/ Q#01: Summary of Ancient Cultures % Early civilization || GREECE Egyptian physicians are believed The Greeks believed in Apollo, to have specialized in certain they called him god of healing diseases (such as internal and prayed to him for magic diseases, fractured bones and cures for their illness.400B.C.,the wounds)they used to hire famous Greek physician woman to assist childbirth. Hippocrates believed that These women were the first disease had natural not magical recorded nurses causesnt Cult Roman Empire | | CHRISTIANITY Nursing began to have a formal role. After 300 B.C., early physicians built on the ground work of their Egyptian and Greek predecessors. They are best known for their advanced work in health and health care system. Led by belief ,that love and care is important for others. Nursing became a vocation Slogan of christianity was “love thy neighbor as thyself”Middle ages cient Cultu 15'* to 19 century Religion has also played a significant role in the development of nursing . More hospitals were built . Nurses gave custodial care and depended physicians for direction. Care was provided by monks and nuns. Poverty resulted in serious health issues. ‘Woman who had committed crimes were recruited in nursing in lieu of sentence. Before the mid -1800 nursing was without organization ,education or social status, the prevailing attitude was that a woman's place in the home and that no respectable womanThe guardian angel or angel of mercy image arose in the latter part of 19*" century largely because of work of Florence Nightingale , during Crimean war. She brought respectability to nursing profession. | Nurse were viewed as noble ,compassionate moral , religious, dedicated , and self sacrificing.In ancient periods (B.C.-SOOAD) ruling class of that time or usually priests were physician . The site of health care was temple/church. | Treatment was on the basis of religion or magic. During wars the site of health care were military tents .Physicians and their team usually look after their patients in those tents. In 335 AD Christian hospitals were established , then Roman military hospitals and Arab hospitals were developed. In the reign of king Asoka Indian hospitals were established. They looked like modern hospitals of today. They had C-section facility and also have proper sanitation system as well. 7* One of the most famous names in Arab nursing is Rufaida bint Saad Al- Aslameya , the first nurse in the Islamic and Eastern world. * Rufaida accompanied Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) during his wars, participating in many battles, such as Badr, Uhud, Khandaq, Khaibar, and others. She was responsible for taking care of the wounded and dying soldiers, establishing a field hospital that had a system of movable tents to assist the wounded and diseased warriors. She highly focused on hygiene and the environment; she also led a group of volunteer female nurses during wars.* She was an advocate for health care, health education, and disease prevention. Rufaida designed codes of ethics for nursing and medical care. * Rufaida was a pioneer in nursing in her era. Since she received her clinical expertise from her father who was a physician, she Established a school where she taught Muslim women nursing, first aid, and emergency care; this school was the first nursing school in the Middle East.+ Nursing leaders * Florence Nightingale * Clara Barton * Lillian Wald * Lavinia Dock * Margaret Sanger * Mary Breckinridge * are among the pioneer leaders of nursing field but from these Florence Nightingale is the one who is known for the founder of modern nursingFounder of modern nursing Called as lady with the lamp due to her efforts in Crimean war. | First nurse to exert political pressure on govt. First nursing Scientist-theorist for her work “Notes on Nursing: what it is ,and what it is not”. aShe was born to a wealthy family and believed that she was “called by God to help others...[and] to improve the well -being of mankind”. (Schuyler,1992,p.4). She was given an honorarium of about 4500 Euro by a grateful English public She used this money to develop Nightingale Training School for Nurses.Women roles: * From the beginning of time woman have cared infants and children ; thus nursing could be said to have roots in “the home ”. Generally , the care provided was related to physical maintenance and comfort . Religion: * Religion has also played a significant role in the development of nursing .Although most of the world’s religions encourage benevolence but firstly it was Christianity which exerts its effect over care provision to people , it gave the values like self —sacrificing , spiritual calling , and devotion to duty and hard workWar: 1. War has also put its effect on the nursing field . During Crimean War the work of Florence Nightingale played an important role to increase the worth of a nurse in providing health care to patients . Nurse became a necessary character to meet the needs of the patient . Nightingale and her team transformed the military hospital by setting up laundry , kitchens, recreational centres,and reading rooms. Societal attitudes: 1. Before mid 1800s nursing was without education ,organization , education, social status . woman was only to serve her family as a housewife. In 19" century this attitude was totally revolved by the work of Nightingale.* The women in mogual were wet nurses to princes and princesses with the title “royal nurse” Angah or Maham-angah. These women were usually represented prominently in the Mughal sources providing care to magnificent children. ¢ Mughal imperial family have to rely on the services of wet-nurses with an open mind and with warmth. They never judge their practice * Mughal history writers wrote that wet nurses should be pious women. * Abul Fazl in his Akbar Nama explains that before selection wet nurses have to be “even tempered, spiritually-minded” (Abul Fazl 1998, Vol.1:43-44).The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery Nightingale,(1860). «The America Nursing Association describe Nursing Practice as “direct ,goal-oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the individual , the family , and community during health and illness”.(ANA,1973,p.2). 3."The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, a or knowledge”.(Virginia Henderson) .Q#08 : Definition of Nursing by WHO Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people.of Nursi . Nursing Education is designed to guide students into high-level nursing education careers to improve their capabilities. * Nursing assistant (NA) Nursing assistants also go by the title of nursing aides or CNAs (Certified Nursing Assistants). * Licensed practical nurse (LPN) * Registered nurse (RN) * Baccalaureate Degree Programs Lead to Licensure as an RN (BSN) * Master's Programs in Nursing * Doctoral Programs1947 To 1955 + There were only three schools of nursing with diploma nursing programme and diploma in midwifery. * additional School of nursing were established. + No standardized syllabus and books were selected. + There was no concept of nursing research. 1956 To 1997 + Post graduate Diploma psychiatric, pediatric and community health nursing education started, Degrees of Post RN started. + Curriculum designed . + Research work in nursing started. 1997 To 2002 Baccalaureate Degree Programs (BScN) was initiated. Advanced teaching methods were chosen. ‘Organized curriculum was designed. Research work was fully established. »2004 to Date Many schools of nursing and colleges of nursing are established Masters and doctorate degrees are started across the country. HEC and PNC established proper curriculum for nurses. Scientific publication increased