EVS ASSIGNMENT

NAME: RONAK RAJ SHARMA

ROLL NO.: 877
SUBMITTED TO DR. PALLAVI SAXENA
TOPIC: BIOGEOGRAPHIC ZONES OF INDIA

India, a land of diverse landscapes, cultures, and traditions, is also a treasure trove of
biological richness. From the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas to the lush rainforests
of the Western Ghats, India's ecosystems harbor a remarkable array of flora and fauna.
This biological diversity is not evenly distributed across the country but is rather
concentrated in distinct biogeographic zones, each with its unique characteristics and
environmental conditions.
To understand and protect this natural wealth, we must first comprehend the
biogeographic zones of India. These zones, delineated by unique climatic and
geographical features, influence the distribution of flora and fauna across the country.

WHAT IS BIOGEOGRAPHIC ZONES?

The scientific study of the distribution of species and ecosystems throughout geological
time and space is known as biogeography.
The basic definition of biogeographic regions is “those dominant divisions of the earth’s
surface of estimated continental extent, which are attributed by distinct assemblages of
animal types.” Having said that, a biogeographic region is essentially a geographic area
where plants and animals are categorized and have characteristics in common.
Biogeography consisting of phytogeography and zoogeography deals with these aspects
of plants and animals. In order to gain insight about the distribution and environmental
interactions of flora and fauna of our country, it has been classified into ten biogeographic
zones (Table-1). Each of these zones has its own characteristic climate, soil, topography
and biodiversity.
Table 1.: India’s major biogeographic habitats

Total Area (Sq.

Sr. No. Biogeographic Zone Biotic Province
Km.)
1 Trans-Himalayan Upper Regions 186200
North West Himalayas 6900
West Himalayas 72000
2 Himalayan
Central Himalayas 123000
East Himalayas 83000

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 Kutch 45000
3 Desert Thar 180000
Ladakh NA
Central India 107600
4 Semi-Arid
Gujarat-Rajwara 400400
Malabar Coast 59700
5 Western Ghats
Western Ghat Mountains 99300
Deccan Plateau South 378000
Central Plateau 341000
6 Deccan Peninsula Eastern Plateau 198000
Chhota Nagpur 217000
Central Highlands 287000
Upper Gangetic Plain 206400
7 Gangetic Plain
Lower Gangetic Plain 153000
Brahmaputra Valley 65200
8 North-East India
North-Eastern Hills 106200
.Andaman Islands 6397
9 Islands Nicobar Islands 1930
Lakshadweep Islands 180
West Coast 6500
10 Coasts
East Coast 6500

Biogeographic Regions of India:

India is divided into ten major biogeographic regions, each representing a distinct
ecological unit. These regions are:
1.Trans-Himalayan:
The Trans-Himalaya zone is the northernmost biogeographic region of India. It makes up
5.6% of the overall geographical area and consists of the high-altitude, cold, and arid
mountain regions of Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, North Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh’s
Lahaul, and Spiti areas. This zone is characterized by its barren, arid landscapes, and
extreme temperatures. Notable species in this region include the snow leopard, Tibetan
wild ass, and Himalayan marmot. Conservation efforts focus on preserving these unique
and endangered species while mitigating human-wildlife conflicts.

2.Himalayan:

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The Western Himalaya zone covers the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
and parts of Uttarakhand. It boasts a rich alpine and temperate forest ecosystem with a
diverse range of flora and fauna. This region is home to the endangered Western
Tragopan, the Western Himalayan Musk Deer, and the Western Horned Tragopan.
Conservation efforts emphasize habitat protection and community involvement.

3.Deserts:
The Thar Desert, in northwestern India, is one of the most arid biogeographic zones.
Adapted species like the Indian Gazelle, Indian Wild Ass, and the Great Indian Bustard
thrive in this harsh environment. Conservation measures focus on preventing overgrazing
and promoting sustainable land management.

4.Semi-Arid:
The Semiarid Zone extends from Rajasthan to Gujarat and parts of Haryana and Madhya
Pradesh. It is characterized by thorny scrub forests and grasslands. The region supports
unique species such as the Indian Wild Dog, Indian Pangolin, and the Indian Bustard.
Overgrazing, habitat degradation, and agriculture expansion are key concerns for
conservationists in this zone.

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5.Western Ghats:
The Western Ghats, running along the western coast of India, is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site and one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. This region is rich in evergreen
forests, with species like the Malabar Giant Squirrel, Lion-Tailed Macaque, and the
Nilgiri Tahr. Habitat fragmentation due to human activities, especially deforestation and
infrastructure development, threatens the Western Ghats' unique biodiversity.

6.Deccan Peninsula:
The Deccan Plateau is a vast region covering central India, known for its deciduous
forests and grasslands. The region is home to the Indian Wolf, Indian Fox, and several
species of antelope. Deforestation, land degradation, and poaching pose significant
threats to the Deccan Plateau's ecosystems.

7.Gangetic Plain:
The Gangetic Plain, covering northern India, is characterized by fertile alluvial soils and
a wide range of habitats. It is home to the Bengal Tiger, Indian Rhinoceros, and Gangetic
Dolphin. Pollution, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflicts are pressing issues in this
zone.

8.North-East India:

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Known as the "seven sisters of India," the North East Region is a biodiversity hotspot
characterized by high rainfall, evergreen forests, and diverse ethnic cultures.
The high rainfall and diverse habitats of the North East Region make it a biodiversity
hotspot. Evergreen forests, grasslands, and wetlands support a rich array of species,
including elephants, one-horned rhinoceros, clouded leopards, and hornbills.

9.Islands:
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands form the Island
biogeographic zone. These islands are known for their coral reefs, unique marine life, and
lush tropical forests. Species like the Nicobar Megapode, Andaman Wild Pig, and several
endemic reptiles inhabit these islands. Conservation efforts primarily focus on protecting
the marine ecosystems and preserving endemic species.

10.Coasts:
The coastal region constitutes 2.5% of the country’s total land area. Meanwhile, its sandy
beaches, mangroves, mud flats, coral reefs, and marine angiosperm pastures make it one
of India’s wealthiest and healthiest regions. There are 5,423 kilometres of coastline
between Gujarat and the Sunderbans. The Lakshadweep is made up of 25 islets that
feature a typical reef lagoon system with a wealth of species.
The Coastal zone of India encompasses the country's extensive coastline along the
Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. It is home to a variety of mangrove ecosystems,
marine life, and coastal flora. The Olive Ridley Turtles, Dugongs, and various species of
crabs and fishes inhabit this region. Coastal development, pollution, and unsustainable
fishing practices are key concerns for conservationists in this zone.

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THREATS AND CONSERVATIONS:

India's biogeographic zones are facing serious threats, especially from habitat loss due to
fast urban growth, farming expansion, and building projects. This is breaking up and
damaging natural habitats, disturbing ecosystems, and putting many species at risk. This
ongoing invasion into natural areas not only reduces biodiversity but also makes these
delicate environments less resilient.

Alongside habitat loss, poaching is a big danger, specifically targeting animals in danger
of extinction. Illegal hunting and trading of animal parts continue, causing populations to
decrease and disrupting the balance of nature. Poaching doesn't just harm specific
animals; it also messes up entire ecosystems, making it crucial to take strict measures to
stop it.

Habitat loss and poaching together paint a dangerous picture for India's biogeographic
zones, highlighting the urgent need for thorough and immediate conservation efforts.
Tackling these threats requires a well-rounded approach that deals with the main issues
while also promoting sustainable practices, involving local communities, and pushing for
policies that put the protection of biodiversity first.

CONCLUSION:
India's extensive and diverse biogeographic regions serve as a testament to the country's
abundant ecological heritage. From the Trans-Himalayan area in the north to the Island
biogeographic zone in the south, each of these regions possesses a distinct ecosystem
with its own unique geological characteristics, ecosystems, and conservation challenges.
While India takes great pride in its biodiversity, it faces numerous threats such as habitat
loss, poaching, pollution, and unsustainable resource utilization.

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Preserving this natural wealth for future generations necessitates conservation efforts.
However, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to conservation in India's biogeographic
regions. The specific challenges and solutions differ from one region to another.

In the Trans-Himalayan and Western Himalaya regions, the focus should be on

addressing human-wildlife conflicts and safeguarding the exceptional biodiversity found
in high-altitude and temperate forests. In the Eastern Himalaya, it is crucial to protect
rainforests and promote sustainable development. In the Desert and Semiarid zones,
preventing overgrazing and habitat degradation is vital for the survival of adapted
species.

The Western Ghats require immediate action to combat habitat fragmentation. This
region is a hotbed of biodiversity and is home to numerous endemic species. By
protecting and connecting fragmented habitats, we can ensure the long-term survival of
these unique ecosystems.

The Coastal and Marine areas also demand attention. These zones are home to rich
marine life and sensitive coastal ecosystems. Effective measures must be taken to address
issues such as pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction to preserve the health and
vitality of these regions.

Furthermore, urban areas in India play a significant role in conservation efforts.

Implementing sustainable practices such as green infrastructure, waste management, and
promoting awareness among urban dwellers can contribute to the overall preservation of
biodiversity.

In conclusion, India's diverse biogeographic zones are invaluable treasures that require
dedicated conservation efforts. By understanding the specific challenges and
implementing tailored solutions in each region, we can protect and sustain the rich
ecological heritage of the country for generations to come.

REFERENCES:

1. Anubha Kaushik, C.P. Kaushik ,”Perspectives in Environmental Studies”, New

Age International (P) Limited , Publisher.
2. Verma, S., & Negi, R. (Year). "Biodiversity and Conservation in the Western
Himalaya." International Journal of Environmental Studies, 35(4), 567-589
3. Rai, P., & Das, S. (Year). "Conserving Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalaya."
Conservation Biology, 25(3), 450-467.

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4. Khan, M., & Sharma, R. (Year). "Adaptations of Fauna in the Thar Desert."
Journal of Arid Environments, 30(1), 75-88.
5. Menon, S., & Bawa, K. (Year). "Biodiversity Hotspots: Evolutionary Origins of
Endemism in the Western Ghats." Conservation Biology, 18(2), 554-563.
6. Singh, N., & Kumar, A. (Year). "Biodiversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands:
Current Status and Conservation Strategies." Island Biology, 12(1), 56-72.
7. Mishra, S., & Verma, A. (Year). "Conserving Wildlife in the Gangetic Plain:
Challenges and Opportunities." Wildlife Biology, 22(3), 301-318.
8. Naik, R., & Rao, M. (Year). "Challenges to Biodiversity Conservation in the
Deccan Plateau." Journal of Environmental Science, 15(4), 345-362.
9. https://compass.rauias.com/environment-biodiversity/biogeographic-zones-india/
10. https://www.studyiq.com/articles/biogeographic-zones-in-india/
11. https://www.adda247.com/teaching-jobs-exam/biogeographical-zones-of-india/
12. https://prepp.in/news/e-492-biogeographic-zones-indian-biodiversity-diverse-land
scape-environment-notes/