BASIC

ELECTRONICS
DEVICES
CONTENTS

• Resistor
• Capacitor
• Diode
• Transistor
• Relays
• ICs
 RESISTOR
• A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component. It is
an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be
used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as
a transistor.

• Symbol:
CONTI…….

• S.I unit is ohm

• Symbol of ohm (Ω)

• Notation for resistance
O- for ohm
K- for kilo ohm
M- for mega ohm
TYPES OF RESISTOR

• Fixed type resistor

• Variable type resistor

 COMBINATION OF
RESISTOR

• Series Combination

• Parallel Combination
CONTI……

• Series combination
CONTI….

• Parallel combination
CONTI….

• In series the current remains same

• In parallel the voltage remains same
OHMS LAW

• Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor

between two points is directly proportional to the
potential difference across the two points, and
inversely proportional to the resistance between them.
• The mathematical equation that describes this
relationship is:
COLOR CODING TABLE
WHY WE USE RESISTOR?

• Limiting of current
• Limiting of voltage
• Power dissipation
Capacitor
• A capacitor is a device for storing electric
charge
• A capacitor is a passive electronic component
consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a
dielectric (insulator).
 CAPACITANCE
• This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge.
• A large capacitance means that more charge can be stored.
• Capacitance can be measured using formula:
q=CV
where
C = capacitance,
q= charge,
V = potential difference.
• Unit of Capacitance is Farads(F).
COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS

• Series combination
• Parallel combination
SERIES COMBINATION

• When capacitors are connected in

series, the capacitance decreases.

• In Series, total capacitance is given by

the formula:
1/𝐶𝑡 = 1/𝐶1 + 1/𝐶2 + ⋯ … …
PARALLEL COMBINATION

• When capacitors are connected in

parallel, the capacitance increases.
• In Parallel, total capacitance is given
by the formula:

𝐶𝑡 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ … … 𝐶𝑛
TYPES OF CAPACITOR

• Polarized capacitor
• Non polarized capacitor
NON POLARIZED CAPACITOR

• The capacitor which do not have a polarity

POLARISED CAPACITOR

• The capacitor which have a polarity

How to Read Ceramic Capacitor
 FEATURES
• Capacitor offers low impedance to AC.
• It offers high impedance to DC.
• Reactance of capacitor is given by:

1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶

where 𝜋 = 22/7
APPLICATIONS

• Blocking DC Voltage
• Adjusting Frequency
• Smoothing of dc voltage
• Use to generate a time delay application
Diodes
 DIODE

• Diode is an electronic component which permits the

flow of current in one direction only.

• Today diodes are made up of semiconductor material,

therefore they are often called semiconductor diodes
or crystal diodes.
 WHY WE USE IT?
• Diodes are used for rectification.

• Diodes are used in electrical meters for there

protection.

• Diodes are used in wave shaping circuits.

• Diodes (LED) are used in display.

MATERIAL

• Diodes are semiconductor devices.

• Silicon(Si) or germanium(Ge) are used.

TYPES

• PN junction diode

• Zener Diode

• Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

• Photo Diodes
PN JUNCTION DIODE

• This diode is made by p-type & n-type material.

• This PN junction diode works in forward bias i.e.

anode is connected to positive terminal & cathode is
connected to negative terminal.
SYMBOL
 HOW CAN WE RECOGNIZE?

• There is a silver band on the one side of diode which is cathode

(negative) terminal of the diode & the other side is anode (positive)
terminal.
RECTIFIERS

• Half wave Rectifier

• Full wave Rectifier
• Center tapped Rectifier
• Bridge Rectifier
 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
A halfwave rectifier circuit consists of three main components as
follows:
• A diode
• A transformer
• A resistive load
 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
A halfwave rectifier circuit consists of three main components as
follows:
• A diode
• A transformer
• A resistive load
 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Ripple Factor of Half Wave Rectifier

Ripple factor determines how well a halfwave rectifier can
convert AC voltage to DC voltage.
Ripple factor ca be quantified using the following formula:

The ripple factor of HWR is 1.21.

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Efficiency of Halfwave rectifier

• The efficiency of a halfwave rectifier is the ratio of output
DC power to the input AC power.
• The efficiency formula for halfwave rectifier is given as
follows

The efficiency of a halfwave rectifier is 40.6%

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
A halfwave rectifier circuit consists of three main components as
follows:
• A diode
• A transformer
• A resistive load
 CENTER TAPPED FW RECTIFIER
A halfwave rectifier circuit consists of three main components as
follows:
• 2 diode
• A center tapped transformer
• A resistive load
 CENTER TAPPED FW RECTIFIER
Form Factor

• The form factor of the full wave rectifier is calculated using the formula:
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑘𝑓 = = 1 ⋅ 11
𝐼ⅆ𝑐

Efficiency
• The rectification efficiency of the full-wave rectifier is

81.2%
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A halfwave rectifier circuit consists of three main components as
follows:
• 4 diode
• A transformer
• A resistive load
 BRIDGE FW RECTIFIER
Ripple Factor
bridge rectifiers, the ripple factor is 0.48

Efficiency
• The rectification efficiency of the full-wave rectifier is

81.2%
ZENER DIODE

• Zener Diode works in reverse bias.

• Symbol of zener diode:

HOW CAN WE RECOGNIZE ZENER A
DIODE?

• There is black band which is negative terminal & other one is positive
terminal.
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

• Light Emitting Diode (LED) operates in forward bias.

• It emits light when connected in circuit.

• Symbol of LED:
HOW CAN WE RECOGNIZE
LED?
• The shorter lead of the LED is negative terminal &
longer one is positive, also on the negative terminal
there is a flat spot when we see from the top.
 PHOTO DIODE
• Often known as Photo detector.
• Photo Diode operates in reverse bias.
• Light falls on the PN junction of the photo diode
which creates electron-hole pair in the depletion
layer which causes flow of current.
• Current depends upon the light intensity
• When light incident on the photodiode then current
flows in the circuit.
PHYSICAL VIEW OF PHOTO DIODE:
 WORKING OF PHOTODIODE

Photodiode
 LDR(LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR)

• A light dependent resistor is a semiconductor

device that has a very high resistance to the flow
of electrical current in absence of light.
• When light strikes the device, it lowers its
resistance, allowing electrical current to flow
through it and on to other devices or electrical
circuits.
TRANSISTOR
 TRANSISTOR
• A transistor is a semiconductor device used

to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made of

a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least

three terminals for connection to an external circuit.

• Device with three terminals where one terminal can

be use to control the flow of current through the other

two terminals.
CONTI….

• The three terminals are Emitter, Base and Collector

TYPES OF TRANSISTOR

• Junction transistor
• Field effect transistor
JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

• Transistor are of two types:

1-> n-p-n
A straight switch

2-> p-n-p
A inverted switch
N-P-N AS A SWITCH

• When base of n-p-n is connected with logic high

voltage then it short circuit emitter and collector
(SWITCH ON).
• When base of n-p-n is connected with logic low
voltage then it open circuit both emitter and collector
(SWITCH OFF).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO SHOW
A SWITCHING
VCC

Logic transisto Motor

r
0 off stop

1 on run

Logic 1
or RB
Logic 0

GND
P-N-P AS AN INVERTED SWITCH

• When base of p-n-p is connected with logic high

voltage then it open circuit emitter and collector
(SWITCH OFF).
• When base of p-n-p is connected with logic low
voltage then it short circuit both emitter and collector
(SWITCH ON).
PRACTICALLY USED

• As a switch
• As an amplifier
• For realizing logic gates
 RELAYS
• Electro-mechanical switch
• A relay is an electrically operated switch
• Relays uses an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism
mechanically
• Electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron
core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a
movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts
BUZZER

• An audio signaling device

• May be mechanical,
electromechanical,
or piezoelectric
• Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices,
timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click
or keystroke
• Used as output device in alarm systems
 MICROPHONE
• Called as mic or mike
• An acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor
• Converts sound into an electrical signal
• Used in applications such as
• Telephone
• tape recorders,
• karaoke systems,
• hearing aids,
• motion picture production,
• live and recorded audio engineering,
• television broadcasting
• computers for recording voice,
• speech recognition,
• non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checking or knock sensors
Integrated Circuits
➢ An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also
referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic
circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material,
usually silicon.
➢ Large numbers of tiny MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect
transistors) integrate into a small chip. This results in circuits that are
orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those
constructed of discrete electronic components.
• L293D
• 555
• IC 7805(voltage controlled)
L293D IC

EN1 Vcc

12V EN2
TRUTH TABLE
 CONTI….
• L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver.
• So with one IC we can interface two DC motors which can be
controlled in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction
• If you have motor with fix direction of motion then you can make use
of all the four I/Os to connect up to four DC motors.
• L293D has output current of 600mA.
• Moreover for protection of circuit from back EMF output diodes are
included within the IC.
INTERFACE MOTOR WITH IC
L293D
EN1 VCC

12V EN2
INTERFACE MOTOR WITH IC
L293D
555 IC
• The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit
(chip) used in a timer application, pulse
generation and oscillator applications.
• It works only on falling edge of the
incoming signal
OPERATING MODES:

• It has three operating modes:

1) Monostable
2) Bistable
3) Astable
BI-STABLE MODE
MONOSTABLE MODE
ASTABLE MODE
BISTABLE MODE

• In this mode, the IC has two stable state

MONOSTABLE MODE

• In this mode, the IC has only one stable state

voltage

triggering pulse
voltage

output
time
ASTABLE MODE

• In this mode, the IC not having a single stable state

LM358

• The LM358 IC consists of two independent operational

amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from
a single power supply over a wide range of voltages.
• It have two op-amp
• Single power supply
LM358 IC
INTERNAL CIRCUIT
FEATURES

• It have two op-amp

• Single power supply
• Supply range 3v-32v
• Eliminate need of dual supply
IC 78XX

• It is a Positive voltage regulator integrated

circuit.
• It designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level
• It works on a negative feedback
IC 78XX
IC 78XX
IC 79XX
FEATURES

• Output current range up to 1A

• Output voltage 5V
• Input voltage range up to 12V
• Short circuit protection
Thank you…