water
molecules and forms H3O+ (hydronium) ions.
Example : HCl + H2O → (H3O+) + (Cl–)
→
( H+) + H2O H3O+
Thus, acids can also be defined as ‘substances which when
dissolved in water ionize to produce hydrogen ions, H+ (aq).

Similarly, substances which when dissolved

in water ionize to produce hydroxide ions,
OH– (aq). Examples : When sodium
hydroxide is dissolved in water, it
dissociates into hydroxide and sodium ion.
NaOH(s) ---->Na+(aq) + OH– (aq)
 4. Reaction of acids with metal oxides :
Metal oxides react with acids to give salt and water. Metal oxide +
Acid → Salt + Water Example : Copper oxide reacts with dil.
hydrochloric acid to form copper chloride (salt) and water.
CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
 How strong are acid or base solutions?

Strength of an acid or base depends on the

number of H+ ions or OH– ions produced by
them respectively.
Based on its ability to dissociate into ions in
solution, acids and bases are classified as
strong acid or base and weak acid or base
(i) Strong acids : Acid which completely dissociates
in water to produce large amount of hydrogen ions
are called strong acids. For example hydrochloric
acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid
(HNO3) are strong acids as they get completely
ionized in water to form ions.
HCl (aq) → H+(aq) + Cl– (aq)

(ii) Weak acids : Acids which get partially ionized

in water to produce small amount of hydrogen
ions are known as weak acids. For example, acetic
acid partially dissociates in water to produce
small amount of hydrogen ions.
CH3COOH (aq) → H+ (aq) + CH3COO– (aq)
 pH: A scale for measuring H+ ion concentration in a solution. The
concentrations of H+ are generally small, therefore concentrations
of H+ are expressed in terms of pH. pH is defined as negative
logarithm of H+ concentration or H3O+ concentration
Importance of pH in everyday life:

Plants and animals are pH sensitive

Our body works within the pH range of 7 – 7.8. l When pH of rain
water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain. Acid rain is rain or any
other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it
has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).
Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth.
Tooth decay starts when pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5. To
protect tooth decay, toothpastes which are basic in nature are
used to neutralize the excess acid.
Many plants and animals produce certain acids to defend
themselves. For example, Bee stings leave an acid into the skin,
which causes pain and irritation. If a mild base like baking soda is
applied on the stung area, it gives relief.
 WHITEWASHING
Q. A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing.
Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in given with
water.

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ---------> Ca(HCO3)2

 Lime Water
TURNS MILKY

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ---------> Ca(HCO3)2

(Q-1) When a small amount of acid is added to water, the
phenomena which occur are:
(a) Dilution
(b) Neutralisation
(c) Formation of H3O+ ions
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(d) Salt formation The correct statements are:
(A) (a) and (c) (B) (b) and (d)
(C) (a) and (b) (D) (c) and (d)
(Q-1) When a small amount of acid is added to water, the
phenomena which occur are:
(a) Dilution
(b) Neutralisation
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(c) Formation of H3O+ ions
(d) Salt formation The correct statements are:
(A) (a) and (c) (B) (b) and (d)
(C) (a) and (b) (D) (c) and (d)

Answer: (A)
 (Q-2) In an aqueous solution ‘A’, phenolphthalein solution colour is
pink. On addition of an aqueous solution ‘B’ to ‘A’, the pink colour
disappears. Which of the following statement is true for solution ‘A’
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
and ‘B’.
(A) A is strongly basic and B is a weak base.
(B) A is strongly acidic and B is a weak acid.
(C) A has pH greater than 7 and B has pH less than 7.
(D) A has pH less than 7 and B has pH greater than 7
 (Q-2) In an aqueous solution ‘A’, phenolphthalein solution colour is
pink. On addition of an aqueous solution ‘B’ to ‘A’, the pink colour
disappears. Which of the following statement is true for solution ‘A’
and ‘B’.
(A) A is strongly basic and
(a)agent (b)reducing agent B is a (a)
(c)Both weak base.
and (b) (d)None of these.
(B) A is strongly acidic and B is a weak acid.
(C) A has pH greater than 7 and B has pH less than 7.
(D) A has pH less than 7 and B has pH greater than 7

Answer: (c)
(Q-3) What happens to pH when milk changes to
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
curd? Why?
(Q-3) What happens to pH when milk changes to
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
curd? Why?

Answer: . When milk changes into curd, its

pH will decrease. Because curd contains
lactic acid, so H+ ion concentration
increases and thus pH will decrease
(Q-4) What is observed when 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric
acid is added to 1 g of sodium carbonate taken in a
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
clean and dry test tube? Write chemical equation
for the reaction involved.

Answer:
(Q-4) What is observed when 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric
acid is added to 1 g of sodium carbonate taken in a
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
clean and dry test tube? Write chemical equation
for the reaction involved.

Answer:
(Q-5) Blue litmus solution is added to two test tubes A
and B containing dilute HCl and NaOH solution
respectively. In which
(a)agent (b)reducing test (a)
agent (c)Both tube, a colour
and (b) change
(d)None of these.

will be observed? State the colour change and give

its reason.

Answer:
(Q-5) Blue litmus solution is added to two test tubes A
and B containing dilute HCl and NaOH solution
respectively. In which
(a)agent (b)reducing test (a)
agent (c)Both tube, a colour
and (b) change
(d)None of these.

will be observed? State the colour change and give

its reason.

Answer:
(Q-7) Explain the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on
the following with chemical equation:
(a) Magnesium
(a)agent (b)reducing ribbon
agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.

(b) Sodium hydroxide

(c) Crushed egg shells
 (Q-7) Explain the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on
the following with chemical equation:
(a)agent (b)reducing(a) Magnesium
agent (c)Both (a) and ribbon
(b) (d)None of these.

(b) Sodium hydroxide

(c) Crushed egg shells

Answer:
(a) Mg + 2HCl →MgCl2 + H₂ ↑
Hydrogen gas is produced.
(b) HCl + NaOH →NaCl + H₂O
Neutralisation reaction
(c) 2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) →
CaCl2(aq) + H₂O (aq) + CO₂ (g)
Calcium chloride is formed.
(Q-8) (a) Define universal indicator. For what purpose it is used?
(b) Two solutions A and B have pH values of 3.0 and 9.5 respectively. Which of these will
turn litmus solution from blue to red and which will turn phenolphthalein from colourless
to pink? (a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.

(c) Water is a neutral substance. What colour will you get when you add a few drops of
universal
indicator to a test tube containing distilled water?
 (Q-8) (a) Define universal indicator. For what purpose it is used?
(b) Two solutions A and B have pH values of 3.0 and 9.5 respectively. Which of these will
turn litmus solution from blue to red and which will turn phenolphthalein from colourless
to pink? (a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(c) Water is a neutral substance. What colour will you get when you add a few drops of
universal
indicator to a test tube containing distilled water?

Answer:
(a) Universal indicator is a mixture of many different indicators (or dyes)
which give different colours at different pH values of the entire pH scale. The
colour produced by universal indicator is used to find the pH value of acid or
base by
matching the colour with the colours on pH colour chart.

(b) Solution A is acidic and will turn litmus solution from blue to red.
Solution B is basic and will turn phenolphthalein from colourless to pink.

(c) Green colour will be obtained.

(Q-9)

(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.

Answer:
Answer:
(Q-10) Assertion (A): When zinc is added to dilute hydrochloric
acid, hydrogen is given off.
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
Reason (R): Hydrogen chloride molecules contain Chlorine
atom and hydrogen atoms
(Q-10) Assertion (A): When zinc is added to dilute hydrochloric
acid, hydrogen is given off.
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
Reason (R): Hydrogen chloride molecules contain Chlorine
atom and hydrogen atoms

Answer: Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).

Explanation: The metal zinc readily reacts with hydrochloric

acid to produce hydrogen gas (H2) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2).
(Q-11) What is a neutralization
(a)agent (b)reducing reaction?
agent (c)Both (a) and (b) Give
(d)None of these.

two examples.
 (Q-11) What is a neutralization reaction? Give
two examples.
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.

Answer: Neutralization reaction is the reaction

between an acid and a base to produce salt
and water. For example:
Salts,their
properties
and uses
(Q-1) Which of the following salts do not have the water of
crystallization?
(i) Bleaching Powder
(ii) Plaster of Paris
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(iii) Washing soda
(iv) Baking soda
(A) (ii) and (iv) (B) (i) and (iii)
(C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (i) and (iv)
(Q-1) Which of the following salts do not have the water of
crystallisation?
(i) Bleaching Powder
(ii) Plaster of Paris
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(iii) Washing soda
(iv) Baking soda
(A) (ii) and (iv) (B) (i) and (iii)
(C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (i) and (iv)

Answer: (D)
(Q-2) Plaster of Paris is made from?

(a) Lime stone

(b) Slaked Lime
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(c) Quick lime
(d) Gypsum
(Q-2) Plaster of Paris is made from?

(a) Lime stone

(b) Slaked Lime
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(c) Quick lime
(d) Gypsum

Answer: (D)
(Q-5) Why should curd and sour substance not be
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
kept in brass and copper vessels?
(Q-5) Why should curd and sour substance not be
kept
(a)agent in brass
(b)reducing agent and
(c)Bothcopper
(a) and (b)vessels?
(d)None of these.

Answer: Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc

metals. These metals react with acids present
in curd and sour substances to form poisonous
soluble salts. Hence, storing curd and sour
substances in brass or copper vessels makes
them unfit for consumption.
(Q-6) How is plaster of Paris chemically different from gypsum?
How may these
(a)agent be interconverted?
(b)reducing Write
agent (c)Both (a) and one use
(b) (d)None of plaster of
of these.

Paris?
 (Q-6) How is plaster of Paris chemically different from gypsum?
How may these
(a)agent be interconverted?
(b)reducing Write
agent (c)Both (a) and one use
(b) (d)None of plaster of
of these.

Paris?

Answer: Plaster of Paris is the anhydrous form of gypsum. It is

prepared by heating gypsum. Plaster of Paris is used in surgical
bandages for setting fractured bones. Before applying on the fractured
bone, it is mixed with water, which results in hydration and it changes
into gypsum. The hard mass of gypsum keeps the bones in position.
Plaster of Paris and Gypsum may be interconverted by the
reaction:
(Q-7) A compound X of sodium is commonly used in the kitchen
for making crispy pakoras. It is also used for curing acidity in the
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
stomach. Identify ‘X’. What is its chemical formula? State the
reaction that takes place when it is heated during cooking?
 (Q-7) A compound X of sodium is commonly used in the kitchen
for making crispy pakoras. It is also used for curing acidity in the
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
stomach. Identify ‘X’. What is its chemical formula? State the
reaction that takes place when it is heated during cooking?

Answer: Compound X can be identified as

baking powder (or baking soda). Chemically,
the compound is sodium hydrogen carbonate
NaHCO3 . On heating the compound, the
following reaction occurs:
(Q-8) Assertion (A): Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used
as an ingredient in antacids.
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
Reason (R): NaHCO3 is a mild non-corrosive basic salt.
 (Q-8) Assertion (A): Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used
as an ingredient in antacids.
Reason (R): NaHCO3
(a)agent (b)reducing is a(c)Both
agent mild(a)non-corrosive
and (b) (d)None of these.basic salt.

Answer: Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and
reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).

Explanation: Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) is used

as an ingredient in antacids because being alkaline, it
neutralises excess acid in the stomach and provides relief.
It is a mild, non corrosive salt.
 (Q-9) Read given passage and answer any 4 questions of
the following.
Frothing in Yamuna
The primary reason behind the formation of the toxic foam
is high phosphate content in the wastewater because of
detergents used in dyeing industries, dhobi ghat. Yamuna’s
pollution level is so bad that parts of it have been labelled
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
‘dead’ as there is no oxygen in it for aquatic life to survive.
Q. 1. Predict the pH value of the water of river Yamuna if
the reason for froth is high content of detergents
dissolved in it.
(A) 10-11 (a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(B) 5-7
(C) 2-5
(D) 7
 Q. 1. Predict the pH value of the water of river Yamuna if
the reason for froth is high content of detergents dissolved
in it.
(A) 10-11 (a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(B) 5-7
(C) 2-5
(D) 7

Answer: (A)
Explanation: Detergents are bases and bases have pH greater than 7.
Q. 2. Which of the following statements is correct for the water with detergents
dissolved in it?

(A) Low concentration of hydroxide ion (OH– )and high concentration of

hydronium ion(a)agent
(H3O+).(b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(B) High concentration of hydroxide ion (OH– ) and low concentration of
hydronium ion (H3O+).
(C) High concentration of hydroxide ion (OH– ) as well as hydronium ion (H3O+).
(D) Equal concentration of both hydroxide ion (OH– ) and hydronium ion (H3O+).
Q. 2. Which of the following statements is correct for the water with detergents
dissolved in it?

(A) Low concentration of hydroxide ion (OH– )and high concentration of

hydronium ion (H3O+).
(a)agent (b)reducing agent (c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.
(B) High concentration of hydroxide ion (OH– ) and low concentration of
hydronium ion (H3O+).
(C) High concentration of hydroxide ion (OH– ) as well as hydronium ion (H3O+).
(D) Equal concentration of both hydroxide ion (OH– ) and hydronium ion (H3O+).

Answer: (B)
Explanation: Detergents are bases. Bases ionise
to form OH– and thus, there will be high
concentration of OH– .
Q. 4. If a sample of water containing detergents is provided to you,
which of the following methods will you adopt to neutralize it?

(A) Treating(a)agent
the water withagent
(b)reducing baking
(c)Both soda.
(a) and (b) (d)None of these.

(B) Treating the water with vinegar.

(C) Treating the water with caustic soda.
(D) Treating the water with washing soda.
Q. 4. If a sample of water containing detergents is provided to you,
which of the following methods will you adopt to neutralize it?

(A) Treating(a)agent
the water with
(b)reducing baking
agent soda.
(c)Both (a) and (b) (d)None of these.

(B) Treating the water with vinegar.

(C) Treating the water with washing soda.
(D) None of these

Answer: (c)
Explanation: Neutralisation takes place when
acid and base react to form salt and water. Since,
detergent is a base and vinegar is an acid, thus
neutralization takes place.